The 3'-end is single-stranded with a 14-16 base overhang. there are two reasons for the 3'-end being longer than the 5'-end. the first is that the g-t strand (3'-end) is extended by the telomerase enzyme. the second reason is the C-A strand (5'-end) is enzymatically degraded.
A telomere is the region of repetitive DNA sequences at the end of a chromosome.
They protect the chromosome ends from DNA degradation, recombination, and DNA end fusions
The overhang in telomere is due to incomplete end replication.
They gets shorten during replication to avoid gene deletions.
the daughter chromosomes lose the 3′ overhang which was present in the parent and therefore, in the absence of telomerase this will accordingly result in the telomere shortening
if telomere are long, the cellular machinery result in a bit of telomere becoming looped off each time cells replicate DNA and divide,
as telomere shorten, chromosome themselves become vulnerable to damage and cell dies
therefore, shortening of telomere is necessary.
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What is the relationship between temperature and orca survival?
The relationship between temperature and orca survival is that they inhabit waters with a constant temperature of 0 degrees, therefore if the temperature rises, the orca's prey will perish.
What connection exists between Orcas and temperature?Orcas maintain a body temperature that is comparable to that of humans. Orcas, however, lose a lot more heat to the environment than humans do since they live in water.
Orcas have developed a variety of strategies to attempt and keep their heat under check in reaction to this.
Note that Killer whales have also been spotted in warm water environments, including Florida, Gulf of Mexico, as well as more temperate regions, like New Zealand as well as South Africa.
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ap enivornmental science frq (c) identify the region of the world that is experiencing the largest growth rate. (d) explain three factors that have contributed to this growth.
Accumulation of capital stock. will increase hard work inputs, along with people or hours worked. Technological development.
Three out of five of the most populous international locations in the world are located in Asia. in the end, the highest populace growth price is likewise located there, the u. s . with the best population growth charge in Lebanon.
The area of the world with the best quotes of natural growth is Sub-Saharan Africa. B. three elements that make a contribution to high populace growth rates are the lack of training, lowering demise prices, and a lack of getting the right of entry to healthcare.
Elements of production are resources that are the building blocks of the financial system; they're what people use to supply goods and offerings. Economists divide the elements of production into four categories: land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.
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which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle cells? only cardiac muscle contains a sarcoplasmic reticulum. only cardiac muscle has gap junctions. only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity only cardiac muscle has a high concentration of mitochondria.
Only cardiac muscle cells shows autorhythmicity The unique feature of cardiac muscle cells is autorhythmicity .
Cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) are striated, branched, have a large number of mitochondria, and are controlled involuntarily.
Specialized cardiac muscle cells known as autorhythmic cells are where action potentials (electrical impulses) in the heart are thought to begin. These cells have the capacity to self-excite and produce an action potential without external nerve cell activation. The autorhythmic cells offer a conduction system to coordinate the contraction of muscle cells throughout the heart and act as a pacemaker to start the cardiac cycle (the heart's pumping cycle).
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An evaluation on using light technology (Lasik)
The evaluation on using light technology (Lasik) is it being a fast procedure which has less complications.
What is Technology?This is referred to as the application of scientific knowledge into practical use and it helps in the reduction of errors and makes work easier and faster.
Light technology (Lasik) is a type of procedure which involves the use of excimer laser which emits a cool ultraviolet light beam and is used to reshape the cornea of individuals with astigmatism, nearsightedness etc.
This method was evaluated and was found to be a fast and reliable method of treatment for different types of eye defects. It also results in little or no complications arising from it because it is bloodless and there is no risk of contamination by foreign bodies.
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which rna molecule carries the nucleotide sequence responsible for the amino acid sequence in proteins?
RNA molecule carries the nucleotide sequence responsible for the amino acid sequence in proteins is mRNA or messenger RNA.
mRNA is formed in the nucleus of the cell via the process of transcription during the information from DNA gets encoded in the mRNA molecule. From nucleus the mRNA molecule gets transferred to the cytoplasm where under the control of translation machinery and ribosome it gets translated to protein molecules.
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the sequencing of entire genomes has made it possible to examine the level of gene expression in a particular cell or tissue by using oligonucleotide probes to assess the mrna expression level from a particular gene. this is done most effectively through the use of
Microarray is the technique for sequencing of entire genomes and examining the level of gene expression in a particular cell or tissue by using oligonucleotide probes.
A microarray is a laboratory technique used to simultaneously measure the expression of thousands of genes. A known DNA sequence or gene is contained in each of the thousands of tiny spots that are printed on microscope slides in specific locations. These slides are called DNA microarrays. These slides are frequently referred to as DNA or gene chips. To detect gene expression, also referred to as the transcriptome or the collection of messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts expressed by a group of genes, the DNA molecules attached to each slide serve as probes.
mRNA molecules are typically taken from an experimental sample and a reference sample to perform a microarray analysis.
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if a scientist wanted to compare the expression of one gene under two sets of conditions, what technique would they use?
If a scientist wanted to compare the expression of one gene under two sets of conditions, chain termination is the technique they would use.
Chain termination is any chemical response that ceases the formation of reactive intermediates in a sequence propagation step withinside the route of a polymerization, efficaciously bringing it to a halt.
Sanger sequencing, additionally referred to as the “chain termination technique”, is a way for figuring out the nucleotide collection of DNA. The approach become evolved with the aid of using time Nobel Laureate Frederick Sanger and his colleagues in 1977, subsequently the call the Sanger Sequence.
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in most animlas, a three-chamber heart would be very inefficient. why does it work well for amphibians
A three-chambered heart works well for amphibians because two atria in the amphibian heart pump blood into the single ventricle at different times, resulting in very little blood mixing.
An amphibian's heart, like the heart of a frog, contains three chambers: one ventricle and two atria. The body receives oxygenated blood from the ventricle as it goes to the lungs, skin, and other organs. Before leaving the heart, blood that has been deoxygenated and blood that has been oxygenated are combined in the ventricle. Compared to the mammalian heart, this is an extremely ineffective mechanism.
However, since amphibians have slower metabolisms, they need less oxygen. Less oxygen consumption reduces the demand on the heart to pump highly oxygenated blood. In light of the fact that amphibians could also take in oxygen through their moist skin, a heart with three chambers is ideal for their needs.
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1) During the 1950's, several scientists were responsible for discovering the structure of DNA. One scientist, Erwin Chargaff, found that in DNA, the ratios of adenine (A) to thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C) are always equal. What does Chargaff's discovery indicate about the structure of DNA and its impact on replication? All BUT ONE choice could apply.
A.)Adenine pairs with thymine; guanine with cytosine.
B) The base pairing facilitates DNA replication and RNA transcription. Eliminate
C) When pairing nucleotides, you must pair a purine with a pyrimidine.
D) If we read the sequence of nucleotides on one strand of DNA, we can identify the complementary sequence on the other strand.
Chargaff's discovery about the structure of DNA and its impact on replication is associated with the observation that adenine pairs with thymine; while guanine pairs with cytosine (Option A).
What is the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule?The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule is a double helix molecule composed of two chains of nucleotides (adenine or A, guanine or G, cytosine or C and thymine or T) linked via hydrogen bonds, where A pairs with T via two hydrogen bonds, while C pairs with G via 3 hydrogen bonds.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule adenine pairs with thymine while cytosine pairs with guanine.
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Q5: Based on your answer to Q3, how many of those units does each of the above have?
Circle each unit" in the above molecules.
Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharide; lipids are made up of Glycerol and fatty acids and Proteins are made up of Amino acids.
What are Carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are the simple sugar molecules which consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms having a ratio of hydrogen–oxygen of 2:1. One of three main nutrients along with proteins and fats.
Body breaks down carbohydrates into glucose which is the main source of energy for your body's cells, tissues, and organs and can be used immediately or stored in the liver and muscles for later use.
There are three main types of carbohydrates:
1.Sugars
They are also called simple carbohydrates as they are present in the most basic form.
2.Starches
They are complex carbohydrates made up of lots of simple sugars strung together.
3.Fiber
It is also a complex carbohydrate which cannot be break down
Thus, Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharide; lipids are made up of Glycerol and fatty acids and Proteins are made up of Amino acids.
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Release factor 1 has been mutated so now it binds to the codon 5’-ugg-3’ and the gene encoding the native trna that binds to the ugg has been deleted. Assuming that the cell with these mutations is viable, what would occur at the ugg codon? look at the genetic code in lecture slides or in your book.
The original UGG tRNA encoding has been removed and the cell with this mutation is alive, so the UGG codon will change the codon sequence.
When the coding for a nucleotide is removed, a mutation occurs. These mutations are called frame shift mutations. These mutations are caused by the addition or deletion of one or more nucleotides in the DNA, usually followed by a shift in codon reading resulting in a change in the amino acid sequence in the protein that the gene encodes for. The frameshift is divided into two, namely single base deletion and single base insertion. Single base deletion occurs when a nucleotide is missing or missing from the DNA chain. Single base insertion occurs when a nucleotide pair inserts into the DNA chain
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Diya wants to test the effect of listening to different types of music on the human heart rate. She takes the resting heart rate of her test subjects then has them listen to one type of music for 5 minutes and takes their heart rate again. Each test subject repeats the test listening to three different types of music.
What is the independent variable in Diya’s experiment?
A. Listening for 5 minutes
B. Effect of listening
C. Different types of music
D.Heart rate
environmental impacts from freshwater aquaculture include group of answer choices economic loss of income from sport fishing. nutrient overload and escape of exotic species. water loss due to increased irrigation. introduction of heavy metals into native fish.
Environment impacts freshwater aquaculture include nutrient overload and escape of exotic species.
When the aquaculture sector first started to take off, there were a few things that made it difficult for the sector to produce fish sustainably. The goal of fish farming has never been to harm the environment; rather, it is to improve food security.
Environmental issues did, however, develop. There was no lack of unfavorable press, and these reports have stuck with the general public. Nutrient and effluent build-ups, the negative effects of fish farms on nearby wild fisheries due to disease and escape, and environmental damage as a result of the site's location were common criticisms.
Aquaculture's harmful environmental effects are complex. When there are many fish in one place, nutrients might accumulate. The trash that fish produce has the potential to accumulate in the neighborhood. Algal blooms and dead zones may result from the water's oxygen being depleted in this way. Antibiotic use by farmers to prevent disease has raised concerns about the drugs' impact on the ecosystem surrounding the cages, including wild fish. Many people were also concerned that the escaped non-native fish would increase food competition among wild fish, possibly driving out the native fish.
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what is the term that describes the amount of air moved in each breath multiplied by the respiratory rate?
Minute volume is the term that describes the amount of air moved in each breath multiplied by the respiratory rate.
In the field of biology, minute volume can be described as the approximate measure of the volume of air that is moved in or out of the lungs by a person during a time frame of one minute.
Minute volume is a measure of the approximate air that a person can either inhale or exhale so that the average respiratory rate of a person can be known.
Through the calculations made by minute volume, doctors can decide whether the lungs of a function are working properly or not. If the minute volume is lower than average, then this means that the lungs of the person have been damaged.
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This picture shows the flow of oxygen-poor blood into the right atrium then right ventricle and to the lungs. Which vessels are used to carry blood to the lungs?
A. pulmonary capillaries
B. cardiac veins
C. pulmonary arteries
Answer:
C. Pulmonary Arteries
Explanation:
The pulmonary artery is responsible for transporting oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, where it is converted into oxygen and returned to the circulation.
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Which axis indirectly shows the relative amount of dna per cell? by what relationship?.
The x-axis indirectly shows the relative amount of DNA per cell. As the DNA was stained, there is a relationship between fluorescence and DNA content.
The x-axis does not show the relative amount of DNA per cell directly. It can be seen through a special type of graph known as a histogram. If we look at it, peaks and dips can be seen as similar to fluorescence.
This indirectly shows the relative amount of DNA per cell. This confirms the relationship between the fluorescence and the relative amount of DNA in the cell.
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an ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer per square kilometer in one location and 200 deer per square kilometer in another location. what was the ecologist comparing?
The ecologist was contrasting density.
What variables influence population change?Demographers often concentrate on four key variables when attempting to predict changes in population size: fertility rates, death rates (life expectancy), beginning age distribution of the population (whether it is relatively elderly or young to begin with), and migration.
Which of the following can contribute to population regulation that is density dependent?Competition and predation, which affect birth and mortality rates, can have an impact on density-dependent regulation. Abiotic elements and environmental factors, i.e., extreme weather and conditions like fire, can have an impact on density-independent regulation.
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which statement best describes the goal of medications used to treat myasthenia gravis? a. to inhibit ca2 release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum b. to inhibit the function of acetylcholinesterase c. to decrease the number of synaptic vesicles d. to increase the number of acetylcholine receptors e. to promote multiple motor unit summation
To increase the number of acetylcholine receptors best describes the goal of medications used to treat myasthenia gravis.
Myasthenia gravis is a persistent autoimmune, neuromuscular disorder that reasons weak spot withinside the skeletal muscular tissues that worsens after durations of interest and improves after durations of rest. These muscular tissues are chargeable for features concerning respiration and shifting components of the body, such as the palms and legs.
How critical is myasthenia gravis?
The maximum critical headaches of myasthenia gravis is a myasthenia crisis. This is a circumstance of excessive muscle weak spot, especially of the diaphragm and chest muscular tissues that assist respiration. Breathing can also additionally come to be shallow or ineffective.
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which of the following is true of neandertals? select one: a. they could control fire. b. they deliberately buried their dead. c. they are considered by many archaeologists to be a subgroup of homo sapiens. d. all of the answers are correct.
Neanderthals performed funeral ceremonies and buried their deceased using flowers.
In 1908, a possible Neanderthal tomb was first found in southwest France at La Chapelle-aux-Saints. These 50,000-year-old bones' excellent preservation prompted scientists to hypothesize that Neanderthals interred their dead long before modern humans reached western Europe. At the time, soil samples connected to one of the bones included clusters of flower pollen, which led researchers to hypothesize that Neanderthals performed burial ceremonies and buried their dead using flowers. To bury their dead, Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthals) built pits. They buried their deceased using flowers in their funeral ceremonies .The purposeful placement of remains in caverns and their intentional burial date to around 115,000 years ago at Qazfeh in Israel.
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which solvent is a commonly used to extract all the lipids from homogenized tissue samples and subsequent separation of the lipids from the proteins and sugars present in those samples?
Solvents that are used to extract the lipids from homogenized tissue samples and subsequent separation of the lipids from the proteins and sugars present are methanol and chloroform.
How are lipids extracted?Lipids are extracted using solvent-based techniques. In some cases, solvents are subjected directly into cell pellets, but in other cases, solvents are employed during disruptions of cell.
Lipids are insoluble in polar solvents like water but highly soluble in non-polar or weakly polar organic solvents like ether, chloroform, benzene, and acetone.
The Bligh and Dyer method is a widely practiced methods for lipid extraction. It is very similar to the Folch method, but differs in solvent/solvent and solvent/tissue ratios.
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according to results from the experiment described in the animation, how did the extinction rate in the large mossy area compare to that in small isolated mossy areas?
After one year, 40% of the species that were present in the vast area had disappeared from the tiny sections.
What is an illustration of being alone?Isolation might include spending a lot of time alone at home, not having access to resources or participating in the community, and having little to no contact with friends, family, & acquaintances.
What three sorts of isolation are there?Based on how the disease spreads, these unique transmission-based precautions often fall under one of three categories of isolation. The three common types of transmission-based precautions are interface separation, droplets isolation, & airborne isolation, according to the CDC.
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Measure population numbers over time in different areas to determine how population size may be changing in response to human development.
What are the five major causes of extinction?
Causes of Extinction. Habitat Loss; Overexploitation; Introduced Species; Global Pollution and Climate Change are all factors contributing to the extinction of species. Learn more about each of these and other causes of extinction. HABITAT LOSS: The most common cause of endangerment is habitat loss.
What was the cause of the pterodactyls extinction?
“There is broad agreement that the cause of the dinosaur and pterosaur extinctions were one and the same,” University of Texas, Austin paleontologist Brian Andres says. The aftermath of the asteroid impact is the large scale reason for both.
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Eggs mature in the________
of the
female reproductive system. What
one word completes the sentence?
Enter your answer
Eggs mature in the ovaries of the female reproductive system.
Eggs in female refers to the female germ cells also called the ovum. It is a haploid structure that gets fertilized by a male germ cell in order to give rise to offspring. Egg is said to the largest single cell in the female body. It has no flagella and hence cannot move.
Ovaries are the gland or the reproductive organs that are involved in the production of female germ cell called the egg. In human females, there exists a pair of ovaries that consists of thousand of ova stored in it. Apart from ovum, these ovaries also synthesize some hormones.
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the human bacterial pathogen neisseria gonorrhoeae contains pilin, proteins that invoke an immune response. the amount of the pathogen eventually declines when the host antibodies recognize the pilin. however, the pathogen has replicated and have new pilin, so the old immune response is no longer effecive. this pathogen is successful in the host because:
Pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae is capable of evading host immune defenses through a variety of mechanisms, including ongoing alterations in the antigenic structure of its surface, resistance to complement-mediated bacteriolysis, and perhaps the synthesis of IgA1 protease.
The effects of gonorrhea on the body?The body may use inflammatory cells like neutrophils to fight off NG invasion in the case of a gonococcal infection, or it may start its adaptive immune response by presenting an antigen to get rid of the pathogen. The infection is challenging to eradicate due to NG's numerous immune escape strategies.
Can you become resistant to gonorrhea?It is generally known that gonorrhea can be contracted repeatedly without any visible development of a protective immunity due to prior infections. A purulent discharge is a sign of symptomatic infection, but it is unclear how the host will react.
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Marine Science Explain the law of conservation of energy.
The law of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction or biological system. Although, it gets transformed from one form to another.
What is an example of the law of conservation of energy?An example of the law of conservation of energy is as follows:
When you roll a toy car from a flat staircase, it will fall into the ground where the kinetic energy gets transferred into potential energy.This may be clearly understood by the fact when taking all forms of energy are present in the environment, the total energy of this isolated environment always remains constant. This reveals the law of conservation of energy.
Therefore, the law of conservation of energy is well described above.
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which species are representatives of the green algae? multiple choice chlamydomonas, volvox, and coralline coralline algae, volvox, and spirogyra diatoms, volvox, and spirogyra chlamydomonas, volvox, and spirogyra diatoms, chlamydomonas, and volvox
The representatives of the green algae are Chlamydomonas, Volvox, and Spirogyra
What is algae?
Algae are members of a paraphyletic group that set them apart from other types of life by being eukaryotic, watery, and photosynthetic. They cover a broad spectrum of creatures, from single cells through colonies to multicellular organisms.
What is green algae?
A kind of algae known as green algae are distinguished by their greenish color. The presence of a lot of chlorophylls a and b in the plastids of green algae is what gives them their greenish hue and allows them to photosynthesize. The ratios of these pigments are identical to those seen in vascular plants.
Therefore, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, and Spirogyra are the members belong to green algae.
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if the code of bases of dna is gaatcg, then the complementary translated rna code on the other side would be .
The complementary translated RNA code on the other side would be CUUAGC.
DNA is changed during transcription into m-RNA. The RNA polymerase enzyme is responsible for it. Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine are some of the nitrogenous bases that make up the DNA in a certain order. In m-RNA, guanine is paired with cytosine or vice-versa, adenine is paired with uracil, and thymine is paired with adenine on m-RNA transcript. This is because RNA can't have thymine on its strand. The nitrogenous base sequence on the DNA template determines the nitrogenous base sequence on the m-RNA. If the DNA base sequence is GAATCG, the transcript's base sequence will be CUUAGC.
RNA polymerases, which link nucleotides to create an RNA strand using a DNA strand as a template, carry out transcription. mRNA is therefore translated from DNA which binds amino acids by peptide bonds.
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which stress on a population is a direct result of overcrowding? responses air pressure changes air pressure changes rapid spread of disease rapid spread of disease mutation mutation immigration
Stress on a population that is a direct result of overcrowding is : rapid spread of disease .
What is overcrowding?Overcrowding increases the risk of infection as number of potential transmitters increases. This results in the children and adults living in crowded conditions getting more infections and severe infections.
While population density offers an objective measure of the number of people living per unit area but overcrowding refers to people's psychological response to density.
Overcrowding may be caused due to increased birth rates, lower mortality rates, reduced predation and large scale migration. This leads to the overabundant species and other animals in the ecosystem competing for food, space, and resources.
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the disease characterized by fatty infiltration of the liver and replacement of functioning liver cells with fibrous connective tissue is known as
Cirrhosis is a condition marked by fatty infiltration of the liver and replacement of healthy liver cells.
What does biological cirrhosis of the liver mean?Chronic liver disease known as cirrhosis causes healthy liver cells to break down and be replaced by scar tissue. The liver's ability to digest nutrients, regulate hormones, and detoxify medicines and toxins, including alcohol, is hindered by this scar tissue.
What is a liver degenerative disease?The liver disease cirrhosis progresses over time. If the trigger is removed, such as quitting drinking alcohol, or if the virus is treated, the damage to your liver may occasionally improve or reverse.
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what would happen if the trna synthetase for proline added lysine instead of proline to the proline trnas in a particular cell? explain your answer in no more than 3 sentences, including the consequences for the proteins made by the cell and the cell itself.
If the tRNA synthetase for proline adds lysine instead of proline to the proline tRNAs in a particular cell, it will lead to mistranslation.
Mistranslation occurs when tRNA carries the wrong amino acid, leading to the addition of wrong amino acid in the nascent protein produced.
The mistranslated protein produced may get misfolded, leading to dire consequences inside the cell that can result in disease/disorder. It is found that the addition of lysine instead of proline will result in amyloid formation (Prions) and, thus lead to neurodegenerative diseases.
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100 points and brainlest if answer is right
Answer:
Evolved first
Explanation:
Prokaryotic cells Evolved to other forms of organelles (mitochondrial and chloroplast)in the eukaryotic cells
And with regards to the other options available can not only be with respect to Prokaryotic cells because other cell possess plasma membrane, ribosomes and DNA as well
Answer:
c) Evolved first
Explanation:
Eukaryotic cells started to form after the evolution of prokaryotes.
So, the characteristic of prokaryotic cells is that they evolved first. Hence, the option (c) is the correct answer.
