If Julia Medavoy invests $8,550 per year for 18 years in a fund that earns 15% annual interest, the amount in the fund will be $458,581 if the first payment occurs today. However, if the first payment occurs at year-end, the amount in the fund will be $366,262.
To calculate the amount in the fund, we can use the future value of an ordinary annuity formula:
FV = P * [(1 + r)^n - 1] / r
Where:
FV = Future Value
P = Payment per period
r = Interest rate per period
n = Number of periods
First payment today:
Using the formula, we can plug in the values:
P = $8,550
r = 15% = 0.15
n = 18
FV = $8,550 * [(1 + 0.15)^18 - 1] / 0.15
FV = $8,550 * [5.80863 - 1] / 0.15
FV = $8,550 * 4.80863 / 0.15
FV = $458,581 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar)
Therefore, if the first payment occurs today, the amount in the fund in 18 years will be $458,581.
First payment at year-end:
In this case, we need to adjust the formula slightly since the payments occur at the end of each year. The future value of an annuity due formula is:
FV = P * [(1 + r)^n - 1] / r * (1 + r)
Using the formula, we can calculate the amount:
P = $8,550
r = 15% = 0.15
n = 18
FV = $8,550 * [(1 + 0.15)^18 - 1] / 0.15 * (1 + 0.15)
FV = $8,550 * [5.80863 - 1] / 0.15 * 1.15
FV = $8,550 * 4.80863 / 0.15 * 1.15
FV = $366,262 (rounded to the nearest whole dollar)
Therefore, if the first payment occurs at year-end, the amount in the fund in 18 years will be $366,262.
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There is many Potential business value from collaboration with IT. Choose three from the following figure that help to improve business with IT successfully. Why these concepts can make valuable collaboration? Justif your answer. (6 Marks) - (Minimum 200 Words). Top-line value Cost savings Effectiveness Accessibility of people Accessibility of information Flexibility Potential business value from collaboration
Collaboration with IT offers significant potential business value for organizations. Three key concepts that can enhance business success through IT collaboration are cost savings, effectiveness, and accessibility of information.
Cost savings can be achieved by leveraging IT to streamline processes, automate tasks, and optimize resource utilization. This leads to reduced labor costs, increased operational efficiency, and improved profitability.
Effectiveness is enhanced through IT collaboration by utilizing data-driven insights, real-time analysis, and predictive modeling. This enables informed decision-making, strategic planning, and the ability to identify areas for improvement. By optimizing operations and resources, businesses can improve product/service quality, customer satisfaction, and market competitiveness.
The accessibility of information is crucial in today's digital age. IT collaboration enables employees to access relevant data and resources from anywhere, facilitating seamless communication and collaboration. Real-time insights empower businesses to make informed decisions, respond quickly to customer needs, and stay ahead of market trends.
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If the IRR of Alternative A is 10%, the IRR of Alternative B is 8% and the MARR is 6%, which of the following is true? Alternative B is preferred over Alternative A O Alternative A is preferred over Alternative B O Both alternatives are preferred over the do nothing alternative O Both b and care true
the answer is Both alternatives are preferred over the do-nothing alternative.
Both alternatives are preferred over the do nothing alternative if the IRR of Alternative A is 10%, the IRR of Alternative B is 8% and the MARR is 6%.The two methods of evaluating the economic worth of investment projects are the internal rate of return (IRR) and the minimum attractive rate of return (MARR).The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is the rate at which the net present value of an investment equals zero. It is used to calculate the discount rate for a project and helps to decide if the investment will generate a profit for the investor.The MARR (Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return) is the lowest rate of return that investors will accept for a new investment, taking into account the level of risk involved.In order to choose between two investment projects, we compare their IRRs to the MARR. If the IRR is higher than the MARR, the project is deemed to be a good investment since it provides a return greater than the MARR. If the IRR is lower than the MARR, the project is not considered a good investment. As a result, if both IRRs are greater than the MARR, both investment alternatives A and B are acceptable and are better than the do-nothing alternative since they provide a return that is higher than the MARR.
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if apple chose instead to commit to an annual dividend from 2012-2017 think they could affect to distribute each year
Answer:
If Apple choose to distribute dividend for each year in the period of 2012 to 2017, the company would afford to pay $129 per share in the year 2012, because of the huge pile up of excessive cash on the balance sheet of the company.
If Apple chose instead to commit to an annual dividend from 2012-2017, the amount they could affect to distribute each year would depend on their earnings and financial condition. The dividend amount would be determined by the board of directors of Apple and would be based on various factors, including the company's financial performance, growth prospects, cash flow, and capital requirements.
Apple has been known to be cautious with its dividend payouts, as it prefers to retain earnings for future investment opportunities. However, the company has also been increasing its dividend payouts over the years, with the dividend per share increasing from $0.38 in 2012 to $0.82 in 2017.
It is important to note that dividend payouts are not guaranteed and can be subject to change based on various factors. Therefore, it is crucial for investors to consider the company's overall financial health and future growth prospects before making investment decisions.
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Blake took a marketing class at the local community college before starting his landscape business. He decided that his time would be better utilized in this class because if he could learn to sell his services well, the revenues and profits would follow. Your assessment of his plan might include which of the following?
A) Blake understands that marketing is the lifeblood of the company, and he is right on track with his approach.
B) Blake has elected to operate like a virtual company and leave various parts of the business including accounting, environmental trends scanning, and management to outsourcers.
C) Blake knows that increasing revenues will always keep the business profitable and in a positive cash position.
D) Blake needs to realize that the ability to understand and interpret financial statements provided by his accountant might enhance his profits.
Blake is right on track with his approach to taking a marketing class to improve his knowledge and skills in the field. Answer A is the correct answer.
Blake took a marketing class at the local community college before starting his landscape business. He decided that his time would be better utilized in this class because if he could learn to sell his services well, the revenues and profits would follow. Your assessment of his plan might include the following: Blake understands that marketing is the lifeblood of the company, and he is right on track with his approach. Marketing is the essential function of any company as it is responsible for determining what consumers need and making sure the company is fulfilling that need. Furthermore, marketing is the driver of revenue and profit since it helps customers understand the value of a product or service in exchange for money. In Blake's case, if he can learn to market his landscape business correctly, he can effectively reach more potential customers, leading to more revenues and profits.
Hence, Blake is right on track with his approach to taking a marketing class to improve his knowledge and skills in the field. Answer A is the correct answer.
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2.
a) Explain the quantity theory of money.
b) What are the basic assumptions behind the quantity theory of money?
c) If money supply (M) rises by10% and real output or RGDP (Y) rises by 5%, what would be the % change in prices (P) assuming the velocity of circulation of money (V) remains constant.
3. a) If the Fed wants to lower country’s money supply (M), will it buy bonds or sell bonds? b) Suppose the Fed wants to reduce country’s money supply by $500 billion by doing open market operations. How much bonds the Fed would have to buy or sell if the required reserve ratio is 10%?
Quantity theory of money explains the relationship between the quantity of money in an economy and the level of prices of goods and services sold in the economy. This theory is based on the equation of exchange MV = PY where M is the quantity of money, V is the velocity of circulation, P is the level of prices and Y is the level of output in an economy.
- The velocity of circulation is constant.
- Real output is fixed in the short-run.
- The level of money supply affects the level of prices and inflation.
the velocity of circulation is constant. Therefore, we can use the equation MV = PY to find the % change in prices (P).
MV = PY
10% x M = 5% x Y x P
P = (10/5) x M/Y
P = 2 x 10%
P = 20%
The Fed wants to reduce the money supply by $500 billion. it has to sell bonds worth $50 billion.
Money supply (M) = Money multiplier x Bank reserves (R)
500 = 10 x R
R = 50
The required reserves ratio is 10%. the total deposits will be ten times the bank reserves, and the Fed has to sell bonds worth $50 billion to reduce the money supply by $500 billion.
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Lenovo: Building a Global Brand
Student’s Name:
Case Summary:
Key Issues:
Strategic Recommendations:
The key issues include overcoming cultural barriers, establishing brand recognition and trust, and competing with established global brands.
The case provides an opportunity to develop strategic recommendations to address these challenges. Lenovo's main challenge is to build a global brand that can effectively compete in international markets. To address this, strategic recommendations can be made:
Cultural Adaptation: Lenovo should focus on understanding and adapting to the cultural nuances of different markets. This includes tailoring marketing messages, product features, and customer experiences to resonate with local consumers.
Brand Differentiation: Lenovo needs to establish a unique value proposition that differentiates it from competitors. This can be achieved through product innovation, superior customer service, and emphasizing the company's Chinese heritage as a source of strength and innovation.
Strategic Partnerships: Collaborating with established global brands or forming strategic alliances can help Lenovo gain credibility and access new markets. Partnerships can provide opportunities for knowledge exchange, market expansion, and leveraging partner networks.
Marketing and Communication: Lenovo should invest in effective marketing and communication strategies to build brand awareness and trust. This includes leveraging digital marketing channels, social media platforms, and influencer marketing to reach and engage with target audiences.
Customer Experience: Providing an exceptional customer experience is crucial for building brand loyalty. Lenovo should focus on delivering high-quality products, prompt customer support, and personalized experiences to create long-term customer relationships.
By implementing these strategic recommendations, Lenovo can enhance its global brand positioning, increase market share, and compete effectively in the highly competitive technology industry.
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the valuation approach that gives the lowest value of the business is:
The valuation approach that gives the lowest value of the businessdepends on the specific circumstances and assumptions used in the valuation.
Different valuation approaches can yield varying results based on factors such as the purpose of the valuation, the industry, the company's financial performance, and the market conditions.
However, one valuation approach that is generally considered to provide a relatively conservative or lower value for a business is the liquidation approach. The liquidation approach assumes that the business is sold in a forced liquidation scenario, where assets are sold quickly, often at a discount, and liabilities are settled. This approach typically results in a lower valuation compared to other approaches because it does not consider the business as a going concern or account for the potential future profitability and growth of the company.
It's important to note that the choice of valuation approach should be based on the specific circumstances and purpose of the valuation, and it is often recommended to use multiple approaches to arrive at a comprehensive and well-rounded valuation opinion.
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Forbes Company uses a predetermined overhead rate based on direct labor-hours to apply manufacturing overhead to jobs. At the beginning of the period, the company estimated manufacturing overhead would be $18,000 and direct labor-hours would be 15,000. The actual figures were $19,500 for manufacturing overhead and 16,000 direct labor-hours. The cost records for the period will show: overapplied overhead of $300
overapplied overhead of $1,500
underapplied overhead of $1,500
underapplied overhead of $300
The cost records for the period will show underapplied overhead of $1,500.
The predetermined overhead rate can be calculated by dividing the estimated manufacturing overhead by the estimated direct labor hours. For this case, the predetermined overhead rate will be $18,000 / 15,000 = $1.2 per direct labor hour.
Then, the total manufacturing overhead can be calculated by multiplying the actual direct labor hours by the predetermined overhead rate. In this case, the total manufacturing overhead will be $1.2 x 16,000 = $19,200.
Since the actual manufacturing overhead is greater than the applied manufacturing overhead, there is an underapplied overhead. The underapplied overhead can be calculated by subtracting the applied manufacturing overhead from the actual manufacturing overhead.
Hence, the cost records for the period will show underapplied overhead of $1,500, which is calculated as follows:
Actual manufacturing overhead - Applied manufacturing overhead= $19,500 - $18,000= $1,500
Therefore, the cost records for the period will show underapplied overhead of $1,500.
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write a compound interest function to model the following situation. then, find the balance after the given number of years. $16,100 invested at a rate of 1.2ompounded monthly; 7 years
To model the situation of compound interest, we can use the formula:
A = P(1 + r/n)^(n*t)
Where:
A = Final balance
P = Principal amount (initial investment)
r = Annual interest rate (in decimal form)
n = Number of compounding periods per year
t = Number of years
In this case, we have:
P = $16,100
r = 1.2% (or 0.012 in decimal form)
n = 12 (compounded monthly)
t = 7 years
Substituting the values into the formula, we can calculate the final balance:
A = $16,100 * (1 + 0.012/12)^(12*7)
A = $16,100 * (1 + 0.001)^84
A = $16,100 * (1.001)^84
A ≈ $16,100 * 1.1054
A ≈ $17,818.54
Therefore, the balance after 7 years would be approximately $17,818.54.
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A small Auckland based company, BigDan's Tools produces a small range of power tools for the local market. They specialise in power drills and their most popular product is the Ateam Drill. They have a stable customer base and are not looking to expand right now or in the immediate future. Their current production is at 95% capacity, where full capacity is 80,000 Ateam Drills. A new customer, Nicky, got in touch with the owner of BigDan's Tools and asked about buying 2000 Ateam Drills. Nicky wants to buy 2000 Ateam Drills for a unit price of $7.50 per Ateam Drill. The current costs associated with making the Ateam Drills are: raw materials of $2.50 per unit, direct labour of $2 per unit, variable overhead of $1.50 per unit and fixed overhead of $25,500 per 80,000 Ateam Drills produced. Normal selling price for each Ateam Drill is $10 per unit. The impact to profit for the period if the special order is accepted is: $6000 $15,000 O There is no way to tell with the information provided. $3000 $2380
The impact to profit is calculated by comparing the profit earned from the normal sales with the profit that will be earned by accepting the special order. When the profit earned from the special order is more than the profit earned from normal sales, it is worthwhile to accept the special order.
The company, BigDan's Tools, is currently producing 80,000 Ateam Drills at full capacity and not interested in expanding. Nicky has requested to buy 2,000 Ateam Drills at a price of $7.50 per unit. So, the company has to decide whether to accept the order or not. If the company accepts the special order of 2,000 Ateam Drills, then the impact on the profit can be calculated as follows:Calculating the total costs to produce 2,000 Ateam Drills= (Raw materials cost + Direct labor cost + Variable overhead cost) × Number of units= ($2.50 + $2.00 + $1.50) × 2,000= $12,000Fixed overhead cost per unit= Fixed overhead cost / Total units produced= $25,500 / 80,000= $0.32Total cost to produce.
2,000 Ateam Drills including fixed overhead costs= Total costs to produce 2,000 Ateam Drills + Fixed overhead cost per unit × Number of units= $12,000 + $0.32 × 2,000= $12,640Selling price per unit of Ateam Drill = $10So, Revenue earned by selling 2,000 Ateam Drills = Selling price per unit of Ateam Drill × Number of units= $10 × 2,000= $20,000Profit earned from normal sales= Revenue earned from normal sales - Total costs to produce 80,000 Ateam Drills= (80,000 × $10) - [(80,000 × $2.50) + (80,000 × $2) + (80,000 × $1.50) + $25,500]= $800,000 - $361,500= $438,500Profit earned by accepting the special order= Revenue earned from the special order - Total costs to produce.
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Effects of a tariff on international trade The following graph shows the domestic supply of and demand for soybeans in Guatemala. The world price (Pw) of soybeans is $540 per ton and is represented by the horizontal black line. Throughout the question, assume that the amount demanded by any one country does not affect the world price of soybeans and that there are no transportation or transaction costs associated with international trade in soybeans. Also, assume that domestic supphers will satssty domestic demand as much as possible before any exporting or importing takes place. Don Demand Danasic Supply 300 150 200 250 300 300 400 450 500 QUANTITY (Tarybars PRICE (Dulars par to 86888FELLI४ 840 If Guatemala is open to International trade in soybeans without any restrictions, it will import tons of soybeans. per Suppose the Guatemalan government wants to reduce imports to exactly 200 tons of soybeans to help domestic producers. A tariff of S ton will achieve this. A tariff set at this level would raise in revenue for the Guatemalan government.
A tariff set at this level would raise $27,000 in revenue for the Guatemalan government. (50*540)
The effect of a tariff on international trade can be described as a tax on imports. This tax raises the cost of goods purchased from overseas, making them more expensive than domestic goods. As a result, domestic businesses become more competitive, which can help them to grow and expand. This tariff can help to reduce imports, which can improve the country's balance of trade.
However, it can also lead to retaliation from other countries, which can damage international relations and harm businesses that rely on international trade. The graph shows the domestic supply of and demand for soybeans in Guatemala. The world price of soybeans is $540 per ton and is represented by the horizontal black line. Suppose Guatemala is open to international trade in soybeans without any restrictions, it will import 150 tons of soybeans. Given that the Guatemalan government wants to reduce imports to exactly 200 tons of soybeans to help domestic producers. A tariff of 50 tons will achieve this. A tariff set at this level would raise $27,000 in revenue for the Guatemalan government. (50*540)
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In a closed economy, autonomous spending equals which of the following? CO +I+G-01T +c11 C+I+G CO+I+G Z CO + I + G + C1T
In a closed economy, autonomous spending refers to the total spending that is independent of the level of income. It includes components such as consumption (C), investment (I), and government spending (G) that are not directly influenced by changes in income.
The correct answer is: C + I + G. C represents consumption that is induced by changes in income (dependent on income). I represents investment, which is an autonomous component of spending and is not directly influenced by changes in income. G represents government spending, which is also an autonomous component of spending and is not directly influenced by changes in income.
Therefore, the sum of autonomous components of spending is given by C + I + G, which represents the total autonomous spending in a closed economy.
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Consider an economy described by the 6 following equations. In this economy, compute private saving, public saving, and national saving is there a budget surplus or deficit?
(1) Y=C+I+G
(2) Y = 6,000
(3) G= 1,250
(4) T = 1,500
(5) Consumption function: C = 200+ 0.8(Y-T)
(6) Investment function : 1 = 1000 4r
Select one
a. Public Saving= 250; Private saving-750 and National saving-1,000. There is a budget surplus
b. Public Saving= 250, Private saving-700 and National saving-950. There is a budget surplus
c. Public Saving= -250, Private saving= 750 and National saving-500. There is a budget deficit
d. Public Saving=-250, Private saving-700 and National saving-450. There is a budget deficit
To compute private saving, public saving, and national saving, we need to use the given equations and formulas.
Private Saving (Sprivate) = Y - T - C
Public Saving (Spublic) = T - G
National Saving (Snational) = Sprivate + Spublic
Given:
Y = 6,000
G = 1,250
T = 1,500
C = 200 + 0.8(Y - T)
I = 1,000 - 4r (not provided)
Let's calculate the values:
C = 200 + 0.8(Y - T)
= 200 + 0.8(6,000 - 1,500)
= 200 + 0.8(4,500)
= 200 + 3,600
= 3,800
Private Saving (Sprivate) = Y - T - C
= 6,000 - 1,500 - 3,800
= 700
Public Saving (Spublic) = T - G
= 1,500 - 1,250
= 250
National Saving (Snational) = Sprivate + Spublic
= 700 + 250
= 950
Based on the calculations, we have:
Private Saving (Sprivate) = 700
Public Saving (Spublic) = 250
National Saving (Snational) = 950
To determine if there is a budget surplus or deficit, we compare public saving to zero. If Spublic is positive, there is a budget surplus. If Spublic is negative, there is a budget deficit.
In this case, Spublic is 250, which is positive. Therefore, the correct option is:
b. Public Saving = 250, Private saving = 700, and National saving = 950. There is a budget surplus.
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You have borrowed $39,309 from your parents and have agreed to amortize the loan over 6 years making equal annual payments at the end of each year. Therefore at the end of that time the loan balance must be zero. You agreed to pay 6.89% interest rate on the loan.
How many dollars in Interest will you pay during the second year of the loan? Round to the nearest penny and enter your answer in the box below.
____
You will pay approximately $2,223.69 in interest during the second year of the loan.
To calculate the interest paid during the second year of the loan, we need to determine the remaining loan balance at the beginning of the second year.
Given that the loan is being amortized over 6 years, we can use the formula for calculating the loan payment amount:
Loan Payment Amount = Loan Principal / Present Value Annuity Factor
The Present Value Annuity Factor can be calculated using the formula
Present Value Annuity Factor = (1 - (1 + r)^(-n)) / r
Where:
r = interest rate per period
n = total number of periods
In this case, the interest rate per period is 6.89% (0.0689) and the total number of periods is 6.
Using the formula, we can calculate the loan payment amount:
Loan Payment Amount = $39,309 / Present Value Annuity Factor
Next, we can calculate the remaining loan balance at the beginning of the second year by subtracting the first-year payment from the initial loan balance:
Remaining Loan Balance (Year 2) = Initial Loan Balance - Loan Payment Amount
Finally, we can calculate the interest paid during the second year by multiplying the remaining loan balance at the beginning of the second year by the interest rate:
Interest Paid (Year 2) = Remaining Loan Balance (Year 2) * Interest Rate
Let's calculate the interest paid during the second year:
First, we calculate the Present Value Annuity Factor:
Present Value Annuity Factor = (1 - (1 + 0.0689)^(-6)) / 0.0689 ≈ 5.608263
Then, we calculate the Loan Payment Amount:
Loan Payment Amount = $39,309 / 5.608263 ≈ $7,009.42
Next, we calculate the Remaining Loan Balance (Year 2):
Remaining Loan Balance (Year 2) = $39,309 - $7,009.42 ≈ $32,299.58
Finally, we calculate the Interest Paid (Year 2):
Interest Paid (Year 2) = $32,299.58 * 0.0689 ≈ $2,223.69
Therefore, you will pay approximately $2,223.69 in interest during the second year of the loan.
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As sales manager, Andrew Short was given the following static budget report for selling expenses in the Winter Sports Department of AC Outdoor Company for the month of November. AC Outdoor Company Winter Sports Department Budget Report For the Month Ended November 30, 2020 Difference Favorable F Budget Actual Unfavorable U Sales in units 4,000 500 F Variable expenses Sales commissions $132,000 $8,900 U Advertising expense 40,000 3,600 U Travel expense 176,000 15,600 U Demonstration models given out 92,000 10,000 F Total variable 440,000 18,100 U Fixed expenses Rent 8,000 Sales salaries 59,600 Office salaries 39,600 Depreciation-vans (sales staff) 2,700 600 U Total fored 109,900 110,500 600 U $549,900 Total expenses $568,600 $18,700 U "The increase in depreciation was due to a new vehicle that had to be purchased as a result of an accident driving on snowy roads on the way to visit a customar As a result of this budget report, Andrew was called into the president's office and congratulated on his fine sales performance. He was reprimanded, however, for allowing his costs to get out of control. Andrew knew something was wrong with the performance report that he had been given. However, he was not sure what to do, and comes to you for advice 4,500 $140,900 43,600 191,600 82,000 450,100 8,000 59,600 39,600 3,300 - 8 After Andrew because familiar with the flexible budget report, he began to analyze the numbers. Andrew feels that sales can be increased if AC Outdoor Company would increase sales commissions to $34.00 per unit. This would allow them to reduce advertising expense to $8.50 per unit. Andrew thinks that these changes will motivate the sales staff to sell at least 5,400 units. He is allowed to try his plan in December and had the following results. AC Outdoor Company Winter Sports Department Results For the Month Ended December 31, 2020 Sales in units 5,400 Variable expenses Sales commissions $176,900 Advertising expense 44,000 Travel expense 230,000 Demonstration models given out 102,600 Total variable 553,500 Fixed expenses Rent 8,000 Sales salaries 59,600 Office salaries 39.600 Depreciation-vans (sales staff) 3,300 Total foxed 110,500 Total expenses $664,000 Prepare a budget report based on flexible budget data. The new depreciation amount has been included in the budgeted fixed costs. (Round per unit answers to 2 decimal places, eg 15.25) AC Outdoor Company Winter Sports Department Flexible Budget Report Per Unit Budget JUDQ0.000 Prepare a budget report based on flexible budget data. The new depreciation amount has been included in the budgeted fixed costs. (Round per unit answers to 2 decimal places, es 15.25) AC Outdoor Company Winter Sports Department Flexible Budget Report Difference Favorable Unfavorable Neither Favorable et nor Unfavorable Actual 100 > > > 11 < << < Do you think the new plan is valid? Explain
To determine if the new plan is valid, let's compare the actual results of December with the flexible budget based on Andrew's proposed changes.
First, we need to calculate the per unit amounts for sales commissions and advertising expenses based on Andrew's plan:
Sales commissions: $34.00 per unit
Advertising expense: $8.50 per unit
Next, we can calculate the flexible budget amounts by multiplying the per unit amounts by the actual sales in units for December:
Sales commissions: $34.00 * 5,400 units = $183,600
Advertising expense: $8.50 * 5,400 units = $45,900
Now, let's compare the actual results with the flexible budget:
Variable expenses:
- Sales commissions: Actual - Flexible budget = $176,900 - $183,600 = $-6,700 (Unfavorable)
- Advertising expense: Actual - Flexible budget = $44,000 - $45,900 = $-1,900 (Unfavorable)
- Travel expense: Actual - Flexible budget = $230,000 - $230,000 = $0 (Neither favorable nor unfavorable)
- Demonstration models given out: Actual - Flexible budget = $102,600 - $102,600 = $0 (Neither favorable nor unfavorable)
Fixed expenses:
- Rent: Actual - Flexible budget = $8,000 - $8,000 = $0 (Neither favorable nor unfavorable)
- Sales salaries: Actual - Flexible budget = $59,600 - $59,600 = $0 (Neither favorable nor unfavorable)
- Office salaries: Actual - Flexible budget = $39,600 - $39,600 = $0 (Neither favorable nor unfavorable)
- Depreciation-vans (sales staff): Actual - Flexible budget = $3,300 - $3,300 = $0 (Neither favorable nor unfavorable)
Total expenses: Actual - Flexible budget = $664,000 - $664,000 = $0 (Neither favorable nor unfavorable)
Based on the comparison, there are no significant variances between the actual results and the flexible budget. Therefore, the new plan can be considered valid as it has achieved the expected results in terms of sales commissions and advertising expenses. However, it is important to continue monitoring the performance and making adjustments as needed to control costs effectively.
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Suppose that a rental company generates from its equipments. The company acquires a new equipment in order to to its customers. New equipment costs 120.000 TL. The company revalues the equipment at the end of the year, and finds that its revalued amount is 110.000 TL. The useful life of the equipment is 5 years and depreciation method is straight-line. The company does not apply the cost model in the measurement of its equipments. What would be the change in profit/loss in the year-end income statement other things being equal?
a. 24.000 loss b. 10.000 loss c. 14.000 profit d. 40.000 loss
The change in profit/loss in the year-end income statement, other things being equal, would be a (B) loss of 10,000 TL.
In this scenario, the rental company acquires a new equipment with a cost of 120,000 TL. At the end of the year, the company revalues the equipment and determines its revalued amount to be 110,000 TL. The revaluation process involves assessing the fair value of the equipment and adjusting its carrying value accordingly.
Since the company does not apply the cost model in the measurement of its equipments, it recognizes the revaluation in its financial statements. The difference between the initial cost and the revalued amount (120,000 TL - 110,000 TL = 10,000 TL) represents a decrease in value. According to the straight-line depreciation method, the equipment's cost is evenly allocated over its useful life. However, in this case, the change in value due to revaluation affects the carrying value of the equipment, resulting in a loss.
Therefore, the company would record a loss of 10,000 TL in its year-end income statement. This loss reflects the decrease in the value of the equipment during the year and is a consequence of recognizing the revaluation. It is important to note that other factors are assumed to remain constant in this scenario, and the change in profit/loss is solely attributable to the revaluation of the equipment.
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At time t=0, R$= 15%, R€= 15%, and E$/€=1. Assume that Reserve Bank of Australia permanently increases money supply in Australia by 30% at time t=2. In addition, assume the following: 1. The policy change is anticipated at t=1
2. Prices are completely flexible in the short run and immediately respond to any change in money supply
3. Output is always fixed at Y 4. R€= 15% at t=1 and t=2
Select the most appropriate option:
A. E$/€=1.3 at t=1 and in the long-run; E$/€>1.3 at t=2
B. E$/€=1.3 at t=1, t=2, and in the long-run
C. E$/€=1.0 at t=1; E$/€>1.3 at t=2; E$/€=1.3 in the long-run
D. E$/€>1.3 at t=1 and t=2; E$/€=1.3 in the long-run
E. E$/€>1.3 at t=1; E$/€=1.3 at t=2; E$/€=1.3 in the long-run
The correct option is D)
E$/€>1.3 at t=1 and t=2; E$/€=1.3 in the long-run.What is the effect of an increase in the money supply on exchange rates?The question is about exchange rates and specifically about the effect of an increase in the money supply on exchange rates. The Reserve Bank of Australia increases the money supply in Australia by 30% at time t=2, which is the most critical piece of information required to answer the question. An increase in the money supply leads to a decrease in interest rates and causes the exchange rate to fall. The supply of currency has risen, causing the value to drop. A change in the money supply will affect exchange rates in the short and long run. It's worth noting that when prices are fully flexible in the short run, they immediately react to any changes in the money supply. Therefore, at t=1, individuals will anticipate a rise in the money supply, which will cause the Australian dollar to depreciate. However, by t=2, when the money supply actually rises, the exchange rate will have declined even more. So, E$/€ will be greater than 1.3 at t=1 and t=2, but in the long run, it will be 1.3.
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A discount security will:
a.
be traded in the primary market.
b.
pay face value to the investor at purchase
c.
pay a regular coupon or interest payment until maturity
d.
have a sale price less than (a
A discount security will have a sale price less than its face value. Therefore, the correct answer is option (d).
Discount securities are financial instruments that are sold at a price lower than their face value.
They do not pay a regular coupon or interest payment like regular bonds.
Instead, investors earn a return by purchasing the security at a discount and receiving the full face value at maturity.
Let's consider an example to illustrate this. Suppose there is a discount security with a face value of $1,000 and a maturity period of 1 year. The security is sold at a discount of 10%, which means it can be purchased for $900 ($1,000 - 10% discount).
At maturity, the investor will receive the full face value of $1,000, regardless of the purchase price. Therefore, the investor earns a return of $100 ($1,000 - $900) over the course of one year. This return represents the interest or yield on the investment.
A discount security is traded in the secondary market and is characterized by having a sale price lower than its face value.
Unlike regular bonds, discount securities do not pay regular coupon or interest payments. Investors earn a return by purchasing the security at a discount and receiving the full face value at maturity.
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Let the price of protein shakes be $2 per unit and the price of blueberry muffins be $3 per unit. Imagine if I had an income of $20 to spend on breakfast and I will only consume a combination of protein shakes and blueberry muffins. If the utility I get from breakfast is U(x,y)= P2B³, what would be my income and substitution effects (as well as total change in demand) if the price of protein shakes rose to $2.50 per unit. (Note: for the purposes of this problem, you can ignore the fact that if I don't get coffee in the morning, my utility is exceptionally low and cannot be raised much by any amount. of protein shakes or muffins).
The given problem is an example of the substitution effect. Here, you need to calculate the income and substitution effect if the price of protein shakes increases to $2.50 per unit.
The new budget line would be the following:2.5x + 3y = 20Solve the budget line equation for y. y = (20 - 2.5x)/3Now, we need to substitute this value of y in the utility function: U(x, y) = P2B³Putting the values, we get U(x, y) = (2B³)x(20 - 2.5x)/3.
Now, the income effect will be the change in the demand for both protein shakes and blueberry muffins due to the increase in the price of protein shakes, keeping income constant. The substitution effect will be the change in the demand for protein shakes due to their increased price. The total change in demand is the sum of the income and substitution effects.
Income Effect: The income effect will show the effect on quantity demanded due to changes in income keeping the price constant. In this case, there is no change in income, so there will be no income effect.
Substitution Effect: Substitution effect shows the change in the quantity demanded of one good as a result of a change in the relative price of another good. The price of protein shakes has increased from $2 to $2.50. The relative price of protein shakes to blueberry muffins has changed. So, people will substitute protein shakes with blueberry muffins and will buy fewer protein shakes as compared to before.
Let's calculate the new quantity demanded of protein shakes by substituting the new value of y in the budget line equation.2.5x + 3y = 20Substitute y = (20 - 2.5x)/32.5x + 3[(20 - 2.5x)/3] = 20x = 3.2So, the new quantity demanded of protein shakes will be 3.2 units.
Total Change in Demand: Total change in demand will be the sum of income and substitution effects. In this case, there is no income effect, so the total change in demand is the substitution effect. So, the total change in demand is the reduction of the quantity of protein shakes demanded from 4 units to 3.2 units.
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The following transactions occurred over the months of September to December at Nicole’s Getaway Spa (NGS). September Sold spa merchandise to Ashley Welch Beauty for $1,800 on account; the cost of these goods to NGS was $900. October Sold merchandise to Kelly Fast Nail Gallery for $450 on account; the cost of these goods to NGS was $200. November Sold merchandise to Raea Gooding Wellness for $300 on account; the cost of these goods to NGS was $190.
summary of the transactions that occurred at Nicole's Getaway Spa (NGS) from September to November:
NGS sold spa merchandise to Ashley Welch Beauty for $1,800 on account. The cost of these goods to NGS was $900.
2. October: NGS sold merchandise to Kelly Fast Nail Gallery for $450 on account. The cost of these goods to NGS was $200.
3. November: NGS sold merchandise to Raea Gooding Wellness for $300 on account. The cost of these goods to NGS was $190.
It's important to note that the information provided only covers the months of September to November. If there are any additional transactions or if you require further details or analysis, please let me know, and I'll be glad to assist you further.
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Listed below are eight terms followed by a list of phrases that describe or characterize the terms. Match each phrase with the best term placing the letter designating the term in the space provided.
Terms:
a. Vertical analysis
b. Horizontal analysis
c. Liquidity
d. Solvency
e. Discontinued operation
f. Extraordinary item
g. Aggressive accounting practices
h. Conservative accounting practices
Phrases:
_____ A company’s ability to pay its current liabilities.
_____ Accounting choices that result in reporting lower income, lower assets, and higher liabilities.
_____ A profit or loss unusual in nature and infrequent in occurrence.
_____ Accounting choices that result in reporting higher income, higher assets, and lower liabilities.
_____ A tool to analyze trends in financial statement data for a single company over time.
_____ The sale or disposal of a significant component of a company’s operations.
_____ A means to express each item in a financial statement as a percentage of a base amount.
_____ A company’s ability to pay its long-term liabilities.
Listed below are eight terms followed by a list of phrases that describe or characterize the terms relationship Match each phrase with the best term placing the letter designating the term in the space provided.Terms.
a. Vertical analysis
b. Horizontal analysis
c. Liquidity
d. Solvency
e. Discontinued operation
f. Extraordinary item
g. Aggressive accounting practices
h. Conservative accounting practicesPhrases:
c. A company’s ability to pay its current liabilities. (Liquidity)
h. Accounting choices that result in reporting lower income, lower assets, and higher liabilities. (Conservative accounting practices)
f. A profit or loss unusual in nature and infrequent in occurrence. (Extraordinary item)
g. Accounting choices that result in reporting higher income, higher assets, and lower liabilities. (Aggressive accounting practices)
b. A tool to analyze trends in financial statement data for a single company over time. (Horizontal analysis)
e. The sale or disposal of a significant component of a company’s operations. (Discontinued operation)
a. A means to express each item in a financial statement as a percentage of a base amount. (Vertical analysis)
d. A company’s ability to pay its long-term liabilities. (Solvency).
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1
Dividends Per Share Internal Insights Inc., a developer of radiology equipment, has stock outstanding as follows: 13,000 shares of cumulative preferred 2% stock, $160 par, and 43,000 shares of $5 par
The dividend per share on the preferred stock of Internal Insights Inc. is $1.92. This is calculated by taking the annual dividend of $3.20 per share and dividing it by the number of shares outstanding, 13,000.
The preferred stock of Internal Insights Inc. is cumulative, which means that any unpaid dividends must be paid before any dividends can be paid to the common stock. The annual dividend on the preferred stock is 2% of the par value, which is $160. Therefore, the annual dividend per share is $3.20.
The number of shares outstanding is 13,000. Therefore, the dividend per share on the preferred stock is $1.92.
Dividend per share = Annual dividend per share / Number of shares outstanding
= $3.20 / 13,000
= $1.92
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What is sustainability? Summarize ways to measure sustainability
achievements.
Sustainability refers to the practice of meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves finding a balance between economic development, environmental protection, and social well-being.
Measuring sustainability achievements can be challenging due to its multidimensional nature. However, several approaches and indicators can help assess sustainability progress. Here are some common ways to measure sustainability achievements:
1. Environmental Footprint: This measures the impact of human activities on the environment, including greenhouse gas emissions, water usage, waste generation, and resource depletion. Indicators like carbon footprint, water footprint, and ecological footprint provide insights into the environmental sustainability of an organization or activity.
2. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): LCA evaluates the environmental impact of a product, process, or service throughout its entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal. It considers factors such as energy consumption, emissions, resource use, and waste generation. LCA helps identify areas for improvement and compare the environmental performance of different options.
3. Social Impact Assessment: This assesses the social and community aspects of sustainability, considering factors like labor rights, working conditions, community engagement, human rights, and social equity. It involves evaluating the positive and negative impacts of an organization's activities on society and stakeholders.
4. Economic Indicators: Economic indicators assess the financial sustainability of organizations or projects. These include profitability, return on investment, cost-effectiveness, and economic viability. Evaluating economic indicators helps determine if sustainability initiatives are financially feasible and contribute to long-term economic stability.
5. Sustainability Reporting: Many organizations produce sustainability reports to communicate their sustainability performance and progress. These reports often follow frameworks such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) or the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB) standards. Sustainability reports provide a comprehensive overview of an organization's sustainability achievements, goals, and strategies.
6. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals provide a set of 17 global goals to guide sustainability efforts. Organizations can assess their progress in relation to the SDGs and align their strategies with specific targets and indicators.
7. Certification and Standards: Various certifications and standards exist to measure and validate sustainability achievements. Examples include LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) for green buildings, Fairtrade certification for ethical and sustainable supply chains, and ISO 14001 for environmental management systems.
It's important to note that measuring sustainability achievements requires a combination of quantitative and qualitative data, stakeholder engagement, and ongoing monitoring and evaluation. The selection of indicators and measurement methods should be tailored to specific contexts and goals to ensure accurate and meaningful assessment of sustainability performance.
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Sustainability refers to the practice of meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It involves finding a balance between social, economic, and environmental factors to ensure long-term well-being.
- Measuring sustainability achievements can be done through various methods and indicators. Here are some common ways to measure sustainability:
1) Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):
This assessment evaluates the potential environmental effects of a project or policy, considering factors such as pollution, resource consumption, and habitat destruction.
2) Carbon Footprint:
It measures the amount of greenhouse gas emissions produced directly or indirectly by an individual, organization, or product. It helps identify opportunities for reducing emissions and mitigating climate change.
3) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA):
LCA analyzes the environmental impacts of a product, process, or service throughout its entire life cycle. It considers factors like raw material extraction, production, use, and disposal, helping to identify areas for improvement.
4) Ecological Footprint:
It quantifies the amount of biologically productive land and water required to sustain a population or an activity. By comparing it with available resources, it indicates if consumption patterns are sustainable.
5) Social Impact Assessment (SIA):
SIA examines the social consequences of projects or policies, including effects on communities, livelihoods, health, and cultural heritage. It helps ensure that development is socially equitable and inclusive.
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Which of the following statements is true?
A) Economic growth can reduce poverty only if it is not associated with a significant rise in inequality.
B) Economic growth always reduces inequality.
C) Economic growth always reduces poverty.
D) Economic growth is ineffective in reducing both poverty and inequality.
Out of the given options, the statement that is true is option A) Economic growth can reduce poverty only if it is not associated with a significant rise in inequality.
Economic growth is the increase in the production and consumption of goods and services by an economy over a specific period. It is measured by the gross domestic product (GDP), which refers to the monetary value of all finished goods and services produced in a country over a specific period. Economic growth can help in reducing poverty by creating employment opportunities and increasing incomes. This could lead to an overall increase in the standard of living of the people.However, economic growth does not always reduce poverty and inequality. In some cases, economic growth may increase inequality, which is the gap between the rich and the poor. This is because the benefits of economic growth may not be distributed equally among all segments of the population. For instance, the rich may benefit more from economic growth than the poor, which may widen the income gap between the two groups. Therefore, economic growth can only reduce poverty if it is not associated with a significant rise in inequality. It is essential to ensure that the benefits of economic growth are distributed equitably among all segments of society. In conclusion, economic growth can help in reducing poverty if it is not associated with a significant rise in inequality.
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(a) A bank is offering 5-year certificates of deposit (CDs) with a 3% interest rate. The expected inflation rate is 1%. Calculate the expected real interest rate on the CD. (Show your work.)
(b) Banks across the country are decreasing nominal interest rates. What will happen to the price of government bonds?
(c) Explain the relationship between the aggregate measures of the money supply and liquidity.
(a) The expected real interest rate on the CD is 1.97%. Real interest rate is the nominal rate minus the inflation rate. In this case, the nominal interest rate is 3%, and the expected inflation rate is 1%.
The expected real interest rate on the CD is 1.97%. (rounding off to 2 decimal places)(b) If banks across the country decrease nominal interest rates, the price of government bonds will increase. Nominal interest rates and bond prices are inversely related. When interest rates decrease, bond prices increase, and vice versa.
The money supply is the total amount of money that is available in an economy. It includes currency, coins, and deposits in bank accounts. Liquidity refers to the ease with which an asset can be converted into cash. The aggregate measures of the money supply and liquidity are related because the money supply is directly related to liquidity.
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When transactions costs are sufficiently high, it may be more efficient to supply the good publicly than to have the good supplied by private markets". Do you agree with the statement? Graphically explain your point of view.
Kindly give answer in detail but relevant answer. Here subject is Public Sector Economics.
Yes, I agree with the statement that "When transaction costs are sufficiently high, it may be more efficient to supply the good publicly than to have the good supplied by private markets".
In this case, the private market may not be able to supply the good efficiently, and hence, the public sector should take over the supply of the good.
Graphical explanation: When the transaction cost is too high, the supply of goods is inefficient in private markets.
This is because the transaction cost includes the costs associated with searching for information, bargaining with suppliers, and making contracts.
Therefore, the supply of goods in a private market is inefficient, and the supply curve will be higher than it should be.
Hence, the private market will supply less of the good than it should.
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Q=100-2P
MC=5+0,05Q
a)profit maximization ?
b) social risk ?
The profit maximization occurs at a quantity of approximately 81.82 units and a price of $63.64. It is not possible to determine the specific social risks associated with this particular market.
a) To find the profit maximization point, we need to equate marginal cost (MC) with marginal revenue (MR). In this case, MR is the derivative of the demand equation Q=100-2P, which gives MR=50-Q/2. Setting MC equal to MR, we have:
5+0.05Q = 50-Q/2
Simplifying the equation, we get:
0.05Q + Q/2 = 45
Multiplying through by 2, we have:
0.1Q + Q = 90
1.1Q = 90
Solving for Q, we find:
Q = 81.82
Substituting the value of Q into the demand equation, we can find the corresponding price (P) by:
P = 100 - 2Q
P = 100 - 2(81.82)
P = 100 - 163.64
P = -63.64 (ignore negative value)
Therefore, the profit maximization occurs at a quantity of approximately 81.82 units and a price of $63.64.
b) The social risk associated with this market is not explicitly provided in the given information. However, social risks in a market context typically refer to potential negative impacts on society, such as environmental degradation, public health concerns, or unfair distribution of wealth. To assess the social risks, we would need additional information on externalities, the market structure, and the effects of the industry on stakeholders. Without such information, it is not possible to determine the specific social risks associated with this particular market.
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Intro One of IBM's bond issues has an annual coupon rate of 4.1%, a face value of $1,000 and matures 12 years. BAttempt 1/6 for 5 pts. Part 1 What is the value of the bond if the required return is 5%? 0+ decimals Submit Part 2 B Attempt 1/6 for 5 pts. What is the value of the bond if the required return is 6%? decimals
Part 1 The value of the bond can be calculated by using the formula given below:Value of bond = C × [(1 - (1 + r)-n)/r] + FV/(1 + r)nwhere,C = coupon payment,FV = face value of bond,r = required rate of return,n = number of years
The bond has a face value of $1,000, an annual coupon rate of 4.1%, and matures in 12 years. Therefore,C = Coupon payment = 4.1% of $1,000 = $41 FV = Face value of bond = $1,000 r = Required rate of return = 5%N = Number of years = 12 years Putting the values in the formula, we get,Value of bond = $41 × [(1 - (1 + 5%)^-12)/5%] + $1,000/(1 + 5%)^12= $41 × 7.3601 + $1,000/1.7623= $302.05 Therefore, the value of the bond is $302.05 if the required return is 5%.Part 2 FV = Face value of bond = $1,000 r = Required rate of return = 6%N = Number of years = 12 years Putting the values in the formula, we get,Value of bond = $41 × [(1 - (1 + 6%)^-12)/6%] + $1,000/(1 + 6%)^12= $41 × 6.5921 + $1,000/1.9487= $302.63
Therefore, the value of the bond is $302.63 if the required return is 6%.
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Nanticoke Industries had the following operating results for 2018: sales $28,560; cost of goods sold = $19,460; depreciation expense = $5,020; interest expense = $2,340; dividends paid = $1,150. At the beginning of the year, net fixed assets were $16,980, current assets were $5,800, and current liabilities were $3,280. At the end of the year, net fixed assets were $20,360, current assets were $7,360, and current liabilities were $3,900. The tax rate for 2018 was 30 %. a. What is net income for 2018? (Negative answers should be indicated by a minus sign. Omit $ sign in your response.) Net income $ b. What is the operating cash flow for 2018? (Negative answers should be indicated by a minus sign. Omit $ sign in your response.) Operating cash flow $ c. What is the cash flow from assets for 2018? (Negative answer should be indicated by a minus sign. Omit $ sign in your response.) Cash flow from assets $ d. If no new debt was issued during the year, what is the cash flow to creditors? What the cash flow to shareholders? (Negative answers should be indicated by a minus sign. Omit $ sign in your response.) Cash flow to creditors Cash flow to shareholders $ $
a) Net IncomeNet income is used to determine the profitability of a company. It is the total revenue earned by the company minus the total expenses incurred by the company. By using the formula:Net Income = Sales - Cost of goods sold - Depreciation expense - Interest expense - Taxes - Dividends paidPlug in the given values, to find the net income:
Net income = 28,560 - 19,460 - 5,020 - 2,340 - 0.3(28,560 - 19,460 - 5,020 - 2,340) - 1,150
Net income = $1,836
b) Operating Cash FlowOperating cash flow refers to the cash generated from the company's operating activities.
It is calculated using the formula:
Operating Cash Flow = Net Income + Depreciation Expense
Net Income is calculated in part a) so we can just use that and depreciation expense is given in the operating results.Operating Cash Flow = $1,836 + $5,020Operating Cash Flow = $6,856
c) Cash Flow from AssetsCash flow from assets refers to the cash generated or used in a company's assets. It is calculated using the formula:Cash Flow from Assets = Operating Cash Flow - Net Capital Spending - Change in Net Working CapitalNet Capital Spending is calculated as:Net Capital Spending = Ending net fixed assets - Beginning net fixed assets + Depreciation ExpenseNet Working Capital is calculated as:Net Working Capital = (Ending current assets - Ending current liabilities) - (Beginning current assets - Beginning current liabilities)Plug in the given values to find Cash Flow from Assets:
Cash Flow from Assets = $6,856 - (20,360 - 16,980 + 5,020) - [(7,360 - 3,900) - (5,800 - 3,280)]
Cash Flow from Assets = $2,276d)
Cash Flow to Creditors
Cash flow to creditors refers to the cash paid to the company's creditors. If no new debt was issued during the year, the cash flow to creditors will be equal to the interest expense. Hence, cash flow to creditors = interest expenseCash Flow to Creditors = $2,340Cash Flow to ShareholdersCash flow to shareholders refers to the cash paid to the company's shareholders. It is calculated using the formula:Cash Flow to Shareholders = Dividends paid - Net New Equity RaisedDividends paid is given in the operating results and net new equity raised is not given. Since, no new debt was issued, we can assume that the only source of financing was through the sale of new equity.
Cash Flow to Shareholders = $1,150 - (20,360 - 16,980 + 5,020)
Cash Flow to Shareholders = -$7,210 (negative sign indicates cash outflow)
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give an introduction about the purpose of good customer
service
IntroductionThe purpose of good customer service is to provide excellent customer experiences that satisfy customers' needs and build long-term relationships between the business and its clients.
It is an essential part of any business strategy as it plays a crucial role in customer acquisition and retention. When customers have a positive experience with a business, they are more likely to return and recommend the business to others.Good customer service entails understanding the needs and wants of customers and going above and beyond to meet their expectations. Businesses that provide excellent customer service enjoy many benefits, including increased sales, customer loyalty, and improved reputation.
Providing great customer service is not just about resolving complaints; it is also about building a relationship with customers that will last for years to come.Good customer service is essential for businesses to remain competitive in today's market. Customers have many options, and they will choose the business that provides them with the best service and experience.
Therefore, businesses must focus on delivering exceptional customer service to retain customers and gain new ones. This requires investing in training programs, technologies, and tools to help employees provide excellent service.Customer service is not just about solving problems; it is about creating a positive and memorable experience for customers.
This can be achieved by understanding their needs, communicating effectively, and going above and beyond to exceed their expectations. When customers feel valued, respected, and appreciated, they are more likely to become loyal customers and ambassadors for the business.
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