In this problem, we consider sending real-time voice from Host A to Host B over a packet-switched network (VoIP). Host A converts analog voice to a digital 64 kbps bit stream on the fly. Host A then groups the bits into 56-byte packets. There is one link between Hosts A and B; its transmission rate is 10 Mbps and its propagation delay is 10 msec. As soon as Host A gathers a packet, it sends it to Host B. As soon as Host B receives an entire packet, it converts the packet’s bits to an analog signal. How much time elapses from the time a bit is created (from the original analog signal at Host A) until the bit is decoded (as part of the analog signal at Host B)?

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Answer 1

Approximately 10.0448 milliseconds elapse from the time a bit is created at Host A until it is decoded at Host B.

How to solve

To calculate the time elapsed from the creation of a bit at Host A until it is decoded at Host B, we need to consider several factors:

Conversion of analog voice to a digital 64 kbps bit stream: This process happens on the fly and takes negligible time.

Grouping of bits into 56-byte packets: Since each packet contains 56

Since a byte comprises 8 bits, a packet would have 56 bytes, or 448 bits in total.

The link between Hosts A and B has a specified transmission rate of 10 Mbps, which is measured in megabits per second.

The delay in propagation is specified as 10 milliseconds.

Based on these variables, we are able to determine the amount of time that has passed in the following manner:

Time to transmit one packet = (448 bits) / (10 Mbps) = 44.8 microseconds

Note: We divide by the transmission rate to convert the number of bits into time.

Time for propagation = 10 msec

Therefore, the total time elapsed from the creation of a bit at Host A until it is decoded at Host B is:

Total time = Time to transmit one packet + Time for propagation

= 44.8 microseconds + 10 msec

≈ 10.0448 milliseconds

So, approximately 10.0448 milliseconds elapse from the time a bit is created at Host A until it is decoded at Host B.

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Related Questions

suma de numeros binarios

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Binary numbers are added in a similar fashion as decimal numbers, but with consideration given to the specific principles of the binary system.

What is binary numbers?

The procedures for combining or getting the sum of two binary numbers:

Arrange the binary numbers in a vertical sequence while aligning the matching positions. Start the addition process by starting from the column located at the far-right side. The steps for adding numbers in a column are as follows: begin from the right, add the numbers together in each column, and adhere to the specified guidelines.

Lastly, Proceed with the addition of the remaining columns, ensuring to consider the carry whenever required.

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See text below

The sum of a binary numbers

Please send code for both index and style.

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please be more specific about what index and style. sorry i wasn't much help.

List ways technology impacts other careers not discussed such as finance, government, and agriculture

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The different ways in which technology impacts other careers not discussed such as finance, government, and agriculture

The Impact of Tech

Finance: Technology streamlines transactions, risk analysis, and financial planning. Artificial Intelligence models predict market trends, making investing more accurate.

Government: Digitization facilitates public services like tax payments, license renewals, and online voting. Big data aids in policy formulation and disaster management.

Agriculture: Precision farming technologies, like drones and IoT sensors, enhance crop productivity and sustainability. Advanced biotech accelerates the breeding of more resilient crops.

Medicine: Telemedicine and digital health records revolutionize patient care, while AI assists in diagnosis and treatment planning.

Education: E-learning platforms enable remote learning, while AR/VR creates immersive educational experiences.

Retail: E-commerce platforms, digital marketing, and AI-based customer behavior prediction are transforming shopping experiences.

Manufacturing: Automation and robotics improve efficiency and safety. Digital twin technology optimizes production processes.

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During the test, the proctor should:

Stop sharing the proctor's video.Unmute the proctor's audio only if there is a test taker problem to resolve.Closely monitor any behaviors that would violate the testing rules.

What is Exam Proctoring

In Exam Proctoring, one have to disable proctor video sharing during the test. To avoid distracting exam takers, the proctor's video is controlled. Unmute proctor audio for test taker issues only.

This prevents proctor audio from disrupting test takers. Take a short break from the computer- not typically required for the proctor during testing. Proctors must be present and attentive to maintain test integrity. Monitor test takers for rule violations.

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data privacy may not be applicable in which scenarios?
1. an app targeted at children for entertainment
2.a platform developed purely for knowledge exchangewith no motive of financial incentive
3.a platform being hosted in a country with no dp laws but targeted at data subjects from a country with stringent DP laws
4.a website for disseminating knowledge and that allows anonymous access

Answers

Data privacy may not be appropriate within the following scenarios:

An app focused on children for amusement: Whereas information security is vital, uncommon controls such as the Children's Online Protection Security Act (COPPA) might apply instep.A stage created absolutely for information trade with no rationale of monetary motivation: As long as individual information isn't collected or prepared, information protection may not be specifically appropriate.A stage being facilitated in a nation with no information protection laws but focused on information subjects from a nation with rigid information protection laws: The stage ought to comply with the information security laws of the focused country, regardless of the facilitating area.Web site for spreading information and permitting mysterious get to In case no individual information is collected or connected to the clients, information security may not be specifically pertinent, but other contemplations like site security ought to still be tended to.

In situation 1, particular directions like COPPA may administer data privacy for children.

In situation 3, compliance with the focus on the country's data privacy laws is fundamental notwithstanding of facilitating area.

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como hacer una suma de numeros binarios

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Answer:

Suma de números Binarios

Operamos como en el sistema decimal: comenzamos a sumar desde la derecha, en nuestro ejemplo, 1 + 1 = 10, entonces escribimos 0 en la fila del resultado y llevamos 1 (este "1" se llama arrastre).

Which scenario is an example of the social engineering technique known as baiting?

A. A hacker installs malware on a broadband company's network that allows that hacker to access the internet free of charge.

B. A hacker sends a computer user a flash drive; when inserted into their computer, it installs malware that steals their data.

C. A hacker sends a computer user an email that resembles an email sent from their bank and links to a phony website.

D. A hacker sends a computer user an email containing malware that replicates itself and spreads throughout the user's network.

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The scenario that exemplifies the social engineering technique known as baiting is option B: A hacker sends a computer user a flash drive; when inserted into their computer, it installs malware that steals their data.

Baiting is a form of social engineering where an attacker entices a target with a seemingly legitimate or appealing item or opportunity in order to gain unauthorized access or extract sensitive information.

This technique relies on exploiting human curiosity, greed, or the desire for a reward.

In the given scenario, the hacker leverages a physical flash drive as the bait.

The hacker intentionally distributes the infected flash drive, disguising it as an innocuous item or presenting it as something enticing, such as a free giveaway or an exclusive offer.

When the unsuspecting computer user inserts the flash drive into their computer, it triggers the installation of malware designed to steal their data.

This technique exploits the natural tendency of individuals to be curious or enticed by free items, creating a situation where the victim unknowingly facilitates their own compromise.

Once the malware is installed, it can enable unauthorized access to sensitive information, compromise system security, or provide a foothold for further attacks.

It is worth noting that baiting techniques can take various forms, including physical media like flash drives, CDs, or DVDs, as well as digital baits like enticing download links or fake advertisements.

The key element is the manipulation of human behavior through the presentation of an irresistible or intriguing offer.

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In a single paragraph, write about the work of the web designer and evaluate the importance of their knowledge of "code."

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Web designers are responsible for creating visually appealing and user-friendly websites. Their knowledge of code is crucial for implementing design elements and ensuring smooth functionality.

Why is web design important?

A well-designed website may help you make a strong first impression on potential consumers.

It may also assist you in nurturing your leads and increasing conversions. More significantly, it gives a nice user experience and allows your website visitors to easily access and explore your website.

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List ways how technology impacts other careers

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Technology radically transforms various sectors. In finance, it streamlines processes with fintech innovations, algorithmic trading, and blockchain technologies, promoting efficiency and transparency.

What is the impact of technology in government?

In government, it fosters open governance, e-services, and policy decision analytics, ensuring improved public engagement and administrative efficiency.

In agriculture, technology introduces precision farming, automated machinery, and digital platforms for monitoring crops and livestock, increasing productivity, sustainability, and food security.

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In a managed network,, skilled can be miscellaneous types of consumers accompanying various roles and blames.

What is the network?

Administrators are being the reason for directing and upholding the network infrastructure. Their tasks involve network arrangement, freedom management, consumer approach control, listening network performance, and mechanically alter issues.

Administrators have high-ranking approach and control over the network. Network Engineers: Network engineers devote effort to something designing, achieving, and claiming the network foundation.

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Select
the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
At which stage should James, a website designer, gather information about the website he wants to create, and at which stage should he begin its
coding?
James should gather information in the
phase and begin the site's coding in the
phase.

Answers

Answer:

At which stage should James, a website designer, gather information about the website he wants to create, and at which stage should he begin its coding?

James should gather information in the planning phase and begin the site's coding in the development phase.

Hope this helps!

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