Explanation:
Road safety in low-income countries (LICs) remains a major concern. Given the expected increase in traffic exposure due to the relatively rapid motorisation of transport in LICs, it is imperative to better understand the underlying mechanisms of road safety. This in turn will allow for planning cost-effective road safety improvement programs in a timely manner. With the general aim of improving road safety in LICs, this paper discusses the state of knowledge and proposes a number of future research directions developed from literature reviews and expert elicitation. Our study takes a holistic approach based on the Safe Systems framework and the framework for the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety. We focused mostly on examining the problem from traffic engineering and safety policy standpoints, but also touched upon other sectors, including public health and social sciences. We identified ten focus areas relating to (i) under-reporting; (ii) global best practices; (iii) vulnerable groups; (iv) disabilities; (v) road crash costing; (vi) vehicle safety; (vii) proactive approaches; (viii) data challenges; (ix) social/behavioural aspects; and (x) capacity building. Based on our findings, future research ought to focus on improvement of data systems, understanding the impact of and addressing non-fatal injuries, improving estimates on the economic burden, implementation research to scale up programs and transfer learnings, as well as capacity development. Our recommendations, which relate to both empirical and methodological frontiers, would lead to noteworthy improvements in the way road safety data collection and research is conducted in the context of LICs.
Keywords: road safety; low-income countries; under-reporting; best practices; vulnerable groups; injury severity; road crash costing; crash data; capacity building
1. Introduction
Road safety is a major global health issue since large proportions of unintentional injuries are caused by traffic-related crashes. According to the Global Health Observatory, 1.35 million fatalities occur on the world’s roads each year [1]. In general, although traffic-related injuries and fatalities have seen a decreasing trend during the past two decades, this reduction has not been as significant as expected [2]. This is despite several improvements in motor vehicle safety standards and features, road safety policies, and road design [2]. In fact, road transport still poses a substantial risk to human health in many regions around the world.
The problem is especially critical in low-income countries (LICs), due to several persisting shortcomings in road safety standards, vehicle safety and maintenance, and in the design and implementation of policies and safe transportation infrastructure. Figure 1 displays national wealth versus road death rate based on data provided by the WHO [1]. Research is thus needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms of road safety in LICs. This will help guide road safety policies and strategies, with the aim of reducing traffic-related injuries and fatalities. Note that we refer to LMICs to indicate low- and lower-middle income countries, while LICs refer specifically to low-income countries, as shown in Figure 1.
Sustainability 11 06249 g001 550Figure 1. Comparing road traffic death rates with national wealth [1].
There are global initiatives that have sought to address such issues, many of which are coordinated through the Global Plan for the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011–2020 [3], developed by the United Nations Road Safety Collaboration (UNRSC). Examples include the Global Road Safety Partnership (GRSP) [4], the World Bank’s Global Road Safety Facility [5], the Bloomberg Philanthropies Initiative for Global Road Safety [6], and the Road Safety in 10 Countries Project [7]. These global efforts have generally focused on the practical implementation of policies and standards to improve road safety in the developing world [8].
Given these developments in the field, and the fact that we are nearing the end of the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety [3], it is important to take stock of where we are, what the state of the field is, and determine what research will be important in the future to make further progress. In line with this approach, our study aims to take a holistic approach investigating different lines of research under the broad topic of road safety in LICs with the aim of (i) analysing and summarising the current state of knowledge; and (ii) proposing a number of future research directions. We have used the Safe Systems framework and the framework for the UN Decade of Action on Road Safety to identify the domains of focus for this work [9,10]. There is a focus on the understanding of road safety engineering issues while also reaching out to other sectors.
This is for a SPED Class
How would you explain the importance of
Standards and regular assesment to a parent of a
CWD (children with disabilities) ?
Answer:
no sabo
Explanation:
What is the diffrence between heat and temperature?
Answer:no idea
Explanation:
Answer:
The differences between heat and temperature are as below:-
Heat Temperature
i) Heat is the form of energy i)Temperature is the degree of hotness
which helps to make our or coldness of our body.
body warm.
ii) Its SI unit is Joule (J). ii) Its SI unit is Kelvin (K)
Question 30
What causes one body to orbit another in space?
A
A body's inertia attracts other bodies with the same inertia.
B
A body's inertia is balanced by another body's pull of gravity.
с
A body's gravity is overpowered by the inertia of another body.
D
A body will orbit another body when their gravities are equal.
C. One object/body's gravity becomes overpowered by the inertia of another object/body.
These lines run around the earth parallel to the equator
Answer: Latitude is the northern or southern Equator distance measurement. It has 180 imaginary lines, parallel to the equator, forming cycles around the Earth East-west. These lines are known as parallels.
The lines that run around the earth parallel to the equator are called lines of latitude or parallels.
What are lines of latitude ?The lines that run around the Earth parallel to the equator are called parallels. Lines of latitude are imaginary lines that run east-west around the Earth, parallel to the equator. The distance between each parallel is the same, about 69 miles (111 kilometers).
The parallels are numbered from 0° at the equator to 90° north of the equator (N) and 90° south of the equator (S). The parallels are used to help locate places on Earth. For example, the city of London is located at 51°N, which means that it is 51° north of the equator.
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Which country MOST LIKELY has a mixed economy?
А
a country in which the government sets wage levels and the prices of goods
B.
a country in which bartering is often used in the place of monetary exchange
с
a country in which some industries are government owned and some are privately owned
D a country in which private businesses operate with complete freedom and without regulation
Answer:
a country in which some industries are government owned and some are privately owned
Explanation:
The United States is said to have a mixed economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles. During the last third of the twentieth century, laissez-faire capitalism became the leading model again.
Irrigate is to desert as drain is to ………
Answer: Ocean
Explanation:
Explanation:
In the desert, water is a precious commodity, so irrigation needs to be as efficient as possible. The best type of irrigation for desert plants is drip irrigation system drip lines lose little water to evaporation and run off
what bodies of water are located near lost lake
Answer:
Lost Lake, near the small town of Sisters and the Hoodoo Ski Resort, is a 79-acre watery haven during the rainy months. Streams and creeks are running high and fast, and this mountain basin fills up like a bathtub.Feb 21, 2018
I got confused.
Explanation:
what do you think about the cause of personality disorders?
Answer:
Personality disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of these genetic and environmental influences. Your genes may make you vulnerable to developing a personality disorder, and a life situation may trigger the actual development.
What when I distinguish historical developments based on time and place I am using the skill of what?
The Declaration of Independence is prefaced by the philosophical argument that claims that rights are _____. These rights are based on ______, not on the whims or preferences of people.
The Declaration of Independence is prefaced by the philosophical argument that claims that rights are unalienable. These rights are based on their Creator, not on the whims or preferences of people.
This is evident in the preamble or preface of the Declaration of Independence which states that "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”
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What is the MAIN cause of deforestation in Africa?
Answer:
Cause of deforestation in Africa
Explanation:
Deforestation is mainly caused by commercial logging and/or cattle ranching in the leading causes in Africa that's associated with human activity
What kind of geological forces or events cause mountains to form? Using the Himalayan Mountains as an example, explain the process of mountain building that is caused by plate movement
The Himalayan mountains and Tibetan plateau have formed due to the collision between the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate.
How mountains are formed by using tectonic plates?Mountains are formed wherein continental plates collide. Since each plate has a comparable thickness and weight, neither one will sink below the other.
Instead, they cave in and fold till the rocks are compelled as much as form a mountain variety. As the plates keep colliding, mountains get taller and taller.
Therefore, The Himalayan mountains and Tibetan plateau have formed due to the collision between the Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate.
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Joe was in a car accident and suffered several broken bones but is expected to a full recovery in about 8 weeks and can return to his Charter School after a few days of rest. Which of the following about Joe is accurate?
Answer:
Joe was in a car accident and suffered several broken bones but is expected to a full recovery in about 8 weeks
Explanation:
To recover from a car accident you need 6 weeks, so more or less.
What was Charamaine know for?
woooo yes brrrrrrrrr
Answer:swag
Explanation:
Exercise 1: The Renaissance is an age which altered lots of changes in Europe. Answer the following questions related to that era. 1. What does the word "renaissance” refer to?
Answer:
Renaissance is the period between 14th to 17th century ( I guess ) where the development activities were carried out.
If a part of this map is shaded in a dark color, does this mean there are more or less people livinging this area?
Answer:
The parts that are shaded in a dark color means a higher population.
Explanation:
The bar below shows that the lighter a area is, the less people, and the darjer a area is, the more people.
Can you identify the things that you expect to do to community?
There are several relevant things we can do for the community.
Some of them, as simple as they seem to be performed, cause a significant impact in the long term.
You can start using less of your own vehicles and adopting the use of public transport or bicycles to reduce the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere.
Another positive attitude for the community is to carry out the correct recycling of its waste, properly separating it and disposing of it in the proper place.
Reducing environmental pollution impacts the lives of all of us, improves the quality of air, water and soil, bringing more quality of life for current and future generations.
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50 POINTS!!!!!!!!!! ASAP!!!!!!!!!!
GDP items counted vs not counted
Answer:
Primary sources can be described as those sources that are closest to the origin of the information. ... Secondary sources often use generalizations, analysis, interpretation, and synthesis of primary sources. Examples of secondary sources include textbooks, articles, and reference books
. Social Darwinism is to
Herbert Spencer as ideal type
is to
a. Max Weber.
b. Émile Durkheim.
C. Auguste Comte.
d. Karl Marx.
Answer:
The ability to see the connection between the larger social world and our personal lives. Social Darwinism is to Herbert Spencer as ideal type is to whom. The social science that studies the behavior and thinking of organisms. The theoretical perspective that emphasizes the use of symbols.
Help please due today
Impacts of the treaty: Explain the post-war Relationship between the Thirteen Colonies.
Answer:
For Anglo-American colonists, the treaty was a theoretical success. By confirming the conquest of Canada and extending British possessions to the Mississippi, the colonists no longer had to worry about the threat of a French invasion.
Explanation:
Command and Control (C2) encompasses the exercise of authority, responsibility, and direction by a commander over assigned and attached forces to ____.
The blank is filled up thus; Command and Control (C2) encompasses the exercise of authority, responsibility, and direction by a commander over assigned and attached forces to
accomplish the missionCommand and control, shortened as C2 is a term used mostly in international military operations. Most of these operations require an interrelationship of agencies, governments, and national forces in the execution of defensive, offensive, and stabilizing operations around the world.
This term encompasses all the efforts dedicated to the planning and successful execution of these missions. A well-developed C2 plan will help military commanders to plan, organize, deploy, protect, and control the military men under their supervision.
Summarily, the aim of C2 is for military commanders to accomplish the mission.
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what is the height is mount Everest In feet
Answer:
the height of mount Everest is 8,848.86m and in feet it is 29,031.69
What does Alice mean when she says to the Caterpillar she cannot explain herslef because sje is not herself?
Answer: The Caterpillar demands that she explain herself and the meaning of her comment.
Explanation: The Caterpillar demands that she explain herself and the meaning of her comment. "I can't explain myself, Sir... because I'm not myself, you see," Alice responds. The Caterpillar summons Alice to tell her something important, which he precedes by cautioning her not to lose her cool.
If the newspaper headline is true, what would be the GREATEST impact on the neighboring country of Iraq?
A. There will be a decrease in river travel for tourism.
B. There will be a decrease in oil exports in the region.
C. There will be a decrease in water available for drinking.
D. There will be a decrease in shipping routes in the Persian Gulf.
Mention FOUR examples of environmental hazards
oil spills gas leaks garbage pollution
What do you think would happen to a green card holder who committed a violent crime?
Answer:
their green card would be revoked
Which of the following is true of Medicare Part D?
A. There are no monthly premiums
B. Drugs are generally provided without co-payments.
C. There are a wide variety of plans providing a range of benefits at a range of costs.
D. All enrollees will obtain benefits greater than the cost of enrollment.
b) How can you keep yourself away from such social problems? Mention any four ways.
Answer:
You could make sure that you stay out of other peoples buisness.
Explanation:
Question 18
Which sequence correctly lists the astronomical bodies in order of size, from smallest to largest?
A
the Milky Way galaxy, the solar system, our universe
B
the solar system, the Milky Way galaxy, our universe
С
the Milky Way galaxy, our universe, the solar system
D
the solar system, our universe, the Milky Way galaxy
Answer:
option B
the solar system is part of milky way galaxy which is part of our universe
there solar system is smallest and universe is largest
