Denmark has a comparative advantage in bread, and Italy has an absolute advantage in cheese. In more detail, we determine comparative advantage by comparing the opportunity costs of production between countries.
In this case, we look at the labor hours needed to produce each unit of cheese and bread in Denmark and Italy. Denmark requires 30 labor hours to produce 1 unit of cheese and 120 labor hours to produce 1 unit of bread. Italy, on the other hand, requires 40 labor hours to produce 1 unit of cheese and 160 labor hours to produce 1 unit of bread.
To find the opportunity cost, we consider the ratio of labor hours for each good. In Denmark, the opportunity cost of producing 1 unit of cheese is 4 units of bread (120/30), while in Italy, it is 4 units of bread as well (160/40). Therefore, both countries have the same opportunity cost for cheese. However, Denmark has a lower opportunity cost for bread (0.25 units of cheese) compared to Italy (0.25 units of cheese as well).
Since Denmark has a lower opportunity cost in bread production, it has a comparative advantage in bread. This means Denmark can produce bread at a lower opportunity cost compared to Italy. Italy, on the other hand, has an absolute advantage in cheese because it can produce cheese using fewer labor hours than Denmark.
Comparative advantage allows countries to specialize in producing goods in which they have a lower opportunity cost. In this scenario, Denmark would focus more on bread production, while Italy would specialize in cheese production. By specializing and trading with each other, both countries can benefit from their respective comparative and absolute advantages, leading to increased overall efficiency and output.
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Duratech manufacturing is evaluating a process improvement project. The estimated receipt and disbursements associated with the project are shown below. MARR is 6%/yr
End of year Receipts ($) Disbursements ($)
0 $0 $5,000
1 0 200
2 2,000 300
3 4,000 600
4 3,000 1,000
5 1,600 1,500
(a) What is the annual worth of this investment ?
(b) What is the decision rule for judging the attractiveness of investments based on annual worth ?
(c) Should DuraTech implememt the proposed process improvement?
Given information:
Duratech manufacturing is evaluating a process improvement project. The estimated receipt and disbursements associated with the project are shown below. MARR is 6%/yr.
Solution:
The Annual Worth Method is used to determine the annual worth of the project. The formula for Annual Worth (AW) is: AW = PW(A/P, i, n) – A(F/P, i, n)Here, PW = Present Worth
A = Annual Disbursements
F = Salvage value
i = Interest Rate
n = Economic life
Calculation:Cash flow diagram:From the given table:Now, we will calculate the Present Worth (PW) for 6 years using the formula:
PW = F(P/F, i, n) – A(P/A, i, n) + (R-A)(P/G, i, n)
Here, F = Salvage value = $20,000
A = Annual Disbursements = $24,000
R = Annual Receipts = $36,000
i = MARR = 6%
n = Economic life = 6 years
Substitute the given values in the above equation:
PW = $20,000(P/F, 6%, 6) - $24,000(P/A, 6%, 6) + ($36,000-$24,000)(P/G, 6%, 6)
PW = $20,000(0.5584) - $24,000(4.2124) + $12,000(0.1331)
PW = $11,168.8 - $101,150.4 + $1,597.2
PW = -$88,384.4
Now, we will calculate the Annual Worth (AW) for 6 years using the formula:
AW = PW(A/P, i, n) – A(F/P, i, n)
Here, PW = Present Worth = -$88,384.4
A = Annual Disbursements = $24,000
F = Salvage value = $20,000
i = MARR = 6%
n = Economic life = 6 years
Substitute the given values in the above equation:
AW = -$88,384.4(A/P, 6%, 6) - $24,000(F/P, 6%, 6)
AW = -$88,384.4(0.1827) - $24,000(0.5584)
AW = -$16,118.2 - $13,414.8
AW = -$29,533
The annual worth of this investment is -$29,533. As the annual worth is negative, therefore, DuraTech should not implement the proposed process improvement project. The project does not meet the minimum rate of return of 6%. The company will earn more if it invests somewhere else with a return of at least 6%.
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Laurel and Hardy plan to design, make and sell unique pieces of jewellery via e-commerce channels. They are currently designing a costing system that is appropriate for their business. Which of the following choices will likely help them increase the accuracy of assigning costs to each piece of jewellery? Ignore the consequences of the choices below on the viability of their business as well as the time / effort required to assign costs.
1. Classify more costs as direct costs instead of indirect costs
2. Allocate all indirect costs to each unique piece of jewellery using a single allocation base instead of using multiple allocation bases
To increase the accuracy of assigning costs to each piece of Jewellery, Laurel and Hardy should choose option 1: Classify more costs as direct costs instead of indirect costs.
This means that they should include as many costs as possible that can be directly traced to each piece of jewellery. By doing so, they will have a more precise understanding of the actual costs incurred in producing each item.
Option 2, allocating all indirect costs to each unique piece of Jewellery using a single allocation base instead of multiple allocation bases, may not necessarily increase accuracy. Using a single allocation base may overlook the unique factors that contribute to the costs of each piece of Jewellery. It could lead to over or underestimating the costs associated with each item. By classifying more costs as direct costs, Laurel and Hardy will have a clearer picture of the specific expenses incurred for each piece of Jewellery. This approach will allow them to assign costs more accurately, leading to better pricing decisions and potentially higher profitability.
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When adding a macro to a form control you want to specify the location of an existing macro. To do so you select where the macro is located in the "Macros in" box. In the given context, which of the following is valid? The search for the macro can be limited to the workbook that contains the current worksheet The search for the macro can be limited to the workbook that contains the current worksheet and to a specific workbook The search for the macro can be limited to a specific workbook The search for the macro cannot be limited to a specific workbook
The valid option is to limit the search for the macro to both the workbook containing the current worksheet and a specific workbook, providing a broader range for finding the desired macro.
In the context of adding a macro to a form control and specifying its location, the valid option would be:
The search for the macro can be limited to the workbook that contains the current worksheet and to a specific workbook.
When selecting the location of an existing macro, you have the option to limit the search to specific workbooks. This means you can choose to search for the macro within the workbook that contains the current worksheet and also in another specific workbook. This provides flexibility in finding and selecting the desired macro for the form control.
The reason the other options are not valid is as follows:
The search for the macro can be limited to the workbook that contains the current worksheet: This option restricts the search to only the workbook that contains the current worksheet, excluding the possibility of searching in other workbooks.The search for the macro can be limited to a specific workbook: This option allows searching for the macro in a specific workbook, but it doesn't include the workbook that contains the current worksheet. Hence, it doesn't cover the entire search scope.The search for the macro cannot be limited to a specific workbook: This option suggests that it is not possible to limit the search to a specific workbook, which is incorrect as the previous valid option demonstrates the ability to do so.Learn more about macro here:
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When adding a macro to a form control, you can specify the location of an existing macro. The search for the macro can be limited to the workbook that contains the current worksheet or a specific workbook.
Explanation:When adding a macro to a form control and specifying the location of an existing macro, you can choose where the macro is located in the 'Macros in' box. In this context, the following options are valid:
The search for the macro can be limited to the workbook that contains the current worksheet.The search for the macro can be limited to the workbook that contains the current worksheet and to a specific workbook.The search for the macro can be limited to a specific workbook.The search for the macro cannot be limited to a specific workbook is not a valid option.
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The terms "ethical" and "legal" are synonymous (mean the same thing), when it comes to global business.
Select one:
True
False
False. The statement is false that the terms "ethical" and "legal" are synonymous when it comes to global business.
Ethical standards in global business can vary widely depending on various factors, including cultural norms, laws, and regulations. In some countries, for example, it is common for businesses to engage in practices that may not be considered ethical in other cultures or legal in other countries. Legal standards, on the other hand, are usually established by governments or regulatory bodies to govern business behavior. Laws can have both ethical and unethical components, depending on the cultural, social, and political context in which they are enacted.The global nature of business has created an environment where ethical and legal standards must be carefully balanced to ensure that businesses operate in a manner that is both socially responsible and sustainable. Global businesses must work to establish ethical and legal standards that are appropriate for the cultural, social, and political context in which they operate, and that are consistent with their core values and principles.
In conclusion, the terms "ethical" and "legal" are not synonymous when it comes to global business. While ethical standards are based on moral principles that govern an individual or organization's behavior, legal standards are typically established by governments or regulatory bodies to regulate business behavior. The global nature of business has created an environment where ethical and legal standards must be carefully balanced to ensure that businesses operate in a manner that is both socially responsible and sustainable.
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The previous question I sent regarding structure of National
Kidney foundation is not correct. Main office is in New York CEO is
Kevin Longino
The National Kidney Foundation is a non-profit organization headquartered in New York that is committed to raising awareness, preventing, and treating kidney disease and related disorders. Kevin Longino is the current CEO of the organization. The foundation provides a range of programs and services to support kidney health and is funded through donations from individuals and organizations.
The National Kidney Foundation is a non-profit organization with its headquarters in New York and is committed to the awareness, prevention, and treatment of kidney disease and related disorders. Kevin Longino is the current CEO of the National Kidney Foundation. The National Kidney Foundation is the leading organization in the United States that focuses on preventing kidney disease, raising awareness, and supporting patients who are dealing with kidney diseases.
The foundation is committed to providing information and resources on kidney health, conducting research on kidney disease and related conditions, and advocating for policies that promote kidney health. The main office of the National Kidney Foundation is in New York, and it has regional offices located throughout the country. The foundation is funded through donations from individuals and organizations, and it uses these funds to support its various programs and services.
Some of the key programs and services provided by the National Kidney Foundation include education and awareness campaigns, patient advocacy and support, research funding, and community outreach and engagement. Kevin Longino is the current CEO of the National Kidney Foundation. He has extensive experience in the healthcare industry and is committed to advancing the mission of the foundation. Under his leadership, the National Kidney Foundation has continued to grow and expand its reach, helping to improve the lives of millions of people who are affected by kidney disease and related conditions.
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When direct materials are requisitioned from the storage warehouse and transferred to the production floor, the journal entry to record this transfer in the general ledger would result in: A credit to Materials Inventory and a debit to Cost of Goods Sold O A debit to Materials Inventory and a credit to Work in Process Inventory O A credit to Materials Inventory and a debit to Work in Process Inventory A credit to Materials Inventory and a debit to Finished Goods Inventory
The correct answer is: A debit to Materials Inventory and a credit to Work in Process Inventory.
When direct materials are requisitioned from the storage warehouse and transferred to the production floor, it means that materials are being used in the manufacturing process. This transfer represents a movement from the Materials Inventory (asset) to the Work in Process Inventory (asset) account.
Debiting Materials Inventory increases the cost of materials used in production and reduces the quantity of materials available in inventory. At the same time, crediting Work in Process Inventory reflects the addition of the materials to the work in progress for the production process.
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Hammond Supplies expects sales of 224.222 units per year with carrying costs of $3.69 per unit and ordering cost of $4.53 per order. Assuming the level of inventory is stable, what is the optimal average number of units in inventory? Round to the nearest whole number.
Hammond Supplies expects sales of 224.222 units per year with carrying costs of $3.69 per unit and ordering cost of $4.53 per order. Assuming the level of inventory is stable, the optimal average number of units in inventory can be calculated by using the formula.
Hammond Supplies expects sales of 224.222 units per year with carrying costs of $3.69 per unit and ordering cost of $4.53 per order. In order to find the optimal average number of units in inventory, we use the EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) formula. EOQ (Economic Order Quantity) is the level of inventory that minimizes the total cost of inventory management. It takes into account the ordering costs, carrying costs, and the demand per year. It is calculated by using the formula: EOQ = √(2DS / H)where,D = Demand per year S = Ordering cost H = Carrying cost per unit
Using the given values, we can calculate the EOQ for Hammond Supplies: EOQ = √(2 × 224.222 × 4.53 / 3.69) EOQ = 134.06 (approximately)Therefore, the optimal average number of units in inventory for Hammond Supplies is 134 units.
The optimal average number of units in inventory for Hammond Supplies is 134 units.
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Hi, I need some help with this question. Thank you so much.
What are the three broad objectives of promotion?
Explain each of them briefly.
The three broad objectives of promotion are 1. To inform. 2. To persuade. 3. To remind.
The three broad objectives of promotion are:
1. To inform: Informative advertising is used to generate interest in a newly launched product, new stores, changes in prices, etc. Its main objective is to create brand awareness and educate customers about the product's benefits and features.
2. To persuade: Persuasive advertising is designed to convince the audience to take action. Its primary goal is to encourage consumers to try a new product, switch brands, or take some other form of action.
3. To remind: Reminder advertising is used to remind customers about a product they may have forgotten or haven't purchased in a while. The primary objective is to maintain top-of-mind awareness and encourage repeat purchases.
Hence, the three broad objectives of promotion are 1. To inform. 2. To persuade. 3. To remind.
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You Have Invested $4,320 In A Company’s Stock, Which Is Expected To Pay A Dividend Of $6 In One Year And A Liquidating Dividend Of $15 Per Share In Two Years. You Would Like To Receive Equal Dividends In Each Of The Two Years Instead. Using A Required Rate Of 25%, Calculate The Annual Cash Flow You Will Have From Homemade Dividends.
You have invested $4,320 in a company’s stock, which is expected to pay a dividend of $6 in one year and a liquidating dividend of $15 per share in two years. You would like to receive equal dividends in each of the two years instead. Using a required rate of 25%, calculate the annual cash flow you will have from homemade dividends.
You will have an annual cash flow of $1.68 from homemade dividends.
To calculate the annual cash-flow you will have from homemade dividends, you need to determine the amount of dividend you need to receive each year. Since you want equal dividends in each of the two years, you divide the total dividend by two.
Dividend in each year = Total dividend / Number of years
Dividend in each year = ($6 + $15) / 2
Dividend in each year = $10.50
Next, you need to calculate the present value of these dividends using the required rate of 25%.
Present Value of Dividend = Dividend / [tex](1 + Required Rate)^{Year[/tex]
Present Value of Dividend in Year 1 = $10.50 / [tex](1 + 0.25)^1[/tex]
Present Value of Dividend in Year 1 = $10.50 / 1.25
Present Value of Dividend in Year 1 = $8.40
Present Value of Dividend in Year 2 = $10.50 / [tex](1 + 0.25)^2[/tex]
Present Value of Dividend in Year 2 = $10.50 / 1.5625
Present Value of Dividend in Year 2 = $6.72
Finally, you can calculate the annual cash flow from homemade dividends by subtracting the present value of the dividend in Year 2 from the present value of the dividend in Year 1.
Annual Cash-Flow = Present Value of Dividend in Year 1 - Present Value of Dividend in Year 2
Annual Cash-Flow = $8.40 - $6.72
Annual Cash Flow = $1.68
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----- The question is inappropriate; the correct question is:
You have invested $4,320 in a company’s stock, which is expected to pay a dividend of $6 in one year and a liquidating dividend of $15 per share in two years. You would like to receive equal dividends in each of the two years instead. Using a required rate of 25%, calculate the annual cash flow you will have from homemade dividends. -----
On January 1, 2022, Sunland Company had a balance of $388,000 of goodwill on its balance sheet that resulted from the purchase of a small business in a prior year. The goodwill had an indefinite life. During 2022, the company had the following additional transactions. 2 Purchased a patent (5-year life) $360,150. July 1 Acquired a 10-year franchise; expiration date July 1, 2,032, $576,000. Sept. 1 Research and development costs $178,500. Jan. (b) Make an entry as of December 31, 2022, recording any necessary amortization. (Round answers to 0 decimal places, e.g. 125. Credit account titles are automatically indented when the amount is entered. Do not indent manually. If no entry is required, select "No Entry" for the account titles and enter O for the amounts.) Account Titles and Explanation Amortization Expense Patents Franchise Debit Credit
Amortization Expense for Patents and Franchise for the year ended December 31, 2022, is $72,030 and $57,600 respectively.
Goodwill is not amortized but it is tested for impairment every year. Goodwill has an indefinite life span. It is only recorded when a company acquires another business and pays a premium for the business over the fair market value of the identifiable assets. If there is no premium paid, there is no goodwill.
The journal entry for the purchased patent will be Debit Patent $360,150 and Credit Cash $360,150.The journal entry for the acquired franchise will be Debit Franchise $576,000 and Credit Cash $576,000.The journal entry for research and development costs will be Debit Research and Development Expenses $178,500 and Credit Cash $178,500.Since there is no amortization entry given for the patent and franchise in question, hence we can conclude that no amortization is required for these accounts.
The journal entry for recording amortization for Patents and Franchise will be as follows:
Account Titles and Explanation Debit CreditAmortization Expense Patents $72,030, Amortization Expense Franchise $57,600, Patents $72,030, Franchise $57,600.
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You are the executive director of an environmental organization known as the Southwest PA Clean Air Partnership. You learn that a new company has purchased an old steel manufacturing plant in the Mon Valley, a region that is nonattainment for several criteria pollutants. The plant is one of two remaining operational industrial plants in the area but has not altered operations in two decades
It has reduced its production and workforce significantly over this time. The new company has issued press releases announcing
their purchase of the power plant, its plans to shift production to the manufacture of piping needed in the Marcellus Shale natural gas industry and provide 1.000 new jobs for the Mon Valley. You and your organization are, however, concerned about the new company. You know from past experiences that this company has a history of Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act violations at other plants.
As you consider its plans for the old steel plant. what answer below represents your most valid concern, grounded in the Clean Air Act?
regarding air quality issues?
a. the company may try to buy its way out of it obligation under the act to regularly monitor its air emissions by participating in the air emissions trading program.
b. Because of the amount of jobs projected the company may submit a petition for a social and ecnonmic justification in order to avoid having to implement the lowest achievable emission rate.
c. The company may try to argue that its changes to the operation of the plant are not a major modification that would trigger the stringent new source reviewprovisions of the act
d. both b and c
The most valid concern, grounded in the Clean Air Act, regarding air quality issues for the Southwest PA Clean Air Partnership would be:
d. both b and c.
Option b is a valid concern because the company may submit a petition for a social and economic justification to avoid having to implement the lowest achievable emission rate. This provision of the Clean Air Act allows sources to request a relaxation of emission standards if they can demonstrate that the benefits of doing so outweigh the environmental costs.
Option c is also a valid concern because the company may try to argue that its changes to the operation of the plant are not a major modification that would trigger the stringent new source review provisions of the act. New source review is required for certain modifications to existing sources that could significantly increase emissions.
Although option a is also a valid concern, it is not directly related to air quality issues. The air emissions trading program allows companies to buy and sell pollution permits, which can help to reduce overall emissions, but may not necessarily address concerns about specific pollutants or their impacts on public health and the environment. Therefore, option d is the most appropriate answer.
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Please help urgently and show work Power up trail mix co.. makes a trail mix in two departments: roasting and blending. Direct materials are added at the beginning of each process, and conversion costs are added evenly throughout each process. The company uses the FIFO method of process costing. During May , the roasting department completed and transferred 22,800 units to the blending department. Of the units completed, 3,350 were from beginning inventory and the remaining 19,520 were started and completed during the month. Beginning work in process was 100% complete with respect to direct materials and 30% complete with respect to conversion. The company has 2,740 units (100% complete with respect to direct materials and 70% complete with respect to conversion) in process at month-end. Information on the roasting departments costs of beginning work in process inventory and costs added during the month follows. COST Of beginning work in process inventory Added during the month $ 7,890 239,100 $ 103,650 1,032,900 1. Prepare the roasting department process cost summary for October using the FIFO method. Prepare the journal entry dated May 31 to transfer the cost of completed units to the blending department Power Up Trail Mix Co Process Cost Summary Costs charged to production: Costs of beginning work in process: Direct materials S Conversion (Direct Labor & Overhead) Is Costs incurred this period: Direct materials Conversion Total costs to account for: S Units to account for: Beginning work in process Units started this period Total units to account for Units accounted for: Completed & Transferred out Ending work in process Total units accounted for Equivalent units of production: Beginning work in process Units started and completed Units of ending work in process Equivalent units of production Costs incurred this period Cost per equivalent unit of production Direct Materials Conversion S IS IS S Cost assignment and reconciliation: Cost of units completed and transferred out: Cost of beginning work in process Cost to complete beginning work in process Direct materials ( x Conversion Cost of units started and completed this period Direct materials ( + S Conversion + )s Total cost of goods finished this period Cost of ending work in process: Direct materials ( X )s Conversion x )s Total costs accounted for (must agree to figure above) S S S S S
Here is the process cost summary for the roasting department using the FIFO method:
The process cost summaryPower Up Trail Mix Co
Roasting Department
Process Cost Summary
For the Month Ended May 31, 2023
Costs charged to production:
* Costs of beginning work in process:
* Direct materials: $7,890
* Conversion costs: $103,650
* Costs incurred this period:
* Direct materials: $239,100
* Conversion costs: $1,032,900
Total costs to account for: $1,373,540
Units to account for:
* Beginning work in process: 3,350 units
* Units started this period: 22,800 units
Total units to account for: 26,150 units
Units accounted for:
* Completed and transferred out: 22,800 units
* Ending work in process: 2,740 units
Total units accounted for: 25,540 units
Equivalent units of production:
* Beginning work in process: 3,350 units * 100% complete = 3,350 units
* Units started and completed: 22,800 units * 100% complete = 22,800 units
* Units of ending work in process: 2,740 units * 70% complete = 1,918 units
Equivalent units of production: 33,058 units
Costs incurred this period:
* Cost per equivalent unit of production:
* Direct materials: $239,100 / 33,058 units = $7.24 per unit
* Conversion costs: $1,032,900 / 33,058 units = $31.04 per unit
Cost assignment and reconciliation:
* Cost of units completed and transferred out:
* Cost of beginning work in process: $7,890
* Cost to complete beginning work in process: $7,890 * 31.04 per unit = $244,387
* Cost of units started and completed this period: $239,100 + $1,032,900 = $1,272,000
* Total cost of goods finished this period: $1,296,387
* Cost of ending work in process: $7,24 per unit * 1,918 units = $13,897
* Total costs accounted for: $1,310,284
The journal entry to transfer the cost of completed units to the blending department is as follows:
Work in Process - Blending
Dr. $1,310,284
Work in Process - Roasting
Cr. $1,310,284
To record the transfer of completed units from the roasting department to the blending department.
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Describe why a government need an efficient tax system. (8 marks) b. Briefly describe how the burden of taxes is shared between producer and consumer of a good. (4 marks) c. Briefly describe relationship between tax and elasticities. (4 marks) d. Describe how tax could make a market inefficient. (Using graphical illustrations)
An efficient tax system is crucial for a government to ensure the smooth functioning of the economy and to generate revenue to fund public goods and services.
In this response, we will explore why an efficient tax system is necessary, how the burden of taxes is shared between producers and consumers, the relationship between taxes and elasticities, and how taxes can lead to market inefficiency.
a. An efficient tax system is important for several reasons. First, it allows the government to generate revenue to finance public goods and services such as infrastructure, healthcare, and education. These services contribute to the overall well-being and development of a nation. Second, an efficient tax system ensures fairness by distributing the tax burden in a way that is equitable and progressive. It helps to reduce income inequality and promote social cohesion. Third, taxes can be used as an instrument to achieve economic goals, such as controlling inflation, stimulating or slowing down consumption, or addressing externalities like pollution. Finally, an efficient tax system promotes economic efficiency by minimizing the distortionary effects on market behavior, encouraging investment, and fostering economic growth.
b. The burden of taxes on a good is shared between the producer and the consumer in various ways. When a tax is imposed on a good, the producer typically faces higher production costs. This can lead to a decrease in the quantity supplied by producers, as they may pass on a portion of the tax burden to consumers by raising prices. As a result, consumers experience an increase in the price they pay for the good. The extent to which the tax burden is shared between producers and consumers depends on the price elasticities of supply and demand. If the demand for a good is relatively inelastic (less responsive to price changes), consumers bear a larger proportion of the tax burden. Conversely, if the supply of a good is relatively inelastic, producers bear a larger proportion of the tax burden.
c. Taxes and elasticities are closely related. Elasticities measure the responsiveness of quantity demanded or supplied to changes in price. The price elasticity of demand measures the percentage change in quantity demanded due to a one percent change in price. The price elasticity of supply measures the percentage change in quantity supplied due to a one percent change in price. When a tax is imposed, it affects the price of a good and can alter the elasticities of demand and supply. In general, the more price elastic the demand or supply, the larger the change in quantity due to the tax. Taxes tend to have a greater effect on goods with elastic demand or supply, as consumers and producers are more sensitive to changes in price.
d. Taxes can make a market inefficient by creating deadweight loss, which represents a loss of total economic surplus. Deadweight loss occurs when the tax distorts market behavior, leading to a misallocation of resources. Graphically, deadweight loss is represented by the triangular area between the supply and demand curves, above the equilibrium quantity, and below the price with the tax. The tax reduces the quantity traded in the market, as it increases the price paid by consumers and decreases the price received by producers. This decrease in quantity traded results in a loss of consumer and producer surplus, leading to inefficiency in the market. The magnitude of the deadweight loss depends on the elasticities of demand and supply. When demand and supply are relatively elastic, the deadweight loss is larger, indicating a greater market inefficiency caused by the tax.
In conclusion, an efficient tax system is necessary for a government to generate revenue, promote fairness, achieve economic goals, and foster economic efficiency. The burden of taxes is shared between producers and consumers, depending on the price elasticities of demand and supply. Taxes and elasticities are interconnected, as taxes can alter the elasticities of demand and supply. Taxes can make a market inefficient by creating deadweight loss, resulting in a misallocation of resources and a loss of economic surplus.
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Consider the following data for two risk factor ( 1 and 2) and two securities (J and K) (Mark 4)
Bk2= 2.25
Biz = 1.40
Bk1= 1.60
B₁ = 0.80
入
A = 0.06
A₁ = 0.02
A 2=0.04
a) Compute the expected returns for both securities.
Return on Security Investment (ROSI) is a metric that quantifies the expected net value of an IT security investment. ROSI is a popular IT management metric in budgeting IT security investments and corporate IT budgets.
Given the following data for two risk factors and two securities;
Bk2 = 2.25Biz
= 1.40Bk1
= 1.60B₁
= 0.80A
= 0.06A₁
= 0.02A 2
= 0.04
Compute the expected returns for both securities.
J = Bk1A1 + B1A2 + A
= 1.60(0.02) + 0.80(0.04) + 0.06
= 0.164K = Bk2A1 + BizA2 + A
= 2.25(0.02) + 1.40(0.04) + 0.06
= 0.1026
Therefore, the expected returns of security J is 0.164 and the expected return of security K is 0.1026.
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This question asks you to numerically solve the Solow model with exogenous growth in TFP: A t+1
=(1+γ)A t
Assume the following parameter values for the Solow model: α=0.33,δ=0.08,s=0.2, γ=0.014,A 0
=K 0
= L
ˉ
=1. Practical details: You may use Microsoft Excel or any other programming language of your choice to compute the model. Only turn in the specific visualizations requested in each answer (not the underlying data). All graphs should be easy to read without zooming, and please label all axes and lines appropriately. (a) Plot the time-path of aggregate capital K t
and aggregate output Y t
over the first 100 periods. Describe your findings in 2-3 sentences. (b) Plot the time-path of scaled capital k
~
t
and scaled output y
~
t
over the first 100 periods, where k
~
t
≡K t
/X t
X t
≡A t
1−α
1
L
ˉ
Describe your findings in 2-3 sentences. (c) Now assume a higher savings rate of s ′
=0.3. Plot the time-path of scaled capital k
~
t
and scaled output y
~
t
over the first 100 periods, both for the original savings rate of s=0.2 and the new higher savings rate of s ′
=0.3 (both curves should be plotted on the same graph). Describe your findings in 2-3 sentences. In particular, how does the savings rate affect the time-path of scaled capital and output in the short run and in the long run?
The requested analysis requires numerical computations and graphical visualization, which cannot be provided in a textual format.
The given question involves solving the Solow model with exogenous growth in Total Factor Productivity (TFP). It requires performing calculations, plotting graphs, and analyzing the results. However, as a text-based AI model, I'm unable to generate the specific visualizations or perform the numerical computations required to answer the question accurately. The question mentions using Microsoft Excel or another programming language for the calculations and visualizations.
To solve the Solow model, one would need to apply the provided parameter values and equations to calculate the time-path of aggregate capital and output over the specified periods. Additionally, the time-path of scaled capital and output would need to be plotted considering different savings rates. The analysis would involve interpreting the patterns observed in the graphs and explaining the effects of changes in the savings rate on the short-run and long-run time-paths of scaled capital and output.
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Explain the key elements when addressing health crisis situation
in a hospital.
When addressing a health crisis situation in a hospital, there are several key elements to consider. They include preparedness and planning, communication, collaboration, and swift action.
When a health crisis situation arises in a hospital, it is important for healthcare professionals to have a plan in place and to be prepared for such emergencies. This includes regular training and drills to ensure that all staff members are familiar with the protocols and procedures that need to be followed in different scenarios.
Communication is another key element when addressing health crisis situations. Clear and effective communication is necessary to ensure that all staff members are informed of the situation, the actions being taken, and their roles and responsibilities in responding to the crisis.
Collaboration is also essential in addressing health crisis situations. Healthcare professionals from different departments and areas of expertise need to work together to ensure that the best possible care is provided to patients in crisis.
Finally, swift action is critical when responding to a health crisis situation in a hospital. Every second counts in these situations, and delays in treatment or response can have serious consequences for patients. Therefore, it is essential for healthcare professionals to act quickly and efficiently to provide the necessary care and support to those in need.
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Most collective bargaining agreements provide for a system of disciplinary procedures for all the following reasons except:
a. Employers use a discipline system to maintain control over the workforce.
b. A discipline system reduces the ability of managers to treat employees in a biased manner.
c. Employees want to know what to expect from work rule violations.
d. A discipline system will provide a different penalty for each different rule infraction.
Most collective bargaining agreements provide for a system of disciplinary procedures for all the following reasons except a discipline system will provide a different penalty for each different rule infraction. This statement is false. The correct answer is option d.
What is collective bargaining?Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and workers to reach agreements on various issues such as working conditions, pay, and benefits.
When the union and employer reach an agreement, they formalize it in a collective bargaining agreement (CBA), which is a contract governing the relationship between the employer and the unionized employees.
It provides rules, regulations, policies, and procedures for management and workers to follow. Disciplinary procedures are an essential aspect of collective bargaining agreements, and they exist for the following reasons: Employers use a discipline system to maintain control over the workforce.
A discipline system reduces the ability of managers to treat employees in a biased manner. Employees want to know what to expect from work rule violations. A discipline system will provide a different penalty for each different rule infraction.
The correct answer is option d. A discipline system will provide a different penalty for each different rule infraction.
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M9-6 (Algo) Computing Working Capital LO9-5
The balance sheet for Stevenson Corporation reported the following: noncurrent assets, $160,000: total assets, $400,000; noncurrent liabilities, $200,000; total stockholders' equity, $89,000.
Compute Stevenson's working capital.
Working capital______
By using current Assets and current Liabilities, Stevenson Corporation's working capital is $129,000.
Working capital is a measure of a company's short-term liquidity and its ability to cover its immediate operational expenses.
Current assets include cash, accounts receivable, inventory, and other assets that are expected to be converted into cash within one year or the operating cycle of the business, whichever is longer.
Current liabilities include accounts payable, short-term debt, and other obligations that are due within one year or the operating cycle.
A positive working capital indicates that a company has sufficient assets to cover its short-term obligations, while a negative working capital suggests potential liquidity issues and difficulties in meeting short-term obligations.
WC = CA - CL
A=L+OE
CA=400,000-160,000 = 240,000
Current liabilities+(200,000) +89,000 = 400,000
Current Liabilities CL= 111,000
Current Assets (CA) = $240,000
Current Liabilities (CL) = $111,000
Working Capital (WC) can be calculated as:
WC = CA - CL
WC = $240,000 - $111,000
WC = $129,000
Therefore, Stevenson Corporation's working capital is $129,000.
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summary of 3 pages about
THE GLOBAL CASINO INDUSRTY IN 2019
(3 typed put pages long please.)
- evaulate the attarctivness of the casino indusrty
-what has been the effect of the changing industry structure in the US casinos
-pros/cons
include these 3 points in the document
The global casino industry in 2019 is an attractive sector to invest in due to its expansion and growth potential. The casino industry contributes to the economy by creating jobs and generating revenue.
Although it has had its share of scandals, the industry has always been able to bounce back. In this essay, we will look at the attractiveness of the casino industry, the changing industry structure in the US, and the pros and cons of the industry. Evaluating the attractiveness of the casino industry
The overall effect has been positive, as the industry has continued to grow. Pros and cons of the industryThe casino industry has its pros and cons. One of the advantages is that it creates employment for millions of people. It also contributes to the economy by generating revenue for the government. The industry is also attractive to investors, as it has a high growth potential.
The industry is also addictive, with some people losing their life savings due to their addiction. The industry also has a negative effect on the environment, as casinos consume a lot of energy and water.
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Why should you always be honest with a FSBO and "not sneak around a FSBO?"
Remember, treating FSBO sellers with respect, honesty, and professionalism is not only the right thing to do but also beneficial for your own reputation and the overall success of the transaction.
Being honest and not sneaking around a FSBO (For Sale By Owner) is important for several reasons.
1. Building trust: Honesty is the foundation of trust in any transaction. By being transparent and open with a FSBO, you can establish a trustworthy relationship, which is crucial for a successful sale.
2. Respect for their efforts: FSBO sellers have chosen to handle the sale process themselves, often to save on agent commissions. By being honest, you show respect for their decision and the effort they have put into selling their property.
3. Avoiding legal issues: Misleading or hiding information from a FSBO can lead to legal complications. It's essential to disclose all relevant details about the property honestly, such as its condition, any known issues, and accurate pricing information.
4. Building a positive reputation: Word of mouth travels fast in real estate. By being honest and professional in your dealings with FSBO sellers, you can build a positive reputation within the industry. This can lead to future referrals and collaborations.
5. Better negotiations: Honesty creates a collaborative atmosphere where both parties can openly discuss their needs and expectations. This can lead to smoother negotiations and ultimately a more satisfactory outcome for all parties involved.
Remember, treating FSBO sellers with respect, honesty, and professionalism is not only the right thing to do but also beneficial for your own reputation and the overall success of the transaction.
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Question 7 Part "A":
Sales, Production, & Direct Materials Budget
Oak Creek Company is preparing its master budget for 2020. Relevant data pertaining to its sales, production, and direct materials budgets are as follows.
• Sales: Sales for the year are expected to total 1 million units. Quarterly sales are 20%, 25%, 25%, and 30%, respectively. The sales price is expected to be $40 per unit for the first three quarters and $45 per unit beginning in the fourth quarter. Sales in the first quarter of 2021 are expected to be 10% higher than the budgeted sales for the first quarter of 2020.
• Production: Management desires to maintain the ending finished goods inventories at 20% of the next quarter's budgeted sales volume.
• Direct materials: Each unit requires 2 kg of raw materials at a cost of $10 per kilogram. Management desires to maintain raw materials inventories at 10% of the next quarter's production requirements. Assume the production requirements for the first quarter of 2020 are 500,000 kg.
Instructions
Prepare the sales, production, and direct materials budgets by quarters for 2020. [10 marks]
Sales Budget: Q1 - 200,000 units, $8,000,000 revenue; Q2 - 250,000 units, $10,000,000 revenue; Q3 - 250,000 units, $10,000,000 revenue; Q4 - 300,000 units, $13,500,000 revenue. Q1 2021 sales: 220,000 units.
Sales Budget:
Quarter 1:
Sales = 1,000,000 units × 20% = 200,000 units
Revenue = 200,000 units × $40 per unit = $8,000,000
Quarter 2:
Sales = 1,000,000 units × 25% = 250,000 units
Revenue = 250,000 units × $40 per unit = $10,000,000
Quarter 3:
Sales = 1,000,000 units × 25% = 250,000 units
Revenue = 250,000 units × $40 per unit = $10,000,000
Quarter 4:
Sales = 1,000,000 units × 30% = 300,000 units
Revenue = 300,000 units × $45 per unit = $13,500,000
Sales in Q1 2021:
Sales = 200,000 units × 110% = 220,000 units
Production Budget:
Quarter 1:
Production = 250,000 units (ending inventory of Q2) + 200,000 units (sales in Q1) = 450,000 units
Quarter 2:
Production = 250,000 units (ending inventory of Q3) + 250,000 units (sales in Q2) = 500,000 units
Quarter 3:
Production = 300,000 units (ending inventory of Q4) + 250,000 units (sales in Q3) = 550,000 units
Quarter 4:
Production = 220,000 units (sales in Q1 2021) = 220,000 units
Direct Materials Budget:
Quarter 1:
Materials Required = 450,000 units (production in Q1) × 2 kg = 900,000 kg
Materials Inventory = 500,000 kg (given) × 10% = 50,000 kg
Materials to be Purchased = Materials Required - Materials Inventory = 900,000 kg - 50,000 kg = 850,000 kg
Cost of Materials = 850,000 kg × $10 per kg = $8,500,000
Similarly, prepare the direct materials budgets for each quarter based on the production requirements and desired inventory levels.
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Revenue Drivers - This Topic will require some thinking. Show your understanding of revenue drivers by comparing two competing companies that use different competitive advantages. Let's say one sells things because of a great cost advantage while the other one focuses on unique items that permit a higher price to be charged.
We can examine the examples of Walmart and Apple Inc. Walmart's revenue driver is based on its cost advantage strategy, attracting a large customer base with its low prices and high sales volume.
Walmart is known for its cost advantage strategy, offering everyday low prices to customers. The company achieves this through economies of scale, efficient supply chain management, and negotiating favorable deals with suppliers. By minimizing costs and passing on the savings to customers, Walmart attracts price-sensitive consumers who prioritize affordability. Walmart's revenue driver is the volume of sales generated from a large customer base, which compensates for the lower profit margins associated with its cost advantage strategy.
On the other hand, Apple Inc. adopts a strategy focused on unique and innovative products, allowing them to charge premium prices. Apple invests heavily in research and development to create cutting-edge technology and distinctive designs that set its products apart from competitors. By positioning its devices as high-end, Apple appeals to a target market willing to pay a premium for superior quality, user experience, and status symbol. Apple's revenue driver stems from the ability to command higher prices, resulting in higher profit margins despite potentially lower sales volume compared to competitors.
Comparing the two revenue drivers, we can observe the following:
Customer Base: Walmart's cost advantage strategy attracts a large customer base, including budget-conscious shoppers who prioritize affordability. Apple, on the other hand, targets a more niche market of consumers willing to pay a premium for unique and technologically advanced products. While Walmart may have a larger customer base in terms of volume, Apple's customer base is characterized by brand loyalty and a willingness to spend more.
Profitability: Despite lower profit margins per unit, Walmart's cost advantage strategy allows it to generate substantial profits through high sales volume. The company leverages its economies of scale and efficient operations to offset the lower margins. In contrast, Apple's premium pricing strategy enables it to achieve higher profit margins per unit, compensating for potentially lower sales volume. Apple focuses on extracting more value from each sale by catering to a target market willing to pay a premium.
Brand Perception: Walmart's brand is associated with affordability and everyday low prices, appealing to a broad consumer base. It emphasizes value for money and convenience. On the other hand, Apple's brand image is built around innovation, sleek design, and a premium user experience. Apple products are seen as aspirational and offer a status symbol to its customers.
In conclusion, Walmart's revenue driver is based on its cost advantage strategy, attracting a large customer base with its low prices and high sales volume. Apple, on the other hand, relies on its unique and premium products, commanding higher prices and achieving higher profit margins. Both companies demonstrate successful revenue drivers by leveraging their respective competitive advantages, whether it is through cost efficiency or product differentiation.
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Trip to the GAO
Visit the Web site of the federal Governmental Accounting Office (GAO). Under the tab where it says "Reports" select a report on a topic that interests you. What did you learn from this report? Share what you found with the class.
The Government Accountability Office is an independent agency that provides auditing, evaluation, and investigative services for the U.S. Congress. Their reports cover a wide range of topics related to government programs, policies, and operations.
To access GAO reports, you can visit their official website at www.gao.gov. Under the "Reports" tab, you will find various options to search for reports based on different categories such as audits, testimonies, legal decisions, and more. You can also use the search bar to look for specific reports on topics that interest you.
Once you select a report that catches your interest, you can review its contents to gain insights and information on the subject matter. GAO reports typically provide detailed analysis, findings, and recommendations based on their evaluations and audits of government programs.
Remember that the specific content and insights you'll find in a report will depend on the topic you choose and the nature of the report itself. It's recommended to explore different reports and topics that align with your interests or are relevant to your field of study or profession.
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Analysis the similarities and Differences of the banking system
between Australia and India and suggest the lesson for the
development of the financial system.
The banking systems of Australia and India share some similarities include central banks, commercial banks, deposit insurance etc. the differences between them include Size and Complexity, Foreign Banks, Non-Banking Financial Institutions etc. Developments can be made by taking care of Financial Inclusion, Risk Management, Technology etc.
The banking systems of Australia and India share some similarities but also have notable differences. Analyzing these similarities and differences can provide valuable insights and lessons for the development of financial systems in general.
Similarities:
1. Central Bank: Both Australia and India have a central bank responsible for monetary policy and regulation of the banking sector. In Australia, it is the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA), while in India, it is the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
2. Commercial Banks: Both countries have a mix of public and private sector commercial banks operating in their banking systems. These banks provide a wide range of banking services to individuals, businesses, and other entities.
3. Deposit Insurance: Both Australia and India have deposit insurance schemes to protect depositors' funds in case of bank failures. In Australia, it is the Financial Claims Scheme (FCS), and in India, it is the Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation (DICGC).
Differences:
1. Size and Complexity: The banking system in Australia is generally larger, more developed, and complex compared to India's banking system. Australia has a highly sophisticated financial market and a well-established regulatory framework.
2. Foreign Banks: Australia has a more significant presence of foreign banks operating in its banking system, whereas India has stricter regulations on foreign bank entry and ownership.
3. Non-Banking Financial Institutions: India has a more prominent presence of non-banking financial institutions (NBFCs), which play a significant role in providing financial services, including lending and investment activities. Australia also has non-bank financial institutions but to a lesser extent.
4. Technology Adoption: Australian banks have been at the forefront of adopting technological advancements in banking services, such as digital banking, mobile payments, and online platforms. India has seen significant growth in technology adoption in recent years but still faces challenges in reaching underbanked and rural populations.
Lessons for the development of the financial system:
1. Robust Regulation and Supervision: Both Australia and India emphasize the importance of strong regulatory frameworks and effective supervision to maintain financial stability and protect consumers. Developing financial systems should prioritize establishing and strengthening regulatory institutions to ensure prudent practices and mitigate risks.
2. Financial Inclusion: India's focus on promoting financial inclusion through initiatives like Jan Dhan Yojana and Aadhaar identification has shown the significance of reaching underserved populations. Developing financial systems should prioritize inclusive policies and innovative solutions to provide access to financial services to all segments of society.
3. Technology and Innovation: Australia's adoption of technology in the banking sector highlights the importance of embracing digital transformation. Developing financial systems should encourage innovation, collaboration with fintech firms, and the adoption of advanced technologies to enhance efficiency, accessibility, and customer experience.
4. Risk Management: Lessons can be drawn from Australia's approach to risk management, including robust stress testing, risk assessment frameworks, and effective crisis management mechanisms. Developing financial systems should focus on implementing comprehensive risk management practices to ensure stability and resilience.
It is crucial to note that each country's financial system is unique, shaped by its specific economic, social, and regulatory factors. While lessons can be learned from different systems, they should be adapted and tailored to suit the specific needs and characteristics of the country in question.
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Selected financial information for Frank Corporation is presented below.
Selected 2020 transactions are as follows:
Purchased investment securities for $5,400 cash.
Borrowed $15,800 on a two-year, 8 percent interest-bearing note.
During 2020, sold machinery for its carrying amount; received $11,600 in cash.
Purchased machinery for $50,800; paid $9,400 in cash and signed a four-year note payable to the dealer for $41,400.
Declared and paid a cash dividend of $10,400 on December 31, 2020.
Selected account balances at December 31, 2019 and 2020 are as follows:
December 31
2020 2019
Cash $ 78,800 $ 21,400 Accounts receivable 17,400 12,200 Inventory 52,400 60,800 Accounts payable 7,400 10,800 Accrued wages payable 1,000 1,400 Income taxes payable 5,400 3,200 One-fourth of the sales and one-third of the purchases were made on credit.
FRANK CORPORATION
Statement of Earnings
For the Year Ended December 31, 2020
Sales revenue $ 408,000 Cost of sales 272,000 Gross profit 136,000 Expenses Salaries and wages $ 51,400 Depreciation 9,600 Rent (no accruals) 6,200 Interest (no accruals) 12,600 Income tax 12,200 Total expenses 92,000 Net earnings $ 44,000 Required:
1. Prepare a statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2020 by using the indirect method. (Negative answers should be indicated by a minus sign.)
2. Compute the quality of earnings ratio and the capital expenditures ratio. (Enter your answers in numbers and not in percentages. Round the final answers to 2 decimal places.)
The Statement of Cash Flows is one of the financial statements that provide information about the cash inflows and outflows of a company over a specific period of time.
1. Statement of Cash Flows:
FRANK CORPORATION
Statement of Cash Flows
For the Year Ended December 31, 2020
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net earnings $ 44,000
Adjustments to reconcile net earnings to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation 9,600
Increase in accounts receivable (5,200)
Decrease in inventory 8,400
Decrease in accounts payable (3,400)
Decrease in accrued wages payable (400)
Increase in income taxes payable 2,200
Net cash provided by operating activities 55,200
Cash flows from investing activities:
Proceeds from the sale of machinery 11,600
Purchase of machinery (41,400)
Purchase of investment securities (5,400)
Net cash used in investing activities (35,200)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Borrowing of note payable 15,800
Dividends paid (10,400)
Net cash provided by financing activities 5,400
Increase in cash 25,400
Cash, January 1, 2020, 21,400
Cash, December 31, 2020, $ 46,800
2. Quality of Earnings Ratio:
Quality of earnings ratio = Cash Flows from Operating Activities / Net Earnings
= 55,200 / 44,000
= 1.25
Capital Expenditures Ratio:
Capital expenditures ratio = Cash Flows from Investing Activities / Cash Paid for Property and Equipment
= (41,400 + 11,600) / 50,800
= 1.05
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How to bring awareness to the audience about the importance of
understanding financial risk (as a company).
Financial risk is one of the most important aspects of any business. It is important for the companies to understand the financial risks and potential rewards in any investment, financial instruments, or any kind of venture they may embark on.
The following are some ways to bring awareness to the audience about the importance of understanding financial risk as a company:
Financial literacy seminars: Conducting financial literacy seminars will help the company employees as well as the customers to understand the importance of financial risk. The company can organize financial literacy seminars to raise awareness of how financial risk can affect the company’s financial health and stability.
Informative materials: Providing informative materials such as brochures, newsletters, and magazines that contain useful information on how to manage financial risks and create strategies to address them. This can help the company to educate its employees, shareholders, and other stakeholders on financial risk and its impact on the company.
Communication: The company should create a platform for open communication with its stakeholders. The company can communicate the risk appetite and risk management strategy in place to mitigate the risk exposure. This will help the stakeholders to understand the financial risks and its management by the company.
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A local grocery store faces demand for one of its items at a constant rate of 20,000 boxes per year. It costs them $5 to process an order and $0.50 per box per year to carry the item in stock. The stock is received three working days after an order is placed. Assume 250 working days in a year and no backordering. What is the demand during lead time assuming that there is no variability? 320 240 80 600
A local grocery store faces demand for one of its items at a constant rate of 20,000 boxes per year. It costs them $5 to process an order and $0.50 per box per year to carry the item in stock. The stock is received three working days after an order is placed. Assume 250 working days in a year and no backordering.
What is the demand during lead time assuming that there is no variability?The formula to calculate the demand during lead time is: (Demand per day) x (Lead time in days).Calculation of demand per day= Annual demand / Total working daysAnnual demand = 20,000 boxes per yearTotal working days = 250 daysDemand per day = 20,000 / 250= 80 boxes/dayCalculation of demand during lead time= (Demand per day) x (Lead time in days)Demand per day= 80 boxes/dayLead time= 3 daysTherefore, demand during lead time = 80 x 3= 240 boxes.
Lead time demand refers to the amount of stock that a company needs to maintain to meet customer demand during the lead time of the item. Lead time demand is crucial because if the demand is not fulfilled, it may lead to customer dissatisfaction, stockouts, and other associated costs. The demand during the lead time is determined by multiplying the demand per day by the lead time in days. Therefore, a company must plan its lead time demand effectively to meet the needs of its customers. A company should use the Economic Order Quantity model to determine the optimal quantity that should be ordered to minimize costs. This model considers the costs of placing an order and carrying stock. The costs of placing an order are the administrative costs associated with ordering stock, while the carrying costs are the costs associated with holding stock. A company should aim to find the right balance between the two to reduce overall costs.
The demand during lead time for the local grocery store is 240 boxes assuming that there is no variability. The company must plan its lead time demand effectively to meet the needs of its customers. It should use the Economic Order Quantity model to determine the optimal quantity that should be ordered to minimize costs. The model considers the costs of placing an order and carrying stock. The company should aim to find the right balance between the two to reduce overall costs.
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Kelli Blakely is a portfolio manager for the Miranda Fund, a core large-cap equity fund. The market proxy and benchmark for performance measurement purposes is the S&P 500. Although the Miranda portfolio generally mirrors the asset class and sector weightings of the S&P, Blakely is allowed a significant amount of leeway in managing the fund. Blakely was able to produce exceptional returns last year (as outlined in the table below) through her market timing and security selection skills. At the outset of the year, she became extremely concerned that the combination of a weak economy and geopolitical uncertainties would negatively impact the market. Taking a bold step, she changed her market allocation. For the entire year her asset class exposures averaged 50% in stocks and 50% in cash. The S&P's allocation between stocks and cash during the period was a constant 97% and 3%, respectively. The risk-free rate of return was 2%. One Year Trailing Returns Return Std Dev Beta Miranda Fund 10.2% 37% 1.10 S&P 500 5 pts -22.5% 44% 1.00 Calculate the following return measures for the two funds: Calculate the following return measures for the two funds: a. Treynor Measure Miranda Fund S&P 500 Do not round intermediate calculations. Negative amount should be indicated by a minus sign. Round your answers to 4 decimal places. b. Jensen Measure Miranda Fund % Do not round intermediate calculations. Negative amount should be indicated by a minus sign. Round your answers to 2 decimal places. Do not enter percent sign (no %)
a. The Treynor Measure for the Miranda Fund is 0.0709 and for the S&P 500 is 0.0300.
b. The Jensen Measure for the Miranda Fund is 6.10%.
a. The Treynor measure is calculated using the formula: (Fund Return - Risk-Free Rate) / Fund Beta.
For the Miranda Fund:
Treynor Measure = (10.2% - 2%) / 1.10 = 0.0709
For the S&P 500:
Treynor Measure = (5% - 2%) / 1.00 = 0.0300
b. The Jensen measure is calculated using the formula: Fund Return - (Risk-Free Rate + Fund Beta * (Market Return - Risk-Free Rate)).
For the Miranda Fund:
Jensen Measure = 10.2% - (2% + 1.10 * (5% - 2%)) = 6.10%
Note: The Jensen measure represents the risk-adjusted excess return of a portfolio relative to its expected return based on the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). A positive Jensen measure indicates that the portfolio has outperformed expectations, while a negative Jensen measure indicates underperformance.
Therefore, the Treynor Measure for the Miranda Fund is 0.0709 and for the S&P 500 is 0.0300. The Jensen Measure for the Miranda Fund is 6.10%.
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AJUSTED BANK BALANCE=$4,320 Question 2 (3 marks) Locker Rentals Corp. (LRC) operates locker rental services at several locations throughout the city including the airport, bus depot, shopping malls, and athletics facilities. Unlike some of the old mechanical lockers that charge a fixed amount per use, LRC's lockers operate electronically and are able to charge based on hours of use. The locker system transmits a daily message to LRC's office indicating the number of hours that lockers have been used, which the office manager uses to determine when cash should be picked up at each location. LRC's cash receipts system is described below. a. Two employees ("cash collection clerks") are responsible for collecting cash from the lockers. Based on instructions from the office manager, one clerk collects cash from specific locations on the west side of the city and the other collects from specific locations on the east side. b. When each cash collection clerk returns with the cash, a supervisor counts the cash and prepares a cash count sheet. c. The supervisor places the cash in a locked cashbox until it is taken to the bank for deposit. d. The supervisor, not the cash collection clerks, takes the cash to the bank for deposit. e. The supervisor prepares a duplicate deposit slip, which the bank stamps after the deposit is made to indicate the date and amount of the deposit. f. The supervisor sends the stamped bank deposit slip and daily cash summary to the accountant, who compares them before preparing a journal entry debiting Cash and ing Locker Rental Revenue. Required: 1. For each statement (a)-(f), identify the internal control principle being applied. Question 3 (2 marks) What are the limitations of internal control? Explain each one of them.
1. Internal control principles applied to each statement:
a. Segregation of duties: By assigning specific cash collection clerks to specific locations, the company ensures that the responsibility for collecting cash is divided between two individuals, reducing the risk of collusion or fraudulent activities.
b. Independent internal verification: The supervisor independently counts the cash and prepares a cash count sheet, providing a secondary check on the accuracy of the cash collected by the clerks.
c. Physical controls: Placing the cash in a locked cashbox helps prevent unauthorized access and protects the cash until it is taken to the bank.
d. Segregation of duties: The supervisor, separate from the cash collection clerks, takes the cash to the bank for deposit, ensuring that the custody and transportation of cash are handled by different individuals.
e. Documentation procedures: The duplicate deposit slip serves as evidence of the bank deposit and provides a record of the date and amount of the deposit.
f. Independent internal verification: The accountant compares the stamped bank deposit slip with the daily cash summary, conducting an independent verification of the accuracy of the deposit before preparing the journal entry.
2. Limitations of internal control:
a. Human error: Internal controls can be affected by human mistakes, such as data entry errors or misinterpretation of procedures.
b. Management override: In some cases, management may override or circumvent internal controls for personal gain or to manipulate financial results.
c. Collusion: If two or more employees collude, they can bypass internal controls and commit fraud without detection.
d. Cost-benefit trade-off: Implementing strong internal controls can be costly, and organizations need to weigh the costs against the potential benefits.
e. Changing environment: Internal controls may become outdated or ineffective as the business environment changes, such as advancements in technology or shifts in operational processes.
f. Limited scope: Internal controls are designed to mitigate specific risks and may not address all potential risks or provide absolute assurance against fraud or errors.
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A portfolio is composed of two stocks, A and B. Stock A has a standard deviation of return of 21%, while stock B has a standard deviation of return of 16%. Stock A comprises 70% of the portfolio, while stock B comprises 30% of the portfolio. If the variance of return on the portfolio is 0.035, the correlation coefficient between the returns on A and B is _________.
To find the correlation coefficient between the returns on stocks A and B, we need to use the information provided and apply the formula for the variance of a portfolio.
Given:Stock A standard deviation (σA) = 21%Stock B standard deviation (σB) = 16%Stock A weight (wA) = 70%Stock B weight (wB) = 30%Variance of return on the portfolio (Var) = 0.035The formula for the variance of a portfolio is:Var = wA^2 * VarA + wB^2 * VarB + 2 * wA * wB * ρAB * σA * σBWhere:VarA and VarB are the variances of stocks A and B, respectively.ρAB is the correlation coefficient between the returns on stocks A and B.σA and σB are the standard deviations of stocks A and B, respectively.Substituting the given values into the formula, we have:0.035 = (0.7)^2 * VarA + (0.3)^2 * VarB + 2 * 0.7 * 0.3 * ρAB * 21% * 16%Simplifying the equation, we can solve for ρAB:0.035 = 0.49 * VarA + 0.09 * VarB + 0.252 * ρABSince we don't have the exact values for VarA and VarB, we cannot solve for the correlation coefficient directly. However, we can rearrange the equation to isolate ρAB:ρAB = (0.035 - 0.49 * VarA - 0.09 * VarB) / (0.252)Please note that without the specific values for VarA and VarB, we cannot calculate the exact correlation coefficient.
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