Because the sodium potassium pump operates via an active transport mechanism,
ATP is required for it to function. Active transport is best shown by the sodium potassium pump.
There are numerous binding sites on the sodium potassium pump. 3. Na+ binding sites and two K+ binding sites •
After binding of three Na+ ions to the carrier protein, an ATP is split, releasing a phosphate group. This phosphate attaches to the outside of the carrier protein, causing it to change shape.
• Protein shape changes result in the release of three Na+ ions into the interstitial fluid.
• When two potassium ions bind within the carrier protein, the shape changes again. One additional phosphate group is released here.
• Finally, the potassium molecule K+ ions are discharged into the environment.
• Finally, potassium ions (K+ ions) are discharged into the cytosol. The carrier returns to its original form, completing the cycle.
Thus, for every 3Na+ ions that leave the cell, 2K+ ions enter.
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Full Question :
Label Each Step With The Appropriate Description. Potassium Ions Released Into Cytosol. Inter Cyton Plasma Membrane ATP Dinding
Which of the following can result in a frameshift mutation? Circle each correct answer. A. deletion B. substitution C. insertion
Frameshift mutation can result in deletion and insertion. Option A and c are the correct answers.
What is frameshift mutation?This occurs as a result of the addition or deletion of a base pair or base pair in the DNA of a gene giving rise to the translation of the genetic code in a way that is not a natural reading frame from the position of the mutation to the end of the gene.
frameshift mutation results due to the fact that genetic code is read in triplets, addition or subtraction of one or two nucleotides will cause a shift in the reading frame.
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41. Hydrolysis of a fat results in A. glycerol only. B. fatty acids onlyC. glucose only. D. two monosaccharides. E. both glycerol and fatty acids.
Hydrolysis of fat results in E: both glycerol and fatty acids.
Hydrolysis is a process that can break down oil or fat and release glycerol and fatty acids. In the process of hydrolysis of oils and fats, ethanolic KOH reacts with oil to form fatty acids and glycerol. Production of fatty acids and glycerol from oils or fat is important, especially in oleochemical industries. Both glycerol and fatty acids are largely used as raw materials in cosmetics, pharmaceutical industries, food, soap production, synthetic detergents, greases, and several other products.
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can you place each example into the appropriate category of scientific evidence of evolution?
Each example can be categorized into the occupational observation of natural selection, the fossil record, biogeography and molecular and anatomical homologies.
OCCUPATIONAL OBSERVATION OF NATURAL SELECTION
1. Insect pesticide resistance development
2. Variations in finch beak sizes on average after wet or dry years
FOSSIL RECORD
1. the discovery of bones from a variety of dinosaur species
2. intermediate creatures that connect whales with extinct land-dwelling ancestors
BIOGEOGRAPHY
1. Australia has a rare collection of marsupial animals
2. Similarity between island species and species on the surrounding mainland
MOLECULAR AND ANATOMICAL HOMOLOGIES
1. Similar forelimb architecture in several mammal species
2. Similar genes and the same genetic language in yeasts, fruit flies, and humans.
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which piece of evidence supports the argument that land plants evolved due to presence of microbes?(1 point)
Land plants have chloroplasts, which are like those in cyanobacteria and enable them to do photosynthesis.
The purpose of evolution?According to the theory of evolution, sophisticated organisms evolved from simpler ones. The subject of evolution has been approached from a variety of angles. The presence of structures shared by both species serves as a resounding indication of a connection between them.
what connection exists between microorganisms and plants?Because land plants' chloroplasts, which enable them to perform photosynthesis, have a structure resembling that of cyanobacteria, this is evidence that suggests that land plants developed as a result of the presence of microorganisms.
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releases hormones that increase the rate of cellular respiration throughout the body
The thyroid produces hormones that speed up cellular respiration all around the body.
What do hormones do to a girl?Female ovaries are specifically targeted by FSH and LH because they contain eggs that have been there from conception. The follicles begin producing estrogen, a separate hormone, as a result of the hormones. Hormone, FSH, and LH cause a girl's body to develop in order to get her ready for pregnancy.
What are female hormones called?Estrogens are a class of hormones that are essential for women's healthy sexual and reproductive development. They are steroid hormones as well. The majority the estrogen hormones are produced by a woman's ovaries, however minor amounts are also produced in modest amounts even by adrenal cortex and fat cells.
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consider the following logic: 1. all animals need water. 2. dogs need water. 3. conclusion: therefore, dogs are animals. why do many people judge the conclusion of this syllogism to be valid?
A syllogism similar to the one below is typically used in references to demonstrate deductive reasoning. they assert that deductive reasoning investigates all alternatives after formulating a broad claim
One method for determining if the premises of a syllogism are true is through hypothesis testing. Keep in mind that the conclusion can only be true if the presuppositions are accurate and the logic is sound. Thus, all deductive reasoning involves a hypothesis and generates one. It relates to how you decide what to test next. For example, if we wish to know if all dogs are considered to be animals and we have defined animals as having four legs, we will conclude: 1. Dogs are all forms of life Animals all have four legs. 3. Because of this, all dogs have four legs.
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Genetic variation among humans is relatively small when compared to other species. Where in the human genome does most of the diversity occur?
a. In the mitochondrial DNA
b. In single nucleotide-polymorphisms
c. In sequences that code for tRNA
d. In the homeotic genes
According to the research, the correct answer is Option C. Genetic variation occurs in sequences that code for tRNA, this is where in the human genome most of the diversity happens.
What is genetic variation?It is the changes that develop when nature selects for different alleles that are modified so that the species can evolve.
In this sense, it can be caused by any change that takes place in a DNA sequence where tRNAs are the physical representation of the genetic code and failures occur during replication.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, genetic variability can be produced by mutation in sequences that code for tRNA deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
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you are doing a biochemical analysis of molecules from cells from patients with a certain disease compared to cells from control patients who do not have the disease. you find that patients with the disease have unusually high levels of cytosine molecules with ch3 groups attached to their cells. which modification has taken place in the cells from the disease patients?
The phrase "epigenetic modification," also known as "DNA methylated bases," refers to the cell change associated with variable levels of cytosine methylation on the cytosine bases of ill patients.
How do disease and epigenetics interact?Inadequate epigenetic markings can cause birth abnormalities, childhood illnesses, or disease signs at various stages of life. Additionally, epigenetic systems control how an organism develops and adapts throughout its lifetime, and changes to these mechanisms may cause numerous diseases like cancer.
What are genes, and why is epigenetics important to understand?A person's appearance, susceptibility to certain diseases, and gender at birth are all determined by their genes, which are segments of DNA. Gene on/off status is affected by epigenetic modifications. Epigenetic alterations only affect which genes are activated and inactive, not the DNA code.
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Check all the attributes that apply to microbial taxonomy: Check AII That Apply a) Can use characteristics such as morphology; pigmentation, presencelabsence of specific genes; evolutionary relatedness b)Brings order to wide diversity of microbial life forms c)Only used for microbes of pathogenic or industrial significance d)Includes the naming of taxonomic groups in agreement with published rules
The attributes that apply to microbial taxonomy can use characteristics such as morphology; pigmentation, presence absence of specific genes; evolutionary relatedness. The correct answer is A.
What is TaxonomyTaxonomy is the phrases nomenclature, identification, and classification are all used to refer to the science of classifying living things.
Organisms are grouped into taxa based on their similarities to one another (s., taxon).
Before it is published in the International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, a new species cannot be recognized.
Each organism has two names in taxonomy.
E. coli is one instance (E.coli). Both Escherichia and coli are names of species.
Thus, we may state that the attributes that apply to microbial taxonomy can use characteristics such morphology, coloring, the presence or absence of a certain gene, or an evolutionary link. Includes categorizing taxonomic groups according to predetermined rules.
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1.how the kidneys metabolize carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and the effect that these three macromolecules have on renal function.
2.Ehow the gross and histological structure of the kidney facilitates urine production during: 1) glomerular filtration, 2) tubular reabsorption, and 3) tubular secretion.
Urine production is facilitated by the kidney's gross and histological structure during glomerular filtration.
What is the kidney's histological structure?
The kidney is divided into numerous lobes that are arranged in a pyramidal structure, with the cortex making up the outside portion and the medulla the interior portion. Nephrons, which make up the majority of the kidney's one million functional units, are connected to a network of collecting tubules.
What kidney organelles are in charge of producing urine?The nephrons of the kidneys filter blood and create urine through a process of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Your blood is filtered by the glomerulus, while waste is removed from and returned to your blood by the tubule.
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organ systems of the human body include the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems, along with several others. what best describes the relationships among these systems? a. each system functions independently of the other systems. b. each system depends on the function of one or two other systems at the most. c. each system generally depends on the functions of a few other systems, but sometimes functions independently. d. each system depends on the functions of the other systems, and could never function independently.
organ systems of the human body include the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems, along with several others. what best describes the relationships among these systems
b.Each system depends on the functions of the other systems, and could never function independently.
All of the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments in the human body make up the skeletal system. A person's skeleton takes up around 20% of their total body weight, according to a reliable source.
The 206 bones in an adult's skeleton are number. Because some of the bones, such as those in the skull, fuse together as people age, children's skeletons actually have more bones than adults.
The skeletons of men and women differ in a few other ways as well. The average male skeleton is longer and has more bone mass. Contrarily, the female skeleton has a wider pelvis to allow for pregnancy and childbirth.
The skeletal system can be divided into two parts, known as the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton, regardless of age or gender.
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biologically, do you think you can distinguish between neandertals and humans? what led you to this conclusion? what other information would you need in order to confirm your argument?
Our braincase and pelvic morphology may reliably distinguish us from Neanderthals, whose bones show a longer, lower skull and a broader pelvis.
With careful measurement, the three small bones of our middle ear, which are essential for hearing, may be easily identified from those of Neanderthals.
When you reach a conclusion, you conclude that something is true after giving it significant thought and considering all relevant data.
Evidence provides support for the arguments given and helps persuade audiences to accept ideas. Evidence comes in various forms, and it varies from one academic field or subject of debate to the next.
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according to the size principle of motor recruitment, in what order will muscle fibers be recruited during activity?
Answer:
Smallest to largest (fewest fibers to most fibers).
Explanation:
Motor units typically go from smallest to largest as contraction increases. This is known as Henneman's Size Principle.
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Which of the following distinguishes a possible effect of the efforts of international NGOs operating in the agricultural sector?
Responses:
greater need for American food exports internationally
less need for international aid programs
greater need for domestic private sector research programs
less need for plant scientists worldwide
The possible effects of the international NGOs is that there would be greater need for American food exports internationally. Option A.
What is an international NGO?An organization that operates independently of the government and broadens the definition of an NGO to include the entire world is known as an international non-governmental organization (INGO).
Numerous sizable international NGOs are transnational federations of national organizations, including Amnesty International, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Oxfam International, CARE, Save the Children, and the World Wildlife Fund.
INGOs have a wide range of responsibilities, including agenda-setting, advocacy, lobbying, public education, social and economic development, and monitoring other international actors. These behaviors are categorized by some researchers as "identifying, framing, blaming, and shaming."
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Answer: less need for international aid programs
Explanation: I just did the assignment
two mice are heterozygous for albinism (aa) . the dominant allele (a) codes for normal pigmentation, and the recessive allele (a) codes for no pigmentation. what percentage of their offspring would have an albino phenotype? view available hint(s)for part f two mice are heterozygous for albinism (aa) . the dominant allele (a) codes for normal pigmentation, and the recessive allele (a) codes for no pigmentation. what percentage of their offspring would have an albino phenotype? 75 50 25 100
For albinism (Aa), two mice are heterozygous. The recessive allele (a) codes for absence of pigmentation, whereas the dominant allele (A) codes for normal pigmentation. A phenotype of albinism would be present in 75% of their offspring.
A cell, a nucleus, or an individual organism is said to be heterozygous if it has different or non-identical alleles for a specific trait at the same loci on homologous chromosomes. Contrary to homozygous, in which the alleles are identical, it signifies that the alleles that code for the same gene or trait are different. A diploid is a living being or a cell having two chromosomal groups. The first pair is from the mother, while the second is from the father. A homologous paternal chromosome exists for each.
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similar to the regulation of body temperature, blood glucose level regulation in humans involves the process of negative feedback. drag the labels to show how blood glucose level is maintained within a narrow range.
The pancreas releases insulin, which causes glucose to enter body cells and raises blood glucose levels above normal. Reduced blood glucose levels.
When blood glucose levels are low, what should happen first?As a result, the blood glucose level is kept steady. Therefore, the proper chain of events is a fall in blood sugar level followed by an increase in circulating glucagon, which causes the release of glucose from glycogen and a rise in blood glucose level. Consequently, choice is the right response (C).
Which of the following contributes to the homeostasis of blood sugar?Cells use blood glucose to make energy when it enters the cells thanks to insulin. Together, insulin and glucagon provide homeostasis, the stable state of conditions within the body.
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1. Which of the following regarding puberty is FALSE? Select one: a. Early signs of puberty include breast budding in girls and growth of the testes in boys. The first sure sign of puberty is menarche (first period) in women and nocturnal emissions (wet dreams) in men. b. A trigger is the maturation of the adrenal gland leading to production of androgens, which begins sometime between 6 and 8 years of age. c. It results in an increase of androgens in the female body and a decrease of androgens in the male body. d. In girls, it requires the proper fat/protein ratio for menarche to occur. 2. Which of the following is FALSE regarding what occurs during the typical female HPGA? Select one: a. Progesterone levels are low until the formation of the corpus luteum. b. Low progesterone levels following ovulation can shorten the luteal phase. c. Elevated LH stimulates the uterine endometrium, preparing it for implantation. d. Peak estrogen levels triggers LH synthesis. 3. What would happen to a manâs testosterone and LH levels if you blocked the release of GnRH by his hypothalamus? Select one: a. His LH levels would decrease and his testosterone levels would increase. b. His LH and testosterone levels would increase. c. His LH and testosterone levels would decrease. d. His LH levels would increase and his testosterone levels would decrease.
The choice truly is B, C, and C
Androgen hormones are often referred to as “male hormones”. In general, this hormone regulates everything related to the male reproductive organs. However, androgen hormones are also produced in the female body, but the amount is not much in men.
The menstrual cycle begins with the release of menstrual blood (menstruation), which marks the first day of the follicular phase. When the follicular phase begins, estrogen and progesterone levels are low. The ovulatory phase begins with limiting luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. During the luteal phase, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone decrease. In this phase, the estrogen level is high. Progesterone and estrogen cause the uterine lining to thicken more, in anticipation of the possibility of conception.
In men, the function of the GnRH hormone is to stimulate the production of LH (Luteinizing Hormone) in the pituitary gland. LH is then carried by the bloodstream, binds to receptors on cells in the testicles, and then stimulates the formation of sperm cells.
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mother is blood type a and two alleles are heterozygous. father is blood type ab. 1. genotype of mother is . 2. genotype of father is . 3. complete the punnett square to expect genotypes and phenotypes of their offsprings. mother father from the punnett square, 4. the probability of offsprings with blood type a is . answer as a percentage. 5. the probability of offsprings with blood type b is . answer as a percentage. 6. the probability of offsprings with blood type ab is . answer as a percentage. 7. the probability of offsprings with blood type o is . answer as a percentage.
There is a 50% probability for a blood type A child and a 50% probability for a blood type O child.
Heterozygous individuals are not healthy carriers. They have the same impairment as homozygous dominant individuals. be normal. The Punnett square is a standard tool used by genetic counselors.
The presence of two different alleles at a particular locus. A heterozygous genotype may include a normal allele and a mutant allele, or two different mutant alleles compound heterozygote
Organisms are either homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive When an organism has two different alleles for a particular gene, it is said to be heterozygous heterozygote means different heterozygous individuals are not healthy carriers. They have the same impairment as homozygous dominant individuals. be normal. The Punnett square is a standard tool used by genetic counselors.
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How many chromosomes do most human cells have? (a) 12, (b) 23, (c) 46, (d) 69.
Option C, In humans, there are typically 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs, in each cell. There are 22 of these pairs, known as autosomes, and they have a similar appearance in both sexes.
The number of chromosomes in sperm or egg cells, often known as gametes, is sometimes referred to as haploid. In humans, gametes are haploid cells with 23 chromosomes—one of each chromosomal pair found in diplod cells—and are hence haploid. For humans, each diploid cell has 46 chromosomes. There are 22 pairs of autosomal, or non-sex, chromosomes among them, and two of them determine sex. Two times as many chromosomes as those in a haploid cell, or 2n, make up the total number of chromosomes in diploid cells (n).
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Label the structure of the antibody and the antigen Wala Lons Disulfid 2 Subl Resi PROGRESS: 31"0 83 parts ot thg antibody ncory Ker Help
The four polypeptide chains that make up the IgG antibody molecule—two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains—combine to form a flexible Y-shaped structure.
How do antibodies work? Utilizing a labeled diagram, describe the structure of an antibody.The Y-shaped structure of an antibody is composed of four polypeptide subunits. There are two identical light and heavy chains in each subunit. An antigen-binding domain is created when the N-terminus of each heavy chain combines with a light chain. The two antigen-binding domains that make up the "Yarms "'s are present.
What types of antibodies are there?The body produces immunoglobulins, often known as antibodies, in five different types. The immunoglobulin isotypes IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE, and IgM differ from one another. You can find immunoglobin A (IgA).
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gene sequencing is used to identify the flu virus. why would you sequence the hemaglutinin or neuraminidase?
In order to effectively induce membrane fusion, the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein, which is in charge of virus attachment, interacts with the fusion protein in a virus type-specific manner.
What part does hemagglutinin play in the spread of the flu?One of the two integral envelope proteins of the influenza virus that are virally coded is hemagglutinin, which is shown on the left. After the virus has been picked up by endocytosis, hemagglutinin is in charge of binding to the host cell and the subsequent fusing of the viral and host membranes in the endosome.
What function do influenza virus Neuraminidase proteins serve?After the intracellular viral replication cycle, influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) plays a crucial role in the release and distribution of progeny virions.
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this part of the middle ear vibrates and stimulates the bones of the ossicles when it perceives sounds waves.
which of the statements are examples of hypotheses?
A scientist predicts that the DNA molecule of the virus contains its genetic material.
A scientist concludes that some viruses contain DNA within their protein shells.
A scientist observes that viruses are composed of a DNA molecule contained in a protein shell.
A scientist proposes that the protein shell of the virus contains its genetic material.
A scientist expects that in a forest that has been contaminated by factory soot, birds will consume more fair skinned moths than dark moths.According to a scientist, in a forest free of soot, birds will consume more dark moths than white-bodied moths.
What are the three primary theories?One type of hypothesis is a straightforward one.difficult theory direction-based theory.
What is an example of a hypothesis?A straightforward hypothesis can indicate that there is a causal relationship—that is, that one variable affects the other—between two variables.Here's an illustration:Higher grades are the result of more time spent preparing for an exam.In this statement, the independent variable is the number of hours spent studying, and the dependent variable is the outcome.
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What are the two main classes of minerals?
A silicate and carbonate
B silicate and nonsilicate
C quartz and halite
D quartz and mica
Answer:B
Explanation:
Answer:
the answer should indeed be the second letter B
Inducible and repressible systems are similar in that
Inducible and repressible systems are similar in that in both systems the regulatory molecules function by binding to the operator.
An operon is a structural group of genes that are expressed or controlled by a single promoter and is considered the functional unit of genomic DNA.
Similarities between inducible and repressible operons:Inducible and repressible operons are two types of operons in prokaryotic gene organization.Both contain functionally related genes juxtaposed in the genome.Gene regulation of both operons also falls under the general regulatory elements.Moreover, their differential regulation is based on the type of molecular effector that binds to the repressor. When activated, the repressor binds to the promoter-operator region and directs the RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter regionThis question is multiple choice:
a) both systems usually control catabolic pathways.
b) both systems usually control biosynthetic pathways.
c) both systems block transcription through the presence of a regulatory protein.
d) both systems are unique to prokaryotes.
e) in both systems the regulatory molecules function by binding to the operator.
So, the true choice is E.
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Examine the comparison between a eukaryotic cell and a prokaryotic cell. which two lettered choices provide a comparison of structures that encode genetic information for the cells?
The two lettered choices provide a comparison of structures that encode genetic information for the cells that are eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Prokaryotes are always unicellular while eukaryotes are often multicellular. Furthermore, eukaryotic cells are over 100-10,000 times larger than prokaryotic cells and much more complex. Eukaryotic DNA is stored in the cell nucleus, while prokaryotic DNA is stored in the cytoplasm.
Simple primitive cells are prokaryotes. They have no nucleus and no organelles surrounded by a plasma membrane. Three similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are that they are both vesicle vacuoles and capable of performing eight functions of life. Prokaryotes have no organelles. Cell walls are present in both.
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neurotransmitter chemicals are released by .a) the presynaptic membraneb) cell bodiesc) schwann cellsd) axon hillocks
Neurotransmitters are endogenous—produced inside the neuron itself. When a cell is activated, these neurochemicals are released into the synapse from specialized pouches clustered near the cell membrane called synaptic vesicles. Hence, the answer is a) presynaptic membrane.
A neuron produces a chemical signaling substance called a neurotransmitter, which can affect another cell across a synaptic gap. Any important gland, target cell, muscle cell, or organ that receives the signal may also be a neuron.
In the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles and can interact with receptors on the target cell. The receptor to which the neurotransmitter binds determines its effect on the target cell. Numerous neurotransmitters are produced from straightforward, abundant precursors like amino acids, which are routinely converted in a restricted number of biosynthetic steps.
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which statement correctly describes where cytoplasmic and secreted proteins are synthesized? a cytoplasmic proteins are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the rough er, whereas secreted proteins are synthesized on free ribosomes. b both cytoplasmic and secreted proteins are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the rough er. c both cytoplasmic and secreted proteins are synthesized on free ribosomes. d cytoplasmic proteins are synthesized on free ribosomes, whereas secreted proteins are synthesized on ribosomes bound to the rough er.
Option (c) is Correct. Both cytoplasmic with secreted proteins are always synthesized on free type of ribosomes.
Protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells is generally recognized to be compartmentalized; soluble proteins are produced on free ribosomes, whilst secretory and membrane proteins are produced on ribosomes that are associated to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Generally speaking, "free" polyribosomes create intracellular proteins like hemoglobin in red blood cells or contractile proteins in muscle cells.
The secreted protein first enters the endoplasmic reticulum, where it is subsequently produced by the ribosome. A more mature protein may result from the initial folding, assembly, and addition of certain sugar groups that take place in the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. The cytosol is where the majority of free ribosomal proteins are produced. Bound ribosomes produce proteins that are either used by the endomembrane system.
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in his work with pneumonia-causing bacteria and mice, Griffith worked with an S strain of the bacteria, which was lethal to the mice and an Rstrain, which was not lethal to the mice. Griffith found that: a. genetic information from Scells was transferred to cells, making them pathogenic b. heat-killed Scells were lethal to mice. c. the polysaccharide cost of the R bacteria was lethal in mice. d. the protein coat from Scells was able to transform nonpathogenic cells.
Griffith found that genetic information from S cells was transferred to cells, making them pathogenic.
What is S cells?The jejunum and duodenum contain S cells, cells that secrete secretin. A drop in pH to 4 or lower in the small intestine's lumen stimulates them. The pancreas will secrete more bicarbonate (HCO3) into the lumen as a result of the secretin being released.
This is primarily achieved by an increase in cyclic AMP, which activates CFTR and causes it to release chloride anions into the lumen. Following this, the luminal Cl is involved in a bicarbonate transporter protein exchange in which the cell reabsorbs the chloride and secretes HCO3 into the lumen. One of the major sources of cyclosamatin production is S cells.
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what are 4 major traits that have changed over time since the divergence of chimps from the other human-like primates
All primates are descended from creatures that lived in trees, they all possess characteristics that make them capable of climbing trees, such as a rotating shoulder joint, separated large toes and thumbs for grabbing, and stereoscopic vision.
Geneticists have proposed over the past 45 years that the ancestors of modern humans and chimpanzees parted between 4 and 6 million years ago, and the ancestors of gorillas between 7 and 9 million years ago. However, since chimpanzee and gorilla fossils are scarce, these dates were determined by measuring the number of DNA sequence variations between the three species and dividing that number by an assumed "mutation rate" for primates, or the rate at which mutations appear through time. The issue is that scientists frequently use dates from fossils of other monkey species to compute the mutation rate before applying this rate to African apes and humans.
Hence, divergence evolution creates organ performing different function.
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