in what way was freud's view of conversion disorder consistent with learning theories?

True, value engineering (VE) and value analysis (VA) refer to the same process, but VE is applied to the design stage, and VA is applied to redesign.

The statement is true. Value engineering (VE) and value analysis (VA) are two terms that are often used interchangeably and refer to the same process of systematically evaluating a product, project, or process to identify opportunities for cost reduction or performance improvement. However, there is a distinction in the application of VE and VA. VE is primarily applied during the design stage of a project or product, where the focus is on optimizing the value by identifying and eliminating unnecessary costs while maintaining or enhancing performance. It involves a proactive approach to analyze the design and suggest alternatives that provide the same or improved functionality at a lower cost.

On the other hand, VA is applied to the redesign stage, where an existing product or process is evaluated to identify opportunities for improvement. It aims to enhance the value by analyzing the existing design, materials, processes, and functions, and proposing changes that can lead to cost savings, improved efficiency, or better performance. Overall, both VE and VA are valuable tools for organizations to enhance value and optimize resources in different stages of a project or product lifecycle.

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Bina's decision to download music for free from the Internet because her friends do it aligns with the ethical system of relativism.

Relativism is the belief that ethical judgments and actions are dependent on the individual's or society's cultural, social, or personal beliefs and values. It suggests that what is right or wrong can vary across different contexts, cultures, or groups. In Bina's case, she justifies her actions based on the norm or behavior she observes within her social circle, suggesting that she sees the acceptability of downloading music for free as relative to her friends' actions.

By referencing her friends' behavior as a moral guide, Bina is adopting a relativistic stance. She perceives the acceptability of downloading music for free as contingent upon the practices and beliefs of those around her. This approach prioritizes the subjective perspective and the influence of social norms and peers in shaping one's ethical decisions.

It's important to note that while relativism can provide individuals with a sense of social acceptance and conformity, it does not necessarily consider broader ethical principles or the potential consequences of actions. Ethical systems like utilitarianism or universalism, for instance, may take into account the overall impact on others or adhere to universal moral principles.

In summary, Bina's reliance on the behavior of her friends to justify downloading music for free reflects a relativistic approach, emphasizing the influence of cultural and social contexts on ethical decision-making.

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The type of stereotype being used in this scenario is an occupational stereotype, which is the belief that certain occupations or professions are associated with certain characteristics or traits.

In this case, the stereotype is that all professors are older men with beards and grey hair. This stereotype can be harmful as it can lead to discrimination and exclusion of individuals who do not fit the stereotypical image.
As for Kelly, she is being categorized as being part of the outgroup, which is a group of people who are perceived as being different or not belonging to the dominant group.

This can lead to feelings of exclusion and marginalization, which can have negative effects on an individual's well-being and social interactions.

It is important to recognize and challenge stereotypes and biases in order to create a more inclusive and welcoming environment for everyone.

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The prefrontal cortex is responsible for the promotion of a decrease in extremes of emotions, such as temper tantrums, crying, and physical aggression.

It is the area of the brain involved in executive functions, including emotional regulation and impulse control. The prefrontal cortex helps individuals modulate and regulate their emotional responses, allowing for more appropriate and adaptive emotional reactions.

Through its connections with other regions of the brain involved in emotional processing, the prefrontal cortex plays a crucial role in promoting emotional stability, self-regulation, and the ability to manage and express emotions in a controlled manner.

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Roscoe is most likely committing self-serving bias. Self-serving bias refers to the tendency to attribute positive outcomes or successes to internal factors (such as personal abilities or efforts) while attributing negative outcomes or failures to external factors (such as luck or unfair circumstances). In this case, Roscoe is attributing his success on the psychology test to his own intelligence, highlighting an internal factor. However, he attributes his poor grade on the English test to the professor being mean and giving an unfair exam, emphasizing external factors beyond his control. This bias allows individuals to protect their self-esteem and maintain a positive self-image by taking credit for success while avoiding responsibility for failure.

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Older adults (in their 60s and above) show all of the following characteristics except for b. the inability to improve in algorithm use, even with practice. They tend to show decreased performance on divided attention tasks, shorter working memory spans, declining speed of cognitive operations, and decrements in speech recognition.

Older adults, compared to younger adults, may show characteristics such as decreased performance on divided attention tasks, shorter working memory spans, declining speed of cognitive operations, and decrements in speech recognition. However, it is not accurate to say that older adults are unable to improve in algorithm use with practice. While older adults may experience some cognitive changes associated with aging, they are still capable of learning and adapting to new tasks, including algorithm use, through practice and training. Research suggests that older adults can improve their cognitive abilities and acquire new skills with appropriate interventions and learning opportunities.

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Middle-aged people capable of postformal thought are able to engage in more complex and nuanced thinking processes. Postformal thought refers to a stage of cognitive development that goes beyond formal operational thinking, which is typically associated with adolescence.

People who have reached this stage are capable of:

Recognizing and accepting ambiguity: They understand that many situations and issues can have multiple perspectives, and they are comfortable with uncertainty and complexity. They can hold contradictory ideas simultaneously and explore different possibilities.

Integrating emotions and logic: They are able to combine rational thinking with emotional awareness. They consider not only logical reasoning but also their own and others' emotional responses and values when making decisions or solving problems.

Seeing multiple solutions and compromises: They can generate creative and innovative solutions to problems, often finding ways to reconcile conflicting ideas or interests. They can navigate complex social, ethical, or moral dilemmas and seek win-win outcomes.

Reflecting on personal experiences and beliefs: They engage in introspection and self-reflection, critically examining their own assumptions, biases, and values. They can revise their beliefs based on new information or insights gained from life experiences.

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If a minor enters into a contract with an adult, the contract is generally considered voidable or voidable at the minor's option.

The reason for this is that minors, typically individuals under the age of 18, are generally deemed to lack the legal capacity to enter into binding contracts. As a result, contracts made by minors are seen as legally unenforceable against them. The minor has the option to disaffirm or void the contract, which means they can choose to be released from their obligations under the contract.

However, it's important to note that the adult party is still bound by the terms of the contract. The contract remains enforceable against the adult unless there are specific circumstances, such as the minor's misrepresentation of their age or if the contract involves illegal activities or goods. In such cases, the adult may also have grounds to void the contract.

The underlying rationale is to provide legal protection for minors and recognize their limited capacity to make binding contractual agreements. This legal principle helps prevent minors from being taken advantage of or making agreements that they may not fully understand or be equipped to fulfill.

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Based on the information provided, Sam's surf shop has total costs of $2,000 when it is not producing any surfboards. This means that fixed costs are $2,000. Option B is correct.

To calculate the fixed costs of Sam's surf shop, we need to subtract the total variable costs from the total costs when the shop is not producing any surfboards.

Given:

Total costs = $2000

Total variable costs = ?

Since the question states that the $2000 represents the total costs when there is no production, we can assume that it includes the fixed costs. Therefore, we can conclude that the $2000 represents the total fixed costs.

Mathematically:

Total fixed costs = Total costs = $2000

Hence, the calculation shows that the total fixed costs of Sam's surf shop are $2000. Option B holds true.

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The Westberg model of the grieving process contains the following stages: A. Shock and denial, B. Rage, C. Bargaining, and D. Acceptance. These stages help individuals understand and cope with the loss they are experiencing.

Rage, often referred to as frenzy or fury, is an extreme kind of hostile response to what is thought to be a grievous wrong or injustice. Rage is strong, uncontrollable wrath. Rage is from c. 1300, meaning "madness, insanity; fit of frenzy; rashness, foolhardiness, intense or violent emotion, anger, wrath; fierceness in battle; violence" (of storms, fire, etc.); from the Old French rage or raige, meaning "spirit, passion, rage, fury, madness"; from 11th century Mediaeval Latin rabia; from the Latin rabies, meaning "madness, rage, fury," which is related to the Latin rabere "be mad, rave."

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"Difficulties in forming quality relationships" can be a possible outcome of an inadequate resolution of the conflict between basic trust and basic mistrust.

When individuals do not adequately resolve the conflict between basic trust and basic mistrust during early childhood, it can result in challenges forming quality relationships later in life. This unresolved conflict may lead to an underlying sense of insecurity, skepticism, or fear in their interactions with others. The individual may struggle to trust others, which can hinder the development of deep and meaningful connections.

They may exhibit difficulties in establishing and maintaining close relationships, experiencing emotional intimacy, and relying on others for support. This can impact various aspects of their life, including friendships, romantic partnerships, and professional relationships, leading to a sense of isolation and emotional dissatisfaction.

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The effectiveness of various methods of political participation in shaping public policies can vary depending on several factors, including the specific method used, the context, and the political system in place.

Voting: Voting is a fundamental method of political participation in democratic societies. The collective outcome of elections can influence the selection of policymakers and shape public policies.

Political campaigns and advocacy: Engaging in political campaigns and advocacy efforts, such as lobbying,

Protests and demonstrations: Peaceful protests, demonstrations, and acts of civil disobedience can draw attention to specific issues and put pressure on policymakers to address them.

Interest groups and organizations: Joining or supporting interest groups and organizations that align with specific policy goals can be an effective way to influence public policies.

Direct engagement and participation: Engaging directly with policymakers through public hearings, town hall meetings, and consultations can provide opportunities to voice concerns, offer input, and shape policy decisions.

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The statement is true because a derived class has the ability to override or redefine the member functions of its base class.

This allows the derived class to provide its own implementation for those functions, which will then apply to both objects of the derived class and objects of the base class. This is a key feature of object-oriented programming and allows for greater flexibility and customization in class hierarchies.

However, it is important to note that redefining a member function in a derived class can also lead to potential issues such as unintentional changes to the behavior of the base class or introducing errors in the program. Therefore, careful consideration and testing should be done when implementing function redefinition in derived classes.

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The gathering of evidence to identify the offender is the goal of a homicide investigation. The purpose of the investigation is to determine the criminal's identity, the circumstances surrounding the killing, and the killer's motivation.

A homicide is when a person kills another person. A homicide only requires a voluntary act or omission to cause the death of another person; consequently, a homicide may result from accidental, reckless, or negligent acts even if there is no intent to cause harm. Homicides can be divided into many overlapping legal categories, such as murder, manslaughter, justifiable homicide, assassination, killing in war ( In human societies, these various types of homicide are frequently treated very differently; Some are punishable by law, while others are allowed or even mandated by it.

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According to behavioral learning theory, a person's motivation to engage in a particular activity is a function of reinforcement and punishment.

In this theory, motivation is seen as a response to the consequences of behavior. If a behavior is reinforced, meaning it is followed by a positive outcome or reward, the individual is more likely to be motivated to engage in that behavior again in the future. On the other hand, if a behavior is punished, meaning it is followed by a negative outcome or consequence, the individual is less likely to be motivated to engage in that behavior again. Therefore, the presence of reinforcement increases motivation, while the presence of punishment decreases motivation.

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yes, in order to attend a police academy, a person must be hired by a police agency.

Police academies are typically training institutions that provide the necessary education, skills, and training to individuals who have been hired or accepted as recruits by a law enforcement agency.

Once an individual is hired by a police agency, they are then eligible to attend the police academy to receive the required training to become a police officer.

The hiring process for law enforcement agencies typically involves a rigorous selection process, including background checks, physical fitness tests, interviews, and psychological evaluations. Once an individual successfully completes the hiring process and is offered a position, they can then attend the police academy to undergo the necessary training to become a police officer.

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According to Aaron Beck's cognitive theory of depression, a person who is experiencing depression is more likely to have negative automatic thoughts, which are negative thoughts that come to mind automatically without much effort or conscious awareness. These negative thoughts are often biased, distorted, and unrealistic, and they can lead to negative emotions and behaviors.

Therefore, after failing an exam, a person who is experiencing depression may have negative automatic thoughts such as "I'm a failure," "I'll never pass this class," "I'm not smart enough," "Everyone else is better than me," or "My life is ruined." These thoughts can lead to feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, sadness, and anxiety, and can even contribute to a downward spiral of negative thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

It is important to note that not everyone who experiences depression will have the same negative automatic thoughts, and not all negative thoughts are a sign of depression. However, if you or someone you know is experiencing persistent negative thoughts, feelings, or behaviors that interfere with daily functioning and quality of life, it may be helpful to seek professional help from a mental health provider.

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Answer:

In West African societies, caste and clan were distinct social systems with different characteristics and methods of determination.

Caste:

Caste refers to a social hierarchy or stratification system based on occupation and hereditary status. It determines a person's social standing and occupation from birth. In West African societies, caste systems were prevalent in regions such as Mali, Senegal, and Guinea.

Determination of Caste: Caste is determined at birth and is usually hereditary. A person's caste is determined by the caste of their parents, and they inherit the caste status of their family. Caste membership is typically lifelong, and individuals are expected to fulfill the roles and responsibilities associated with their caste.

Clan:

Clan refers to a kinship-based social group or lineage. Clans are typically composed of individuals who trace their ancestry back to a common ancestor. Clans provide a sense of identity, shared heritage, and social cohesion within communities.

Determination of Clan: Clan membership is determined through the lineage or ancestry of an individual. It is based on tracing one's family lineage back through generations to a common ancestor or founding figure. Clan membership is often considered a matter of descent and is passed down through the generations.

In summary, the main differences between caste and clan in West African societies are:

Caste is a social hierarchy based on occupation and hereditary status, while clan is a kinship-based social group.

Caste determines a person's social standing and occupation from birth, while clan membership is based on tracing one's ancestry back to a common ancestor.

Caste is determined by the caste of one's parents, while clan membership is determined by tracing one's family lineage.

In the context of public policy, a trigger mechanism is a pre-determined condition or set of conditions that must be met before a particular action is taken.

Trigger mechanisms are often used as a way to initiate automatic or mandatory responses to specific situations, such as an increase in unemployment rates or a decrease in economic growth. They can also be used as a way to ensure accountability and transparency in decision-making processes by providing a clear set of criteria that must be met before action is taken. Overall, trigger mechanisms play an important role in shaping public policy by providing a framework for decision-making and ensuring that actions are taken in a timely and effective manner.

In the context of public policy, a trigger mechanism is a predefined set of conditions or events that, when met or occur, automatically initiate a specific policy action or change. Trigger mechanisms are designed to ensure that the policy response is timely, predictable, and objective, reducing the need for subjective decision-making. In essence, they serve as a safeguard that ensures a policy will be implemented or adjusted as intended when certain criteria are fulfilled.

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The cognitive structure that helps us perceive, organize, interpret, and use information about ourselves is called our self-schema.

A self-schema is a mental framework or cognitive structure that consists of beliefs, memories, and generalizations about oneself. It is developed through experiences, interactions, and self-reflection over time. Self-schemas play a crucial role in shaping how we perceive ourselves, interpret events, and guide our behavior.

Self-schemas serve as a filter through which we process self-relevant information, allowing us to selectively attend to, remember, and interpret information that is consistent with our self-concept. They influence our self-perception, self-esteem, and the way we perceive and respond to others and the world around us.

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The requirement of mutual exclusion ensures that programs will cooperatively determine what process will next enter its critical section. When a process is in its critical section, no other process can access that critical section.

This requires all processes to cooperate and take turns accessing the critical section. Mutual exclusion is a critical requirement in the critical-section problem. It states that at any given time, only one process can be executing in its critical section, and all other processes must wait until the executing process completes its critical section. This ensures that different processes do not simultaneously access or modify shared resources, preventing conflicts and maintaining data integrity. By enforcing mutual exclusion, processes cooperate in determining which process will enter its critical section next. They typically use synchronization mechanisms such as locks, semaphores, or other concurrency control techniques to coordinate and regulate access to shared resources.

In summary, the requirement of mutual exclusion guarantees that processes take turns entering their critical sections, promoting cooperation and preventing concurrent access to shared resources.

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The percentage of candidates with an age between 21 and 29 years from a group of people with normally distributed ages, **with an average age of 25 years old and a standard deviation of 2 years**, is approximately **68%**.

In a normal distribution, about 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation of the mean. Since the standard deviation is 2 years and the mean is 25 years, the age range between 21 and 29 years falls within one standard deviation of the mean. Therefore, approximately 68% of the candidates would have an aged between 21 and 29 years.

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The richest communication media can be described as more personal than technological. This means that these types of communication focus on creating a strong, engaging connection between the participants.

In doing so, they foster meaningful interactions and encourage the sharing of ideas and emotions. Such media prioritize the human element over the technical aspects, allowing for a more immersive and enjoyable experience. Personal communication methods may combine both audio and visual elements to enhance the overall richness, but the main emphasis is always on the interpersonal connection being established. By being more personal than technological, the richest communication media facilitate better understanding, collaboration, and relationships among individuals.

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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) is most closely associated with the field of clinical psychology and psychotherapy. ACT is a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that emphasizes acceptance of one's thoughts and feelings, while also promoting commitment to taking action aligned with one's values and goals.

It was developed in the late 20th century by psychologist Steven C. Hayes and his colleagues. ACT is rooted in the belief that psychological suffering is often caused by cognitive fusion (excessive attachment to thoughts) and avoidance of unwanted thoughts and emotions. The therapy aims to help individuals develop psychological flexibility by accepting their inner experiences and committing to behaviors that lead to a meaningful and values-driven life. ACT has been widely used in the treatment of various mental health conditions, including anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse, and chronic pain.

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Three-year-old Taylor can recognize and sound out all of the letters of the alphabet. This is the first sign of Taylor's emergent literacy. The given statement is False.

While recognizing and sounding out all of the letters of the alphabet is an impressive achievement for a three-year-old, it does not necessarily indicate Taylor's emergent literacy. Emergent literacy refers to the early stages of literacy development, which encompass a range of skills and behaviors that emerge before formal reading and writing instruction. It includes a child's understanding of print concepts, phonological awareness, vocabulary development, and comprehension skills.

Recognizing and sounding out letters is an important component of emergent literacy, but it is not the sole indicator. Other skills, such as understanding the relationship between letters and sounds, recognizing familiar words, showing an interest in books and reading, and demonstrating comprehension of simple stories, are also significant aspects of emergent literacy.

Therefore, while Taylor's ability to recognize and sound out all the letters of the alphabet is an encouraging sign of early literacy development, it is not sufficient on its own to characterize Taylor's emergent literacy. The overall assessment of Taylor's emergent literacy would require considering a broader range of literacy-related skills and behaviors.

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The term that refers to the collaborative process of promoting a shared understanding is "A. Sensemaking."

Sensemaking is a process by which individuals or groups collaboratively interpret and make sense of complex situations or events. It involves gathering and analyzing information, exchanging perspectives, and constructing a shared understanding of a particular context or problem. Sensemaking helps to create a collective sense of meaning and clarity, enabling individuals or groups to navigate uncertainty, make informed decisions, and take appropriate actions.

In various settings, such as organizations, teams, or communities, sensemaking plays a crucial role in fostering effective communication, problem-solving, and decision-making. By engaging in sensemaking, individuals or groups can pool their knowledge, perspectives, and experiences to gain insights, uncover patterns, identify challenges or opportunities, and develop a shared understanding of the situation at hand. This collaborative process promotes alignment, coordination, and a common purpose, ultimately enhancing organizational or collective effectiveness.

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In January 1901, some landowners near Spindletop in Beaumont, Texas, may have chosen to sell their property due to the discovery of a massive oil reserve at the Spindletop oil field.

This significant event, known as the Spindletop Gusher, marked the beginning of the Texas Oil Boom, which dramatically transformed the economy and landscape of the region.

The sudden surge in oil production attracted investors, prospectors, and entrepreneurs, who were eager to capitalize on the newfound wealth. This increased demand for land in the area likely led to rising property values, which may have enticed some landowners to sell their property for a considerable profit.

Additionally, the rapid industrialization and influx of people could have caused concerns for some landowners about the environmental impact and potential degradation of their property. Selling their land could have been seen as a way to avoid dealing with the negative effects of oil drilling and development, such as noise, pollution, and overcrowding.

In summary, factors like the Spindletop Gusher, the Texas Oil Boom, rising property values, and potential environmental concerns would have contributed to some landowners' decisions to sell their property near Spindletop in Beaumont, Texas, in January 1901.

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Most industrial nations have intentionally decreased their production and use of refrigerants and other chlorofluorocarbons in the last 20 years to address the harmful effects on the ozone layer and the environment.

The majority of the UV light from the Sun is absorbed by the Earth's stratosphere's ozone layer, also known as the ozone shield. In comparison to other areas of the atmosphere, it has a high concentration of ozone (O3), yet it is still relatively low in comparison to other gases in the stratosphere. The typical ozone concentration in the Earth's atmosphere is around 0.3 parts per million, whereas the ozone layer has a concentration of fewer than 10 parts per million.

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Henrietta is concerned about using epidural analgesia during labor. you can tell her that newborns exposed to epidural analgesia tend to experience some short-term effects, but these effects are generally considered minimal and temporary.

Research suggests that newborns exposed to epidural analgesia during labor may exhibit some short-term effects, but these effects are generally transient and do not have long-lasting negative consequences. It's important to note that individual responses may vary, and it is always recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice and information.

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Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism differs from Skinner's radical behaviorism (C) includes internal factors in its explanation of behavior.

Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism proposes that behavior is influenced by a dynamic interaction between the individual, the environment, and personal factors. In this view, behavior, the environment, and internal factors such as thoughts, beliefs, and emotions all mutually influence and determine each other.

On the other hand, Skinner's radical behaviorism, while acknowledging the influence of external events on behavior, focuses primarily on the role of environmental stimuli and reinforcement in shaping behavior. Radical behaviorism emphasizes the notion of operant conditioning, where behavior is shaped by the consequences that follow it. It does not explicitly include internal factors such as thoughts and beliefs in its explanation of behavior.

Therefore, the main difference between Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism and Skinner's radical behaviorism is that Bandura's approach recognizes and incorporates internal factors in explaining behavior, while Skinner's approach focuses primarily on external events and their influence on behavior. Therefore, the correct answers is C.

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