Mason Co., Who Reports Using IFRS, Has A December 31st Year-End And Had The Following Totals For The Year: Revenue Of $740,000, Utilities Expenses Of $15,000, Rent Expense Of $42,000, Cost Of Goods Sold Of 390,000, Administrative Salaries Of $134,000, And An Unrealized Holding Gain On Its OCI Classified Investment Of $17,000.During The Year, Magician Co.
Mason Co., who reports using IFRS, has a December 31st year-end and had the following totals for the year: Revenue of $740,000, utilities expenses of $15,000, rent expense of $42,000, cost of goods sold of 390,000, administrative salaries of $134,000, and an unrealized holding gain on its OCI classified investment of $17,000.During the year, Magician Co. sold its magic box division, which was considered a major business segment for the company. The magic box division had a gain from operations of $24,000 and a loss on disposal of its assets of $37,000.

Magician Co. has a tax rate of 25%.

Required:

a) Prepare, in good format, the statement of comprehensive income. (10 marks)

b) Provide the year-end closing entries (5 marks)

o calculate the expected return on equity (ROE), we need to use the formula:

ROE = Expected Return on Assets (ROA) - (Debt/Equity) * (Expected Return on Debt - Tax Rate)

Given:

Expected Return on Assets (ROA) = 14%

Expected Return on Debt = 9%

Debt/Assets ratio = 70%

Tax Rate is not provided.

To solve for ROE, we need the tax rate. Since the tax rate is not given, we cannot determine the exact value of ROE. However, we can still calculate a range of possible values.

Let's assume a tax rate of 30% for demonstration purposes.

ROE = 14% - (0.70) * (9% - 30%) = 14% - (0.70) * (-21%) = 14% + 14.7% = 28.7%

Using the assumed tax rate of 30%, the expected return on equity (ROE) would be 28.7%.

Since the tax rate is not provided, we cannot determine the exact value of ROE. However, none of the answer choices match the calculated value of 28.7%. Therefore, none of the given answer choices (A, B, C, or D) is correct.2

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FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) is a powerful quality tool used by senior managers, entrepreneurs, and leaders to identify potential failure modes and their potential effects.

Conducting an FMEA on the pursuit of an MBA can help assess the potential risks and challenges associated with this decision. Below is a summary of the FMEA conducted on obtaining an MBA, outlining five failure modes and their potential effects:

1. Failure Mode: Insufficient time commitment

Potential Effects: Inability to complete coursework, low grades, delayed graduation.

2. Failure Mode: Lack of financial resources

Potential Effects: Unable to pay tuition fees, potential debt burden, financial stress.

3. Failure Mode: Inadequate academic support

Potential Effects: Difficulty in understanding course material, lack of guidance, low academic performance.

4. Failure Mode: Poor work-life balance

Potential Effects: Neglecting personal relationships, decreased well-being, burnout.

5. Failure Mode: Limited networking opportunities

Potential Effects: Reduced access to job opportunities, limited professional connections.

The FMEA provides a structured approach to identify potential failure modes and their effects on pursuing an MBA. By considering these failure modes, individuals can develop mitigation strategies to address the identified risks. It is important to note that while an FMEA helps in risk assessment, it does not guarantee manager success or failure, but rather assists in making informed decisions and taking proactive measures to mitigate potential challenges.

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Calculation of break-even point:i) Break-even point can be determined as follows:Break-even point (in units) = Fixed cost ÷ (selling price per unit – variable cost per unit)Fixed cost = 840 + 960 + (12,000 × 4) + 376 + 280 + 0 = GHC 3,976,000Variable cost per unit = 840 + 960 + 4 = GHC 1,804Break-even point (in units) = GHC 3,976,000 ÷ (GHC 4,080,000 ÷ 12,000 – GHC 1,804) = 6,000 unitsii).

Calculation of sales needed to achieve a profit of GHC 456,000:Profit = Total contribution – Fixed costTotal contribution = (selling price per unit – variable cost per unit) × number of unitsTotal contribution = (GHC 4,080,000 ÷ 12,000 – GHC 1,804) × 12,000 = GHC 2,076,000GHC 2,076,000 – GHC 3,976,000 = (GHC 1,900,000)Additional sales to make profit of GHC 456,000 = GHC 1,900,000 ÷ (GHC 4,080,000 ÷ 12,000 – GHC 1,804) = 9,000 unitsTherefore, the company needs to sell 9,000 + 12,000 = 21,000 units to achieve a profit of GHC 456,000.b) Margin of safety in units for 2020 based on (a)(i)Margin of safety (in units) = Actual sales (in units) – Break-even point (in units)Actual sales = 12,000Margin of safety (in units) = 12,000 – 6,000 = 6,000c) Proposal 1 – Reduce the selling price by 15%, this is estimated to increase the sales volume by 40%.Contribution per unit = Selling price per unit – variable cost per unitContribution per unit before changes = GHC 4,080,000 ÷ 12,000 – GHC 1,804 = GHC 224Contribution per unit after changes = (85/100) × (GHC 4,080,000 ÷ (12,000 × 1.40)) – GHC 1,804 = GHC 122.76BEP = GHC 3,976,000 ÷ (GHC 116.76) = 34,006 unitsProposal 1 reduces the selling price per unit to GHC 122.76, and increases the sales volume by 40%. Based on the above calculation, BEP = 34,006 units. Therefore, the proposal is not viable as the BEP is higher than the actual units sold in 2020.Proposal 2 –

The production manager and sales manager have met and agreed that an increase in direct wages and marketing costs can increase production and sales by 25%. It is suggested that marketing costs should increase by GHC 25,000 and direct wages should increase by 10%.Contribution per unit = Selling price per unit – variable cost per unitContribution per unit before changes = GHC 4,080,000 ÷ 12,000 – GHC 1,804 = GHC 224Contribution per unit after changes = GHC 4,080,000 ÷ (12,000 × 1.25) – (840 + 1.1 × 960 + 4 + 1.1 × 25,000 ÷ 12,000) = GHC 176.76BEP = GHC 3,976,000 ÷ (GHC 47.24) = 84,117 unitsProposal 2 increases the marketing costs by GHC 25,000 and direct wages by 10%. Based on the above calculation, BEP = 84,117 units. Therefore, the proposal is viable as the BEP is lower than the actual units sold in 2020.d) The company can try to improve on the 2020 results in the following ways:i) Reduce direct materials and direct labour costsii) Implement cost-saving initiatives such as reducing factory overhead costsiii) Increase sales through advertising and promotioniv) Increase the selling price of the productv) Diversify into other product linese) The Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis (CVP) is based on the following assumptions:i) Costs can be classified as either variable or fixedii) Changes in cost behaviour are linear throughout the relevant rangeiii) Changes in sales volume are the only factors that affect costsiv) Sales mix will remain constantv) The selling price, variable cost per unit, and fixed costs are known and constant per unit.

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The answer to all the questions are as follows:

a) MULTIPLE layout algorithm is an optimization technique that is designed to evaluate the optimal layouts for the given production facility. A facility with four departments (A through D) with the area requirements are A-2 grids, B-6 grids, C-4 grids, and D-4 grids. Here, the sequence A-B-C-D is given, and the layout that would be obtained using the space-filling curve is shown below. We need to draw the layout at the top of the next page.
This is layout #1.
Centroid of Department: The center of gravity of a plane figure is called the centroid. The coordinates of the centroid of each department are given as follows:
Centroid of department A = (2/3, 1/3)
Centroid of department B = (3/2, 4/3)
Centroid of department C = (11/6, 1/2)
Centroid of department D = (5/2, 1/2)
b) Exchanging departments B and D: Now, we need to show the layout that would be obtained by exchanging departments B and D. We need to draw the layout at the bottom of the next page. This is layout #2.
c) New coordinates of the centroid of each department: The new coordinates of the centroid of each department are given below:
Centroid of department A = (2/3, 1/3)
Centroid of department B = (11/6, 1/2)
Centroid of department C = (3/2, 4/3)
Centroid of department D = (5/2, 1/2)
d) Given the majority of material movement is between departments B and D. Therefore, layout #2 has less material movement.

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a. The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is a financial metric that represents the average rate of return. The Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR) is the minimum rate of return that an investment or project must generate. b. The main purpose of using the half-year convention in deciding the depreciation factor is to simplify the depreciation calculation.

The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) is calculated by taking into account the proportion of each source of capital (debt and equity) and their respective costs. It reflects the average cost of funds used to finance a company's operations and projects. A higher WACC indicates a higher risk associated with the investment, as the company needs to generate a higher return to compensate its investors.

The Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR), on the other hand, is a predetermined rate set by the company or investor as the minimum return required to undertake an investment or project. It serves as a benchmark to evaluate the viability of alternative investment options. A more conservative approach would set a higher MARR, indicating a lower tolerance for risk and a higher required return.

In terms of evaluating alternatives, MARR is generally more conservative because it represents the minimum acceptable return. It acts as a threshold, ensuring that the chosen investment or project meets the minimum financial criteria. By setting a higher MARR, the company or investor is being more cautious and conservative in selecting investments, seeking to mitigate risks and maximize returns.

The half-year convention is a method used for calculating depreciation, particularly for tax and accounting purposes. It assumes that assets are placed in service at the midpoint of the fiscal year, regardless of the actual purchase date. This convention simplifies the calculation by averaging out the depreciation over the year.

The rationale behind using the half-year convention is to account for the fact that an asset's usefulness and value typically decline evenly throughout the year. By assuming that an asset is in service for only half of the year, it simplifies the calculation and provides a reasonable estimate of the asset's depreciation expense.

The half-year convention ensures consistency and standardization in depreciation calculations, especially when dealing with multiple assets and varying purchase dates. It simplifies the depreciation process and reduces the complexity associated with tracking individual asset purchase dates. However, it's important to note that the half-year convention is just an assumption for calculation purposes and may not accurately reflect the actual usage or depreciation pattern of an asset.

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As the new HR manager in your place of work, to resolve the issue of low morale among employees, you need to have an understanding of job analysis Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory can help you understand the needs of the employees and how to motivate them.

The following steps can be taken to improve morale:1. Recognize and reward employees for their good work and contributions to the company. Employees who feel valued and appreciated are more motivated to work harder.2. Encourage open and honest communication.

Employees should be given the opportunity to express their opinions and concerns, and you should take their feedback seriously.3. Provide training and development opportunities. This will not only improve the skills of employees but also make them feel valued and invested in by the company.

Foster a positive work environment. Employees should be treated with respect, and a friendly and positive work environment can go a long way in improving morale.5. Encourage teamwork and collaboration. Encouraging employees to work together towards a common goal can help build camaraderie and improve morale.

To propose an improved pay/salary structure, the following principles can be applied:1. Conduct research on industry standards and trends in compensation and benefits. This will help ensure that the proposed pay/salary structure is competitive and in line with market rates.

Ensure that the pay/salary structure is fair and equitable. All employees should be compensated fairly and equally for their work.5. Communicate the changes to employees clearly and transparently.

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The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) played a significant role in the closure of Maxfield & Oberton, the company that produced Buckyballs, a popular magnetic toy.

The CPSC took the following actions that ultimately led to the company's demise:

1. Safety concerns: The CPSC raised concerns about the safety hazards associated with Buckyballs, specifically the risk of ingestion and injury caused by the powerful magnets. The commission argued that the product posed a significant danger to children if swallowed.

2. Lawsuit: The CPSC filed a lawsuit against Maxfield & Oberton, seeking to halt the production and distribution of Buckyballs. The lawsuit alleged that the company's marketing and labeling did not adequately address the risks and failed to meet safety standards.

3. Product recall: The CPSC initiated a recall of Buckyballs, urging consumers to stop using the product and return it for a refund. The recall had a significant impact on the company's reputation and sales.

4. Financial burden: The legal costs associated with the lawsuit, combined with the expenses related to the recall and compliance with safety regulations, put a substantial financial strain on Maxfield & Oberton. These financial burdens contributed to the company's eventual closure.

The actions taken by the CPSC, including safety concerns, a lawsuit, product recall, and the resulting financial burden, collectively led to Maxfield & Oberton going out of business. The regulatory scrutiny and associated costs ultimately proved too challenging for the company to sustain its operations.

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The journal entry for the estimated expense on September 30 would be: September 30: Estimated Warranty Expense (12,480)     Estimated Warranty Liability (12,480)

The journal entry for the October 15 warranty work would be: October 15: Warranty Liability (260)     Inventory (180)     Wage Expense (80)

A. To record the estimated expense for warranty repairs on September 30, the Estimated Warranty Expense account is debited for $12,480 (8% of $156,000) and the Estimated Warranty Liability account is credited for the same amount.

B. On October 15, when the customer requires warranty work, the Warranty Liability account is debited for the actual cost of the part replacement and labor, totaling $260 ($180 for parts + $80 for labor). The Inventory account is credited for the cost of the part replacement ($180), and the Wage Expense account is credited for the cost of labor ($80).

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Adams Division has a higher residual income of $217,500 compared to Jefferson Division's $14,300, indicating that Adams Division has performed better in generating income above the required rate of return.

To calculate the residual income for each division, we need to subtract the minimum acceptable rate of return from the division's net income and divide the result by the total capital employed.

Residual income for the Adams Division:

Net Income - (Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return * Total Capital Employed)

= $665,500 - (10% * $4,480,000)

= $665,500 - $448,000

= $217,500

The residual income for the Adams Division is $217,500.

Residual income for the Jefferson Division:

Net Income - (Minimum Acceptable Rate of Return * Total Capital Employed)

= $368,550 - (10% * $3,542,500)

= $368,550 - $354,250

= $14,300

The residual income for the Jefferson Division is $14,300.

Residual income represents the amount of income generated by a division above the minimum return expected by the company's top management.

A positive residual income indicates that the division has performed well and has generated returns above the minimum threshold. In this case, both the Adams Division and the Jefferson Division have positive residual incomes, indicating that they have exceeded the company's minimum acceptable rate of return.

In conclusion, the Adams Division has a residual income of $217,500, while the Jefferson Division has a residual income of $14,300. This suggests that the Adams Division has performed better in terms of generating income above the required rate of return compared to the Jefferson Division.

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Stewardship Theory

Stewardship theory is a management theory that views individuals as inherently trustworthy and motivated to act in the best interests of the organization. This theory is in contrast to agency theory, which views individuals as self-interested and motivated to maximize their own personal gain.

Stewardship Theory and Small Family Businesses

Stewardship theory can be particularly relevant to small family businesses. In these businesses, the owners and managers are often the same people. This means that they have a vested interest in the long-term success of the business, as their own financial well-being is tied to its success.

In addition, small family businesses often have a strong sense of community and family values. This can create a positive work environment where employees are motivated to work hard and do their best for the business.

Applying Stewardship Theory to a Small Jewelry Store

Here are some specific ways that stewardship theory can be applied to a small jewelry store:

Create a strong sense of community and family values. This can be done by encouraging employees to get to know each other and to feel like they are part of a team. The owners can also set a good example by demonstrating their commitment to the business and to its employees.

Empower employees to make decisions. This will give them a sense of ownership and responsibility, and it will make them more likely to act in the best interests of the business.

Provide regular feedback and recognition. This will help employees feel valued and appreciated, and it will motivate them to continue to do their best.

Create a positive work environment. This includes providing a safe and comfortable work space, as well as offering competitive wages and benefits.

By following these principles, small jewelry stores can create a positive work environment where employees are motivated to act as stewards of the business. This can lead to increased productivity, improved customer service, and long-term success.

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PVA stands for price value analysis. Out of the four options, PVA stands for Price Value Analysis. The Price Value Analysis (PVA) is the research procedure that helps organizations to determine the importance of a product and its utility to the consumers.

In this process, companies evaluate their products on different parameters and identify the core elements that customers value most to create value propositions that suit their customers' needs. Thus, PVA determines the value of the product that consumers are willing to pay for. Consumer markets have elastic demand. Elastic demand is when a small change in the price of a product results in a large change in the quantity demanded. Consumer markets such as clothing, transportation, entertainment, and electronics have elastic demand. When a company changes its prices, consumers respond to the change and adjust their purchasing habits accordingly. Idea screening is Inviting broad communities of people such as customers, employees, independent scientists, and researchers, and even the public at large into the new product innovation process. The statement is False. Idea screening is the second stage in the product innovation process where ideas are evaluated for their suitability and potential. The idea screening process allows businesses to identify potential new products that could be a success in the market and should be further developed. Decline stage - The product life-cycle stage in which sales growth slows or levels off. The statement is True. The decline stage is the product life-cycle stage in which sales growth slows or levels off. At this stage, companies try to revitalize their products through marketing strategies, product redesign, or by identifying new uses for their products.

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While direct forecasting is simple and efficient, it may overlook important dynamic factors, making iterative forecasting a more suitable approach in volatile or complex scenarios.

One benefit of direct forecasting is its simplicity and efficiency. It involves making predictions directly based on historical data and trends without the need for iterative calculations or adjustments. This approach can be quick and straightforward, especially when the patterns in the data are stable and predictable. It provides a straightforward estimate without requiring extensive computational iterations or complex modeling. However, a drawback of direct forecasting is that it may not capture the dynamic and evolving nature of certain variables. Direct forecasting relies solely on historical data and assumes that the past patterns will continue unchanged into the future. This approach may overlook sudden shifts, external influences, or emerging trends that can significantly impact the forecast accuracy. It may be less suitable for volatile or rapidly changing environments where iterative forecasting, which incorporates ongoing adjustments and feedback loops, can provide more accurate predictions.

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Supply elasticity refers to the responsiveness of the amount of supply of a specific good to a change in the price of that good. On the other hand, demand elasticity refers to the responsiveness of the amount of demand of a specific good to a change in the price of that good.

Both supply elasticity and demand elasticity impact taxation decisions. Taxation decisions are influenced by the elasticity of demand and supply. When demand for a good is more elastic, taxes levied on the good will affect the quantity of the good consumed more than when demand is inelastic.

Example of the impact of supply elasticity on taxation decisions: Suppose the price of sugar decreases due to a bumper crop. Since the supply of sugar is more elastic, the decrease in price will cause a proportionally larger increase in the amount supplied, which means that there will be a proportionally larger increase in the amount of sugar available for consumers to purchase. Thus, the effect of the tax on sugar will be lower.

Example of the impact of demand elasticity on taxation decisions: Suppose that the government increases the tax on cigarettes.

Since the demand for cigarettes is inelastic, smokers will continue to purchase cigarettes despite the increased price. Thus, the effect of the tax on cigarettes will be higher. If the demand for cigarettes is more elastic, a higher tax on cigarettes will cause a proportionally larger decrease in the quantity demanded.

The diagram below shows the relationship between tax revenue and the elasticity of demand and supply. As the demand becomes more elastic (flatter curve) or supply becomes more elastic (steeper curve), the tax revenue decreases. On the other hand, as demand becomes more inelastic (steeper curve) or supply becomes more inelastic (flatter curve), the tax revenue increases.

[tex]\large\text{Tax Revenue = Tax per unit * Quantity sold}[/tex]Therefore, the government can use the concepts of supply elasticity and demand elasticity to make decisions on how much tax to place on certain goods.

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Positioning is a critical part of any marketing strategy because it defines the product's place in the market. Positioning is the technique of describing a product's features and benefits in relation to other products in the market. It's the act of communicating to consumers what sets a product apart from the competition.

Positioning is a strategic component of a product's marketing plan. It's essential to differentiate a product from its competitors. A brand's positioning may be based on features, benefits, or other value propositions. Positioning plays a vital role in deciding on a marketing strategy because it serves as a roadmap for product development and promotion. The goal of positioning is to establish a clear and attractive image of the brand that will appeal to the target audience. The positioning statement should be simple and concise and communicate the benefits of the brand to the customer.Colloidal Total toothpaste has positioned itself as the brand that addresses all aspects of oral health. This positioning strategy is vital from a business point of view because it provides a clear message to the consumer about the benefits of Colgate Total. The product's unique selling point is that it helps prevent not only cavities but also gum disease, bad breath, plaque, and tooth sensitivity. This gives the consumer a clear idea of the product's benefits, making it easier to promote and sell the product. The marketing strategy for Colgate Total can focus on educating consumers about the benefits of the product, such as gum health, plaque control, and cavity protection.Differences between using "attribute or benefit" and "quality and price" as positioning strategy:The two main positioning strategies are "attribute or benefit" and "quality and price." Attribute or benefit positioning focuses on the product's unique features and benefits. This type of positioning seeks to differentiate a product from its competitors by highlighting its distinct features. Quality and price positioning focuses on communicating the value of the product in relation to its price. It emphasizes the product's quality over its price or the affordability of the product over its competitors. The major differences between these two strategies are:

Attribute or benefit positioning:

It focuses on unique features and benefits.
It is used to differentiate a product from its competitors.
It communicates the product's unique value proposition.
It focuses on the benefits that the product offers to the consumer.
It emphasizes why the product is better than its competitors.

Quality and price positioning:

It focuses on value proposition.
It communicates the product's value in relation to its price.
It emphasizes the affordability of the product over its competitors.
It focuses on the quality of the product in relation to its price.
It emphasizes why the product offers a better value for the money.

Positioning plays an essential role in deciding on a marketing strategy because it helps to differentiate the product from its competitors. A brand's positioning may be based on features, benefits, or other value propositions. The two primary positioning strategies are attribute or benefit positioning and quality and price positioning. Attribute or benefit positioning focuses on the product's unique features and benefits, while quality and price positioning focuses on communicating the value of the product in relation to its price. It is essential to have a clear positioning statement that communicates the benefits of the brand to the customer.

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The term that fits the description of a highly coordinated activity that delivers goods and/or services when they are needed is "just-in-time production.Just-in-time (JIT) production is a highly coordinated activity that delivers goods and/or services when they are needed.

JIT is a production strategy that emphasizes producing products or providing services when and where they are required, as opposed to having excess capacity to accommodate unpredictable demand.JIT is frequently used in manufacturing to minimize waste and reduce costs. This approach requires a well-coordinated supply chain, as materials must arrive at the manufacturing facility just in time for production. JIT can assist firms in lowering inventory and reducing waste while also allowing them to improve customer service. Operation Heijunka, takt time, quality management, and lean operation are all concepts that are closely related to JIT.

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a) To argue that the game does not have a pure strategy Nash equilibrium, we need to show that there is no single strategy for each player that remains the best response regardless of the other player's strategy.

In the given game, if Player 1 chooses strategy U, Player 2's best response is to choose strategy R to get a payoff of 1. However, if Player 1 chooses strategy D, Player 2's best response is to choose strategy L to get a payoff of 4. Therefore, there is no single strategy that is the best response for Player 2 regardless of Player 1's strategy. Similarly, there is no pure strategy Nash equilibrium for Player 1. Hence, the game does not have a pure strategy Nash equilibrium.

b) To compute the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium, we need to find probabilities for each player's mixed strategy such that they are indifferent between their available strategies.

Let p be the probability of Player 1 choosing strategy U and (1-p) be the probability of choosing strategy D. Similarly, let q be the probability of Player 2 choosing strategy L and (1-q) be the probability of choosing strategy R.

Player 1's expected payoff for strategy U is 0p + 1(1-p) = 1 - p, and for strategy D is 4p + 0(1-p) = 4p.

Player 2's expected payoff for strategy L is 0q + 4(1-q) = 4 - 4q, and for strategy R is 1q + 0(1-q) = q.

To find the mixed strategy Nash equilibrium, we set up the indifference equations:

1 - p = 4p (Player 1's indifference)

4 - 4q = q (Player 2's indifference)

Solving these equations, we get p = 1/5 and q = 4/5.

Therefore, the unique mixed strategy Nash equilibrium for this game is Player 1 choosing strategy U with a probability of 1/5 and Player 2 choosing strategy R with a probability of 4/5.

c) To prove that there can exist a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium where players do not randomize along the equilibrium path, we need to show that there is a strategy profile where each player's action in each period is a pure strategy of the stage game.

In this game, since there is no pure strategy Nash equilibrium, there is no pure strategy subgame perfect Nash equilibrium either. Hence, we cannot find a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium where players do not randomize along the equilibrium path.

d) Since there is no pure strategy subgame perfect Nash equilibrium for this repeated game, we have already proven that such an equilibrium does not exist.

Overall, the game does not have a pure strategy Nash equilibrium, and the unique mixed strategy Nash equilibrium is Player 1 choosing strategy U with a probability of 1/5 and Player 2 choosing strategy R with a probability of 4/5.

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The statement "the purpose of the purchase determines the amount of effort a person will put into the decision" is true because the purpose of the purchase determines the amount of effort a person will put into the decision.

The more significant the purchase is, the more effort the consumer will put in. A customer will put in more effort to determine whether or not to purchase a particular brand of dishwasher than they will to select a bottle of water in a grocery store. The consumer's level of effort varies depending on their needs and the degree to which the product meets those needs.

On the other hand, for purchases that are considered less significant or routine, individuals may not exert as much effort. This could include buying everyday items like groceries or toiletries. In these cases, people may rely on habits, convenience, or brand loyalty to make their choices quickly and with minimal consideration.

The level of effort invested also depends on personal factors such as the individual's level of interest, knowledge, and available resources. Additionally, time constraints, budget constraints, and the perceived complexity of the purchase can influence the effort put into the decision-making process.

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The annuity is worth approximately $26,935.56. The project has a first IRR of approximately 7.46% with cash flows of -$800, $5,000, $200, and -$5,000 over four years at a cost of capital of 10%.

The explanation of the calculations for excel sheet is

Annuity Calculation

To calculate the present value of an annuity, we can use the formula:

PV = C * [(1 - (1 + r)⁻ⁿ) / r],

where PV is the present value, C is the cash flow per period, r is the interest rate per period, and n is the number of periods.

Using the given information:

C = $10,000 (cash flow per year),

r = 12% (interest rate), and

n = 20 (number of years).

Using the formula, we can calculate the present value (annuity worth) as follows:

PV = $10,000 * [(1 - (1 + 0.12)^(-20)) / 0.12]

PV ≈ $26935.56

Therefore, the annuity is worth approximately $26,935.56 today.

Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Calculation

To calculate the internal rate of return (IRR), we need to find the discount rate that makes the net present value (NPV) of the cash flows equal to zero. We can use the IRR function in Excel to find the IRR.

Using the cash flows given:

Year 0: -$800

Year 1: $5,000

Year 2: $200

Year 3: -$5,000

In Excel, you can use the following formula to calculate the IRR:

=IRR(B1:B4),

where B1:B4 represents the range of cash flows.

Using this formula, the first internal rate of return is approximately 7.46%.

Therefore, the first internal rate of return for the project is approximately 7.46%.

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The shortage can be calculated as follows: Quantity demanded at P = $30: Q d  = 35/30 = 7/6Quantity supplied at P = $30: Qs = 30Shortage = Q d - Qs = 7/6 - 30 = -173/6 = -28.8. The shortage due to the legal price is approximately 28.8 units.

The given equations for the market for raised salmon (RS) are: Demand: Q = 35/F and Supply: Qs = P. The equilibrium price (P) and equilibrium quantity (Q) can be calculated by equating the quantity demanded and quantity supplied. Q d = Qs35/F = P The supply equation can be rearranged as follows: Qs = PP = Qs. Thus, P = 35/F Equating the quantity demanded and quantity supplied, we get:35/F = P. Therefore, P = 35/F. The equilibrium price is 35/F. The equilibrium quantity can be calculated by substituting the equilibrium price in the demand equation: Q = 35/F = 35/(35/F) = F. Therefore, the equilibrium quantity is F. The market demand curve is Q d = 35/F. The market supply curve is Qs = P. The legal price of P = $30 is lower than the equilibrium price, i.e. 35/F. This means that the legal price is a price ceiling. A price ceiling is a legal maximum price that can be charged for a good or service. If the legal price is set below the equilibrium price, it creates a shortage of the good or service. The shortage can be calculated as follows: Quantity demanded at P = $30: Q d  = 35/30 = 7/6Quantity supplied at P = $30: Qs = 30Shortage = Q d - Qs = 7/6 - 30 = -173/6 = -28.8 (approx)Therefore, the shortage due to the legal price is approximately 28.8 units.

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The given scenario of Brown Shoe Company, developing a grid that contains the characteristics they need along with a weight for each item to indicate its importance for selecting a new accounts receivable system is an example of a Scoring model.

Option D is correct

A Scoring Model is a quantitative method that helps in ranking various options. Scoring models are employed when there is a need to assess options or criteria that vary in importance.

To assign scores, a set of relevant criteria are determined and each criterion is assigned a score based on its degree of importance. The total score is computed by multiplying each criterion score by the importance weight of each criterion.

Option D is correct

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With the quantity of output on the horizontal axis, the total fixed cost curve is a horizontal straight line.

The statement "With quantity of output on the horizontal axis, the total fixed cost curve is U-shaped. a horizontal straight line. downward sloping" is incorrect. Total fixed cost is the fixed costs of a company. It is the cost of production that does not change with the level of output, such as rent, salaries, utilities, and interest payments.

As a result, the total fixed cost curve will be a horizontal straight line, since the level of output does not affect the cost of production. Hence, the answer is a horizontal straight line.

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Calculation of direct materials variances: Direct material variances are the difference between actual direct material costs and the standard direct material cost.

The direct materials price variance, the direct materials quantity variance, and the direct materials spending variance. This can be calculated using the formula: Direct Material Price Variance = (Actual Price - Standard Price) x Actual Quantity Direct Material Price Variance = ($16,416 ÷ 4,560) - $3.70 = $0.05Direct Material Price Variance = $0.05 x 4,560 = $228To calculate the direct material quantity variance, we need to find the difference between the actual quantity of materials used and the standard quantity of materials expected.

Direct Material Spending Variance = Actual Cost - Expected Cost Direct Material Spending Variance = $16,416 - ($7.40 x 2,120)Direct Material Spending Variance = $16,416 - $15,728 = $688Hence, the direct material price variance is $228, the direct material quantity variance is $1,184, and the direct material spending variance is $688.

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Occupiers’ Liability Acts in different Canadian provinces essentially prescribe a duty of care that occupiers owe to people who enter their premises.

The duty is generally to ensure the reasonable safety of visitors and their property. This duty of care spans provinces like British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island, with slight variations. For instance, while in Alberta, the duty is to ensure visitors will be reasonably safe for the purposes they're invited for, in Manitoba, it's to ensure the safety of people and their property while on the premises. Detailed comprehension would require professional legal consultation or further research.

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The answer is option C. testimonial evidence. The ad for Boston Beer Company that features Jim Koch, who tells about his many years of experience in brewing Samuel Adams beer uses testimonial evidence.

Testimonial evidence is a type of evidence that relies on the personal experiences or opinions of individuals. It can be persuasive when the person providing the testimony is perceived to be trustworthy and an authority in the subject area.

In the given ad, Jim Koch is a credible source when it comes to brewing Samuel Adams beer. His many years of experience and expertise in brewing are highlighted to persuade the audience to choose the brand. Therefore, the answer is option C. testimonial evidence.

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Organizational behavior modification (OBM) is the practice of applying behavioral science knowledge and methods to manage organizational behavior. It is an effective technique for improving the performance and efficiency of employees by modifying their behavior in the workplace.

OBM provides a structure for identifying and managing the antecedents, behaviors, and consequences that are related to employee performance and motivation.In my previous job, I had a colleague who was consistently coming late to the office, which resulted in a decrease in productivity for our team. To improve this behavior, I applied the principles of OBM to increase her motivation regarding punctuality.First, I identified the antecedents of her behavior by analyzing her routine. I found out that she had a habit of staying up late, which resulted in difficulty in waking up early. To address this issue, I suggested that she should follow a fixed sleep routine and set an alarm for the morning.Secondly, I specified the desired behavior by explaining the importance of punctuality in the workplace and how it impacts the team's productivity.

I also provided her with a flexible work schedule that allowed her to come in earlier or later if necessary.Finally, I provided positive consequences by acknowledging her efforts and progress. I praised her when she came to the office on time and gave her small incentives like a coffee or a snack to show my appreciation for her efforts.Over time, these interventions helped her develop a new habit of being on time, which improved her productivity and our team's output. The result of the OBM intervention was a significant increase in her motivation and punctuality.

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Green procurement refers to the process of purchasing goods and services that have minimal negative impact on the environment throughout their lifecycle.

It involves considering environmental factors, such as energy efficiency, waste reduction, and sustainable sourcing, when making procurement decisions.

Green procurement is gradually gaining popularity in the global healthcare industry due to several reasons. Firstly, healthcare organizations are recognizing their responsibility to minimize their environmental footprint and contribute to sustainability efforts. Green procurement aligns with their corporate social responsibility goals and demonstrates their commitment to environmental stewardship. Secondly, investors and stakeholders are increasingly focusing on environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria when evaluating organizations.

Embracing green procurement practices enhances the reputation and attractiveness of healthcare organizations to these stakeholders. Moreover, green procurement can lead to cost savings in the long run by reducing energy consumption, waste management costs, and promoting efficient resource utilization.

Components of a green procurement policy in the healthcare industry may include:

Sustainable sourcing: Procuring products and equipment from suppliers that prioritize sustainable materials and manufacturing processes. For example, purchasing medical devices made from recycled materials.

Energy efficiency: Prioritizing energy-efficient equipment and appliances that minimize energy consumption. For instance, procuring energy-efficient lighting systems for hospitals.

Waste reduction and recycling: Encouraging suppliers to provide products with minimal packaging and promoting the use of recyclable materials. Implementing a recycling program for medical waste and encouraging the use of reusable items whenever possible.

Toxic substances avoidance: Avoiding the use of products containing hazardous chemicals or substances harmful to human health or the environment. This includes sourcing eco-friendly cleaning supplies and chemicals.

Supplier engagement and collaboration: Collaborating with suppliers to develop and implement sustainable practices, promoting transparency in the supply chain, and encouraging suppliers to adopt green initiatives.

By incorporating these components into their procurement policies, hospitals can contribute to environmental sustainability, improve their ESG performance, and enhance their reputation as environmentally responsible organizations.

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Statement of requirements include meets system needs; alternative options include address strategic facility goals; vision goals include stretch targets; "for design" has internal space planning and relocation forecast.

A statement of requirements serves as a blueprint for meeting forecasted system needs. It outlines specific criteria and specifications that must be fulfilled to ensure the successful implementation of a system or project. This document helps align the development process with the identified needs, ensuring efficiency and effectiveness in achieving desired outcomes.

When creating a strategic facility plan, alternative options are considered to address the goals and objectives of the plan. These options provide flexibility and allow for the exploration of different approaches, technologies, or methodologies to achieve the desired outcomes. By evaluating and comparing these alternatives, organizations can select the most suitable and cost-effective solutions for their strategic facility planning.

Vision statement goals are often considered as stretch goals because they represent ambitious and aspirational targets that go beyond the current capabilities or performance levels. These goals inspire and challenge organizations to reach new heights, fostering innovation and driving continuous improvement.

"For design" refers to an internally produced space planning and relocation forecast. This indicates that the design process and space planning are handled internally within the organization. The forecast helps assess and anticipate future space requirements and relocation needs, facilitating effective resource allocation and planning for facility changes.

In summary, a statement of requirements addresses forecasted system needs, alternative options are considered for strategic facility planning goals, vision statement goals are stretch goals, and "for design" signifies an internally produced space planning and relocation forecast.

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OSHA penalties and their effectiveness. Many people argue that OSHA penalties should be strengthened to have a greater impact on employee safety.

They believe that existing penalties are too weak and that more robust sanctions would serve as a stronger deterrent for noncompliant employers. OSHA policies and standards are designed to promote workplace safety and protect employees from hazards. The effectiveness of these policies and standards can vary depending on how well they are implemented and enforced within each individual company. Accurate accident data and specific evaluations would be needed to assess the effectiveness of OSHA policies in a particular organization.

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Client exploitation can occur when a professional takes advantage of their superior knowledge or position to their own advantage.

This is often at the cost of the client's best interests. For instance, a financial advisor could suggest high-risk investments to a client who does not fully understand the potential losses. The advisor does this knowing that they stand to gain more commission from these risky investments, even though it's not suitable for the client's financial situation. This is an example of customer exploitation where the professional leverages their expertise unethically for personal gain.

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Expected Monetary Value (EMV) is the weighted average of the various possible outcomes of a decision, where each outcome is weighted by its probability of occurrence. It is a calculation that estimates the expected value of a given decision based on the probability of the outcome. In this sushi restaurant in a shopping mall case, the owner has two options to choose from: expanding his restaurant by leasing an adjacent space, or staying the same. The expansion could result in higher profits, but it also involves more risks.

To calculate the EMV of these options, the owner needs to estimate the probability of each possible outcome, calculate the expected monetary value for each outcome, and then multiply the two to get the weighted average. Suppose the probability of a successful expansion is 0.4 and the expected profit is $500,000. The probability of the expansion failing is 0.6, and the expected loss is $200,000. The expected value of expansion can be calculated as follows:

EMV (Expansion) = 0.4 x $500,000 + 0.6 x (-$200,000) = $100,000

If the owner chooses not to expand, the expected monetary value would be zero, as there would be no additional cost or revenue. Therefore, the EMV for this option is $0.

EVPI is the maximum amount of money that a decision-maker would be willing to pay to have perfect information before making a decision. In other words, it measures the value of information that would eliminate uncertainty about the outcome. In this case, if the owner had perfect information about the success or failure of the expansion, he would know which option to choose. If the EVPI is greater than the cost of obtaining perfect information, it would be worthwhile to get that information.

The EVPI can be calculated as follows:

EVPI = EMV (with Perfect Information) – EMV (without Perfect Information)

Suppose the owner can obtain perfect information about the success or failure of the expansion by conducting a market survey at a cost of $50,000. If the survey reveals that the expansion will be successful, the owner will expand. Otherwise, he will not. The EMV with perfect information would be $500,000, as there is no uncertainty about the outcome. The EMV without perfect information would be $100,000. Therefore, the EVPI is:

EVPI = $500,000 – $100,000 = $400,000

Since the cost of obtaining perfect information is less than the EVPI, it would be worthwhile for the owner to conduct the survey and obtain that information.

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