Central plexuses are the name for nerve networks with sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers that all travel to the same structur automobile plexuses.
What is the term for a sympathetic and parasympathetic network?Involuntary physiological activities including heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, digestion, and sexual arousal are regulated by the autonomic nervous system, a part of the peripheral nervous system. Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric are its three physically separate divisions.
Can a nerve have both parasympathetic and sympathetic functions?Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves innervate several target areas (eg the heart, the iris muscle, some salivary glands, the gastrointestinal tract and pelvic organs).
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9. You are an oceanographer taking measurements to predict whether this year will be an El Niño, a La Niña, or a normal year. (15 points)
A. What are three instruments you will use? (3 points)
B. What measurements will each of these instruments take? (6 points)
C. What measurements would you expect to collect during an El Niño year and a La Niña year? (6 points)
An El Nino scenario develops when east winds blow less strongly than usual and surface water in the equatorial Pacific warms up more than usual.
La Nina is the name for the adverse situation. The east winds are stronger and the ocean is cooler than typical during this ENSO phase. Every three to five years, el Ninos typically occur.
One example is data produced by radar altimetry, which is used to monitor the El Nino global climatological event. El Nino is a term used to describe a periodic weakening of the trade winds and warming of the equatorial Pacific Ocean's surface layers.
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An El Nino scenario develops when the equatorial Pacific Ocean's surface water warms up more than usual and east winds blow less strongly than usual.
The opposite situation is known as La Nina. During this ENSO phase, the water is cooler than usual and the east winds are stronger. Typically, el Ninos occur every three to five years.
One example is the data produced by radar altimetry, which is used to monitor the global climatological event known as El Nino. El Nino is a term used to describe a periodic weakening of the trade winds and warming of the surface layers of the eastern and central equatorial Pacific Ocean.
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which process produces the highest number of reduced electron carriers and thus the greatest potential for generating atp?
The majority of the ATP generated during cellular respiration is produced during the glycolysis stage.
Of the three major stages of cellular respiration, the electron transport chain produces the most ATP. Per glucose molecule, glycolysis results in the net production of 2 ATP.
The first step is to capture and destabilize the glucose, the second is to split it into two molecules with three carbons, and the third is to extract the energy from the chemical bonds of the glucose to produce a small number of ATP molecules, as well as pyruvate and NADH molecules.
A total of 2 ATP is produced during the glycolysis process, which converts glucose into pyruvate and energy (Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2 Pi --> 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 ATP + 2 H2O). Phosphorylation is made possible by the hydroxyl groups. Glucose 6-phosphate is the specific kind of glucose used in glycolysis.
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Complete the table included
Answer:
GnRH GnRH stands for Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone. The source of GnRH is hypothalamus.Effects;
GnRH acts on the pituitary gland and causes it to release two hormones, (FSH) and (LH).FSHFSH stands for Follicle-stimulating Hormone.The source of FSH is pituitary gland.Effects;
FSH helps control the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries.LHLH stands for Luteinizing Hormone.The source of LH is pituitary gland.Effects;
It triggers the creation of steroid hormones from the ovaries.EstrogenThe source of Estrogen is ovaries (adrenal glands too but in little amount).Effects;
Regulating the menstrual cycle also affects the reproductive tract, the urinary tract, the heart and blood vessels, breasts, pelvic muscles, and the brain.ProgesteroneThe source of the adrenal cortex as well as gonads.Effects;
Progesterone prepares the endometrium for the potential of pregnancy after ovulation.the digestive system can be thought of as a long tube with how many openings? a.) 1 b.) 3 c.) 2 d.) 4
The digestive system can be thought of as a long tube with 2 major openings that is mouth and anus, which suggests that option C is the right answer.
Digestive system is the organ system in the body which produces enzymes and other juices to digest the food that we take in. These enzymes break the complex particles into smaller ones. The first opening of digestive system comes form the mouth itself while the next opening goes towards the anus. Alimentary canal, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine etc. are the main parts of digestive system. Millions of microscopic finger-like projections called villi line the inside of the small intestine.
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What are the interests and conflicts that you see between the Lacks family, Johns Hopkins, the biotech firms selling HeLa, and the general scientific community? Given what you have read so far, how would you resolve those conflicts?
Answer:
There are several interests and conflicts that can be identified between the Lacks family, Johns Hopkins, the biotech firms selling HeLa, and the general scientific community.
The Lacks family has a strong interest in protecting the privacy and dignity of Henrietta Lacks, and in ensuring that her cells are not used for commercial or other purposes without their consent.
Johns Hopkins has an interest in protecting its reputation and in ensuring that it adheres to ethical standards in its research practices.
The biotech firms selling HeLa have an interest in maximizing their profits and in protecting their intellectual property rights.
The general scientific community has an interest in advancing knowledge and in ensuring that research is conducted ethically and in accordance with best practices.
One possible way to resolve these conflicts would be to establish a clear framework for informed consent and benefit sharing, in which research institutions, biotech firms, and other stakeholders involved in the use of HeLa cells are required to obtain explicit consent from the Lacks family, and to share a portion of the benefits arising from the use of these cells with the family. This could be done through the establishment of a trust or other legal mechanism, which could be overseen by an independent body or group of experts.
Additionally, efforts could be made to increase transparency and dialogue between the different parties involved, including through the establishment of regular meetings and communication channels, and through the development of education and outreach programs to raise awareness about the ethical issues surrounding the use of HeLa cells
Explanation:
discuss how the discovery of homeotic genes and developmental bias challenge the traditional views of the modern synthesis.
These homeotic genes are ordered on the DNA in the same way that they are expressed along the body axis during development.
The discovery of the genes that govern embryonic development was made possible by a little monster: a fruit fly (Drosophila) with an additional set of wings.
The evolutionary significance of developmental limitation has long been debated. Constrained advocates have been skeptical of what they regard as neo-Darwinians' panselectionist approach.
However, such supporters have been chastised for taking an overly simplistic view of Neo-Darwinism. Some argue that neo-Darwinian theory includes developmental constraints.
Two factors have limited progress in determining the evolutionary function of developmental constraints: terminological issues and a lack of clear, unambiguous instances.
I address both of these concerns in this article. I provide definitions that correspond to the majority of prior usage, but not all.
I then discuss the example of centipede segment number constraint, which is particularly clear in that an alternative selective explanation for the observed pattern of character states is highly implausible.
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the pecking behavior of laughing gull chicks becomes more accurate with time. this is most likely an example of
The pecking behavior of laughing gull chicks becomes more accurate with time is most likely an example of learning.
What does pecking accomplish?Pecking is the act of a bird using its beak to probe an object or area in search of food or for other reasons. A bird may also battle or attack another bird via pecking. Numerous elements that have been investigated and reported in relation to this behavior can be divided into two categories: genetics, hormonal status, and societal impulses are internal influences.
What environment do Laughing Gulls inhabit?Coastal bays, piers, beaches, and salt marshes. are typically found in coastal areas, with salt marshes and beaches being the most common locations, but also extending several miles inland to rivers, farms, and landfills. in Florida and near the Salton Sea in California, both well inland. Following protection, populations have grown over the past century. The oldest Laughing Gull recorded had at least 22 years on it.
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what is the process of white blood cells engulfing and terminating pathogens? phagocytosis antibodies vaccination immunity
Phagocytosis, the term used to describe the process through which white blood cells approach, devour, and eliminate foreign material, is used to refer to the group of cells.Eventually, phagocytes perish.
How do white blood cells function?Your body is protected from infection by white blood cells.Your white blood cells detect the infection site as they move throughout the bloodstream and tissues, acting like an army general to alert additional white blood cells of the infection's location to aid in defending your body against an attack by an unknown creature.
Is phagocytosis of white blood cells?a specific the kind immune cell that really can encircle and eliminate bacteria, consume foreign objects, and eliminate dead cells.It may also strengthen immunological reactions.Phagocytes include monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.One variety type white blood cell is the phagocyte.
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Genetic variation among humans is relatively small when compared to other species. Where in the human genome does most of the diversity occur?
A. in sequences that code for tRNA
B. in the homeotic genes
C. in the mitochondrial DNA
D. in single nucleotide-polymorphisms
Since all humans have a common ancestor, only a tiny subset of variations varies significantly in frequency between groups. In single nucleotide polymorphisms in humans, genome diversity occurs.
Do humans differ from other species in terms of genetic diversity more or less?When a species' nucleotide diversity is greater than 5%, it is said to be genetically hyperdiverse. Nucleotide diversities in most plants and animals are less than that quantity. Humans, by way of comparison, have a nucleotide diversity of roughly 0.1%, according to Cutter.
Why is there so little genetic variation in humans?Evolutionary geneticists have now demonstrated that during two severe bottlenecks that occurred between 60,000 and 50,000 years ago as modern humans left Africa, a significant portion of our ancestors' genetic variation was lost.
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A microarray known as a genechip, with most of the human protein-coding genetic sequences, has been developed to aid in the study of human cancer by comparing gene sequences and patterns of gene expression in cancer cells with those in normal cells. what kind of information might be gleaned from this genechip to aid in cancer prevention?
Information that could warn patients about the type of cancer they were most likely to get.
How are DNA microarrays used for gene expression research?How are DNA microarrays used for gene expression research? They are utilized in experiments involving hybridization with labeled mRNA. To ascertain which genes are expressed, microarrays are frequently utilized.
What kind of data are produced by the visualization of microarray experiments?Large amounts of unprocessed gene expression data are produced by microarray experiments, so reliable and insightful information about the expression of genes must be extracted through sound experimental design and statistical analysis.
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Which statement best describes human eye color?
an incompletely dominant trait that follows non-Mendelian inheritance patterns
a polygenic trait that follows non-Mendelian inheritance patterns
an incompletely dominant trait that follows Mendelian inheritance patterns
a polygenic trait that follows Mendelian inheritance patterns
SAS
''A polygenic trait that follows non-Mendelian inheritance patterns'', is the statement best describes human eye color.
What is meant by non Mendelian inheritance?Any pattern in which characteristics do not segregate in line with Mendel's rules is referred to as non-Mendelian inheritance. These principles describe how qualities connected to a single gene on nuclear chromosomes are passed down across the generations. Each parent contributes one of the two potential alleles for a characteristic in the Mendelian system of inheritance. The distribution of phenotypes anticipated for a population of children may be calculated using Mendel's laws if the genotypes of both parents in a genetic cross are known. The proportions of phenotypes observed in the progeny occasionally do not match the values expected.Many diseases that affect the processes are impacted by non-Mendelian inheritance.Learn more about non Mendelian inheritance refer to :
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Answer: b, a polygenic trait that follows non-Mendelian inheritance patterns
Explanation:
Just took the test on edg. got 100%
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The canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains:
A) osteoclasts and osteoblasts
B) yellow marrow and Sharpey's fibers
C) blood vessels and nerve fibers
D) red marrow
E) cartilage and lamellae
The correct answer is C. The canal that runs through the core of each osteon contains blood vessels and nerve fibers.
Compact bone tissue is dense bone tissue made up of several functioning osteons. Osteons are made up of lamellae, osteocytes, a central canal (Haversian canal), and canaliculi that link the osteocytes to the blood supply.
The osteocytes that are immobilized within the osteon are supplied with oxygen and nutrients by these arteries. Blood veins from the central canal are connected to the osteocytes by canaliculi.
The cyndrical structures known as osteons are placed parallel to the surface of the bone along the long axis and carry oxygenated blood to the bone. Less than half of cortical bone, or roughly 45%, is made up of osteons with intact Haversian canals. The Haversian system, which enables the transfer of nutrients from the blood to bone, includes Haversian canals and osteons.
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After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the Odense tuberosity. fracture facet O condyle. external callus. epiphyseal plate
The thickened area that develops when a diaphysis fracture heals is known as the external callus.
When a bone fractures, the skin is not punctured or exposed, resulting in a closed fractureOther bone in the left leg, called fibula, is usually shattered with this kind of injury as well. "Internal fixation" refers to the use of hardware such as metal pins, plate, rods, or screws to hold the bones together. The thickened area that develops when a diaphysis fracture heals is known as the external callus.This hardware is left in place once the bone has healed. A trabecula, also known as trabeculae, is a tiny, frequently microscopic tissue element that takes the shape of a small beam, strut, and rod that supports or attaches a framework of components inside a body.
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which is not true regarding the stomach? question 21 options: the ph is approximately 3. nothing is absorbed here. secretions are regulated by gastrin. food is known as chyme here.
Nothing is absorbed here is a wrong statement
normal volume of stomach fluid is 20 to 100 mL and the pH is acidic (1.5 to 3.5)Absorption of simple sugar, alcohol, some water and medicines takes place in the stomachMaximum water absorption occurs in the large intestine.
Small intestine is major site of digestion and absorption of food.
Gastrin is a peptide hormone primarily responsible for enhancing gastric mucosal growth, gastric motility, and the secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into stomach.It is present in G cells of the gastric antrum and duodenum.
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The wrong statement about stomach from the following list of options is that nothing is absorbed here.
What is absorption in stomach?
The term "absorption" describes how nutrients, water, and electrolytes flow from the small intestine's lumen into the cell, then into the blood.
The ph of the stomach is nearly 1-3.5 that is acidic. Simple sugar, alcohol, a small amount of water, and some medications can be absorbed in the stomach, but the large intestine is where most water can be absorbed.Food is primarily digested and absorbed in the small intestine.
Hence the wrong statement about stomach from the following list of options is that nothing is absorbed here.
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what is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis is a sort of simple diffusion in which water molecules move from regions of high water concentration to regions of lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
What membrane has selective permeation?Protein and fat are found in extremely small quantities in the cell membrane.A partially permeable membrane is one that only permits specific chemicals to pass through it.
What sort of membrane uses selective permeability?A phospholipid bilayer innermost layer which envelops each cell in our body is the most typical illustration.Its interior membranes of the an egg are another illustration of a membrane that permeates selectively.A phospholipid bilayer covers every cell in our body.
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the signaling transduction process includes a. amplification of the signal b. conversion of the original ligand signal to a secondary signaling chemical c. phosphorylation cascades, in many signaling pathways
When an extracellular messenger binds to a cell surface receptor, a process known as signal transduction takes place that results in modifications to the cell's biochemistry, cell biology, and gene transcription that enable the cell to react to the information it has just been given.
What does signal transduction entail?the process by which a cell responds to substances outside the cell by using signaling molecules that are present both inside and on the cell's surface.
How does signal transduction work?The transfer of chemical signals from a cell's exterior to its interior is referred to as signal transduction (also called cell signaling). For cells to respond appropriately, signals must be successfully transferred into the cell. Cell-surface receptors start this process.
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describe one skeletal adaptation that you observe in terrestrial vertebrates that is not seen in fish.
skeletal adaption in terrestrial vertebrates that you don't find in fish, with the radial bones situated close to the bases of the limbs.
What is terrestrial ?
An area's biotic and abiotic interactions and the community of land-based species that make up that ecosystem are referred to as a terrestrial ecosystem. Terrestrial ecosystems include, for instance, the tundra, taigas, temperate deciduous forests, tropical rainforests, grasslands, and deserts. The temperature range, the typical quantity of precipitation received, the soil type, and the amount of light it receives all affect the sort of terrestrial ecosystem that can be found in a specific location.
Use these resources to pique students' interest in terrestrial ecosystems and help them understand how various abiotic and biotic factors influence the types of plants and animals that can be found in a particular location.
The Latin word terra, which meaning "earth," is the root from which all of those nouns are derived. The terms "terrestrial" and "extraterrestrial" can, of course, refer to anything on or originating from the Earth, respectively.
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Dietary iron derived from hemoglobin and myoglobin in food
Dietary iron comes from hemoglobin and myoglobin in foods including beans, fish, meat, and spinach.
What are hemoglobin and myoglobin?Hemoglobin is the main component of red blood cells or erythrocytes consisting of globin and heme consisting of a porphyrin ring with one iron atom (ferrous). Globin consists of 4 polypeptide chains, namely 2 alpha polypeptide chains and 2 beta polypeptide chains.
Myoglobin as a mobile carrier for oxygen is formed in muscle tissue in response to the demand for oxygen in mitochondria. The function of myoglobin as a storage of oxygen in the body plays an important role in maintaining the body's physiological functions so that it can adapt to the environment.
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what is the main sign of miscarriage?
One of the most frequent issues relating to early pregnancy is miscarriage. Vaginal spotting or bleeding, which can range from a small brownish discharge to extremely copious bleeding, is the primary indicator of miscarriage.
What are the symptoms of miscarriage?
Symptoms include:
1. Abdominal discomfort and cramping.
2. Varying degrees of back discomfort.
3. Feeling dizzy or lightheaded contractions fluid discharge from the vaginal tissue or clotted discharge from the vagina.
How to diagnose miscarriage?
An ultrasound scan is typically the first test performed to assess your baby's growth and search for a heartbeat.
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what is a clone? what is a clone? an exact copy of a dna, cell, or organism any animal that contains recombinant dna a protein produced by a recombinant bacterium any cell that contains recombinant dna
Clone is a cell or group of cells that is genetically identical to its ancestor cell or group of cells.
In general, DNA cloning is considered as the process of making multiple and also the identical copies of specific DNA. This takes place with the help of DNA cloning procedure, the gene or any DNA fragment of interest like the disease resistance gene, is first inserted into a circular piece of DNA called a plasmid. Then they are transformed into the host cell genome.
Hence, Cloning is considered as a process through which a genetic identical copy of the cell or organism is generated. Cloning happens all the time in nature.
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Which form of membrane transport requires the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP? a) passive diffusion b) facilitated diffusion c) ion pumps d) all of the above require the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP e) none of the above require the expediture of energy in the form of ATP
ion pumps form of membrane transport requires the expenditure of energy in the form of ATP
Ion pumps are channels that move ions across an electrochemical gradient from one side of a membrane to the other using the energy from ATP hydrolysis (Harold, 1986; Laüger, 1991). They are selective, much like passive channels, meaning that a pump structure is only designed to allow the passage of a specific ion.
Some compounds are introduced into the cell by ion pumps, whereas others are removed from the cell by ion pumps. They assist in controlling the cell's contents in this way. Ion pumps are also necessary for life since they can be used to control the contents of the entire body. The regular or standard diode pump, the noble diode pump, and the triode pump are the three basic varieties of ion pumps.
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1. How are stars important to the Milky Way?
2. How has the knowledge and perception of the universe changed over the past century?
3. What effect does dark energy have on the universe?
4. What is another metaphor (aside from the fact that a piano can only produce certain notes) that could help someone understand energy quantization at the atomic level? Explain your answer.
5. What do scientists believe may be the fate of the universe? Which theory do you feel is the better explanation of what may happen? Why?
Will mark brainliest!
Answer:
Because every answer is long, brainly don't allow too much text. Look the images attached.
Explanation:
Read carefully every answer.
Question 26 (3 points) Which of the following is NOT product of transcription? A)a new strand of DNA B) rRNA tRNA D) mRNA E) None of the answers are correct; all of these are products of transcription:
A) 'a new strand of DNA' is not a product of transcription.
DNA transcription is the process of creating an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence. The copy which is also called messenger RNA or mRNA carries the gene's protein information encoded in DNA. In simple terms, the process through which DNA is copied to RNA is referred to as transcription. In the context of DNA transcription, making a new strand of DNA is not considered a product of the transcription process.
Thus, as per the given options, the only true answer pertains to option A, which is 'a new strand of DNA' is not a product of transcription.
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huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant disorder, which is always lethal but which doesn't usually show symptoms until after age 40. a mother discovers she has huntington's. (assume she is heterozygous.) what is the probability her son will also develop the disease?
One faulty gene on chromosome 4—one of the 23 human chromosomes that contain a person's full genetic code—causes Huntington's disease, a degenerative brain condition.
Anyone who inherits this "dominant" defect from a parent who has Huntington's disease will eventually develop the condition.
Huntington's illness persists in human populations for two key causes, according to research on the evolutionary genetics of this condition: mutation in combination with weak selection.
The transmission of the Huntington's allele is depicted in the diagram to the right.
With dominant illnesses like Huntington's disease (HD), determining risks is typically not too difficult.
Each child typically has a 50% risk of getting it if one parent does. It is also likely that none of the children will catch the illness if neither parent does. Huntington's disease is a genetic dominant condition.
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an excitatory neurotransmitter, it causes a pleasant mood, increased attentiveness in the brain, and also causes blood vessel vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure.
An excitatory neurotransmitter, it causes a pleasant mood, increased attentiveness in the brain, and also causes blood vessel vasoconstriction to increase blood pressure Norepinephrine.
What is neurotransmitter and its function?Neurotransmitters, a class of chemical transmitters, are important for bodily function. These carry chemical "messages" from one neuron (nerve cell) to the following target cell. Any gland, muscle, or other nerve cell could be the next target cell.
What are the 7 main neurotransmitters?Fortunately, the majority of the work is done by the seven "small molecule" neurotransmitters acetylcholine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, histamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin.
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What is the goal of a species survival plan?
Answer:
A species survival plan (SSP) is a conservation program that is used to manage the breeding and care of endangered or threatened species in captivity. The goal of an SSP is to ensure the long-term survival of the species by carefully managing the breeding and placement of individuals within the managed population.
SSPs are typically developed and implemented by zoos and other organizations that care for endangered or threatened species in captivity. They are designed to address the specific needs and challenges faced by each species and may include measures such as genetic management, population management, husbandry guidelines, and research and education programs.
Overall, the goal of an SSP is to help ensure the long-term survival and viability of the species, and to promote the conservation of biodiversity.
plants do not have a germ line and gametes are derived from cell lines that are also responsible for the growth of the organism. can the disposable soma hypothesis be applied to plants? group of answer choices yes; trade-offs between reproduction and repair are still possible. yes; plants have a much higher physiological tolerance for the effects of mutations. no; the distinction between somatic cells and germ line is at the heart of the hypothesis. no; plants do not produce eggs or sperm but rather gametophytes that represent an additional generation.
Yes, there can still be trade-offs between repair and replication. when survival rises, fertility falls, and vice versa.
The two most fundamental aspects of fitness—survival and reproduction—are what determine how a life cycle evolves. There is typically a trade-off between them: when survival rises, fertility falls, and vice versa. Trade-offs happen when organisms forgo a fitness benefit, like higher chances of survival later in life, in exchange for a fitness cost, like postponing sexual development. When alleles at a locus affect both attributes involved in a trade-off, a genetic connection is produced (Roff 2002). Another trade-off is the initial reproduction's timing. While later reproduction may enable organisms to produce more often or better offspring or to offer greater care, early reproduction minimizes the risk of dying without progeny.
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PLEASE HELP ME ITS TGE LAST QUESTION I'LL GIVE THE BRIANLIST THING....why is the golden toad of Costa Rica an example of the limitations of our scientific and technological knowledge.
Answer: Global warming is causing consistent atmospheric temperature changes in most parts of the world,
Explanation:
select the part whose main job is to use energy from sunlight to make sugar in a plant cell.
chloroplast is the part whose main job is to use energy from sunlight to make sugar in a plant cell.
A plastid or chloroplast is a membrane-bound organelle that primarily performs photosynthesis in plant and algal cells. While releasing oxygen from water in the cells, the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight, transforms it, and stores it in the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle is the mechanism by which organic molecules are produced from carbon dioxide using ATP and NADPH. Other tasks performed by chloroplasts in plants include the synthesis of fatty acids, amino acids, and the immunological response.
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when a second message is necessary for extracellular communication to be activated, it is provided by:
Adenosine monophosphate is a second message that is sent when extracellular communication is required (AMP).
A nucleotide is adenosine monophosphate (AMP), commonly referred to as 5'-adenylic acid. AMP is an ester of phosphoric acid and the nucleotide adenosine and consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and the nucleobase adenine. It takes the form of the prefix adenylyl- when acting as a substituent.
Adenosine monophosphate has been shown to hasten healing, shorten the shingles pain's length, and stop the progression of postherpetic neuralgia. More. An organic substance produced in the body called adenosine monophosphate (AMP) has been shown to be useful in treating shingles outbreaks.
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