Margulis’ theory of the origin of mitochondria proposes that mitochondria originated when a larger anerobic cell engulfed a smaller aerobic cell.
Margulis wrote in her 1967 essay that the protomitochondrion, an aerobic prokaryotic microbe, was absorbed into the cytoplasm of a heterotrophic anaerobe as the first stage in the genesis of eukaryotes from prokaryotes in order to survive in the new oxygen-containing atmosphere. This can further be proposes that when a bigger anaerobic cell swallowed a smaller aerobic cell, mitochondria were created.
The mitochondria, which are membrane-bound cell organelles, generate the majority of the chemical energy needed to power a cell's metabolic processes (mitochondrion, singular). Adenosine triphosphate, a tiny molecule, serves as a storage container for the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria (ATP).
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condition in which bone mineralization and strentgh are so abnormally low that regular daily activieties can result in painful fractures
Osteoporosis is a disorder in which bone strength and mineralization are unusually low to the point that routine everyday activities can cause painful fractures.
When the bone's mineral density declines and the bone's composition, quality, or structure changes, the condition known as osteoporosis results. This typically results in a decline in bone density, which makes bones brittle and raises the risk of bone fracture in those who have it. These fractures typically affect the spine, wrist, or hips.
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which is not the neurotransmitter criteria? a) neurotransmitter has to be consumed in the diet. b) chemical must be rapidly inactivated/broken down after its release. c) application of the isolated neurotransmitter on the post-synaptic cell membrane should have the same effect when it is released by a neuron. d) postsynaptic potential change must result when a neurotransmitter is released and bound to its postsynaptic receptors. e) none of the above.
Neurotransmitter has to be consumed in the diet is not the criteria for neurotransmitter. So the correct option is a.
A neuron releases a signaling chemical called a neurotransmitter across a synaptic gap to influence another cell. Any major body component or target cell that receives the signal may be another neuron, but it could also be a gland or muscle cell. These signals enable you to move your limbs, experience sensations, maintain heartbeat, as well as receive and process all the information your body receives from other internal body parts and your environment.
These signals enable you to move your limbs, experience sensations, maintain heartbeat, as well as receive and process all the information your body receives from other internal body parts and your environment.
The axon terminal, a component of the neuron, is where neurotransmitters are found. They are kept inside synaptic vesicles, which have thin walls. Numerous thousands of neurotransmitter molecules can fit inside each vesicle.
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which is not true about disturbances? they occur only on short time scales. they are caused by natural events such as hurricanes. some are due to anthropogenic causes. they can cause complete destruction of an ecosystem.
The statement that is not true for disturbances is 'they can cause complete destruction of an ecosystem'.
Ecological disturbance is a non-biological or biological event or force that alters the spatial organization of organisms in the ecosystems they live in as well as their mortality. The nature of entire ecosystems as well as the organization of particular populations are significantly shaped by disturbance.
Even though disturbances frequently have a negative impact on the populations of native plants, animals, and other organisms in a given environment, they can also provide fugitive species a chance to enter and establish themselves in ecosystems where their biological communities once were excluded.
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an island has a population of 100,000 moths that has 98% gray individuals and 2% black individuals. generation after generation, this ratio and population size remains basically the same. after a hurricane, 15,000 black moths are blown onto the island. after 2 years, a. the percentage of gray moths will increase. b. all of the black moths will be killed off. c. the black moths will emigrate back to their original habitat. d. the percentage of black moths will increase. e. all the white moths will be killed off.
When 15,000 black moths are blown onto the island the percentage of black moths will increase because high gene flow increases the size of the population and of the geographical area in which genetic material occurs.
What is gene flow?
It is also called gene migration. It is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another and takes place between two populations of the same species through migration, and is mediated by reproduction and vertical gene transfer from parent to offspring. It is important to counteract the evolutionary forces.
Factors affecting gene flow:
Natural selectionMutationGenetic driftmigrationAllele frequency or gene frequency is the relative frequency of an allele at a particular locus in a population.
After a hurricane, the addition of 15000 moths onto the island is an example of gene flow.
Here, after the hurricane, 15000 black moths are blown onto the island so the percentage of black moths increased from 2% to a higher rate. in this way gene flow occurs and the population of black moths increases.
Hence, Gene flow is the reason for the increase in the population of black moths.
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the rapid depolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to which ion(s)?
The rapid depolarization phase of the action potentials of myocardial contractile cells is due to Na⁺ ion.
The depolarization is caused when Na⁺ ions rapidly enters into neuron through open sodium channels. Sodium ions plays important role in various physiological process such as regulating blood volume, ph regulation, maintaining blood pressure, energy metabolism,osmotic equilibrium, excitation-contraction coupling, maintenance of cellular homeostasis, development and growth.
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At which location does gravity play a role in moving tectonic plates? question 10 options: in the mantle in the middle of a continent at the edge of the plates in the core
Gravity play a role in moving tectonic plates at the edge of the plates.
When tectonic plate dives under another plate it is due to the high energy by the Earth's gravity that pushes into the mantle these causes hot rock to rise and cooler to sink .
Movement of tectonic plates occurs on the top of a partially molten layer of rock called the asthenosphere. As a result between contraction of asthenosphere and lithosphere, the plates move contrary to each other at different rates, from 2- 15 centimeters per year. Gravity plays an important role by pulling the denser material close to the core .
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Without the circulatory and respiratory systems, human bodies would not survive. Both systems play major roles in providing our bodies with what they need. They work individually as well as together to keep us alive and healthy,
Which four statements describe functions of the circulatory system?
Responses
A Part of this system filters air as it enters the body.Part of this system filters air as it enters the body.
B This system's organs passes oxygen into the bloodstream.This system's organs passes oxygen into the bloodstream.
C This system plays a major role in fighting infections.This system plays a major role in fighting infections.
D Oxygen is delivered to cells throughout the body by this system.Oxygen is delivered to cells throughout the body by this system.
E Carbon dioxide exits the body through this system.Carbon dioxide exits the body through this system.
F This system takes in oxygen from air outside the body.This system takes in oxygen from air outside the body.
G This system removes carbon dioxide from organs and delivers it the lungs.This system removes carbon dioxide from organs and delivers it the lungs.
H Nutrients are delivered to organs through this system.
The statements that describe functions of the circulatory system are:
(C) This system plays a major role in fighting infections.
(D) Oxygen is delivered to the cells of the body by this system.
(G) It removes carbon dioxide from the organs and delivers it the lungs.
(H) Nutrients are delivered to organs through this system.
Infections are the presence and growth of pathogens inside the body. The circulatory system helps in fighting infections because it circulates the various antibodies and useful hormones into the site of infection that help in fighting with the pathogens.
Lungs are the key organs of the respiratory system. They are present in a pair in the thorax region. A muscle called diaphragm provides support to the lungs from below.
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farenholz's rule is supported when group of answer choices a comparison of phylogenies for host and parasite show a correlated pattern of evolution. a comparison of phylogenies for predator and prey species show independent speciation. a comparison of phylogenies for paralogous genes show correlated evolution. a comparison of phylogenies for pollinators and plants show multiple episodes of host jumping.
Fahrenholz's rule is supported when: comparison of phylogenies for host and parasite show a correlated pattern of evolution
What is Fahrenholz's rule ?The close correspondence is observed between the taxonomy of parasites and their hosts and this has led to Fahrenholz's rule. This rule postulates that parasites and the hosts speciate in synchrony.
This leads to a prediction that phylogenetic trees of parasites and their hosts are topologically identical.
when the only events in the process of reciprocal natural selection in the host and parasite lineages were those of contemporaneous speciation in both the lineages then host and parasite phylogenies are fully congruent, hence supporting Fahrenholz'srule.
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a cricket has a diploid genome of 1.2 billion base pairs. assume that there are about 200,000 individuals in the population and that the mutation rate is one per 100 million base pairs. on average, how many new mutations will occur in an individual cricket?
New mutations will occur in 2,400,000 crickets.
Information given in the question:
There are 1.2 billion base pairs in the cricket's diploid genome.There are 200,000 people in the population.1 mutation per 100 million base pairs is the mutation rate.Therefore,
Number of mutations per individual = Total number of bases × Mutation rate= 1.2 billion × 1 per 100 million base pairs
= 1,200,000,000 × (1 ÷ 100,000,000 )
= 12 mutations per individual
Therefore,
Number of new mutations in the given population= Number of Mutations per Individual ×Total Number of Individuals
= 12 × 200,000
= 2,400,000
New mutations will occur in 2,400,000 crickets.
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Please halp moi x3
You are visiting family in Tennessee. One morning, the weather is warm and humid.
Which type of air mass is most likely causing this weather?
continental tropical
continental polar
maritime tropical
maritime polar
Answer:
Continental tropical
Explanation:
Tennessee is a landlocked state, so it isn't a maritime air mass.
in a population of organisms, beneficial and harmful random mutations are retained or eliminated through the process of: group of answer choices conservation. expression. translation.
In a population of organisms, beneficial and harmful random mutations are retained or eliminated through the process of selection.
Mutations are a change in the DNA sequence in a living being. It can result from various things, such as exposure to mutagens, viral infection, or errors in DNA replication during the cell division process. Random mutation plays a really important part in the theory of evolution by natural selection. In that theory, mutations give rise to adaptation that is passed on to offspring, which changing their chances of survival. Organisms that had harmful random mutation would me killed, therefore not able to create offsprings and eventually eliminated from nature.
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give a description of the endosymbiont theory of plastid origin. how many times might chloroplasts have arisen?
Chloroplasts have arisen three times according to the endosymbiont theory.
According to the endosymbiotic theory, some of the organelles in eukaryotic cells of the present day were once prokaryotic microorganisms. The host cell and the endosymbiont each have a set of cell membranes that enclose the chloroplasts that resulted from primary endosymbiosis. When a eukaryotic cell absorbs a cell that has already experienced primary endosymbiosis, secondary endosymbiosis takes place. They surround the chloroplasts with more than two sets of membranes, as in chloroplasts of brown algae. When a eukaryotic cell assimilated another eukaryotic that was the product of an earlier secondary endosymbiosis, this process is known as tertiary endosymbiosis.
Therefore, chloroplast, as well as mitochondria, have occured thrice and are very different from the current prokaryotes like cyanobacteria.
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3 raised to the 3 powerh can be used to radioactively label molecules that contain h atoms. why would 3 raised to the 3 powerh be a poor choice to use in the hershey and chase experiment?
³H can be used to radioactively label molecules that contain H atoms. The reason ³Hbe a poor choice to use in the Hershey and Chase experiment is because:
Hershey and Chase aimed to demonstrate the existence of DNA as genetic material. They picked the ³²P Phosphorus radiolabel isotope for DNA and the ³⁵S Sulfer radiolabel isotope for Protein. The radiolabel isotopes ³²P Phosphorus and ³⁵S Sulfer are only found in DNA and Protein, respectively.
If they utilize the ³H hydrogen isotope, they cannot verify that the DNA is genetic material because the ³H isotope is found in both protein and DNA. That is why ³H is a bad decision.
What is the Hershey and Chase experiment?The Hershey-Chase studies, undertaken in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, helped to prove that DNA represents genetic material.
The Hershey and Chase studies were significant because they established conclusively that DNA was the genetic substance contained in genes.
This cleared the door for further studies in cell biology and genetics, such as whole genome projects and the identification of genes associated with certain traits/conditions.
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How can the problem of pollution in the shatt al-arab river be solved
Answer: The conflict started first off because of people dumping solid waste and sewage into the river. So in order to resolve this conflict people should really just stop littering waste into the river which damages it and causes pollution which is just the thing that we need right now.
Explanation: I hope this helps!!!!!!!!!!
the continental margins of the east and west cost of the united states are very different. Are there tectonic differences?
The west coast is considered the active margin where earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains are formed whereas the Eastern Seaboard is a passive margin.
What continental margin is the western United States?Continental margins commonly fall into two classes: "active" and "passive." The West Coast of the United States is an active margin that is distinguished by rugged coastlines with narrow beaches and steep sea cliffs. The continental margin of western North America is close to a set of plate boundaries. There are convergent boundaries, like where there is diminution off of the Pacific Northwest. There is a transform boundary that is present in the San Andreas Fault. The “Pacific Ocean” is marked by the active continental margins which are mainly the narrow tectonically active areas related to the volcanoes,
So we can conclude that a continental margin is the outer edge of continental crust abutting oceanic crust under coastal waters.
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what is greenlands water features and why does it matter to greenland.
need help ASAP
Greenland water features for covering an impact on climate on land, having a cool climate.
What is Greenland water?The water around Greenland does have an impact on the climate on land. The water, in particular, helps to cool sections of shoreline near the open sea.
For this reason, during the summer months, the area nearest to the ice sheet seems to be the hottest and driest.
Approximately 80% of the country is enveloped by an ice sheet up to 3 km thick, and ice-free land regions are restricted to a coastal strip 50-300 km wide.
Therefore Greenland water features climate change impact on the land.
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Which of the following represents biodiversity of species at a given scale?
1. All of these.
2. 5 foot strip of ground
3. Within 5 miles
4. Within 5 minutes
The correct answer from above which biodiversity of species at a given scale is:
All of these.
The correct answer choice is 1.
What is meant by biodiversity of species at a given scale?Biodiversity can simply be defined as different forms of species of living organisms.
From the task given above, 5 foot strips of ground, within 5 miles and within 5 minutes all represent biodiversity of species at a given scale.
Biodiversity is not only limited to species but cut across aspects of genetics and ecosystems.
In conclusion, we now know that 5 foot strip of ground is one of the major scale of biodiversity.
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Circle the letter of the correct choice.
1. If an atom were the size of a football stadium, the nucleus would be about the
size of a
a. microwave oven.
b. basketball.
c. pea.
d. car.
Answer:
C: PEA
Explanation:
What do your data tell you about how the
amount of sugar affects the rate of cellular
respiration performed by the yeast?
Remember that a rate involves a change in
amount over time. Does this answer make
sense? Why or why not? (6 points)
CE
In the process of cellular respiration big food molecules such as glucose and sucrose are fragmented into tiny molecules with the release of energy. The process of cellular respiration is important for yeast survival like all other organisms.
Why?
This occur because small particles are rapidly fragmented whereas big molecule like sucrose takes more time. This makes large molecules less organised source of energy for yeast relatively those of smaller molecules.
Yeast can use distinct sugar and non-sugar based molecules as source of energy as follows;
Glucose
Lactose
Sucrose
Glucose is a simplest sugar molecule and yeast do not make much effort for its breakdown. Glucose also enters in glycolysis directly whereas large sugars have to go through hydrolysis process before glycolysis. This means that glucose is more efficient compare to big sugars such as sucrose in meeting energy requirement and providing rapid respiration rate.
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Give an example of temporal isolation and explain how temporal isolation is preventing reproduction within the population.
When many species reproduced at various periods, there is a condition known as temporal isolation. Three different orchid species, for instance, coexist in the very same rain forest. For seeds to be produced, each species has blooms that only last a single day and should be pollinated on the day that.
In biology, temporal isolation would be a form of reproduction isolation strategy that prevents members of similar species from mating and creating hybrid offspring. This mechanism is caused by variations in the timing of crucial reproductive events.
A reproductive barrier restricts cross-pollination between two populations, which eventually results in speciation. The populations of cicadas are a good illustration of temporal separation so because two species don't really interbreed since they would not mature at the same time.
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at low intensities (below 25%) what muscle fibers are primarily used/activated to support activity? select one: a. type i b. type i and type iia c. type ii
The correct answer is option B.
At low intensities (below 25%) type I and type II muscle fibers are primarily used/activated to support activity.
What are muscle fibers?
Muscle fibers are type of fibers which regulate the physical forces & activities inside the body.
The chemical composition of muscle fiber shows that they are made up of particular group of muscles - called fascicles which are protected by a layer of connective tissues.
In general, there are three types of muscles fibers: (1) slow oxidative (2)fast oxidative and (3) fast glycolytic.
Overtime, the size and composition of muscle fibers changes in order to meet the changing demands of the body.
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An organism formed from sexual reproduction starts out as a single cell called a zygote. In multicellular organisms, this zygote divides by mitosis to make identical copies of itself.
Observe the micrograph of a zygote below. How many times has it divided?
Since an organism formed from sexual reproduction starts out as a single cell called a zygote, then the zygote divided by mitosis twice in order to generate four cells as image below.
What is mitosis cell division?Mitosis cell division is the cellular process by which multicellular organisms generate body cells, which involve the division of a parental cell to generate two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parental cell.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that mitosis is a cell division process that generates two cells for each division of a parental cell.
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A student draws a cell with a diagmeter of 43 mm. The actual size of this cell is 10 μm. What is the magnification
The magnification of the student's diagram is 4300.
How to calculate magnification?Magnification is the apparent enlargement of an object in an image.
To calculate the linear magnification of a drawing or image, the following equation should be used:
Magnification = Image size (with ruler) ÷ Actual size (according to scale bar)
According to this question, a student draws a cell with a diameter of 43 mm. The actual size of this cell is 10 μm.
The image size in μm is 43000μm
The magnification of the drawing = 43000 ÷ 10 = 4300
Therefore, 4300 is the magnification of the cell drawing.
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leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. this would indicate that a) the focus of the infection is the lymph nodes. b) lymph is not flowing consistently through these lymph nodes. c) the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes. d) the lymph nodes are actively producing phagocytes. e) the lymph nodes have increased their secretion of thymosin
leslie has a severe sore throat and the lymph nodes in her neck are swollen. this would indicate that c) the lymph nodes contain an increased number of lymphocytes.
What condition results in enlargement of the glands in the throat and neck?An upper respiratory infection is the most typical cause of enlarged lymph nodes, although there are other potential reasons as well. Consult your healthcare physician if they are enlarged without a clear explanation in order to rule out anything more dangerous.
Near an illness, lymph nodes or glands enlarge to aid in the body's defense against the infection. On occasion, a gland on one side of the body can enlarge. Other symptoms like a sore throat, a cough, or a high temperature might also be present.
The immune system of the body includes the lymph glands, often known as lymph nodes. In order to cleanse the body of infection, they gather and filter liquids.
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The nerve fibers of which cranial nerve pass through the foramina of the cribriform plate?.
Nerve fibers of the olfactory nerve pass through the foramina of the cribriform plate. Thus the correct answer is the olfactory nerve.
The shortest nerve in the human head is the olfactory nerve. It begins in the mucous membrane that lines the roof of your nasal cavity, the olfactory mucosa (nostril). This nerve is composed of several tiny nerve fibers known as fascicles that are connected by connective tissue strips.
The bundle exits your nose through the ethmoid bone and travels behind your nose. The fascicles then move inside the olfactory bulb, a structure. Each nostril has a bulb, and those bulbs transmit information to the brain through the olfactory tract.
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Organisms such as some cyanobacteria convert gaseous nitrogen into other nitrogen compounds that other organisms can use to produce organic material. They are referred to as
It is referred to as FIXATION OR FIXATION OF NITROGEN. Bacteria like CYANOBACTERIA transform air nitrogen into useful, dissolved forms.
What illnesses do cyanobacteria cause in people?Depending on how you were exposed to cyanobacteria, there are different symptoms. Aside from liver damage, symptoms include contact dermatitis, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, sore throat, headaches, muscle and joint discomfort, and mouth blisters.
What makes cyanobacteria valuable to humans?Current thinking is that cyanobacteria are a significant source of nutrients and biofuels, and they play a key role in original, creative, and energy-efficient designs. Because they have low requirements for organic resources and are autotrophic organisms, cyanobacteria are ideal for use
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Describe the relationship between the body mass and total surface area of air sacs?
The relationship between the body mass and the total surface area of air sacs is that a person's weight is determined by their body mass and the TSA of the air sacs indicates that there are spaces within an organism with air sacs.
Weight is a measurement of a person's body mass. A living thing with air sacs has voids inside of them, as indicated by the air sacs' total surface area. This air is constantly present in these air sacs.
In insects, air sacs are little sacs that protrude from the larger breathing tubes (tracheae). In birds, air sacs are extensions of the lungs, and in the lungs of certain other vertebrates, air sacs are the end organs.
They do this by providing a sizable superficial surface for the passage of gas, which helps to boost respiratory efficiency.
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Using the information from problem 4, scientists do a further testcross using a heterozygote for height and nose morphol- ogy. The offspring are tall-upturned snout, 40; dwarf-upturned snout, 9; dwarf-downturned snout, 42; tall-downturned snout, 9. Calculate the recombination frequency from these data, and then use your answer from problem 4 to determine the correct order of the three linked genes
The correct answer is :
T-A exp. = 12 map units A-S exp. = 5 map units T-S exp. = 18 map unitsAn layout that is consistent with the data is: T then A then S
Tallness and Snout:
40 tall-upturned snout = 40% expected
42 dwarf-downturned snout = 42% expected
9 dwarf-upturned snout = 9% recombinant
9 tall-downturned snout = 9% recombinant
Total = 100%
Consequently, the rate of recombination between genes T and S is 18%.
By utilizing the % frequencies as distances, one may calculate the relative frequency between genes.
From tests 1-3, the recombinant relationships are as follows:
1 T-A exp. = 12 map units 2 A-S exp. = 5 map units 3 T-S exp. = 18 map units
An layout that is consistent with the data is: T then A then S
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f the temperature should drop to 30 degrees overnight, which individual would stand a better chance of survival? an individual whose cell membrane was made up of phospholipids with saturated fatty acid tails or phospholipids with unsaturated fatty acid tails. explain your respons
In the cold temperature, when energy is less saturated phospholipids are organised in a compacted manner. On the contrary, the curved structures of the unsaturated fatty acid makes it difficult for them to come close to each other.
The phospholipid bilayer with unsaturated fatty acid has more flexibility and liquidity due to the existence of curves in the carbon chain.
The fatty acid design of the saturated phospholipid is straight whereas the unsaturated fatty acid is curved at distinct places in the carbon chain.
Therefore, the unsaturated phospholipid nurture its liquidity even in cold temperatures.
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if heterozygous round crossed with homozygous round produce 2400 plant how many plant are pure round
If a heterozygous round plant is crossed with a homozygous round plant then from the 2400 plants produced, 1200 will be pure round plants. Pure round plants are homozygous for the trait.
What are genes?Genes are the units of hereditary information. Genes carry the genetic information about the various characteristics in an organism in the form of sequences of amino acids and nucleotides.
Mendel described in his laws that genes present on DNA carry the genetic information which is transferred to the offspring during reproduction. Each gene has a pair of alleles which are responsible for contrasting character such as in case of plant height, two alleles are present from which one is dominant which is tall and the other one if short or dwarf which is recessive.
The number of plants which are pure red = 1/2 of the total plants produced or 50% of the total F1 progeny.
Thus, number of pure round plants = 1/2 × 2400
Number of pure round plants = 1200
Therefore, there will be 1200 pure round plants produced by the cross between heterozygous round plant and homozygous round plant.
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