Reverse transcription is the mechanism by which HIV transforms its RNA into viral DNA via the enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT).
What is reverse transcriptase?NNRTIs (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors) stop RT, which stops HIV from reproducing. Reverse transcriptase converts the retroviral RNA genome into double-stranded DNA once the retrovirus has reached the host cell.
When this viral DNA reaches the nucleus, it fuses with the host genome, and genes from viruses are translated and transcribed.
Therefore, an HIV-related enzyme (and other retroviruses) reverse transcriptase RNA into viral DNA.
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a nurse is helping to plan a teaching session for a client who will be discharged with a colostomy. which statement to the client would the nurse use to describe a healthy stoma?
The stoma may initially bleed slightly whenever touched. After a colostomy, the surgical site is still uncomfortable for up to a week, and touching the stoma usually results in minor bleeding.
Which of the three bleeding types are they?Capillary, venous, and arterial bleeding are the three primary forms of bleeding. These have names derived from the blood vessel which the blood is drawn from. Additionally, bleeding can occur inside from an accident to an organ or bone as opposed to externally from a simple skin scrape.
write and Tell me about bleeding.?When someone bleeds, blood is lost. For example, when you acquire a cut or wound, it can be external, meaning outside the body. Injuries to internal organs are an example of when something is internal or within the body.
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personal health information is data that a healthcare professional collects to identify an individual and determine appropriate care. true or false?
personal health information is data that a healthcare professional collects to identify an individual and determine appropriate care. true
What details about an individual would be regarded as PHI?Any information in a medical record or designated record set that may be used to identify a person and that was made, used, or disclosed in the process of delivering a health care service, such as a diagnosis or treatment, is considered to be personal health information (PHI).
Individually identifiable health information is data that can be used to identify an individual or that gives rise to a reasonable suspicion that it can do so. Numerous common identifiers are included in individually identifiable health information.
data on claims, which keeps track of details on insurance claims. Registries for patients and diseases that aid in gathering and monitoring clinical data for specific patient groups
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what term refers to a legally authorized health care provider giving a patient a single dose of medication?
Drug Administration refers to a legally authorized health care provider giving a patient a single dose of medication.
The Food and Drug Administration is responsible for ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, and medical devices, as well as the safety of our nation's food supply, cosmetics, and radiation-emitting products.
The FDA has the authority to prohibit the sale of untested products and to take legal action to prevent the sale of clearly harmful products or products that pose a health or safety risk. The FDA has the authority to seize products and prosecute individuals or businesses who violate the law. The FDA's authority is restricted to interstate commerce. Except for prescription drugs and medical devices, the agency has no direct control over prices or advertising.
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Celine visited her doctor to examine a cut that continues to bleed. Which of the following deficiencies is MOST likely to be causing this increased bleeding? Select one: a. copper b. vitamin D c. vitamin K d. zinc
Vitamin K
If Celine visited her doctor to examine a cut that continues to bleed, then the deficiency that is MOST likely to be causing this increased bleeding is vitamin K (Option c).
What is vitamin K?Vitamin K is a micronutrient used by the human organism during the clotting of the blood, thereby the deficiency of this nutrient can cause problems associated with bleeding.
Vitamin K can be obtained by a diet rich in green leafy vegetables such as for example kale, spinach, broccoli, etc., as well as by consuming soybean. Also, the body is able to synthesize it by exposure to the healthy sun (i.e, exposure not associated with UV light).
Therefore, with this data, we can see that vitamin K is able to reduce bleeding in an individual because this micronutrient is associated with blood clotting and it can be obtained from green leafy vegetables.
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Vitamin K deficiency is most likely to be causing this increased bleeding.
Since the human body uses vitamin K, a micronutrient, to help the blood clot, problems with bleeding can result from a vitamin K deficiency. A diet high in green leafy vegetables, such as kale, spinach, broccoli, etc., as well as soy consumption, can provide you with vitamin K. Additionally, exposure to the beneficial sun allows the body to synthesize it (i.e, exposure not associated with UV light). As a result of these findings, it is clear that vitamin K, a micronutrient that is linked to blood clotting and is found in green leafy vegetables, can help people experience less bleeding.
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rank the compounds in each of the following groups in order of decreasing acidity: (a) acetic acid, ethane, ethanol (b) benzene, benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol
Decreasing order of acidity in the following groups:
a) Acetic acid>ethanol>ethane
b) Benzoic acid>benzyl alcohol>benzene
What is acidity?
The pH of a chemical indicates how basic or how acidic it is. It indicates how many hydronium ions the molecule can release on a scale from 1 to 14. Here, 1 has the highest acidity and 14, the lowest. It also doesn't demonstrate whether the chemical is entirely basic or entirely acidic.
Factors that influence the acidity of compounds:
Charge: Acidity increases with the increase in positive charge on an atomAtom: Across the periodic table, acidity increase with electronegativity and down the table increase with sizeResonance: any structural feature that increases the stability of the conjugate base will increase acidityDipole Induction: Electron withdrawing substituents can increase acidity, with increasing electronegativity and decreases with increasing distance to the atomOrbitals: Higher the s-character of a bond to hydrogen, the more acidic it will beTherefore, the order will be:
a) Acetic acid>ethanol>ethane
b) Benzoic acid>benzyl alcohol>benzene
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a client with obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd) states making a concerted effort to reduce the frequency and duration of rituals. what intervention should the nurse include to assist in these efforts?
Educate the client with obsessive-compulsive disorder on using natural relaxing methods to reduce the frequency and duration of rituals.
Obsessions (irrational ideas and worries) that cause compulsive activities are a hallmark of obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder frequently concentrates on ideas like a dread of germs or the requirement to organize items in a certain way. Symptoms often appear gradually and change over time.
Both conversation therapy and medication are used as forms of treatment.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder signs and symptoms
fear of filth or contagion.ambiguity is tough for you to accept and you have doubts.requiring symmetry and order in everything.ideas that are violent or horrifying about losing control and hurting oneself or othersunwanted ideas, such as those that are violent or discuss sexual or religious matters.To learn more about Obsessive-compulsive disorder click here,
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during a disaster, a victim is complaining of difficulty breathing. which triage category would this victim fit?
During a disaster, victim is complaining of difficulty in breathing then immediate triage is the one in which the victim fits.
What is triage?What are the 3 categories of triage?
Triage is used in medicine and healthcare to describe the process of classifying injured or ill persons based on the need for immediate medical intervention.
The triage scale has 3 levels: category 1 is immediate ;category 2 is urgent and category 3 is non-urgent.
When immediate care cannot be given due to lack of resources then the triage procedure is used in medicine. Triage helps in identifying the levels of urgency of patients and choosing the right triage strategy enables patients to obtain emergency care.
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why is a patient who is using transdermal nitroglycerin patch instructed to remove the patch at bedtime and apply a new one in the morning?
Since continuous 24-hour plasma concentrations of nitroglycerin do not appear to be desirable, alternative approaches to therapy are needed. A simple method to minimize tolerance with transdermal nitroglycerin patches is to remove the patch at bedtime and reapply a new patch in the morning.
What is transdermal nitroglycerin patches?A skin patch or nitroglycerin ointment is used to treat angina (chest discomfort) brought on by coronary artery disease. It does not reduce the discomfort of an angina attack that has already begun quickly enough. Nitrates are a class of drugs that includes nitroglycerin. Chest discomfort is prevented by NITROGLYCERIN (nye troe GLI ser in) (angina). It functions by reducing the amount of work the heart must do by relaxing blood arteries. It is a member of the class of drugs known as nitrates. Useless for treating sudden chest discomfort. Use of nitroglycerin transdermal (skin patch) prevents chest pain attacks Angina attacks that have already started cannot be treated with this medication.
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Which adverse events happen when an athlete consumes a dietary supplement containing ephedrine?.
the class of prescription drugs used to treat angina that requires minimal concern for exercise response is:
The class of prescription drugs used to treat angina that requires minimal concern for exercise response is Calcium channel blocker.
A prescription drug is a pharmaceutical that can only be obtained with a medical prescription. In contrast, over-the-counter medications are available without a prescription. The reason for this disparity in substance control is indeed the potential scope of misuse, which ranges from drug abuse to practicing medicine without the need for a license or adequate education. Different jurisdictions define what constitutes a prescription drug differently.
Calcium channel blockers seem to be antihypertensive medications. They work by preventing calcium from entering this same heart and artery cells. Calcium causes the heart as well as arteries to contract more tightly. Calcium channel blockers allow the blood vessels to relax as well as open by blocking calcium.
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due to the arrangement of carpal bones and surrounding retinacula, a tunnel is formed on the anterior aspect of the wrist. several tendons from forearm muscles and the median nerve pass through this tight space. inflammation of any structure or edema localized within the canal will cause compression of the median nerve resulting in a condition commonly called carpal tunnel syndrome. which of the following is not a symptom of the syndrome? A. Pain greatest at nightB. Skin on the medial part of the hand tingles or becomes numbC. Movements of the thumb become weakD. All of the answer choices would be a symptom
Skin on the medial part of the hand tingles or becomes number is not a symptom of the syndrome.
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) develops when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm to the palm of the hand, is pressed or squeezed at the wrist. The median nerve and the tendons that bend the fingers are housed in the carpal tunnel, a narrow, rigid passageway of ligament and bones at the base of the hand.
Except for the little finger, it provides sensation to the palm side of the thumb and fingers. The nerve conduction exam and electromyography exam comprise the electrodiagnostic test for carpal tunnel syndrome. Both tests are typically administered concurrently.
Wrist splints and changes to your environment are examples of possible treatments. Another treatment option for carpal tunnel syndrome is surgery.
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the nurse is reviewing the history of a client who presents with upper abdominal pain. which entry in the client's history may cause the nurse to suspect acute pancreatitis?
Excessive alcohol consumption in the client's history may cause the nurse to suspect acute pancreatitis
What is acute pancreatitis ?Acute pancreatitis is a condition in which the pancreas swells up due to inflammation over a brief period of time. A small organ that aids in digestion is the pancreas, which is situated behind the stomach. The majority of people with acute pancreatitis begin to feel better in about a week and do not experience any more complications.
Gallstones or excessive alcohol consumption are typically the causes of acute pancreatitis, though this is not always the case.
Rest and medication can usually cure mild acute pancreatitis within a few days. If your pancreatitis is more severe, additional options for treatment include Surgery. If gallstones are the cause of your pancreatitis, your doctor may advise surgery to remove the gallbladder, known as a cholecystectomy.
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a client has begun to display manifestations of hepatic encephalopathy. the family is concerned and asks the nurse what caused this condition to develop. which is the best response by the nurse?
According to the statement accumulation of ammonia in the blood is the best response by the nurse.
What types of tasks does a nurse perform?Registered nurses (RNs) administer and supervise patient care, educate the public about different health issues, and provide psychological support and counseling to patients' relatives. The majority of nurses work together along with physicians and other medical professionals in a wide range of settings.
How many years do nurses live?Individuals with access to formal health education as having a nurse or doctor in the relatives 10% less likely to survive beyond the age of 80, according study released in a journal article by the Institute of Economic Analysis.
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an individal is placed on antibiotic therapy. for which vitamin deficency is he/she at greatest risk?
IF individal is placed on antibiotic therapy, he/she at greatest risk of vitamin K deficiency.
After using antibiotics for a while, which nutrient can be at danger of deficiency?A antibiotic Antibiotics, particularly cephalosporin-class antibiotics, decrease the body's ability to absorb vitamin K. Because they kill both harmful and vitamin K-producing bacteria, using them for longer than 10 days may result in lower vitamin K levels.
Which patients are most at risk for a vitamin A deficiency?The most vulnerable groups include infants, kids, and women who are pregnant or nursing. The most common cause of blindness in children worldwide is vitamin A deficiency. Worldwide, vitamin A deficiency causes between 250,000 and 500,000.
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a patient is exhibiting symptoms that include lethargy, weight gain, and abnormal blood levels of calcium. where does the patient potentially have a tumor?
The measurement of ACTH is the first step in determining the underlying reason. Patients who have malignancies that secrete ACTH will either have normal or high levels.
What kind of cancer results in elevated calcium levels?High blood calcium levels are most frequently linked to the following kinds of cancer: Approximately 30 out of 100 (about 30%) persons with myeloma have high calcium levels at the time of their initial diagnosis. ovarian cancer. lung disease
Which benign tumors, and how, raise serum calcium levels?Almost typically, a small benign tumor on one or more of the parathyroid glands in your neck is what causes hypercalcemia, or high blood calcium levels. High blood calcium levels can cause a number of major health issues and are almost always best managed through surgery to remove the parathyroid tumor.
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a new staff nurse believes that doing research will help the nurse get promoted in the organization. what type of barrier is actually represented by this situation?
A new staff nurse believes that doing research will help the nurse get promoted in the organization. Personal kind of barrier is actually represented by this situation.
A personal barrier prevents growth because it skews messages and fuels interpersonal conflict. To obtain desired results, advance interpersonal abilities, and carry out personal development objectives, a person must overcome a personal barrier. People's lives have gotten easier and less active in many ways because to technology advancements and conveniences. People also have a variety of internal justifications or justifications for their lack of activity. Lack of self-management skills, such as the inability to set personal goals, monitor progress toward such goals, or reward progress toward such goals, insufficient time for exercise, inconvenience of exercise, lack of self-motivation, lack of enjoyment of exercise, boredom with exercise, low self-efficacy, fear of being injured or having recently been injured, lack of confidence in their ability to be physically active. This is called Personal barriers.
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an experienced nurse is describing to a new nurse how epinephrine works. which description correctly explains the mechanism of action of epinephrine
Epinephrine is a hormone produced by the body that acts on the body's tissues to cause a variety of physiological changes.
What do you mean by Nursing?
Nursing is the practice of caring for the physical, mental, and emotional needs of people of all ages. Nurses provide direct care to patients, as well as advice and support for their families. They work in a wide range of settings, including hospitals, long-term care facilities, doctor’s offices, schools, and community health centers.
The nurse should explain how epinephrine works by stimulating alpha and beta receptors in the body, which causes the release of other hormones, such as norepinephrine, that cause an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and airway diameter. It also stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, which leads to increased glucose in the bloodstream. In addition, epinephrine triggers the release of fat and glucose from storage sites in the body to be used for energy.
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a patient has been prescribed aspirin 325 mg once a day after angioplasty. it is important for the nurse to teach this patient to avoid using which over-the-counter (otc) medications?
This patient should not use which over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, including Ibuprofen, according to the nurse (Advil, Motrin).
Is angioplasty a risky procedure?The operation is typically performed safely in most people because it doesn't require large incisions in the body. This type of therapy is referred to as minimally invasive by doctors. A coronary angioplasty normally carries a low risk of major consequences, but your age is one such consideration.
Angioplasty's duration is how long?It can take longer, but a coronary angioplasty typically lasts between 30 and 2 hours. On an X-ray table, you will be instructed to lie on your back. You'll be given a local anesthetic to make your skin numb and connected to a cardiac monitor.
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a nurse is teaching a client about how traumatic events affect a person. which examples are included in the teaching plan? select all that apply.
Having observed a fatal shooting, Getting stuck inside a sinking boat or learning of a terrorist assault in a neighboring city.
What are traumatic events?Traumatic events are defined as a startling, frightening, or perilous encounter that can be physically and emotionally upsetting. Exhaustion, disorientation, melancholy, worry, agitation, numbness, dissociation, bewilderment, bodily arousal, and dampened affect are some of the initial effects of trauma.
Traumatic incidents are ones that are personally experienced, witnessed, heard about, or that expose a person to unfavorable situations repeatedly. Traumatic experiences include seeing a tragic shooting, being in a sinking boat, and learning about a nearby terrorist assault. Regularly taking care of your family is not regarded as traumatizing. Experiences that are culturally rooted are not regarded as traumatic incidents.
Thus, having observed a fatal shooting, Getting stuck inside a sinking boat or learning of a terrorist assault in a neighboring city.
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a client on telemetry has a pattern of uncontrolled atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response. based on this finding, the nurse anticipates assisting the physician with which treatment?
A client on telemetry has a pattern of uncontrolled atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response. The client diagnosed with MI who has an audible S3 heart sound.
When the blood supply to the heart is significantly impeded or blocked, a heart attack happens. The accumulation of fat, cholesterol, and other chemicals in the heart's (coronary) arteries is typically what causes the obstruction. Plaques are the name given to the fatty, cholesterol-containing deposits. Atherosclerosis is the name for the process of plaque accumulation.
A plaque may occasionally burst and generate a clot that restricts blood flow. Part of the heart muscle can be harmed or destroyed by a lack of blood flow. A myocardial infarction is another name for a heart attack.
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a licensed practical nurse is explaining the appropriate methods for measuring an accurate temperature to an unlicensed assistive personnel (uap). which method, if noted by the uap as being an appropriate method, indicates the need for further teaching?
There is a need for additional instruction in taking an oral temperature for a client who has a cough and nasal congestion.
What nursing task should be completed first before nasogastric drug administration?The most successful method for extending the life of nasogastric tubes is flushing. Before, during, and after the delivery of enteral drugs and meals, flushing is advised.
After inserting a Nasoenteric tube, how should the nurse position the patient?Position the patient sitting up at a 45–90 degree angle (unless the patient's condition makes this position unsuitable), with a pillow under the head and shoulders. As a result, the NG tube can enter the stomach and nasopharynx more quickly.
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the rehabilitation unit at pleasant valley hospital has a high number of falls. what interventions might assist to reduce the number of falls on the unit?
The executive starts by making sure the top nursing officer shows up to board meetings in order to improve safety in the Valley Hospital's patient care departments. while examining back injuries.
Which strategy would the nurse use to lower the likelihood of falls across the board for all patients?For the patient, use low beds or futons. In the event that the patient falls out of bed, injuries are avoided by using low beds or futon-style beds. Patients who are at a high risk of falling need this specific nursing intervention.
What fall prevention techniques are most frequently employed?Regular strength and balance training can enhance your strength and balance while lowering your risk of falling. This may appear as straightforward.
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which guideline would the nurse consider when planning care for a hospitalized older client with alzheimer disease
Guideline that the nurse would consider when planning care for a hospitalized older client with Alzheimer disease : Routines provide stability for clients with neurocognitive disorders
What is Alzheimer disease?Alzheimer is progressive disease that destroys memory and other mental functions. Brain cell connections and the cells degenerate and die and eventually destroying memory and other important mental functions.
Loss of memory and confusion are the main symptoms. There is no cure that exists for this disease but medications and management strategies may improve symptoms temporarily.
Alzheimer's disease is caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in the brain cells and one of the proteins involved is called amyloid, deposits of which forms plaques around brain cells.
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the nurse learns to identify qualities of refereed publications. what are characteristics of a peer reviewed journal? (select all that apply.)
The characteristics of a peer reviewed journal: Sources are clearly referenced; Author affiliation is provided; Written in technical language.
What is journal?An academic journal is a periodical that features articles published by academics, researchers, and other subject matter specialists. Journals concentrate on a certain subject or area of research. Journals, as opposed to newspapers and magazines, are written for an academic or specialized readership, not for general readers. A journal is a thorough account that documents all of a company's financial activities. It is used for account reconciliation in the future and for the transfer of data to other formal accounting records, including the general ledger. A diary is used to keep track of events or activities that have already happened. You may write a journal post for every day of a 3-day field trip, for instance, that your class takes. You may talk about what you did on each day.
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a nurse is teaching parents about the nutritional needs of their full-term infant, age 2 months, who's breast-feeding. which response shows that the parents understand their infant's dietary needs?
"We're not going to start any solid meals right now and only do the breastfeeding for certain time period ," suggests that the parents are aware of their infant's nutritional requirements.
The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of your baby's life. This implies that you should not feed your infant anything (solid meals) other than breastmilk during this period.
According to the World Health Organization Correct breastfeeding in the first two years of life is especially essential because it reduces morbidity and mortality, lowers the risk of chronic disease throughout their lives, and promotes normal mental and physical development.
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the nurse notices that the mother of a 9-year-old vietnamese child always looks at the floor when she talks to the nurse. what action should the nurse take?
Ask the mother further questions about the kid, and when she talks, the nurse should take action.
What is the action of a nurse?Eye contact is a nonverbal communication technique affected by culture. The nurse should keep asking the mother questions about the kid since.
In some non-Western cultures, such as the Vietnamese culture, a client or family member may avoid eye contact as a sign of respect.
Therefore, ask the mother has further questions about the kid, this action nurse should take.
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which type of physiologic change in the kidney would the nurse associate with nocturnal polyuria in older adults
Renal dysfunction is known as one of the causes of nocturnal polyuria because nocturnal polyuria is one of the initial symptoms in patients with CKD.
When urine concentrations decreases their is an increase in nocturnal salt excretion that may cause nocturnal polyuria with decreased renal function.
When the amount of kidney tissue decreases and kidney function diminishes. Number of filtering units called as nephrons also decreases. Nephrons filter waste material from the blood. The total size of the kidneys decreases with age, also the number of functioning nephrons.
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which action is a priority for a nurse who is caring for a patient receiving digoxin and furosemide and reports seeing yellow halos around lights
Observe the apical pulse for a full minute the dose should be withheld and a healthcare provider should be notified if the pulse rate is higher than 60 bpm in an adult, 70 bpm in a child, or 90 bpm in a baby.
How should a patient taking digoxin be monitored?Early signs of an overdose include confusion, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or problems with one's eyesight. Palpitations, changes in heart rhythm or rate (becoming sluggish or irregular), and fainting are other overdose warning signals.
Do you use digoxin to check your heart rate?Before taking digoxin, check your pulse. If your pulse rate is less than 60 beats per minute, wait five minutes. Recheck your pulse after that. If it's still below 60, call your healthcare professional.
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a patient with presbycusis is fitted with binaural hearing aids which information will the nurse include when teaching the patient how to use the hearing aids?
The information that the nurse include when teaching the patient how to use the hearing aids is option b. Experiment with volume and hearing in a quiet environment.
Presbycusis: What is it?Presbycusis, also known as age-related hearing loss, is the gradual loss of hearing in both ears. It is a typical issue associated with aging. In adults over 65, hearing loss affects one in three. Some people don't initially notice the change because of the gradual change in hearing.
Hence, The patient should experiment with changing the volume of the hearing aids as needed while initially using them in a quiet setting, such as their home. It is not necessary to gradually extend the wear period. To determine what is most effective in various circumstances, the patient should experiment with the volume level. Use should be made of both hearing aids.
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See full question below
A patient with presbycusis is fitted with binaural hearing aids. Which information will the nurse include when teaching the patient how to use the hearing aids?
a. Keep the volume low on the hearing aids for the first week.
b. Experiment with volume and hearing in a quiet environment.
c. Add the second hearing aid after making adjustments to the first hearing aid.
d. Begin wearing the hearing aids for an hour a day, gradually increasing the use.
caring for an older adult client who has had surgery for an intestinal obstruction and has an ng tube to wall suction which of the following interventions
The following instructions for an older adult client who has had surgery for an intestinal obstruction and has an ng tube to wall suction are most appropriate:
1. Monitor the patient's vital signs and intake and output.
2. Educate the patient and family on proper care of the NG tube.
3. Assess for signs of infection or other complications.
4. Medicate the patient for pain as ordered.
5. Measure the amount of drainage from the NG tube.
What is Intestinal obstruction?
Intestinal obstruction is a blockage in the intestines that prevents food, liquid, and gas from passing through. The obstruction can be partial or complete. Abdominal pain, vomiting, constipation, and abdominal swelling are all symptoms of an intestinal obstruction. Medication, surgery, and lifestyle changes are all used to treat an intestinal obstruction.
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