A mutation is the change in the sequence of genetic material (DNA or RNA). Mutations in the DNA sequence are of three types including base substitutions, deletions, and insertions.
What are mutations?
A mutation is a change in the sequence of DNA of an organism. Mutations can result from the errors in the process of DNA replication during cell division by the exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.
There are three types of DNA Mutations which include base substitutions, deletions, and insertions. Base substitutions include change in the sequence of a particular amino acid due to change at a single nucleotide base. Deletions include the removal or absence of a nucleotide base from the sequence of DNA molecule which results into frame shift of the DNA strand in the organism.
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A sequence is defined recursively using the formula . If the first term of the sequence is 120, what is f(5)?
DNA nucleotides come in four different varieties since there are four naturally occurring nitrogenous bases : adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C) = −15
A single, continuous molecule of nucleic acid or protein makes up a biological sequence.
What is Sequence ?The basic structure of a biological macromolecule, also known as the sequence, is the covalently connected, one-dimensional ordering of monomers inside a biopolymer. The phrase "sequence" can apply to a variety of substances, although it is most frequently used to describe a DNA sequence.
It can be compared to a class hierarchy with multiple inheritance. The underlying molecule type, such as DNA, RNA, or protein, is one hierarchy.
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why active transport requires energy
input by the cell.
Answer:
Active transport requires energy because substance move from low concentration to a high concentration. (Going against the concentration gradient)
Example:
For example, in the root hair cell minerals and ions are absorbed into the plant by active transport and you will find a lot of mitochondria in the root hair cell. So, it can supply the cell energy by aerobic respiration to undertake active transport.
Provide an argument that supports either Shawna or Mason’s perspective in the following scenario.
Animal biologists Shawna and Mason are discussing cattle gestation. Shawna feels that the first trimester is the most crucial period of pregnancy, while Mason believes that the third trimester is the most critical.
An argument that supports Shawna’s perspective in the following scenario is that it constructs a calf's life basis throughout the first trimester as the baby's growth is particularly important throughout the first trimester in cattle gestation.
The physical structure and organ systems of your baby grow throughout the first semester. This time period sees the majority of miscarriages and birth abnormalities. The placenta develops and houses the fetus for the rest of the pregnancy, providing it protection until complete growth. The first trimester is a time of significant physical change for your body. So, Shawna is correct as she points the first trimester is the most crucial pregnancy period.
Cows must be in excellent health before calving since the third trimester is the last stage of calf development. The third trimester and a large increase in nutritional needs begin for many spring-calving herds in late fall or early winter. So, the third trimester is not at all critical as stated by Mason.
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PLEASE ANSWER I NEED TO SUBMIT IT
Rr ⇒Dominant ,rr ⇒ recessive, RR ⇒ Dominant .The genotypes that homozygous are rr and RR.
What does genotype mean?Gene pool as a whole is characterized by the term "genotype," which roughly refers to an organism's genetic make-up. The term can also be used in a more precise sense to refer to the several alleles, or variations of a gene, that an organism possesses. A beta-globin gene variation known as sickle hemoglobin is what causes sickle cell disease (Hb S)
What are the disadvantages of the AA genotype?It is also known that the malaria parasite consumes a significant amount of hemoglobin both for survival and during the peripheral blood stage of replication and duplication.
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The complete question is :
Identify whether each genotype exhibits the recessive or dominant phenotype. Circle the genotypes that are homozygous?
Rr :
rr :
RR:
archaebacteria and eubacteria produce different types of membrane lipids. how does the archaeal lipid shown here differn from phosphatidylclycerol?
The archaeal lipid showed here different from phosphatidylglycerol as stable ether bonds join the chains to the glycerol backbone at the SN-2 and SN-3 positions. L-glycerol-3 phosphate serves as phosphatidylglycerol's structural base.
Ester bonds hold the fatty acyl tails of phosphatidylglycerol to the glycerol backbone. Bacteria and Eukarya synthesize membrane lipids with hydrophobic fatty acid tails that are ester-bound to glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P), whereas Archaea create membrane lipids with hydrophobic isoprenoid lipid tails that are ether-linked to glycerol-1-phosphate (G1P) with the opposite chirality.
While bacteria and eubacteria create membranes made of fatty acids ester-bound to glycerol-3-phosphate, archaea manufacture isoprenoid lipids that are ether-linked to glycerol-1-phosphate (G1P) instead (G3P). The lipid makeup of bacterial and archaeal cell membranes and the properties of their cell walls are different from one another.
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The process by which plants capture light energy and use it to synthesize glucose and other organic molecules is called.
The process by which plants capture light energy and use it to synthesize glucose and other organic molecules is called photosynthesis.
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is defined as the process through which plants convert carbon dioxide, water, and sunshine into oxygen and sugar for energy.
It is defined as a mechanism by which phototrophs transform light energy into chemical energy, which is subsequently used to power cellular processes.
It can also be defined as a method used by plants and other living things to change light energy into chemical energy that can then be released through cellular respiration to power the organism's activities.
It is important because photosynthesis is the method used by plants to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen with the help of sunlight, it is crucial.
Thus, the process by which plants capture light energy and use it to synthesize glucose and other organic molecules is called photosynthesis.
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Which of the 3 types of Mutations cause the smallest change to a protein sequence? Why?
Answer:
Silent mutation
Explanation:
A silent mutation changes the codon, but does not change the amino acid.
When bacteria are exposed to nutrient-poor conditions, they form thick-walled structures that contain the chromosome and a small amount of cytoplasm. These structures are called
A. pseudomonads
B. plasmids
C. nucleoids
D. exospores
E. endospores
Endospores bacteria are exposed to nutrient-poor conditions, they form thick-walled structures that contain the chromosome and a small amount of cytoplasm.
As their environment changes, microorganisms are able to detect it and adjust. When desired nutrients are no longer available, some bacteria may become mobile in search of nutrition or they may create enzymes to take use of substitute resources. Endospore production is one illustration of a drastic survival tactic used by some low G+C Gram-positive bacteria. When an organism lacks nutrients, this intricate developmental process frequently starts. It enables the bacterium to create a latent and incredibly resilient cell to protect the cell's genetic material under extremely stressful conditions.
Endospores are able to withstand environmental stresses that would typically kill the bacterium. Among these challenges include extreme heat, intense UV radiation, desiccation, chemical harm, and enzymes deterioration. Endospores hold a special place in biology because to their exceptional resistance capabilities.
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why is no energy required in passive transport?
Passive transport does not require energy because the concentration gradient drives the movement of the molecules.
Passive transport is the movement of an ion or molecule through a cell wall along a concentration gradient, or from a high concentration area to a low concentration area. Diffusion, the transfer of molecules from a high concentration area to a low concentration area, is one example of passive transport. Passive transport processes are vital in homeostasis. They maintain normal conditions within the cell as well as the organism as a whole by letting chemicals to pass through and out of the cell.
Because chemicals may flow freely across the membrane depending only on a favorable concentration gradient, passive transport does not require an energy input.
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Aerobic cellular respiration requires that ______ diffuses out of cells and ______ diffuses into cells.
Aerobic cellular respiration requires that CO2 diffuses out of cells and O2 diffuses into cells.
Aerobic respiration occurs in presence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen to produce energy from food. Aerobic respiration produces around 18 times more energy compared to anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic cellular respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen, forming ATP that can be used by the cell and as a result Carbon dioxide and water are created as byproducts. The overall summery for aerobic cellular respiration can be defined as in cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen react to form ATP.
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would integration of the femoral stem with the surrounding tissue be an acceptable biological response? why or why not?
• Integration of the stem with the surrounding bone would be desirable, as it would better fix the implant into the surrounding tissue.
• Integration at the joint space would be undesirable, as it could impart movement.
What is femoral stem?
The load-bearing section of the implant is the femoral stem component, which replaces a sizable piece of the femur's bone. It must have a Young's Modulus similar to cortical bone's in order to support this load.
Despite the fact that hydroxyapatite ceramics make up 70% of bone mass, these materials are far too brittle to be used for femoral stem replacements. Polymers are also inappropriate because of their propensity for creep and fatigue.
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Which of the following statemetns is true of a typical animal?
a. They have a definite structure.
b. They have an independent structure.
c. They lack cell wall.
d. They can have chloroplast.
Answer:
They have an independent structure
The statement that is true of a typical animal is they lack a cell wall. The correct option is c.
What is a cell wall?The cell wall, which is located next to the cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is the outer layer of a cell. As was already mentioned, all plant cells as well as those of fungi, bacteria, algae, and some archaea contain a cell wall.
All animals have multicellular cells, which make up an animal cell. Animal cells are distinguished primarily by the absence of a cell wall.
Animal cells lack elements like vacuole and chloroplast that are found in plant cells. Animal cells contain cell organelles like mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and nuclei, which house the animal's genetic material.
Therefore, the correct option is c. They lack a cell wall.
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in what way is the Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources limited?
The treaty on plant genetic resources is limited because it focuses on the work on loss of biodiversity and management of genetic resources and neglects other areas such as habitat loss and is therefore denoted as option D.
What is a Treaty?A treaty is referred to as a written agreement between two nations or parties which is binded by the international law. This has to be adhered to strictly to avoid punishments and other consequences.
The treaty on plant genetic resources is limited to work on loss of biodiversity and management of genetic resources and neglects loss of habitat which is a big factor in the availability of plant genetic resources.
This however makes the treaty less impactful and is therefore the reason why option D was chosen as the correct choice.
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The options are:
A. It neglects the loss of biodiversity
B. It excludes the use of seed banks
C. It excludes countries other than the United States.
D. It neglects the loss of habitat
The aerobic threshold is the level of physical effort at which a person's cells are just beginning to carry out fermentation to meet some of their energy needs. Marathon runners try to stay at or below the aerobic threshold so that they can go longer distances without experiencing difficulty. While running up and down the hills of San Francisco, the runner was focused on trying to maintain the pace he had when he was running on flat land. What impact did this focus have on his ability to maintain his aerobic threshold?
The focus will negatively impact the ability of the runner to maintain his aerobic threshold because more effort would be needed when running up the hill.
What is aerobic energy?Aerobic energy is the energy generated as a result of aerobic respiration, respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen.
Aerobic respiration differs from anaerobic respiration because the latter does not require energy. More amount of energy is generated during aerobic respiration than during anaerobic respiration.
In humans, anaerobic respiration only occurs during highly intense activities when oxygen availability is no longer enough to supply the required energy.
More effort/energy is required to run up a hill than to run on the surface, especially if the same pace is to be maintained on both. Thus, if a runner is focusing on maintaining his aerobic threshold, he should not exert more effort to climb up a hill. Instead, he should reduce the pace of his running.
Otherwise, he will break his aerobic threshold and anaerobic respiration will set in.
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What are indications of aerobic training improving metabolism?
To improve our fitness, we must 'overload' our body systems. To improve our aerobic fitness, for example, we must 'overload' the cardiorespiratory system, or make it work harder than usual.
To accomplish this, increase the frequency, intensity, or length of exercise to create an overload. The highest quantity of oxygen that an individual can use during intensive or maximal exertion is referred to as VO2 max, or maximal oxygen consumption. This assessment is often regarded as the most accurate predictor of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic endurance. A strength-training principle is progressive overload. The primary idea is to gradually increase the difficulty of your workouts in order to put more strain on your musculoskeletal and nervous systems.
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which of the following is a good reason to use simulation an experiment
A good reason to use simulation in an experiment is that it can replicate any type of environment required for the analysis of an experiment.
When it comes to engrossing learners and imparting knowledge of how to carry out activities, procedures, or processes, simulation training is incredibly effective. Performing an experiment requires vital conditions of environment that can be replicated by simulation.
Through simulation, students can practice risky situations that would otherwise be impossible to replicate in the actual world. It proves to be cost-effective.
Simulation offers a technique to duplicate any environment, device, machine, or task, from heavy machinery to healthcare. In comparison to conventional training methods, simulation aids in learning and memory.
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What is a realife example of Microbiogical pollution.
Answer:
microorganisms live in water and cause fish, land animals and humans to become ill.
How many percent of the human body is composed of organic compounds?
Answer:
65 or 90
Explanation:
Answer:
approx 68%
Explanation:
receptors are classified based on their sensitivity to different types of stimuli. the five main types of receptors are , pain receptors, , mechanoreceptors, and photoreceptors.
The five main types of receptors include the following pain receptors, mechanoreceptors, and photoreceptors, thermoreceptors, and chemoreceptors.
What is receptor?A receptor is defined as the type of protein or glycoprotein that are located are the surface of cells which binds to signal cells internally and externally to being about a cellular change.
There are different types of receptors which include the following:
Mechanoreceptors: This is the receptors that detects mechanical forces.
Pain receptors: This is the receptor that detects pain.
Thermoreceptors: This is the receptor that detects temperature changes.
Photoreceptors: This is the receptor that detects light changes.
Chemoreceptors: This is the receptor that detects chemical changes.
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bacteria have circular dna. it also may have smaller circular pieces of dna called
Bacteria have small circular pieces of DNA called plasmids in addition to the circular genetic DNA.
A plasmid is a tiny extrachromosomal DNA molecule that exists within a cell and may multiply independently of chromosomal DNA. Plasmids are most typically found in bacteria as tiny circular, double-stranded DNA molecules; however, plasmids may also be found in archaea and eukaryotic cells. Plasmid genes usually provide bacteria with genetic advantages such as antibiotic resistance. Plasmids have proved instrumental in the advancement of molecular biotechnology. They operate as vectors or delivery vehicles for foreign DNA into bacteria.
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Describe the movement of abduction as it would occur at the hip and shoulder including what anatomical plane(s) the movement can take place on
Straight-arm lateral raises and lateral leg raises, which include the abduction of the shoulder and hip, respectively, are the best illustrations of frontal plane movements.
Abduction is the movement of the hands from the side of the body up to the shoulder or higher. Abduction causes the fingers and toes to extend out from the hand's or foot's centerline.
To perform a shoulder abduction, stand with your palm towards your body while holding a weight in each hand. Thumb pointing up, slowly raise your arm to the side. Then extend your arm as high over your head as you can without experiencing pain.
An illustration of a multiplanar/triaxial joint is the shoulder joint. The sagittal plane can be moved forward and backward, the frontal plane can be moved laterally, and the transverse plane can be rotated both internally and externally.
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a direct advantage of using water as an electron source for photosynthesis was that _________.
Plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) from the air and soil during photosynthesis.
Water is oxidized within the plant cell, which means it loses electrons, but carbon dioxide is reduced, which means it receives electrons. Water is one of the most important components of photosynthesis. Six water molecules combine with six carbon molecules to generate one glucose molecule. This, in turn, releases oxygen molecules into the atmosphere, where they are transformed into oxygen gas, which creatures require for breathing. Water is the source of electrons for photosynthesis in green plants and cyanobacteria. The energy of four sequential charge-separation processes of photosystem II oxidizes two water molecules, yielding a molecule of diatomic oxygen and four hydrogen ions.
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Answer needed ASAP...Explain why Narrow leaves still do their job well ?
Answer:
Narrow leaves still do their job well because narrow leaves are very thin so gases can get to every cell.
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is?
A.an intracellular double-membrane system to which ribosomes are attached
B.an intracellular membrane that is studded with microtubular structures
C.a membranous structure found within mitochondria
D.only found in prokaryotic cells
An intracellular double-membrane system to which ribosomes are attached.
The correct option is A.
How does the rough endoplasmic reticulum function?Generally speaking, the endoplasmic reticulum's function is to produce proteins that allow the rest of the cell to function. It could be rough or smooth. The endoplasmic reticulum was discovered to include ribosomes, which are small, spherical, elongated structures that produce those proteins.
Where can you find rough endoplasmic reticulum?Most eukaryotic contain the endoplasmic reticulum, which organises itself into a network of pipes in the SER and flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs known as cristae in the RER. The outer nuclear membrane and the ER's membranes are the same thing.
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What is a characteristic of quasi-experimental/causal-comparative research? *A. assignment to groups based on some pre-determined characteristicB. does not establish cause and effect relationshipsC. has the highest degree of control over the factors being examinedD. assignment to groups is random in nature
EXPLANATION: A quasi-experimental research is not true experimental research because instead of assigning participants randomly in either the control group or treatment group, it is pre-determined. The control and treatment groups also have different conditions and variables being tested that the researchers themselves do not have control over. This type of experiment is often conducted in research in educational settings.
ANSWER: A. assignment to groups based on some pre-determined characteristic
the ginkgo tree, seen in the image above, grows in the . a. steppe and woodlands of central asia b. north indochina tropical forest c. forests of southern china d. central asian deserts
The ginkgo tree, seen in the image above, grows in the forests of southern China.
About Ginkgo tree
Ginkgo biloba, usually referred to as gingko or the maidenhair tree, is a species of tree that is indigenous to China. It is the last surviving member of the Ginkgoales order, which debuted more than 290 million years ago.
Ginkgo, or Ginkgo biloba, is a Chinese native gymnosperm tree of the Ginkgoaceae family that is also known as the maidenhair tree. A fungus- and insect-resistant ornamental tree, the ginkgo has been cultivated in Chinese and Japanese temple gardens since ancient times. It is now highly prized across the world.
Hence the correct answer is C; grows in the forests of southern China.
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Why is it obvious that tall corn plants seen from a car window do not belong to the bryophyte lineage?.
Bryophytes are plants that lack vascular tissue and grow close to the ground.
What adaptation lowered seed plants' reliance on water for fertilization?Pollen and seed were novel structures that enabled seed plants to overcome their need on water for reproduction and embryo development and conquer dry land. The pollen grains are male gametophytes that contain the plant's sperm (gametes).
Except for fungi, mammals, and land plants, all eukaryotes are protists. Green algal lineages are thought to be the most closely related to terrestrial plants. 'In one aspect, ferns and mosses are similar. Both reproduce by spores rather than seeds.
Ferns, on the other hand, vary from mosses in that they have vascular tissue. The vascular tissue found in seedless vascular plants such as ferns.
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5.) You are a recent Harvard Medical Grad who is specializing in nutrition. You have finally received your big break- a guest seat on the hit television show "The Doctors". You are there for their Thanksgiving Special all about the nutrition behind the holiday. The big questions they want to know are: Does turkey make you sleepy? Why or why not? Are there other factors that could contribute to the post-Thanksgiving-meal-coma? Use all you know to give them a solid, scientific answer!
Answer:ur mom l
Explanation:
Why is the collection of evidence necessary for plate tectonic theory?I chose C which was incorrect and would like to know what the right answer is.
A theory should be supported by evidence because it is an explanation of existing patterns of phenomena that are accepted by many scientists. It will remain a theory instead of becoming a fact when there are evidences that do not support the idea of the theory.
So the answer to this question may be B.
Which of the following statements about protein metabolism is not true?
a. Excess dietary protein can be made into glucose.
b. Urea is the toxic product produced during protein/amino acid metabolism.
c. Excess dietary protein can be made into fat.
d. Dietary proteins provide amino acids that the body cannot make by itself.
Excess dietary protein can be made into fat.
Protein synthesis and breakdown (catabolism) are two different biochemical processes that are referred to collectively as protein metabolism. Protein metabolism is a cycle that involves destroying proteins, creating new ones, and eliminating the nitrogenous waste products that are produced as a result of these processes. Throughout a person's life, different amounts of protein are required to maintain this cycle in balance. Proteins have the potential to be a source of metabolic fuel in addition to performing all these essential roles. Since extra proteins cannot be saved for later use, they must be transformed into glucose or triglycerides and either used to produce energy or store it as reserves.
Food is a significant source of amino acids, especially since humans are unable to synthesis all 20 amino acids needed to construct proteins, even though the body can make proteins from amino acids. Protein and amino acid metabolism converts ammonia to urea, which is then expelled from the body.
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Answer: B. Urea is the toxic product produced during protein/amino acid metabolism.
