Music has been shown to improve the locomotor activity of Parkinson’s patients. Two possible hypotheses to explain this phenomenon are: 1) the frequency or beat of the music enhances and/or synchronizes neural oscillators in the brain enhancing rhythmic locomotor activity; or 2) the enjoyment of the familiar songs generates a release of dopamine in the brain (part of the reward system) which partially compensates for Parkinson’s symptoms. Design a preliminary experiment that might differentiate between these two possible hypotheses. What statistical analysis do you plan to use and what assumptions are needed to allow you to use that approach?

Answers

Answer 1

Music has been shown to enhance the rhythmic locomotor activity of Parkinson’s patients. There are two hypotheses to explain this phenomenon.

The first is that the beat of the music or frequency synchronizes neural oscillators in the brain, which enhances rhythmic locomotor activity. The second is that the enjoyment of familiar songs results in the release of dopamine, which partially compensates for Parkinson’s symptoms. This essay will design a preliminary experiment to differentiate between the two hypotheses.

Experimental Design: A randomized controlled trial would be designed with two experimental groups to differentiate between the two hypotheses. Group 1 will listen to a musical piece with a regular beat or frequency, while Group 2 will listen to a piece of music that they are familiar with and enjoy. A control group will not be given any musical stimulation. The experiment will take place in a room with a gait analyzer, which will record the patient’s locomotor activity. Each participant will be required to walk along the gait analyzer for five minutes before the experiment and five minutes after the experiment. The control group will walk for ten minutes. The participants will be informed of their group allocation after completing the pre-test measurements.The statistical analysis used in the experiment will be Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). ANOVA is used to analyze the difference between two or more groups, and it compares the variability of the dependent variable between the groups. There are three assumptions to use the ANOVA approach; first, the dependent variable must be normally distributed, secondly, the variances of the groups should be equal, and thirdly, the observations should be independent of one another.

To ensure the third assumption, the random allocation of participants will be used, and the participants will not be allowed to talk to each other during the experiment.

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Related Questions

what structures prevent blood in the ventricles from backing up into the atria

Answers

The structures that prevent blood in the ventricles from backing up into the atria are the atrioventricular (AV) valves.

The atrioventricular (AV) valves are the valves that ensure blood flows in the correct direction through the heart. The AV valves connect the atria (upper chambers) and ventricles (lower chambers) of the heart.

The AV valve on the right side of the heart is known as the tricuspid valve, whereas the AV valve on the left side of the heart is known as the mitral valve.

The AV valves are anchored to the heart muscle by fibrous rings, which also serve as electrical insulators between the atria and the ventricles.The AV valves ensure that blood flows unidirectionally through the heart.

They prevent blood from flowing back into the atria by closing during ventricular systole (contraction of the ventricles), which prevents blood from flowing back into the atria. This aids in the maintenance of a continuous forward blood flow through the heart.

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5. The diagrams show pollen grains from three different species of plant as they
appear under the microscope. The diagrams are all to the same scale.

Which pollen grains are involved in insect-pollination?
A 1 and 2
B 1 only
C 2 and 3
D 3 only

Answers

Based on the information provided, we can determine which pollen grains are involved in insect-pollination by examining the diagrams. The correct option are C) 2 and 3.

Insect-pollinated plants typically have larger and more complex pollen grains to facilitate attachment to insect bodies, we can make an inference based on the characteristics of the pollen grains shown in the diagrams.

Pollen grains 2 and 3 appear larger and more complex compared to pollen grain 1. This suggests that they are better adapted for insect-pollination, as they would be more likely to adhere to an insect's body and be transported between flowers.

Therefore, pollen grains 2 and 3 are the ones involved in insect-pollination, according to the provided diagrams.

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a kidney from a patient with polycystic kidney disease will have hundreds of:

Answers

The answer to the question will be: A kidney from a patient with polycystic kidney disease will have hundreds of cysts.

What is polycystic kidney disease?

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder that causes many cysts to develop in the kidneys. PKD cysts can impair kidney function and result in kidney failure.

The cysts are non-cancerous (benign), but they can grow very big, and people with PKD may have very big kidneys. With the growth of cysts, there is less space for normal kidney tissue, which can lead to the kidneys becoming less effective at filtering waste from the blood.

There are two types of polycystic kidney disease: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD).

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All of the following statements about what happens during the fasting / post-absorptive state are correct EXCEPT:

A.) Muscle is breaking protein into amino acids.
B.) Fat cells are breaking tryglicerides into fatty acids. C.) Many tissues rely on ketones for energy
D.) Amino acids are broken down to ketones
E.) All of these statements about the post-absorptive state are correct

Answers

The correct answer is E.) All of these statements about the post-absorptive state are correct. The state of the body between meals or while fasting is referred to as the post-absorptive state.

Amino acids are broken down to ketones, which can be used by the body's cells as an alternative source of fuel during the fasting/post-absorptive state. In addition to ketones, the brain may also use glucose generated by the liver from glycogen or other non-carbohydrate sources. However, some tissues, such as skeletal muscle, may break down protein into amino acids and use them for fuel. Fat cells break down triglycerides into fatty acids, which are also used as fuel by various tissues. During the fasting/post-absorptive state, the body makes use of its energy reserves to keep critical organs, such as the brain, functioning correctly. Many tissues, such as the brain, red blood cells, and the renal medulla, rely on ketones for energy. The body also takes steps to preserve its energy reserves during this time, such as reducing its basal metabolic rate. However, the body's energy stores can only last for a limited period, and eventually, it will need to refuel.

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many of the menopause symptoms that women may experience are caused by:

Answers

Many of the menopause symptoms that women may experience are caused by a combination of physiological and biochemical changes associated with aging.

Most of these symptoms are caused by the gradual decline in the body's production of the hormone estrogen. Reduced estrogen levels lead to fluctuations in other hormones, causing a wide array of physical and emotional symptoms. Hot flashes, irregular periods, night sweats, sleep disturbances, and weight gain are all caused by the decreasing production of estrogen.

Mood swings, trouble concentrating, lack of libido, headaches, and dryness in the vagina can also result. In some cases, menopausal symptoms result from the body's inability to easily regulate the changing hormone levels due to aging. Additionally, some women may suffer from psychological symptoms, such as stress, depression, and anxiety.

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Complete question is :

many of the menopause symptoms that women may experience are caused by: ________.

the tendency of molecules to move toward areas of lower concentration is called _____

a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Diffusion pressure deficit
d. Diffusion pressure gradient

Answers

The tendency of molecules to move toward areas of lower concentration is called diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of particles from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

The concentration gradient drives this movement. Diffusion occurs naturally, and it is a passive process; no external force is required for it to occur. Diffusion is the process by which substances move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until they are evenly distributed.

Diffusion pressure gradient, also known as concentration gradient, is the difference in concentration of a substance between two adjacent regions. Diffusion pressure gradient is an essential component of the diffusion process.

The movement of particles is proportional to the concentration gradient, which means that the higher the concentration gradient, the more rapid the diffusion. The diffusion pressure gradient is responsible for various biological processes such as oxygen exchange in the lungs and the movement of nutrients and waste products in and out of cells.

Substances diffuse until their concentrations are uniform throughout the system. This occurs until the particles in the system are evenly distributed.

Diffusion is the simplest way for particles to move from one place to another, and it is a natural process that does not require external energy. The process of diffusion is an essential component of various biological processes such as respiration and the movement of molecules across cell membranes.

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