In this way, DNA polymerase functions as a "self-correcting" enzyme, repairing any polymerization errors as it moves along the DNA.
What corrects mistakes made during DNA replication?By examining the newly inserted nucleotide, DNA polymerase quickly corrects the majority of mistakes encountered during DNA replication The DNA pol reads the most recent base added during proofreading so that a correction can be made before adding the next base.
What purpose does DNA ligase fulfil?DNA ligases play a key role in maintaining genomic integrity by mending breaks in the phosphodiester backbone of DNA that occur during replication and recombination as well as as a result of DNA damage and subsequent repair. Three human genes, LIG1, LIG3, and LIG4, are involved in
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4. why does it take a much shorter time for adaptive immunity to be induced on subsequent encounters with the antigen?
T-helper cells are more numerous against the antigen. Therefore it take a much shorter time for adaptive immunity to be induced on subsequent encounters with the antigen.
Since they are necessary for practically all adaptive immunity,
T-helper cells are perhaps the most significant cells in adaptive immunity. They aid in the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which kill infected target cells, as well as B cells that generate antibodies and macrophages that kill ingested microorganisms.
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Compare the energy output (in the form of ATP) for a single glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis and fermentation to that of a glucose molecule undergoing cellular respiration.
Under glycolysis and fermentation, a single glucose molecule outputs 2 ATP, but in cellular respiration, a single glucose molecule outputs 38 ATP
A single glucose molecule generates 2 ATP during glycolysis and fermentation, but 38 ATP during cellular respiration.
What is meant by ATP?Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an organic substance that supplies energy to various functions in living cells, including muscular contraction, nerve signal propagation, condensate dissolving, and chemical synthesis. ATP is found in all known forms of life and is sometimes referred to be the "molecular unit of currency" of intracellular energy transfer. When ingested in metabolic processes, it either changes to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP) (AMP). Other methods renew ATP. Every day, the human body recycles its own body weight in ATP. It also serves as a coenzyme and a precursor to DNA and RNA.
Therefore, Under glycolysis and fermentation, a single glucose molecule outputs 2 ATP, but in cellular respiration, a single glucose molecule outputs 38 ATP.
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the 3' end of dna multiple choice refers to the end that has a hydroxyl group. attaches to the 5' phosphate group of the incoming nucleotide. always has thymine attached to it. usually has guanine attached to it.
The 3' end of DNA: refers to the end that has a hydroxyl group.
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is the most prevalent form of genetic material. It is a double stranded structure with complementary strands. If one strand is 3' then the other would be 5'. The two strands are joined together by hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases.
The 3'-end of the DNA always possess a hydroxyl group. This OH group is necessary during the replication reaction where the group attacks a phosphate on the next base to be added. The reaction of replication cannot be accomplished without this hydroxyl group.
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What are the three 3 types of health issues which directly impact food handlers that are likely to cause a hygiene risk?.
Inhaling toxins, allergies, microbes, or toxins via the skin are just a few of the hygiene-related health risks that can occur at home. There may be a role for viruses, fungi, and bacteria.
Food storage, managing time and temperature, and preventing food contamination are three essential aspects of food safety that must be carefully handled and instructed on.
There may be a role for viruses, fungi, and bacteria. These hazards translate into various risks for any given family, ranging from minor annoyances to significant health threats. Regarding hygiene habits and the use of hygiene products, these will call for various responses.
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during the production of rna, what rna sequence would the dna template sequence 3'-tagctg-5' be transcribed to produce?
This template DNA sequence 3'-tagctg-5' would be transcribed to create the 5'-AUCGAC-3' rna sequence during rna creation.
With the exception of uracil's substitution for thymine, this RNA nucleotide sequence was complementary to the one on the DNA template strand. The bases adenine and thymine couple with guanine and cytosine, respectively; the RNA sequence for the corresponding Stranded dna would be UACGGAUCCUG. The nucleotide sequence of the DNA strand that serves as an RNA template is AGCTTCGA. However, as codons are often written from 3' end to 5' end, this mRNA codon is really ACU. The mRNA sequence created by the 5' TAGCCAATTG 3' sequence the DNA in the coding strand and the template strand's 3' ATCGGTTAAC 5' will also be 3' GUUAACCGAU 5'. That 5' to 3' axis is where the process is recommended is pointed.
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Which of the following is not true about eukaryotic DNA?
A. It is an exceedingly long and fragile molecule.
B. It is packaged into successively compact formations.
C. The entire molecule has encoded information for protein synthesis.
D. In the condensed form, it is transcriptionally inactive.
E. It must be unpackaged before it can be transcribed into RNA.
The statement It is an exceedingly long and fragile molecule is not true about eukaryotic DNA (Option A).
How the eukaryotic DNA molecule is arranged?The eukaryotic DNA molecule is arranged in the form of a densely compacted structure by histone proteins that bind to this molecule and whose compaction degrees are indicative of the overall transcriptional state.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the eukaryotic DNA molecule is composed of a densely compacted sequence associated with histone proteins that are able to regulate the transcriptional process through the compaction state.
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why is fossil evidence usually not enough to give a complete record of evolution? (click on all that apply.)
An organism's remnants must be covered by sediment before the drawn-out process of fossilization may start. The majority of living things decay before this can happen.
Some justifications for why fossils aren't regarded as completely accurate include Some fossils are destroyed by the Earth's crust moving, After death, consumed organisms are unlikely to become fossilized, Soft-bodied species do not readily fossilize, and some fossils are buried too deeply for scientists to access. The fossil was created by the rapid subsurface burial of an organism. An organism would be partially degraded if it had already passed away before being buried. The fossil must then be discovered after spending millions of years underground, which can be extremely unlikely.
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Significant agricultural monetary losses are due to the destruction of ________ through pesticide spray drift and residues on flowers.
Significant agricultural monetary losses are due to destruction of Honeybees through pesticide spray drift and residues on flowers.
A robust, healthy honey production has always required vibrant, diverse floral environment.
Agrochemical pesticides, which are dispersed over vast areas of crops, fruit orchards, woods, and other ecosystems for control of insect pests, weeds, and plant diseases, have become a new hazard to beekeepers in recent decades.Since bees are insects and are vulnerable to any toxin intended to eliminate insect pests, there was little question that chemical insecticides may pose major threat to them.So, in industrialised nations, rigorous toxicity testing was and still is needed before such pesticides can be approved for use in crop protection.learn more about honeybees at - Brainly ... https://brainly.com/question/3668237
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a particular triplet of bases in the template strand of dna is 5'-agt-3'. the corresponding codon for the mrna transcribed is question 10 options: 3'-uca-5'. 5'-tca-3'. 3'-uga-5'. 3'-acu-5'.
The triplet in question is:- 3 UCA 5
What does a specific triplet of nucleotides in the DNA template strand represent?Transcription is the method by which mRNA is produced from the template strand of DNA. Another name for the template strand is the antisense strand. The opposing base pair is added to the mRNA chain by RNA polymerase after reading the coding sequence on the template DNA strand.
If there is an adenine nucleotide in the template strand, Uracil will be added in place of it in the mRNA since Thymine is replaced by Uracil. The remaining nucleotide addition is identical to that in DNA; T will be added in place of A and C will be added in place of G.
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(lo 3.13) plant cells and animal cells both undergo mitosis and cytokinesis. new cell wall material is deposited from vesicles
The primary distinction between plant cell and animal cell mitosis is that in plant cell mitosis, the creation of the mitotic spindle occurs without the assistance of any centrioles,
Whereas in animal cell mitosis, the construction of the spindle is aided by two centrioles. Cytoplasmic division comes after the phase of mitosis.
Plant cells undergo mitosis in the meristem, but animal cells undergo mitosis throughout the body. In contrast to animal cell mitosis, which uses an ambilateral spindle, plant cell mitosis uses an an astral spindle. In animal cells, mitosis results in the formation of centrosomes; in plant cells, it does not.
They differ primarily in how the daughter cells are created during cytokinesis. Animal cells cleave or form a furrow at that point, which allows daughter cells to develop. Plant cells do not develop furrows because of the stiff cell wall.
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1. gas that enters the blood through the lungs 2. smallest blood vessel 3. relaxation phase of the heartbeat 4. upper chamber of the heart 5. gas released by body cells; travels via blood to the lungs where it is exhaled. 6. small artery 7. inner lining of the heart 8. specialized muscle fibers connecting the upper and lower heart chambers; bundle of his 9. contraction phase of the heartbeat 10. largest artery in the body 11. lower tip of the heart
The inferior tip of the heart, or the apex, is located just to the left of the sternum, at the point where the fourth and fifth ribs join and the costal cartilages are articulated.
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What are the importance of sexuality to family health?.
Some important aspects of sexuality include- education, communication, has rights, experiences, threats and prevents and to understand.
As a fundamental aspect of the human experience, sexuality is experienced at every stage in the life span. Sexual values, behaviors, and health are important components of individual and family well‐being.
Some important aspects of sexuality include- education, communication, has rights, experiences, threats & prevents and to understand.
Sexual health plays a big role in our life. It can affect and is affected by other aspects of health. This includes mental, physical, emotional, and social health. Being in good sexual health means you are well informed, careful, and respectful to yourself and others. At an individual level, good/bad parenting and family structure were found to affect young people's sexual behaviour by influencing children's self-confidence and interactional competence, limiting discussion of sexual health and shaping economic provision for children.
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7-1 functions of membranes. for each of the following statements, specify which one of the five general membrane functions (permeability barrier, localization of function, regulation of transport, detection of signals, or intercellular communication) the statement illustrates.
Following are the general membrane functions for each of the statements:
Localization of functionIntercellular communicationRegulation of transportLocalization of functionLocalization of functionRegulation of transportPermeability barrierDetection of signalsWhat is plasma membrane?The plasma membrane, also called the cell membrane, is the membrane found in all cells that separates the interior of the cell from the external environment. Bacterial and plant cells have a cell wall attached to the outer surface of the plasma membrane.
The plasma membrane acts as a physical barrier between the external environment and internal organelles. The plasma membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that allows the movement of only certain molecules in and out of the cell.
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The complete question is as follows:
Functions of membranes. for each of the following statements, specify which one of the five general membrane functions (permeability barrier, localization of function, regulation of transport, detection of signals, or intercellular communication) the statement illustrates.
a. When cells are disrupted and fractionated into subcellular components, the enzyme of cytochrome P-450 is recovered with the endoplasmic reticulum fraction.
b. On their outer surface tissue, cells of multicellular organisms carry specific glycoproteins that are responsible for cell-cell adhesion.
c. The interior of a membrane consists primarily of the hydrophobic portions of phospholipids and amphipathic proteins.
d. Photosystems I and II are embedded in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.
e. All of the acid phosphatase in a mammalian cell is found within the lysosomes.
f. The membrane of a plant root cell has an ion pump that exchanges phosphate inward for bicarbonate outward.
g. The inner mitochondrial membrane contains an ATP-ADP carrier protein that couples outward ATP movement to inner ADP movement.
h. Insulin does not enter a target cell but instead binds to a specific membrane receptor on the external surface of the membrane, thereby activating the enzyme adenylyl cyclase on the inner membrane surface.
How does Orwell use the character of Squealer to explore ideas about truth and lies in Animal Farm?.
Squealer symbolizes the propaganda newspaper, the Pravda (Russian for "the fact"), and has been connected to one of all Stalin's staunchest allies, Vyacheslav Molotov.
The allegories permit the reader to remember that a few politicians in energy use the same gear to cover their misleading movements. Squealer represents the mass media, that enabled the upward push to the electricity of Stalin, hiding his moves with communist beliefs that first of all brought the running elegance together and rebellion.
He gives you propaganda to the opposite animals. it's also hinted that he reports again to Napoleon about what the opposite animals say. Orwell suggests that Squealer is persuasive thru the outline of his look and movements. The others stated of Squealer that he could flip black into white.
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like the cardiovascular system, what is the primary determinant of resistance to flow in the respiratory system?
The fundamental determinant of resistance to flow in the respiratory system, as in the circulatory system, is tube radius.
The respiratory system contains the nose, mouth, neck, vocal organs, neck, and bronchi. Air enters the respiratory whole through the nose or the backtalk. If it goes into the smelling organ of an animate being (otherwise known as the nares), the air is warmed and humidified. Your respiratory system is the network of means and tissues that help you sigh.
The circulatory system is containing blood ships that give ancestry away and towards the heart. Arteries give ancestry outside limits the courage and veins carry ancestry back to the soul. The flowing arrangement carries oxygen, foods, and hormones to containers, and eliminates waste products, like carbon dioxide.
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the centromere is a group of proteins that attach to the kinetochore. is a region of dna where sister chromatids associate. is not present on the chromosomes of the daughter cells until anaphase. is a group of proteins that attach to the mitotic spindle. is only present when chromosomes are highly compacted
The kinetochore, a section of DNA where sister chromatids associate, is where the centromere, a collection of proteins, attaches.
Do sister chromatids associate with the centromere region of DNA?The centromere is a region of specialized chromatin that is located within each constricted chromosome. It provides the framework for kinetochore assembly and acts as a location for sister chromatid attachment.
The centromere, which resembles a constrictive area of a chromosome, is crucial in assisting the cell divide up its DNA during division (mitosis and meiosis). It is specifically the spot where the cell's spindle fibers are attached.
By directing the construction of the microtubule-binding kinetochore and acting as the cohesion site between sister chromatids, centromeres play crucial roles in the segregation of equal chromosomes.
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what useful purpose is served by cell division in a multicellular organism? select all the correct answers.
The cell division occurs to prevent cells from growing to an excessive size, to create new cells as an organism grows, and to replace tissues and cells that have been injured.
Cell division is the process by which unicellular creatures reproduce, whereas in multicellular organisms, it is the process by which tissues grow and are maintained. The reproduction of a complete unicellular organism, the development of gametes (eggs and sperm) for sexual reproduction in multicellular animals, and the growth and repair of tissues are the three primary roles of cellular division.
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Without genetic variation, the mechanisms of evolutionary change will not occur. There are several sources of genetic variation within a breeding population: sexual reproduction, mutation, and gene flow. Specifically, sexual reproduction contributes to genetic variation and as a result, evolution, through recombination. Describe recombination and analyze how it contributes to genetic variability. Choose all that apply.
When two gametes fuse during fertilization to produce a zygote with distinct DNA combinations, this variety is amplified even more, hence a, b, d is the correct option.
What is genetic variation?Genetic variation is the difference in DNA between individuals or between populations. Multiple sources of genetic variation include mutations and genetic recombination. Mutation is the ultimate cause of genetic variation, but so are other mechanisms such as: B. Gene drift, contributing to this.
Genetic variation results in different forms or alleles of a gene. For example, looking at eye color, a blue-eyed person has one allele of the eye color gene, while a brown-eyed person has a different allele of the gene.
Therefore, meiosis brings about changes in organisms, which lead to changes during evolution. So a, b, and d are the correct choices.
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when part of the input to a neuron is lost, the nerve fibers from undamaged neurons form new connections to replace those lost. this is called:
When part of the input to a neuron is lost, the nerve fibers of the undamaged neuron form new connections to replace the lost ones this is called axonal sprouting.
What is meant by axonal sprouting?
Inside a nerve cell, there is a cell body, dendrites, and an axon that has a specific function. The nervous system consists of many neurons. Neurons function as senders of messages (impulses) in the form of stimuli or responses.
The axon is a long extension that extends from the cell body. Its function is to transmit impulses from the cell body to other neurons. The axon has a sheath for wrapping. The axon sheath is composed of Schwann cells. The inner sheath of Schwann cells that directly covers the axon is called the myelin sheath. This sheath is a layer of fat. Meanwhile, the outer axon sheath of Schwann cells is called neurolemma. Myelin sheath functions as a protector and also provides nutrition to the axon. Schwann cells help regenerate damaged axons. Axonal sprouting is the process by which fine nerve processes (budding) grow from intact axons to re-innervate denervated muscle fibers. The buds thus sustain the nerve supply to the muscles and, in turn, the ability to move. The myelin sheath does not completely cover the axon. The part or point on the axon that does not completely wrap around the axon. The part or point on the axon that is not covered by the myelin sheath is called the node of Ranvier. This node serves to accelerate the delivery of nerve stimulation.
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How do you define an inorganic compound?.
Any material wherein two or more elements elements are mixed, almost invariably in precise proportions, is referred to as an inorganic compound. When carbon is bonded to hydrogen, a compound is categorized as organic.
The most common way to categorize inorganic compounds is according to the individual elements as well as groups of elements which they include. For instance, oxides come in both organic and molecular forms. Compounds classified as organic are those derived either indirectly or directly from animals and plants. Inorganic compounds are those that are created from minerals. Consider the inorganic chemical carbon dioxide, which possesses a carbon atom but no C-C or C-H bonds despite being an inorganic compound. Examples of organic compounds include fat, nucleotides, carbs, enzyme, proteins, and hydrocarbon fuels. Inorganic compounds include objects generated from a single element, non-metals, salt, metals, acids, and bases.
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Do germline mutations occur in somatic cells?.
No, germline mutations do not occur in somatic cells. Somatic cells are the cells that make up the body, and they do not have the ability to pass on DNA to future generations.
Germline cells, on the other hand, are the cells that give rise to sperm and eggs. These cells have the ability to pass on DNA to future generations, and therefore, any mutations that occur in these cells will be passed down to future generations.
There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is the process that somatic cells use to divide and produce two identical daughter cells. Meiosis is the process that germline cells use to divide and produce four gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. During meiosis, the DNA of the parent cell is randomly divided between the four gametes. This random division of DNA can lead to mutations.
Germline mutations are thought to be responsible for a variety of hereditary diseases. Some of these diseases include cancer, heart disease, and mental illness. Germline mutations can also cause changes in physical appearance, such as hair color and eye color. These mutations are passed down from generation to generation and can have a significant impact on the health and appearance of an individual.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. even though plant cells photosynthesize, they still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate and cellular respiration. this will occur in ___ . cells that are storing glucose only all cells all the time non-photosynthesizing cells only all cells all the time photosynthesizing cells in the light and in other tissues in the dark
Even though plant cells photosynthesize, they still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate and cellular respiration this will occur in all cells all the time .
What is cellular respiration in plants?The process by which sugar is broken down in the presence of oxygen in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and plants) to release energy in the form of ATP is known as cellular respiration. Water and carbon dioxide are waste products of this process. Plants can carry out cellular respiration because they have mitochondria.Oxidation of pyruvate in plants:Eukaryotic cells' mitochondrial matrix is the site of pyruvate oxidation.Pyruvate becomes an acetyl group connected to a carrier molecule of coenzyme A when oxygen is present. The resultant acetyl CoA can enter a number of pathways, although the citric acid cycle is usually where the acetyl group is given for further catabolism.For more information on cellular respiration in plants kindly visit to
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All of the following events occur during prophase in mitosis except responses pairing of chromosomes. Pairing of chromosomes. Spindle formation. Spindle formation. Crossing over. Crossing over. Condensation of dna.
All of the following activities occur in the course of prophase in mitosis except crossing over.
Mitosis may be divided into 4 stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Throughout prophase, the chromatids condense into chromosomes, thereby making them seen. The mitotic spindle is a structure composed of microtubule proteins that segregate the chromosomes in mitosis. This shape is formed in prophase.
In Prophase homologous pairs of chromosomes are paired together. In metaphase, these chromosomes are lined up at the equator of the mobile, and sister chromatids are connected to the spindle fiber.
Crossing over (or recombination) is the alternate of genetic cloth between non-sister chromatids that occurs in the course of prophase I of meiosis.
In end, condensation of DNA, the pairing of chromosomes, and, spindle formation arise for the duration of prophase, while crossing over occurs in prophase I of the meiotic cellular department (choice B).
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in pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to green seeds, and the yellow and green alleles are represented with Y and y, respectively. match each genotype with the correct description of alleles
heterozygous for the yellow and green alleles
homozygous for the yellow allele
homozygous for the green allele
-YY
-Yy
-yy
-YY
-Yy
-yy
-YY
-Yy
-yy
In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to green seeds, and the yellow and green alleles are represented with Y and y, respectively. A. Genotype 1/2 Yy; 1/2 yy. Phenotype: 1/2 Yellow; 1/2 Green.
What is punnett square?Punnett´s Square has been considered as visual representation of Mendelian inheritance. Dominant genes always express when an organism presents them. Recessive genes express when both alleles contain the recessive gene.
A heterozygote contains different alleles for the same gene (Yy). A homozygote contains the same alleles for the same gene (YY/yy), which can be a Dominant (YY) or Recessive (yy) Homozygote.
Therefore, In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to green seeds, and the yellow and green alleles are represented with Y and y, respectively. A. Genotype 1/2 Yy; 1/2 yy. Phenotype: 1/2 Yellow; 1/2 Green.
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botulism and myasthenia gravis are conditions that cause muscle weakness. which of these statements is not true? a) In myasthenia gravis, acetylcholine is released, but the receptors on the junctional folds of the sarcolemma cannot receive the acetylcholine.b) Both conditions affect normal activity at the neuromuscular junction. c) Botulium toxin impairs the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic neuron. d) Both conditions are caused by an inability of the body to produce adequate acetylcholine.
Botulism and myasthenia gravis are conditions that cause muscle weakness but Both conditions are caused by an inability of the body to produce adequate acetylcholine statement is not true. Correct option to this question is D.
What is myasthenia gravis?Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) that is brought on by antibodies that attack postsynaptic membrane components, disrupt neuromuscular transmission, and cause skeletal muscle weakening and exhaustion.What is botulism? Due to a neurotoxin generated by Clostridium botulinum, botulism is an acute neurologic condition that can result in neuroparalysis that is potentially life-threatening. The presynaptic membranes of peripheral neuromuscular and autonomic nerve junctions are permanently bound by the toxin.For more information on botulism and myasthenia gravis kindly visit to
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where is norepinephrine and epinephrine released? group of answer choices postganglionic synapse ganglionic synapse preganglionic neuron
Norepinephrine and epinephrine is released Pre-ganglionic neuron.
There are vast arrays of neurons located in the spinal cord and brain stem that project their axons outside the central nervous system (CNS) and are a part of the efferent (motor) pathways leading from brain centres to periphery within the autonomic nervous system, which is the set of central and peripheral nerve structures that control the activity of viscera (such as the bladder, heart, intestines, trachea, and glands) and of blood vessels. They are referred to as preganglionic neurons because their axons condense into tiny nerves that attach to ganglion neurons in the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia of the autonomic nervous system.
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What is the promotional objective of the introduction stage of the product life cycle?.
Answer: The promotional objective is to inform consumers in an effort to increase their level of awareness.
Explanation: I hope this helps!!!!!
The following HIV encoded enzymes work in which temporal sequence during an HIV infection?
A. integrase, reverse transcriptase, protease
B. protease, reverse transcriptase, integrase
C. reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase
D. reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease
reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease
Reverse transcriptase, integrase, protease. Reverse transcriptase (RT), integrase (IN), and protease (PR), the three viral enzymes, are all promising therapeutic targets during an HIV infection.
White blood cells called CD4 cells, which help the body fight disease and infection, are destroyed by HIV. A CD4 cell that has been infected by the virus is reprogrammed to produce new HIV copies. HIV requires the assistance of the enzymes reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase to accomplish this. The main HIV medicine classes function by inhibiting these enzymes and preventing CD4 cells from becoming HIV replicators.
Inhibitors of nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NRT) have defective forms of the genetic components that HIV employs to infect CD4 cells. The HIV gene cannot be inserted into the healthy cell when the reverse transcriptase HIV enzyme uses these flawed building pieces.
By interfering with this procedure, the virus cannot replicate in CD4 cells.
Anti-Protease Agents
The generation of protease, a protein required for HIV to replicate itself in a CD4 cell, is inhibited by protease inhibitors.
Inhibitors of Integrase
Integrase is another protein that HIV utilizes to insert its genetic material into CD4 cells; integrase inhibitors limit the development of integrase.
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what will be the phenotypic ratio for the f1 generation? if two f1 individuals are crossed, what is expected to be the f2 phenotypic ratio?
In dihybrid cross the phenotypic ratio for the f1 generation is 1:1:1:1 and the the f2 phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1.
Phenotypic ratio refers to observable characteristics of an individual, such as height, eye color, and blood type. A person's phenotype is determined by both genomic organization (genotype) and environmental factors.
A dihybrid represents a mating experiment between two organisms in which the two traits are the exact same hybrid. Hybrid organisms are heterozygous, meaning they have two different alleles at a particular genetic position or locus.
The main difference between the F1 and F2 generations is that the F1 generation is the first daughter generation of the parent's descendants. However, the F2 generation is the second daughter generation of the inbred progeny of the F1 individuals.
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when atp levels return to normal after intense muscle activity, is creatine predominantly phosphorylated or unphosphorylated? draw your answer, phosphorylated or unphosphorylated creatine.
Energy for muscle contraction is provided by ATP. When ATP looses a phosphate and turns into ADP, the energy is released.
Phosphate of creatine. a high-energy phosphate that is generated in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas and acts as a source of phosphate to give to ADP. It is also stored in muscles along the margins of the I-band.
In the muscles, ADP is converted to ATP using creatine phosphate. Energy in the form of ATP is required for the contraction of skeletal muscles. Muscle contractions are aided by the energy stored in creatine phosphate, which is used to convert ADP to ATP.
Skeletal and heart muscles receive the creatine that the liver produces via blood flow. It enters the mitochondria, where it is converted to creatine-P through phosphorylation.
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