NaBH4 is blind + will reduce other functional groups.
Functional groups:
The aldehyde group in o-vanillin would be converted to alcohol if it had been added during step one (imine production). Because the carbon is not sufficiently nucleophilic, p-toluidine would not attack and imine would not form in the maximum yield.
Regardless of the other atoms in the molecule, a functional group is a collection of atoms that have specific chemical characteristics. Covalent bonds bind the atoms in a functional group to the other molecules in the molecule as well as to one another. Examples: Alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic acid, Halogens, Double & Triple covalent bonds.
A carbonyl in which the carbon atom is linked to at least one hydrogen atom is called an aldehyde. An R-group or a hydrogen atom could be the other group joined to the carbonyl. Aldehydes are a highly reactive form of carbonyl because of the tiny size of the hydrogen atom, which makes it relatively simple for other molecules to approach the partial positive charge on the carbonyl carbon. Aldehydes are adaptable reactants used in numerous different organic synthesis processes. Numerous aldehydes also have unique tastes and odors.
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Provide only the major alkene product that results when n,n-dimethylhexan-2-amine undergoes cope elimination?
The major alkene product that results when n,n-dimethylhexan-2-amine undergoes cope elimination is hexene or hex-1-ene.
The reaction in which an amine is oxidize to an intermediate called an N-oxide which , when heated , acts as base in an intramolecular elimination reaction. The oxidation of tertiary amine into N-oxide is called cope reaction.
This elimination gives the less substituted alkene along with more substituted alkene which is Zaitsev product.
Example: Cope elimination of n,n-dimethylhexan-2-amine form hexene.
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Explain how the data answered the essential question. What can you conclude from the experiment? Use the following questions to guide your thinking:
Does the filament with the anther rise above the stigma?
If the pollen is located above the stigma, the flower is generally self-pollinated. If the pollen is below the stigma, the flower is generally cross-pollinated. Based on this information, is your flower self-pollinated or cross-pollinated?
Answer:
sorry i don't know this question of answer
what electron configuration for ion C^4+
Answer:1s2
Explanation:
A liquid takes 10.14 x 10^6 j of energy to boil 28.47 kg at 298 k. using the latent heats of vaporization of 5 liquids below, determine what the substance is. acetone: 538,900 j kg-1 ammonia: 1,371,000 j kg-1 propane: 356,000 j kg-1 methane: 480,600 j kg-1 ethanol: 841,000 j kg-1
Correct option is C
Latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to bring about the phase transition from liquid to gaseous state, at its boiling point.
The substance is Propane :
10140000 J of heat is used to boil 28.47 kg at 298 K. Here, the important thing is, the liquid is changing to vapor and the temperature is not changing means it's a phase change. So, the formula used for this is:
q=m× Δ[tex]H_{vap}[/tex]
where, q is the heat energy, m is mass and Δ[tex]H_{vapour}[/tex] is the enthalpy of vaporization.
Let's rearrange the formula for as:
Given mass of the liquid = 28.47kg
Heat required to boil the liquid = 10.14 ×[tex]10^{2} J[/tex]
Let's plug in the values: [tex]\frac{10.14*10^{2}J }{28.47Kg} =356164\frac{J}{Kg}[/tex]
Rounding off 356164 will turn into 356000 J[tex]Kg^{-1}[/tex]
Hence, the right choice is C. propane 356000 j[tex]Kg^{-1}[/tex]
What is latent heat ?
Latent heat, energy absorbed or released by a substance during a change in its physical state (phase) that occurs without changing its temperature.
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Arrange the procedural steps, from start to finish, that are required to prepare indigo from nitrobenzaldehyde and acetone in base, and then test its ability as a dye.
Acetone has α-hydrogens (on both sides) and thus can be deprotonated to give a nucleophilic enolate anion. The aldehyde carbonyl is much more electrophilic than that of a ketone, and therefore reacts rapidly with the enolate.
What is nitrobenzaldehyde?Synthesis. The synthesis of 3-nitrobenzaldehyde is achieved via nitration of benzaldehyde, which yields especially the meta-isomer. Creation allocation is about 19% for the ortho-, 72% for the meta- and 9% for the para isomers.Acetone, propanone, or dimethyl ketone, is an organic combination with the formula (CH3)2CO. It is the easiest and smallest ketone. It is a colorless, highly volatile, and combustible liquid with a characteristic aromatic odor.Nitration of benzene with conc nitric acid and conc sulphuric acid gives nitrobenzene. Chlorination with chlorine in the existence of anhydrous aluminum chloride gives meta nitro chlorobenzene.To learn more about sulphuric acid, refer to:
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What is the name of the force that holds positively and negatively charged ions together in ionic compounds? nuclear forces van der waals forces electrostatic forces hydrogen bonding
Answer: electrostatic attraction
Explanation: ionic bond, also called electrovalent bond, type of linkage formed from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a chemical compound.
A d1 octahedral complex is found to absorb visible light, with the absorption maximum occurring at 503 nm. calculate the crystal-field splitting energy, δ , in kj/mol
237.9 KJ/mol⁻¹ crystal-field splitting energy is found to absorb visible light.
What is crystal-field splitting energy?The energy of the electron configuration in the ligand field less the energy of the electronic configuration in the isotropic field is known as the crystal field energy.
The core metal ion's d orbitals split into two groups with various energies in an octahedral complex. The energy of the electron transition, which is related to the wavelength of the emitted light, is equal to the energy of the crystal-field splitting.
Δ = E = ℎ c / λ
Where,
where ℎ is the Planck constant, 6.62*10⁻³⁴m²kg s⁻¹, and c is the speed of light, 3 x 10⁸m s⁻¹.
Δ = 6.62*10⁻³⁴m²kg s⁻¹ / 503 x 10⁻⁹
= 3.95 x 10⁻¹⁹
= 3.95 x 10⁻¹⁹
This value is the splitting energy per ion.
To convert it to J/mol, we should multiply it by Avogadro number, 6.022 x 10²³mol⁻¹
= 3.95 x 10⁻¹⁹ x 6.022 x 10²³mol⁻¹
= 237.9 KJ/mol⁻¹
Therefore, the crystal-field splitting energy is 237.9 KJ/mol⁻¹ .
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What is the ph of a solution which is 0. 025 m in weak base and 0. 039 m in the conjugate weak acid ( a = 7. 1 × 10−6)?
The pH of the solution is 4.96.
pH measures the amount of hydrogen and hydroxide ions in a solution and shows how acidic or alkaline it is.
Weak bases are the solutions to substances that do not dissociate completely in water. Conjugate acids are the product formed by the base and have a difference of one proton.
Using the base dissociation constant, Ka
pKa can be calculated as,
[tex]pKa = - log (Ka)[/tex]
[tex]= - log (7.1 * 10^-6)[/tex]
[tex]= 5.15[/tex]
0. 025 M in the weak base and 0. 039 M in the conjugate weak acid.
Therefore, a weak base and its conjugate acid are present in equal proportions in buffer solution. As we are aware, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be used to determine the pH of a buffer solution that comprises a weak base and its conjugate acid.
[tex]pH = pK + log [\frac{A^-}{HA} ]\\[/tex]
[tex]= 5.15 + log( \frac{0.025}{0.037})[/tex]
[tex]=5.15 + log 0.64[/tex]
[tex]=5.15-0.19[/tex]
[tex]=4.96[/tex]
Therefore, the pH of the solution is 4.96.
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As a gaseous element condenses, the atoms become ________ and they have ________ attraction for one another.
As a gaseous element condenses, the atoms become close together and they have more attraction for one another.
What is condensation?
Condensation is the transformation of water from its gaseous or vaporous state into its liquid state. It typically occurs when warm airborne vapor comes into contact with a cold surface. When gas molecules transfer their energy to a cooler surface, they begin to slow down and attract one another, forming a liquid.Examples:
Dew in the morning occurs when moisture in the air condenses on grass that has been chilled over night.Droplets on the soda can. Moisture from the warm outer air condenses on the outside of the can due to its cool surface.A foggy windscreen. The moisture in the air in your automobile is increased by the breath and body heat of the passengers. The moisture condenses as droplets that fog your window when there is enough moisture present and a chilly enough windscreen.Learn more about the condensation with the help of the given link:
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2CO(g) + O2(g) = 2CO2(g)
If 6.0 L of CO reacts at STP, how many liters of oxygen are required for the reaction?
Answer:
3.0 L O₂
Explanation:
If CO reacts at STP, it means that there are 1.0 moles of CO. To find the moles of O₂, you need to use the mole-to-mole ratio from the given equation.
1.0 moles CO 1 mole O₂
---------------------- x --------------------- = 0.5 moles O₂
2 moles CO
To calculate the liters of oxygen, you need to use Avogadro's Law:
V₁ / N₁ = V₂ / N₂
In this equation, "V₁" and "N₁" represent the volume and moles of the first molecule. "V₂" and "N₂" represent the volume and moles of the second molecule. You can plug the given and calculated values into the equation and simplify to isolate V₂.
V₁ = 6.0 L V₂ = ? L
N₁ = 1.0 moles N₂ = 0.5 moles
V₁ / N₁ = V₂ / N₂ <----- Avogadro's Law
(6.0 L) / (1.0 moles) = V₂ / (0.5 moles) <----- Insert values
6.0 = V₂ / (0.5 moles) <----- Simplify left side
3.0 = V₂ <----- Multiply both sides by 0.5
**I am not 100% confident on this answer. Please let me know if it is incorrect**
Answer:
2CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g)
If 9.0 L of O2 react at STP, how
many moles of CO2 form during the
reaction?
[?] mol CO2
Explanation:
What would it be if it was 9.0?
Calculate the number of atps generated by completely oxidizing one molecule of tripalmitoylglycerol into co2 and h2o ?
The number of atps generated is 330 ATP
What is atps?
At the cellular level, energy is used and stored as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Adenine, ribose, and three serially bound phosphate groups make up the structure of ATP, which is a nucleoside triphosphate.
Glycerol provided us with 2 ATP and 2 NADH. In b-oxidation, we obtained 8 NADH and 8 FADH from each fatty acid, but since there were 3 fatty acids, we also produced 24 NADH and 24 FADH. We used 24 acetyl-CoA molecules, which were converted into 24 ATP, 24 FADH, and 72 NADH molecules by the citric acid cycle. You should obtain the same figures after adding everything up.
80 NADH x 3 ATP/NADH = 240 ATP
32 FADH x 2 ATP/FADH = 64 ATP
102 + 64 + 26 ATP = 330 ATP.
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The tetrahedral structure that forms the backbone of all silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element?
The tetrahedral structure that forms the backbone of all silicate minerals is composed of silicon and option(b) i.e, oxygen
The tetrahedron-shaped silica chemical structure. It comprises a core silicon atom that connects with four oxygen atoms on both sides. The tetrahedron-shaped geometric figure that is drawn around this configuration has four sides, each of which is an equilateral triangle.
Silicon and oxygen make up the silica tetrahedron, which serves as the base for all silicate crystals. In all sorts of rocks and everywhere in the world, the mineral quartz, SiO2, is formed. In deposited rocks, it manifests as sand grains, in igneous and metamorphic rocks, as crystals, and in veins that cut through all different types of rocks. These veins occasionally contain gold or other precious metals. It is widely known that up until the late 1700s, it was simply known as rock crystal. Quarts belong to a class of minerals known as silicates, all of which include silicon and oxygen in varying amounts. The majority of the minerals in the crust of the planet are silicates, and most estimates place 97 percent of the mantle and 95 percent of the crust in the crust.
The complete question is:
The silica tetrahedron that forms the backbone of all the silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element?
a. magnesium c. iron
b. oxygen d. carbon
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What volume of benzaldehyde (ml) is 3 .00 mmol? the density of benzaldehyde is 1.045 g/ml.
The volume of benzaldehyde (ml) is 304.65 mL, if the density of benzaldehyde is 1.045 g/ml and having 3 mol.
Given,
Moles of benzaldehyde = 3 mol
Density of benzaldehyde = 1.045g/mol
Molar mass of benzaldehyde = 106.12 g/mol.
As we know that,
Moles can be calculated as
Moles = Given mass/ molar mass
3 = Given mass/ 106.12
Given mass = 318.36g.
The mass of benzaldehyde is 318.36g.
Now,
Density = mass/ Volume
1.045 = 318.16/ Volume
Volume = 318.36/1.045
Volume = 304.65 mL.
Thus, we find that the volume of benzaldehyde is
304.65 mL.
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The average atomic mass of lithium is 6.94 amu. Based on the atomic masses of the two isotopes of lithium, how do the relative abundances of the isotopes compare?
Answer:
Answer:
a) The relative abundance of Li-6 =0.0749 = 7.49%
The relative abundance of Li-7 =1 - 0.0749 = 0.9251 =92.51%
b) The fraction of sample of lithium atoms with exact mass of 6.941 amu is 0.
The relative abundance of ⁶Li is around 0.076, and the relative abundance of ⁷Li is approximately 0.924.
To determine the relative abundances of isotopes, we need to compare the atomic masses of the isotopes and their average atomic mass.
Lithium has two stable isotopes: lithium-6 (⁶Li) and lithium-7 (⁷Li). The atomic masses of these isotopes are approximately 6.015 amu and 7.016 amu, respectively.
The average atomic mass of lithium, given as 6.94 amu, is a weighted average of the masses of the two isotopes, taking into account their relative abundances.
Let's assume the relative abundance of ⁶Li is x (in decimal form) and the relative abundance of ⁷Li is (1 - x). The average atomic mass equation can be set up as:
(6.015 amu * x) + (7.016 amu * (1 - x)) = 6.94 amu
Simplifying the equation:
6.015x + 7.016 - 7.016x = 6.94
Combining like terms:
-0.001x = -0.076
Dividing both sides by -0.001:
x ≈ 0.076
Therefore, the relative abundance of lithium-6 (⁶Li) is approximately 0.076, and the relative abundance of lithium-7 (⁷Li) is approximately (1 - 0.076) = 0.924.
In summary, the relative abundance of ⁶Li is around 0.076, and the relative abundance of ⁷Li is approximately 0.924.
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The addition of two-carbon units to a growing fatty acid chain is directly driven by?
The addition of two-carbon units to a growing fatty acid chain is directly driven by Decarboxylation of malonyl-coA.
Hence, Option C is correct answer.
What is Fatty Acid ?Fatty acids are carboxylic acid in which molecules are composed of a straight long chains of even number of carbon atom with hydrogen atoms. Fatty acid is an acid that is found in fats and oils.
What is Decarboxylation ?The chemical reaction which eliminates a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide is called decarboxylation.
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that The addition of two-carbon units to a growing fatty acid chain is directly driven by Decarboxylation of malonyl-coA.
Hence, Option C is correct answer.
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Disclaimer: The question was given incomplete on the portal. Here is the complete question.
Question: The addition of two-carbon units to a growing fatty acid chain is directly driven by
a) Hydrolysis of ATP
b) Oxidation of NADPH
c) Decarboxylation of malonyl-coA
d) Reduction of NADP+
Why are thiols more nucleophilic than alcohols?
Answer:
Thiols contain stronger acids than alcohols
Explanation:
Answer:
Sulfur is a bigger atom than oxygen and has a lower electgronegativity value. Therefore, the lone pair availability in thiol is higher than alcohol
Explanation:
The delocalized cloud of π electrons in benzene is formed by the overlap of 6 ________ orbitals.
a. s
b. p
c. sp
d. sp2
e. sp3
The delocalized cloud of π electrons in benzene is formed by the overlap of 6 p-orbitals.
So, option B is correct one.
In the case of hydrocarbons, delocalisation occurs in benzene rings , where a hexagon of six carbon atoms has decalized electrons spread over the whole ring.
All of the carbon atoms in the benzene rings are [tex]sp^{2}[/tex] orbitals around the ring produces a framework of six sigma bonds, while the unhybridized p-orbitals which are perpendicular to this plane over in side-to-side fashion to form three pi-bonds.
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Two gases are placed in a sealed flask and allowed to react. Which statement is true about the concentrations of the reactants and products when this closed system reaches dynamic equilibrium?
They will not necessarily be equal, but they will be constant.
What is dynamic equilibrium?In reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium refers to a state in which the rate of the forward reaction is equal to that of the backward reaction.
Consdier the reaction below: A + B --> C + D
If the reaction is in dynamic equilibrium, the rate of formation of A and B will be the same as the rate of formation of C and D. However, this does not mean that the concentrations of the reactants and the products will be the same.
Since the rate of forward and backward reactions are equal, it means that the concentration of each of the species will be constant.
Thus, the above reaction is applicable to that of two reacting gases placed in a sealed flask and allowed to reach a dynamic equilibrium.
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They will be equal and constant. They will be equal but continuously changing. They will not necessarily be equal, and they will be continuously changing. They will not necessarily be equal, but they will be constant.
A water molecule is considered a compound because
All of the atoms in the compound have the same number of protons.
You can separate the Oxygen from the Hydrogen via chemical means.
You can separate the hydrogen atoms from the Oxygen via physical means.
You cannot separate Oxygen and Hydrogen atoms.
Please help
[tex]{ \green{ \tt{option}}} \: (b)[/tex]
[tex]{ \orange{ \bold{A \: water \: is \: considered \: as \: compound \: because}}}[/tex]
[tex]{ \red{ \tt{you \: can \: separate \: the \: oxygen \: from \: the \: hydrogen \: via \: chemical \: means}}}[/tex]
What is the molar solubility of agcl in 0. 30 m nacl at 25°C. ksp for agcl is 1. 77 × 10^-10.
Molar solubility of AgCl will be 0.59 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] M.
The amount of a chemical that can dissolve in one liter of a solution before reaching saturation is known as its molar solubility. This implies that the quantity of a substance it can disintegrate in a solution even before the solution becomes saturated with that particular substance is determined by its molar solubility.
A compound's molar solubility would be the measure of how many moles of such a compound must dissolve to produce one liter of saturated solution. The molar solubility unit will be mol L-1.
Calculation of molar solubility:
Given data:
M = 0.30 M
[tex]K_{sp}[/tex] = 1.77 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex]
The reaction can be written as:
AgCl ⇔ [tex]Ag^{+} + Cl^{-}[/tex]
s s (s+0.30)
[tex]K_{sp}[/tex] = [[tex]Ag^{+}[/tex] ]+ [[tex]Cl^{-}[/tex]]
1.77 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] = s (0.30)
s = 1.77 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] / 0.3
s = 0.59 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] M
Therefore, molar solubility of AgCl will be 0.59 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] M.
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find the relative molecular mass of MgCo3
The molecular mass of MgCO3 is 84.313 grams/mol.
How Does The molecular Mass Calculator Work?The standard atomic weights for that element are listed in a table, and each atom is compared to those values. The molar mass calculator displays the findings in a table at the bottom that includes the number of atoms, the atomic weights of the constituent elements, and the molecule's molecular weight. It provides a solution for a molecular formula's overall mass.From there, we dissect the components of the formula for magnesium carbonate: an atom of magnesium, an atom of carbon, an atom of oxygen, etc.You will need to unpack any bracketed expressions because (yet) we don't have brackets implemented. They have no impact on weight in any case. Multiply each element by how many times the structure in brackets appears. For instance: C6H5-3PCCO becomes C18H15-3PCCO.The relative molecular mass of MgCo3
Symbol Mg C O
Atoms 1 1 3
Name Magnesium Carbon Oxygen
Atomic 12 6 8
Molar Mass 24.305 12.011 15.999
Total 24.305 12.011 47.997=84.313
The molecular mass of MgCO3 is 84.313 grams/mol.
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How would you distinguish benzoic acid and benzyl alcohol by their infrared spectra?
The OH peaks in the IR spectra of benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid should be compared and contrasted.
What is the IR spectra of Benzoic acid?The right-hand portion of the infrared spectrum of benzoic acid, between wavenumbers 1500 and 400 cm-1, is referred to as the fingerprint region. It results from a special combination of intricately overlapping vibrations of the atoms within the benzoic acid molecule.What is the IR spectra of Benzyl alcohol?A C-Cl bond is frequently shown by a peak at 700.There are a few more peaks at 1500 that are directed at a C=C bond.What is IR spectra?The percent transmittance (or absorbance) of the radiation through the molecule against the radiation's wave number forms the IR spectrum.
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It is important to contrast and compare the OH peaks in the IR spectra of benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid.
What does benzoic acid's IR spectrum look like?The fingerprint region is the region between wavenumbers 1500 and 400 cm-1 on the right side of the infrared spectrum of benzoic acid.The benzoic acid molecule's atoms vibrate in a unique pattern that involves intricately overlapping vibrations, which causes it.What does benzyl alcohol's IR spectrum look like?A peak at 700 is typically used to indicate a C-Cl bond.At 1500, there are a couple more peaks that are focused on a C=C bond.How do IR spectra work?The IR spectrum is made up of the radiation's wave number divided by its percent transmittance (or absorbance) through molecules.To learn more about IR spectrum visit:
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How many moles of iron iii oxide can be prepared from 6 moles of oxygen?
Answer:
6molO2 3/2O22Fe=4,5024molFe .
Explanation:
You have to start with the balanced chemical equation. Iron is just Fe. Oxygen in nature is found as an O2 molecule.
2Fe(s)+3/2O2(g) Fe2O3(s)
If you check the balance. There are two Fe on both sides of the equation and three O on both sides, so it’s balanced.
Now use the stoichiometric ratios (the coefficients of the balanced chemical equation) to convert 6 mol of oxygen to iron.
6molO2 3/2O22Fe=4.5024molFe .
These coefficients can be used as conversion factors when it comes to substance moles.
Some of you may insist that a balanced chemical reaction must have whole numbers. This is not really necessary. The reaction I wrote above is a named type of reaction, called Fe2O3 formation. In this type of reaction, there must be a mole of product so that it requires that sometimes there are fractional numbers for the coefficients in the reagents.
But, just for the argument, let’s rebalance the equation for integer coefficients only.
4Fe(s)+3O2(g) 2Fe2O3(s)
We are now using the coefficients as conversion factors, as we have done before.
The instructions for the experiment direct you to prepare 30 mL of 1.5 M HCl solution. In the chemical closet, you locate an 18M stock solution of HCl. What volume of the 18M HCl is needed to make the solution?
The volume of the 18M HCl needed to make the solution will be 2.5 mL.
DilutionAccording to the dilution principle, the number of moles of solutes in a solution before and after dilution must remain the same.
Since, mole = molarity x volume
Thus, molarity x volume before dilution = molarity x volume after dilution.
Mathematically, the equation is written as: m1v1 = m2v2
In this case, m1 = 18 M, m2 = 1.5 M, and v2 = 30 mL.
What we are looking for is v1, the amount of the stock HCl needed for dilution.
v1 = m2v2/m1 = 1.5 x 30/18 = 2.5 mL.
Thus, 2.5 mL of the stock HCl would be needed.
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A compound composed of 3. 3% h, 19. 3% c, and 77. 4% o has a molar mass of approximately 60 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of the compound?.
The molecular formula of the given compound is H₂CO₃ or Carbonic acid.
Given that,
H= 3.3%
C=19.3%
O= 77.4%
No.of moles of H= 3.3/1= 3.3
No. of moles of C= 19.3/12= 1.60
No.of moles of O= 77.4/16= 4.83
Therefore,the ratio of the atoms of C,H and O= 3.3 : 1.60 : 4.83
Divide by smallest value which you get= 3.3/1.60 : 1.60/1.60 : 4.83/1.60 =2 : 1 : 3
So,the empirical formula is H₂CO₃
Let the Molecular formula is (H₂CO₃)n
Then, molar mass = (2×1+1×12+3X16)n = 62n
As the question, 62n = 60
or, n= 0.96 (round figure is 1)
So, the molecular formula is (H₂CO₃)1= H₂CO₃ i.e., the compound is Carbonic acid.
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With respect to bonding and electrical conductivity, respectively, sulfur hexafluoride, sf6(g), would be described as?
With respect to bonding and electrical conductivity, respectively, sulfur hexafluoride, sf6(g), would be described as "covalent and a nonconductor" because sulfur hexafluoride would be a covalent compound since neither fluorine nor sulfur are metallic elements and aqueous solutions containing covalent bonding do not conduct electricity.
What is electrical conductivity?The ability of an electrical charges or heat to move through a material is measured by its conductivity. A material is considered a conductor if it offers relatively minimal resistance to the transfer of thermal or electric energy.
The electricity is conducted by-
Particles that are electrically charged migrate, which results in electrical conductivity in metals. The existence of electron pairs, that are electrons in an atom's outer shell that really are free to move, is what distinguishes the atom of metal elements. Metals can carry an electric current thanks to these "free electrons."Valence electrons can migrate through into the lattice that makes the physical configuration of a metal because they are free to do so. Free electrons pass an electrical charges as they move through metal in an electric field, resembling billiard balls striking one another.To know more about the Electrical conductivity, here
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How much has co2 increased in the atmosphere since 1750? group of answer choices
Since 1750, about 46 percent of CO2 is increased in the atmosphere.
Co2 gas is considered as Greenhouse effect.
Green house effect : The trapping of the sun's warmth in a lower atmosphere of planet, due to the more and more transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than the infrared radiation which are emitted by the surface of the planet.
Due to greenhouse effect the temperature of earth surface increases.
Many reasons for increase in Greenhouse effect are as follow:
DeforestationBurning of fossil fuels.FarmingIndustrial waste and landfills. Global warmingdepletion of ozone layerAir pollutionDue to these reason the percentage of CO2 in the atmosphere is increased by 46.
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During the process of heat transfer, the heat transferred to or from a system's surroundings is always?
Answer:
During the process of heat transfer, the heat transferred to or from a system's surroundings is always equal in magnitude to the heat transferred to or from the system, but opposite in sign.
What is the 1st law of thermodynamics?
The total energy of an isolated system is said to stay constant according to the first rule of thermodynamics. Energy cannot be generated or destroyed, but it may be transformed from one form into another inside a closed system, which is known as the conservation of energy.
This rule states that when a system is exposed to a certain amount of heat, the amount of heat that the system absorbs is equal to the product of the increase in internal energy (change in internal energy) of the system and the external work that the system does. The relationship between a system's internal energy and work output and the heat given to it is demonstrated by the first law of thermodynamics. This equation provides the foundation for the majority of practical innovations like heat engines, freezers, and air conditioners.
The equation for the first law of thermodynamics is given as; ΔU = q + W
Where,
ΔU = change in internal energy of the system.q = algebraic sum of heat transfer between system and surroundings.W = work interaction of the system with its surroundings.The heat transported to or from a system's surroundings during the process of heat transfer is always opposite in sign, but equal in size, to the heat transferred to or from the system.
What is heat transfer?
The flow of thermal energy between physical systems is known as heat transfer. The temperatures of the systems and the characteristics of the medium used to transmit the heat affect how quickly it transfers. Conduction, convection, and radiation are the three basic ways that heat is transferred. It is crucial to employ heat transfer, or the movement of energy in the form of heat, in applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics since it is a mechanism through which a system changes its internal energy. Diffusion and conduction are two different concepts. Diffusion linked to fluid mixing is not the same as conduction.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics controls the direction of heat transmission, which is from one area of high temperature to another area of lower temperature. The internal energy of the systems from and to which the energy is transmitted is altered during heat transfer. Heat transfer will take place in a way that makes the group of systems' entropy higher.
In physics, heat is described as the flow of thermal energy over a boundary that is clearly defined surrounding a thermodynamic system. The amount of work that a thermodynamic system may accomplish is known as the thermodynamic free energy. Enthalpy is a thermodynamic potential with the letter "H" that is made up of the system's internal energy (U) plus the volumetric product of pressure (P) and temperature (T) (V). A joule is a unit used to measure energy, effort, or heat production.
The quantity of heat transmitted in a thermodynamic process that modifies a system's state relies on how that process happens, not just the net difference between the process' beginning and ending states, since heat transfer is a process function (or route function), as opposed to a function of state.
The heat transfer coefficient, which represents the relationship between the heat flux and the thermodynamic force that drives the flow of heat, is used to determine both thermodynamic and mechanical heat transfer. A quantitative, vectorial description of the movement of heat through a surface is called a heat flux.
The term "heat" is sometimes used interchangeably with "thermal energy" in technical applications. This usage derives from the historical understanding of heat as a fluid (caloric) that may be transported by a variety of reasons, which is also prevalent in laypeople's language and daily life.
Thank you,
Eddie
As water freezes, ________. its hydrogen bonds break apartit loses its polarityit cools the surrounding environmentits molecules move farther apart.
The molecules of water move farther apart upon freezing.
Molecules are the compounds formed by the combination of one or more atoms by certain chemical bonds. Each molecule has distinctive physical and chemical properties.
Water is also a molecule consisting of two H atoms and one O atom. Its physical state in nature is liquid. The atoms present inside water are joined together by the hydrogen bonding. Upon freezing, water molecules start forming more hydrogen bonds with the molecules present in their neighborhood. This makes them to move farther and spread apart. This also marks the reason for ice being denser than water.
To know more about molecules, here
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What is regular (specular)
reflection?
A. when all light rays come in at different angles of
incidence
B. when the rays of light reflect at different angles
C. when all light rays reflect at the same angle
D. when all light rays are perpendicular
Answer:
specular reflection reflects all light which arrives from a given direction at the same angles where diffus reflection reflects light in a broad range of direction
