In the study with little albert, he was conditioned to fear a rabbit because it was paired with a frightening loud sound. In this example, the loud sound was the unconditioned stimulus.
A stimulus that triggers an automatic reaction is referred to as unconditioned. In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was food. An unconditioned response is a reflexive action in the face of a stimulus. The unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment is the dogs salivating for food. Without any prior learning on the part of the subject, an unconditioned stimulus induces a response.
A vibration that travels as an acoustic wave through a transmission medium like a gas, liquid, or solid is what is referred to as sound in physics. In terms of human physiology and psychology, sound is the brain's reception of these waves and perception of them. Humans cannot hear ultrasound, which is defined as sound waves above 20 kHz. Infrasound refers to sound waves with a frequency below 20 Hz.
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mariah is conservative. she watches conservative news programs, reads a conservative newspaper, and listens to conservative radio stations. she is not willing to watch, read, or listen to anything that might conflict with her beliefs. this is an example of:
This is an example of an echo chamber
How is war portrayed in both vigil strange i kept on a field one night and a march in the ranks hard-prest, and the road unknown?.
The war is portrayed in both Vigil Strange I Kept on A Field One Night and A March in The Ranks Hard-Prest, And the Road Unknown which are poems by Walt Whitman as brutal and ugly.
Both of these poems are written by Walt Whitman depicting the effects of American Civil War. Vigil Strange I Kept on A Field One Night is a heart touching poem about a father’s vigil after the death of his son. The poem is composed from the perspective of a father describing how the narrator lost his son on a battlefield and had to fight on. Similarly, A March in The Ranks Hard-Prest, And the Road Unknown is a poem that describes a soldiers experience as he is retreating from a lost battlefield and encounters a makeshift hospital in an old church and carnage caused by the war. Both of these poems portray negative experiences of war as brutal and ugly.
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Answer: As brutal and ugly
according to albert bandura, expectations concerning reinforcement primarily influence the probability of an individual:
Bandura argued, for instance, that self-reinforcement is an essential component of self-regulation in that individuals control their behavior by conditioned self-rewards on self-prescribed performance standards.
In Bandura's theory, what exactly is reinforcement?
"Aggressive behaviors are learned through reinforcement and the imitation of aggressive models," as stated by the SLT (Gross, 2020, p. 489).Bandura demonstrated that observing other people being rewarded for or benefiting from their aggressive behavior vicariously reinforces aggressive tendencies, particularly in children.
What is Albert Bandura's theory's central concept?
According to the social learning theory developed by Albert Bandura, people learn primarily through observation and modeling. Bandura's theory goes beyond the notion that direct environmental experience is necessary for learning.
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can an off-duty cop or security officer carry their service weapon into a bar or other establishment that serves alcohol?
The only places you weren't required to bring your "off-duty" weapon or security officer with you were to sleep, go swimming, or if you were consuming alcohol. Later, it was made optional.
When I was driving to work one day and the captain noticed that I didn't have my two-inch revolver around my waist, I made the decision to leave my off-duty at home. I explained that I had left it at home.
After expressing his understanding, he remarked something that has stayed with me for the past forty years: "What if something occurs when you're off-duty and people see that you're Security officer but you don't have your off-duty firearm with you?" So what do you do?
I wondered why I never went without my off-duty weapon for the remainder of the shift and until I retired. Fortunately, I never had to fire a shot, but I did pause a few times to assist a cop.
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According to the consumer behavior model presented in the text, the ________ includes the shopping experience, point-of-purchase stimuli, and sales interactions.
The examination of people, groups, or organizations and the methods they employ to choose, obtain, utilize, and discard goods, experiences, ideas, or experiences to meet wants, as well as the Social Media Marketing
Which attitude function is connected to the consumer's core beliefs or self-concept?There are various attitude functions, including: The core concepts of reward and punishment are related to utilitarian function; we have certain views toward items merely because they cause us pleasure or pain. Value-expressive functions connect to the self-concept or more fundamental values of the consumer.
What does a target consumer look like?A target consumer is someone who will most likely purchase your product. Additionally, it is a segment of the larger target market.
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Based off of Locke's "Social Contract", what should the government do if the people do not listen to the appropriate rules? (Explain)
Based off of Locke's "Social Contract", the government should have the right to punish the people if they do not listen to the appropriate rules.
What is the social contract according to Locke?Simply put, the social contract idea holds that in order to safeguard fundamental rights and advance societal well-being, government can only exist with the permission of the governed.
Men are naturally free and equal, according to Locke, who used this argument to support his understanding of legitimate political government as the outcome of a social contract in which people conditionally cede some of their rights to the government in order to better ensure the stable, comfortable state of society.
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in 2020, how much money could a national party give to each candidate or candidate committee, per election?
In addition, a national party committee and its Senatorial campaign committee may contribute up to $51,200 to each Senate candidate per campaign.
A campaign may not accept more than $100 in cash from a single source in connection with any nomination for or election to federal office.Individual contributions are gifts made to a political party or campaign by individuals who want to support their cause. In addition, an individual may contribute a maximum of $2,700 per election to a Federal candidate or the candidate's campaign committee; however, the limit applies separately to each election.
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dsm-5 includes gambling disorder as an addictive disorder, along with substance use disorders. this change is considered important because it: group of answer choices
The DSM-5 states that the presence of signs of impaired control, social impairment, risky use, and pharmacological criteria is required for a diagnosis of drug use disorder.
When did the DSM include substance use disorder?The DSM-III established the categories of "abuse" and "dependence" in 1980. A diagnostic of abuse requires abnormal patterns of use or harmful effects of use, and a diagnosis of dependence requires tolerance or withdrawal (plus one of the abuse criteria in the case of cannabis or alcohol addiction).
Is addiction the same as a substance use disorder?Addiction to drugs is often referred to as a substance use disorder. This condition affects a person's brain and behavior and makes it impossible for them to regulate whether or not they take narcotics or prescription medications, whether they are legal or not. Alcohol, marijuana, and nicotine are a few examples of substances that fall under the drug category.
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on behalf of an institution, which individual is ultimately responsible for compliance with phs policy?
The Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) is in charge of overseeing how well institutions adhere to PHS policies and regulations.
For the use and treatment of vertebrate animals in research, testing, and training in the institutions that receive funding from US agencies, the PHS policy outlines nine US government principles. The office of laboratory animal welfare, often known as OLAW, formerly known as OPRR, is the public health service organization in charge of overseeing institutional compliance with public health service policies. The use of research animals in projects supported by the public health service is regulated by the office of laboratory animal welfare. The National Institutes of Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Food and Drug Administration, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Indian Health Service, and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration are all part of the Public policy Health Service. The United States Department of Health and Human Services includes the Public Health Service's agencies.
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How do the authors use english history to support the claim that many people joined the antislavery movement for moral reasons?.
William Wilberforce, a British abolitionist, is cited by the authors as a primary source.
How do the authors use historical evidence to back up their claim that they won by choosing between two options?
There are two choices. They show that a song was spreading the idea of equality throughout the Caribbean and that some white people opposed the idea of freeing enslaved people by using a primary source.
How are the authors able to back up their claim that the global hunger for slave-grown sugar resulted in the end of slavery by using French history?
The author uses historical events from France to show how people's attitudes about slavery and the sugar trade changed in the 1700s.
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harold often argues with his father and refuses to let him or anyone else get close to his mother. according to freud, harold is most likely stuck in the stage of development known as the .
Harold often argues with his father and refuses to let him or anyone else get close to his mother. According to Freud, Harold is most likely stuck in the stage of development known as the phallic stage.
A stage of development is an age ending when sure needs, demeanor, experiences, and powers are average and vary from added age periods. According to Freud, Harold is most likely stuck in the stage of development known as the phallic stage.
The phallic stage, at which point the passion focuses on the genitalia, shows the conclusion of babyish desire. Although it usually happens between the ages of 3 to 5 years old. Therefore, it is a very main ending. The phallic stage happens between three and six age-old accompanying equivalent zones in the organs through self-finding tangible frame parts.
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what are the most important things we need to understand about modern american political parties today
The two biggest parties are the Democratic and Republican. Other parties that can support candidates in a presidential election include the Reform, Libertarian, Socialist, Natural Law, Constitution, and Green Parties.
The primary barriers preventing candidates from running in elections are political parties. Thus, parties have a significant impact on how much young people participate in politics at the local, regional, and federal levels. Parties typically control who gets nominated for office, who wins, and which issues gain national prominence. They choose who gets added to their candidate lists and for what position. In proportional representation "closed list" electoral systems, young candidates are frequently listed at the bottom of candidate lists with very little chance of winning, so political parties' nomination procedures have not always favored them. They function as intermediary institutions, bridging the gap between the state and civil society and converting public policy preferences into political action.
In addition to considering nominating younger candidates for municipal and provincial/state elections, political parties could do more to encourage young people to run for office. In order to make room for younger candidates, they might also push to lower the age requirement for running for office at these levels of government.
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the distinct and important roles that a person perceives about himself or herself is the self-concept dimension of
The distinct and important roles that a person perceives about himself is the self-concept dimension of complexity. A system's or object's complexity is a relative characteristic.
The behaviour of a system or model is characterised by complexity when its components interact in multiple ways and adhere to local rules, resulting in nonlinearity, randomness, collective dynamics, hierarchy, and emergence.
Complexity is the condition of having numerous different parts connected to one another in a complicated manner. For many functions, using multi tape Turing machines instead of Turing machines with a single tape reduces computational complexity and computation time.
One's self-concept is a group of self-perceived truths according to self psychology. Self-awareness, which is the degree to which self-knowledge is defined, consistent, and currently applicable to one's attitudes and dispositions, can be distinguished from self-concept.
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describe your own perspectives regarding inclusive education (e.g., the practice of mainstreaming those with disabilities into larger classes with their peers).
Both the positive and the negative aspects of inclusive education are in my personal perspective.
In essence, mainstreaming is the process of including children with disabilities in regular classrooms and occasionally holding them to the same standards as kids without impairments.
Unless an IEP (Individualized Education Plan) or 504 (reasonable accommodations) is in place, I feel this to be unjust; at that point, it becomes inclusive education. The mainstreaming strategy, which involves placing students in general education classes, is only one aspect of inclusive education.
All students have access to effective pathways for achieving educational objectives in settings where they feel a sense of belonging thanks to inclusive learning. Every child, regardless of ability or disability, learns together in an age-appropriate classroom in an inclusive educational setting.
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five year old kayla witnessed her older sister get rewarded for sharing toys with her friends. kayla then imitates her sisters actions by sharing her toys in order to get the same reward. kaylas actions most likely from?
Kayla's actions are most likely from vicarious reinforcement.
Learning via watching others is referred to as vicarious reinforcement. By rewarding the subject with a stimulus, behavior is strengthened through reinforcement. Vicarious reinforcement, then, is when someone alters their behaviour because they desire to experience the same reward that another subject did by adopting the same conduct.
The seen conduct and result are deemed desirable, thus the observer will attempt to act in a similar fashion. Similar to the given instance, Kayla saw her older sister rewarded for lending toys to her friends in the present one. After observing the behaviour, she emulated her sister by sharing her toys in an effort to obtain the same reward. The action is a result of vicarious reinforcement.
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when in attempting to determine the identity of the criminal, police may present a single suspect to a victim or witness. this type of identification procedure is known as a/an
When attempting to determine the identity of the criminal, police may present a single suspect to a victim or witness. This type of identification procedure is known as a showup.
A show-up is a method of identification where the suspect is introduced to the victim of the crime alone, as opposed to a lineup or photo array. The prosecution will then charge the defendant and typically find him or her guilty based on a successful identification.
Show-ups are a useful and effective tactic for catching criminals. Police may detain a suspect immediately in the interests of public safety if a witness positively identifies a suspect as the criminal. The show-up will result in the quick release of the innocent suspect and allow police to refocus their efforts if a witness is unable to identify the subject as the perpetrator.
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When the president delivers the state of the union address, he/she has two primary audiences. they are the __________ and the __________. a. vice president . . . congress b. senate . . . house of representatives c. united states government . . . citizens d. foreign governments . . . vice president please select the best answer from the choices provided a b c d
There are two primary audiences for the president's state of the union address. They are the people and the government United States.
The United States Constitution serves as the formal foundation for the State of the Union Address: "shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall determine to be necessary and expedient,” the President states. Clause 1 of Section 3 of Article II.
In a State of the Union address, what is the president required to do?
The speech complies with the requirements of Article II, Section 3 of the United States Constitution, which mandate that the President inform Congress on the "state of the union" on a regular basis and recommend any actions he deems necessary and expedient.
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david is a son, brother, and uncle within his family. what characteristic of family is he experiencing? a. multiple roles b. shared identity c. bonding d. emotional complexity
David is a son brother, and uncle within his family. He is experiencing multiple roles characteristic of family. Everybody plays multiple roles in life.
A family is a group of two or more people who are connected by blood, marriage, or adoption and who live together all of these people are regarded as belonging to the same family. These ties are crucial because family supports us during both the best and worst of times. Family members are valuable because they can provide you with support, security, and unconditional love. They will constantly try to see and bring out the best in you, even if you are unable to do so for yourself.
One can assume numerous of these positions. A group of roles that a person is expected to play in a range of circumstances are referred to as "multiple roles." A person will therefore be a husband, a father, and a cousin.
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lucas walks around his busy college campus between classes. he notices smoke coming out from one of the buildings, but decides not to call the fire department because he assumes that someone else has already called. what psychological phenomenon does this example illustrate?
The psychological phenomenon this example illustrates is that of diffusion of responsibility.
Responsibility is diluted when persons who must make decisions wait for someone else to act on their behalf. It is more likely that no one will act since they believe someone else in the group will likely take the initiative the more participants there are. Diffusion of responsibility within a group result in members not feeling as accountable for their actions (or inaction) and making them much more likely to engage in social loafing. This is why diffusion of responsibility is a direct cause of social loafing.
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What are some screening tools researchers and medical professionals use to identify risks of opioid dependence or abuse in patients?.
The Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) is a brief, self-report screening tool researchers and medical professionals use to identify risks of opioid dependence or abuse in patients.
The Opioid Risk Tool (ORT) is a quick self-report screening tool made for use with adult patients in primary care settings to determine the likelihood that those who have been prescribed opioids to treat chronic pain may abuse those drugs.
High-risk patients have a higher chance of engaging in future drug-abusive conduct. The ORT has been validated in both male and female patients and may be administered and scored in under one minute, but not in groups that do not experience pain.
Prior to starting opioid therapy for pain management, this tool should be given to patients during their initial appointment. A score of 3 or less denotes a low likelihood of future opioid misuse, a score of 4 to 7 denotes a moderate likelihood, and a score of 8 or more denotes a high likelihood.
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Why is the Franking Privilege not quite as big a deal now as
it was 20 years ago?
The franking privilege, which allows Mem-bers of Congress to trans-mit mail matter under their signature with-out postage, has existed in the United States since colo-nial times.
During the 18th and 19th cent-uries, the franking privilege served a funda-mental democratic role, allowing Members of Congress to convey inform-ation to their constituents about the operations of govern-ment and policy matters before Congress.
Today, the franking privilege is limited to cur-rent and former Members of Congress, Members-elect, the Vice Presi-dent, and congress-ional offices such as the Clerk or Serg-eant at Arms. [188] In addition, former presidents and vice presidents, and widows of presi-dents have franking privilege.
This is why the Franking Privilege is not quite as big a deal now as it was 20 years ago.
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In one paragraph, analyze whether the Supreme Court has addressed the problem in the same way that it has in other equal rights rulings, considering how the history of protecting against sexual harassment is like or unlike other civil rights fights.
(the problem being sexual harassment)
The Supreme Court has approached the issue of sexual harassment differently than other equal rights rulings because they take a different approach.
How does sexual harassment differ from equal rights?The difference between sexual harassment cases and cases that demand equal rights is that in sexual harassment, the harasser is committing a crime against the victim even though both have equal rights and duties. While in the struggles for equal rights, the groups have fought to obtain rights that another part of the population already had, such as free voting, access to education, and others.
How has the Supreme Court dealt with these cases?The Supreme Court is the most important body of justice in the country and is responsible for judging crimes and establishing a position to restore the rights of citizens in the event that they are taken away. Due to the above, in cases of struggles for equal rights, the Supreme Court has acted to guarantee the rights that have not been recognized to different communities throughout history such as African Americans, Latinos, immigrants, among others.
On the other hand, the Supreme Court has acted differently in cases of sexual abuse because in these cases it wants to repair the damage caused by the perpetrator to the victim. Additionally, they want to punish the perpetrator with a measure such as jail, an economic penalty or the death penalty.
From the foregoing, it can be inferred that the way these cases are addressed in the Supreme Court of Justice has been different, because both cases have different variables.
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what theory suggests that people connect with and become attracted to others because they share similar traits? a. beautiful-is-good effect b. social exchange theory c. mere exposure effect d. birds-of-a-feather effect
theory suggests that people connect with and become attracted to others because they share similar traits is a) beautiful-is-good effect
What's beautiful is good, right? Participants see attractive targets as having more desirable interpersonal features and being more inclined to develop social relationships than unattractive targets, according to the beautiful-is-good theory.
It turns out that being conventionally gorgeous has advantages. People who are viewed as handsome are more likely to get hired for employment and appear trustworthy, according to study. They are also believed to be healthier and happier.
Physical beauty makes a strong initial impact on the mind, so strong that we may go beyond appearances and begin making assumptions about a person's prosperity, position, parenting, and intellect, even if these beliefs turn out to be false.
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Diana baumrind has described ______ of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.
Diana baumrind has described Four types of parenting based on various levels of warmth and involvement.
Parenting can be categorized into four styles:AuthoritarianAuthoritativePermissive/indulgentUninvolved/neglectfulAuthoritarian and authoritative parenting styles both emphasize authority, which means that parents set rules and expect their children to follow them.
There is a one-directional communication style of authoritarian parenting, which is a cold style of parenting that doesn't allow questions from children ("because I say so"). Parents focus on punishing their children for their wrong behavior, believing that their children should have no independence from them.
The authoritarian parents are nurturing, so they are warmer than the authoritarian parents, they let their children ask why, so they explain limits through reasoning, they teach the right behavior rather than punishing the wrong one, and they emphasize consequences rather than punishments when there are wrong behaviors.
Parents who are permissive or indulgent tend to think "kids will be kids" so they are quite lenient when it comes to rules. In addition, they don't usually set consequences, but when they do, they aren't very strict about them. The kids become irresponsible and don't follow the rules.
Uninvolved/neglectful parents are cold and distant, yet don't expect a lot from their children, therefore, they neglect them and don't give them attention. Delinquent behavior and social difficulties are more likely to occur in these children as they grow.
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Why did president washington give this advice about the future of u. S. Foreign policy?.
could we be living in a black hole? i.e.: could we tell it, if we were actually living in a black hole?
The good news is that even though the gravitational attraction is much stronger than that of smaller black holes, there is less tidal force than would otherwise turn you into spaghetti.
Could we detect the Earth being dragged into a black hole?Our separation would occur. Likewise, if we were devoured by a genuinely gigantic black hole below its event horizon, we might not even notice because everything would resume its previous state, at least momentarily. Before calamity hit in this situation, it might take some time.
Would we be able to detect ourselves in a black hole?Despite being able to see outside from within, no one could see you because all light would reflect back upon you. The good news is that even while the gravitational attraction of the larger black hole is stronger than that of the smaller ones, the tidal force that would cause you to become spaghetti-like is less.
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how does entering the world of the hunter drive ralph farther from jack, rather than bringing them closer?
While the tribe feasts interior Castle Rock, Ralph makes his way returned to the platform.
Once there, he is reluctant to spend the night time on my own in the safe haven and decides to return to Jack's give up of the island to strive reasoning with them again. On the way, he encounters the pig's skull that had spoken to Simon.
What happens when Ralph sees a ship ignore in the distance?Ralph spots a ship in the distance and is assured that the ship's crew will spot the boys' smoke signal. But, unknown to Ralph, the furnace has gone out, being left unattended. When Simon points out that there is no smoke, he and Ralph and Piggy hurry up the mountainside.
Why does Ralph go to the pinnacle of the mountain?A small boy with a visible birthmark says he has seen a snake (that will later emerge as the beast). Ralph says that they want to make a fire in order to be rescued - the teens eagerly take up this challenge and rush to the top of the mountain, and move the timber in order to build it.
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Individualistic cultures are ones that prioritise the interests of the individual over the requirements of the group or community and also value independence and self-reliance. The answer is collaboration is the preferred conflict management style for all cultures.
Decisions, successes, objectives, and ambitions are frequently defined as personal rather than collective in an individualistic culture. People from these cultures prioritise social achievement, domination, and personal prosperity; they are competitive, more likely to be creative, and more open to experiencing new emotions. On the other hand, people in collectivist cultures value community, the well-being of others, social justice, and adherence to cultural traditions and customs. People in these cultures tend to define themselves more in terms of their ties to the group than in terms of their individual characteristics.In order to be more effective in a disagreement with a collectivist, Yelena should restrict her usage of the “why” inquiry because she comes from an individualistic society.
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Which states have state songs in two languages?
1. Texas and California
2. New Mexico and Hawaii
3. Massachusetts and West Virginia
4. Florida and Texas
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assume that in experiments conducted by aronson and his colleagues, sally was randomly assigned to write and deliver a pro-condom speech, to be shown to high school students. she also listed all the times she found it awkward or impossible to use condoms in her sexual encounters. after completing these tasks, sally reduced her dissonance by reporting a greater willingness to use condoms in her future sexual activities. why?
Knowing cognitive dissonance. When a person's action conflicts with their ideals or beliefs, they experience cognitive dissonance, which can be uncomfortable. It can also happen when a person simultaneously maintains two opposing views.
Why does post decision dissonance happen so frequently?
If a decision is final, people are more prone to experience post-decision dissonance. To put it another way, if you are unable to change your mind after making a decision, you are more likely to encounter post-decision dissonance and, as a result, are more likely to alter your beliefs.
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