Protostomes: Tracheal respiratory system and Waxy cuticle.
Deuterostomes: Esophagus-originated lungs, Amniotic egg, Scaly skin, Shells and Thick membranes in egg.
Animals can be divided into two main divisions called protostomes and deuterostomes based on the ways in which their embryonic development differs. These subgroups belong to the greater animal kingdom, which also encompasses a vast range of multicellular, eukaryotic species.
Animals classified as protostomes include, among others, mollusks, annelids, and insects. They are distinguished by an embryonic growth pattern in which the blastopore, the embryo's first entrance, develops into the mouth and the anus, the second opening, into the anus. Protostomes frequently have complex neurological systems, including basic brains and ventral nerve cords, and many have specialized features like jointed appendages and exoskeletons.
While echinoderms, such as starfish and sea urchins, as well as some other animals, are classified as deuterostomes, vertebrates (such as fish, birds, and mammals) are not. In deuterostomes, the embryo's first opening transforms into the anus, and a second opening transforms into the mouth. With a dorsal nerve cord and a more advanced brain, deuterostomes typically have a more sophisticated nervous system than protostomes. They might also have specific features like a water circulatory system or the backbone of vertebrates (in echinoderms).
To know more about protostomes
brainly.com/question/823820
#SPJ4
how do we call phylogenetic trees that are equivalent but one of them has a rotation at a node?
Phylogenetic trees that are equivalent but differ only in the rotation of a node are called "rotational isomers" or "rotational isomeric trees."
The structure and branching pattern of these trees are the same, but one or more of the nodes' orientations are different. Rotational isomers are frequent in phylogenetic analysis and might result from random tree construction techniques or a lack of information to determine a tree's precise branching pattern.
Diagrams called phylogenetic trees show the evolutionary connections between a collection of species or genes. Nodes (which represent ancestors or speciation events), branches (which represent evolutionary relationships), and leaves make up these trees (representing the extant or descendant taxa). A phylogenetic tree's branching structure reveals the series of divergence events that resulted in the development of the taxa under investigation.
To know more about phylogenetic tree click here
brainly.com/question/2189834
#SPJ4
The genetic code is said to be nearly ______ because with few exceptions, all organisms use the same code.
The genetic code is said to be nearly universal because with few exceptions, all organisms use the same code.
This means that the same codons( three- base combinations of DNA) always law for the same amino acids in nearly all organisms. This universality is allowed to have evolved from a common ancestor, and is supported by the fact that the inheritable law is basically the same in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The many exceptions are substantially set up in transfer RNA motes, where some organisms may use slightly different codons to law for the same amino acid. This suggests that the inheritable law is veritably robust and has been maintained for billions of times.
To know more about genetic code visit:
https://brainly.com/question/12435367
#SPJ4
Choose the examples of epigenetic modifications. a. methylation b. lipidation c. acetylation d. phosphorylation e. glycation
Epigenetic modifications are chemical alterations to DNA or chromatin that can influence gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence. Examples of epigenetic modifications include methylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and glycation.
Methylation is a process in which methyl groups are added to DNA or histone proteins, and it is generally associated with the silencing of genes. Lipidation is the process of adding lipids to proteins, and is often associated with the stabilization of certain proteins. Acetylation is the addition of an acetyl group to histones, and it is generally associated with increased gene expression. Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to proteins and is associated with a variety of cellular processes. Lastly, glycation is the process of a protein becoming modified with a sugar molecule. This is generally associated with protein denaturation.
To learn more about Epigenetic :
https://brainly.com/question/14293014
#SPJ11
Question: Describe one way a virus can perpetuate its genes without destroying its host cell. What is this type of replication cycle called?
Answer: Some viruses can insert their DNA into a chromosome of the host cell , which replicates the viral genes when it replicates its own DNA prior to cell division. This is called the lysogenic cycle.
One way a virus can perpetuate its genes without destroying its host cell is through a lysogenic replication cycle.
In this cycle, the virus injects its genetic material into the host cell, and the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's chromosome, forming a prophage. The host cell replicates the prophage along with its own DNA during cell division, passing the viral DNA to daughter cells.
The prophage can remain dormant for many generations, allowing the virus to spread without killing the host cell. Under certain conditions, the prophage can excise itself from the host chromosome and initiate the lytic cycle, leading to the production of new viral particles and cell lysis.
Therefore, the type of replication cycle where a virus can perpetuate its genes without destroying its host cell is called the lysogenic cycle.
To learn more about genes refer to:
brainly.com/question/8832859
#SPJ4
why ultraviolet light allows us to see green colomies
Our ability to see colors like green comes from the cones in our eyes, which are sensitive to different wavelengths of light.
Ultraviolet light has a shorter wavelength than visible light, so our eyes cannot directly detect it.
However, some materials can absorb ultraviolet light and emit visible light through fluorescence. This is why objects like highlighters and laundry detergent appear to glow under ultraviolet light.
In short, while ultraviolet light does not enable us to see green colors directly, it can cause fluorescence in certain materials, leading to the emission of visible light, including green light.
Learn more about Ultraviolet.
https://brainly.com/question/28883964
#SPJ11
How do bees help the decay process?
When bees visit flowers, they transfer pollen from the male part of a flower to the female part, which leads to fertilization and the production of seeds. This process is essential for the reproduction of plants, which in turn provide food and habitat for a wide range of organisms, including insects, fungi.
What is a fungus?Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that belong to their own kingdom, called Fungi. They are neither plants nor animals but have their own unique characteristics that distinguish them from other living things.
Fungi come in many shapes and sizes, ranging from single-celled yeasts to large, multicellular mushrooms. They play important roles in many ecosystems, as decomposers, pathogens, and symbionts.
Fungi obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter from their surroundings, either as decomposers of dead plant and animal material, or as parasites or symbionts of living organisms. They are essential in breaking down and recycling nutrients in ecosystems, and in many cases, they form beneficial relationships with other organisms, such as mycorrhizal fungi that form mutually beneficial associations with plant roots.
To know more about Fungi visit :
https://brainly.com/question/11264030
#SPJ1
What are the five main causes of evolution
Answer:
Mutation, Non-random mating, gene flow, finite population size (genetic drift), natural selection.
Explanation:
which cycle does decomposing bacteria play an important role?
Decomposing bacteria plays an important role in the carbon cycle.
This cycle is the process of breaking down organic matter and releasing carbon back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Decomposing bacteria are the organisms responsible for this process, as they break down complex organic compounds, such as plant and animal matter, into simpler forms. These forms include carbon dioxide, methane, water, and other elements. Decomposing bacteria also recycle other essential nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, back into the soil, which allows plants to access these nutrients and grow. In this way, decomposing bacteria play an essential role in sustaining the health of all ecosystems.
To learn more about Decomposing :
https://brainly.com/question/10917397
#SPJ11
a biological reserve that is designed for a single species is an important tool in maintaining biodiversity because a reserve: that is designed for a single species will also protect other species in the reserve. will not change over time so all the species will be conserved as long as the reserve exists. will generate income when people visit to see the biodiversity protected in the reserve. will generate income when people visit to see the biodiversity protected in the reserve.
A biological reserve that is designed for a single species may not necessarily be an effective tool in maintaining biodiversity because it focuses on conserving only one species, rather than the broader ecosystem and all the species that depend on it.
While such a reserve may provide some protection for the target species, it may not be able to maintain the full range of ecological interactions and functions that are necessary for the survival of other species.
Furthermore, a reserve that is designed for a single species may not be a sustainable solution over time, as environmental conditions and other factors may change, making the reserve less effective in conserving the target species and other species that depend on it.
In contrast, a reserve that is designed to protect a range of species and their habitats can be a more effective tool in maintaining biodiversity because it takes into account the full range of ecological interactions and functions necessary for the survival of multiple species. Such a reserve can help to maintain ecosystem health and support the survival of a broad range of species, not just a single species.
Additionally, a well-designed biological reserve can also generate income from ecotourism, which can provide economic benefits for local communities while also supporting conservation efforts.
Learn more about biodiversity
https://brainly.com/question/13073382
#SPJ4
the process where dna is transcribed to mrna happens in what part of the cell?
The process of transcription, where DNA is copied into mRNA, occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
DNA is not able to leave the nucleus because of the nuclear envelope, so a copy in the form of mRNA is made and transported out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it will be used to direct the synthesis of proteins by ribosomes. In prokaryotic cells, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm since they do not have a defined nucleus. The transcription process involves the binding of RNA polymerase to the DNA template strand and the addition of complementary RNA nucleotides to form a strand of mRNA that is complementary to the DNA template. After transcription is complete, the mRNA undergoes processing before it is transported out of the nucleus.
To learn more about eukaryotic cells refer to:
brainly.com/question/11351358
#SPJ4
Bacteria that are able to grow in humans and cause disease have likely evolved to be. A) psychrophiles. B) mesophiles. C) thermophiles.
Bacteria that are able to grow in humans and cause disease have likely evolved to be mesophiles. Therefore the correct option B.
Mesophilic are microorganisms that thrive at ambient temperatures, ranging from 20 to 45 °C. Mesophilic microorganisms are some of the most commonly found in nature, and they are well-known for their pathogenicity, making them ideal subjects for research on microbial pathogenesis.
Mesophilic bacteria are capable of causing a variety of diseases in humans and animals. Some of these bacteria produce endospores that allow them to survive in unfavorable environments for long periods of time.
Examples of mesophilic bacteria include Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, bacteria that are able to grow in humans and cause disease have likely evolved to be mesophiles.
For such more question on mesophiles:
https://brainly.com/question/29851000
#SPJ11
A small child has fallen, resulting in a laceration on the upper lip. Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for the pain? a. CN III b. CN IV c. CN VII d. CN
The cranial nerve that is responsible for the pain in a laceration on the upper lip is CN VII, also known as the facial nerve. The correct answer to the question is option c, CN VII.
When an individual experiences a laceration on their upper lip, the facial nerve, also known as CN VII, is responsible for detecting the pain associated with the injury.
In addition to pain sensation, CN VII is also responsible for controlling facial expressions, as well as the production of saliva and tears.
This means that if there is any damage to CN VII as a result of the laceration, it could potentially affect facial expression, and the production of saliva and tears.
Therefore, the correct answer to the question "Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for the pain in a laceration on the upper lip?" is option c, CN VII.
Learn more about cranial nerve.
https://brainly.com/question/30431228
#SPJ11
Do sleep aids increase risk of dementia?
The long term use of sleep aids can increase the risk of dementia. They are useful for short term use only.
Sleep aids are the psychoactive medications that are prescribed to induce sleep or treat insomnia in a person. They are also referred to as hypnotic or soporific drugs. The examples are Benadryl, Melatonin, Valerian, etc. Some natural components also acts as sleep aids like Lavender, Passionflower, Glycine, etc.
Dementia is the collective of the symptoms associated with the memory loss. These symptoms are so efficient that they interfere with the daily normal functioning of an individual. Dementia usually progresses with age.
To know more about dementia, here
brainly.com/question/28466586
#SPJ4
A principle characteristic of an anaerobic exercise is its ____.
steady energy expenditure
steady oxygen supply
long duration
high intensity
low intensity
The high intensity of an anaerobic activity is one of its primary characteristics.
Short bursts of extreme exertion, which can last anywhere from a few seconds to a few minutes, are the hallmark of anaerobic exercise. When performing anaerobic exercise, the body's need for energy exceeds the oxygen supply, and energy is created using oxygen-free metabolic pathways. Lactic acid is produced as a result, which can make muscles uncomfortable and tired. Exercises that require anaerobic energy include sprinting, weightlifting, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). Anaerobic exercise is favoured by athletes and those who want to increase their strength and power since it often entails shorter activity times and higher intensities than aerobic exercise.
To know more about anaerobic click here:
brainly.com/question/11451338
#SPJ4
photosynthesis is the process by which the energy and are converted into energy and ______. in this process, oxygen is a product.
Answer:
Explanation:
And chemical energy
Photosynthesis is the process by which the energy from sunlight and carbon dioxide are converted into energy in the form of glucose and oxygen. In this process, oxygen is a product.
Oxygen is released into the atmosphere is a product of photosynthesis. The equation for photosynthesis is as follows:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O + sunlight -> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
In this equation, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and water (H₂O) are the reactants, and glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) and oxygen (O₂) are the products. Photosynthesis is an essential process for plants, as it allows them to produce the energy they need to survive and grow.
Learn more about photosynthesis here: https://brainly.com/question/19160081.
#SPJ11
Some Quick HELPPP!!!!
The exact surface area of the cone is calculated as 836π cm².
What is meant by exact surface area?Area occupied by three-dimensional object by its outer surface is called as the surface area.
A_base = πr²= π(24 cm)² = 576π cm²
The lateral surface area can be found using slant height (l) and height (h) of the cone:
l = √(r² + h²)
In this case, we know slant height (l) is 26 cm and height (h) is 24 cm, so
r = √(l² - h²) = √(26 cm)² - (24 cm)² = √100 = 10 cm
Lateral surface area is:
A_lateral = πr l = π(10 cm)(26 cm) = 260π cm²
Therefore, exact surface area of the cone is:
A_total = A_base + A_lateral = 576π cm² + 260π cm² = 836π cm²
T know more about surface area, refer
https://brainly.com/question/16519513
#SPJ1
What does it mean if you crack an egg with two yolks in it?
When you crack an egg with two yolks in it, it means that the egg has two yolks instead of one. The egg yolk is the yellow, round portion of an egg. It's suspended within the egg's white (albumen), enclosed by a membrane, and held in place by two twisted strands of albumen called chalazae.
Double yolks occur when the egg releases two yolks instead of one. It is not uncommon in young hens whose egg production cycle has yet to be synchronized. However, older hens frequently produce double yolks, indicating that they are nearing the end of their productive lives.
You can use double yolk eggs in the same way as regular eggs. They may just take a little more care to cook since they may take longer to set.
A double yolk egg is a rare occurrence in which an egg contains two yolks instead of one. It happens when the egg releases two yolks instead of one.
For such more question on chalazae:
https://brainly.com/question/17290514
#SPJ11
The nuclear membrane disintegrates during prophase is called:__________
The nuclear membrane disintegrates during prophase, which is also known as the first phase of mitosis.
Prophase is characterized by the condensation of chromatin into visible chromosomes, which are attached to the spindle fibers by the kinetochores. The nuclear envelope disintegrates, allowing the chromosomes to move freely in the cytoplasm. This is a critical step in the cell division process because it allows the duplicated DNA to be separated into two daughter cells. Additionally, prophase is the stage at which the centrosomes begin to move apart and form the spindle apparatus, which is responsible for separating the chromosomes during mitosis.
The breakdown of the nuclear envelope is a complex process that involves the disassembly of the nuclear lamina and the disruption of the nuclear pore complexes. The nuclear lamina is a network of intermediate filaments that provides structural support to the nuclear envelope. During prophase, the lamina is broken down by the action of several kinases, including CDK1 and PKC. The nuclear pore complexes, which allow for the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus, are also disrupted during prophase. This is thought to be mediated by the phosphorylation of nucleoporins, which make up the NPC structure.
To learn more about Membrane :
https://brainly.com/question/29354879
#SPJ11
which factor does not help to explain why many proteins exhibit quaternary structure? A. Oligomers are usually more stable than the free monomers.
The factor that does not help to explain why many proteins exhibit quaternary structure is that oligomers are usually more stable than free monomers.
This is because the quaternary structure is a type of protein structure that is formed by the interaction of multiple protein subunits to form a complex. The four levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is a linear sequence of amino acids, whereas the secondary structure is formed by the folding of the polypeptide chain into α-helices, β-sheets, and turns. The tertiary structure is formed by the folding of the secondary structures into a compact, globular shape. Finally, the quaternary structure is formed by the interaction of multiple protein subunits to form a complex. The stability of oligomers compared to free monomers is actually a factor that does help to explain why many proteins exhibit quaternary structures. The interaction between the protein subunits in the quaternary structure contributes to the overall stability of the protein, making it more resistant to denaturation and degradation. Therefore, the correct answer to the given question is option A. Oligomers are usually more stable than free monomers.
To learn more about Monomers :
https://brainly.com/question/6069342
#SPJ11
do schwann cells secrete growth factors
Yes, Schwann cells secrete growth factors. Growth factors are naturally occurring proteins, which encourage cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation. They are essential for cell communication, proliferation, and differentiation. Cells require growth factors to survive and reproduce.
Schwann cells are peripheral nervous system cells that support neuron health and growth. Schwann cells secrete several growth factors that stimulate the growth of axons, including nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF).
Furthermore, Schwann cells secrete a range of proteins that can help to regenerate damaged nerves. They are also involved in the development and repair of the peripheral nervous system, which involves the regeneration of injured nerves. Schwann cells play a vital role in axonal regrowth by secreting growth factors and providing a physical bridge that aids in nerve regeneration. Schwann cells also help to guide axons to their targets during the development of the peripheral nervous system.
Here you can learn more about Schwann cells
https://brainly.com/question/29811322#
#SPJ11
Which structure contains the male organs of a flower?
The male organs of a flower are typically contained within a structure called the "stamen".
The male reproductive system of a flower, the stamen, consists of an anther and a filament. The anther, which houses the pollen grains, is supported by the filament, a long, narrow structure. The pollen is discharged from the anther when the flower is ready for pollination, and it can then be transported to the female reproductive organs of another flower to be fertilized.
The stamen is present towards the center of the flower where the petals and sepals offer protection and guide the pollinators to collect and distribute pollen.
To know more about stamen click here
brainly.com/question/924005
#SPJ4
fill in the blank. to cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require 1 (or) 2 allele(s) to be mutated and are therefore considered dominant (or) recessive. this results in___of function.
To cause cancer, proto-oncogenes require 1 allele to be mutated and are therefore considered dominant. This results in the gain of function.
Proto-oncogenes are genes that regulate cell growth and division. When they are mutated, they can become oncogenes, which can cause cells to grow and divide uncontrollably, leading to the development of cancer. Because only one allele needs to be mutated for this to occur, proto-oncogenes are considered dominant. This mutation results in the gain of function, meaning that the mutated gene is more active or has a new function that contributes to the development of cancer.
You can learn more about cancer at: brainly.com/question/8590464
#SPJ11
You only get 5 plants to take with you to a new planet. Which plants do you take and
why?
Answer:all
Explanation: they need a new home
Hemolytic disease of the newborn can occur when the mother is blood type ____ - ____ and the baby is blood type ____ + ____.
Answer:
When the Mothers blood type is Rh-Negative
The Baby's blood type is Rh-Postive
Explanation:
Which area of the brain provides feedback control of voluntary movement by comparing 2) accomplished movement to planned movement?
A) basal nuclei
B) corpus callosum C) cerebellum
D) thalamus
E) hypothalamus
The area of the brain which provides feedback control of voluntary movement by comparing accomplished movement to planned movement is: (C) cerebellum.
Brain is the most complex organ of the human body. It regulates each and every function of the body. The brain has two hemispheres: the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere. The brain can be divided into three portions: forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.
Cerebellum is referred to as the little brain which is located at the hindbrain portion. The cerebellum holds almost half of the neurons of the complete brain despite being small in size. Its function is in voluntary movement, balance, vision, etc.
Therefore the correct answer is option C.
To know ore about cerebellum, here
brainly.com/question/13504830
#SPJ4
The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid is called _____.
(a) glycogenesis
(b) glycolysis
(c) aerobic metabolism
(d) None of the above.
Answer:
b
Explanation:
glycolysis is the answer
which of the following choices do scientist say provide evidence that supports evolutionary theories brainly
Scientists say that the fossil record, embryology, genetic similarities, geographic distribution of species and molecular biology all provide evidence that supports evolutionary theories.
Comparative anatomy: Comparative anatomy is the comparison of anatomical features of different organisms to identify shared ancestors.
Embryology: Embryology provides evidence for common ancestry because it shows similarities in early developmental stages of different organisms.
Molecular biology: Molecular biology looks at the genetic similarities and differences between species to provide evidence of common ancestry.
Fossil records provide evidence of the existence of past organisms and show the changes in these organisms over time.
Anatomical structures, such as homologous structures and vestigial organs, provide evidence of common ancestry among different species.
Genetic similarities among different species provide evidence of a common ancestor and the evolution of these species from that common ancestor.
The geographic distribution of species provides evidence of how species have adapted to different environments and how they have evolved over time. All of these pieces of evidence support the theory of evolution and provide a better understanding of how organisms have changed and adapted over time.
More on evolutionary theories can be obtained here: https://brainly.com/question/14574799
#SPJ11
the two most important classes of pigments in chloroplasts are chlorophylls and_____.
The two most important classes of pigments in chloroplasts are chlorophylls and carotenoids.
Chlorophylls absorb light in the blue-violet and red regions of the visible spectrum, while carotenoids absorb light in the blue-green and yellow-orange regions. Both types of pigments help to capture light energy for photosynthesis.
For more question on Chlorophylls click on
https://brainly.com/question/24234175
#SPJ4
The two most important classes of pigments in chloroplasts are chlorophylls and carotenoids.
Chlorophylls are a group of green pigments responsible for the absorption of light energy, which is used for photosynthesis. Carotenoids are yellow, orange, and red pigments, and their main role is to protect chloroplasts from light damage. Chlorophylls are composed of magnesium, whereas carotenoids are composed of carbon and hydrogen. Chlorophylls absorb light in the blue and red wavelengths, while carotenoids absorb light in the yellow and green wavelengths. In summary, the two most important classes of pigments in chloroplasts are chlorophylls and carotenoids.
These two pigments are essential for photosynthesis, as they absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy, allowing for the formation of organic molecules. Photosynthesis is essential for life on Earth as it produces oxygen, which is essential for all living organisms. Without these two pigments, photosynthesis could not occur, and life would cease to exist.
To learn more about Chlorophylls :
https://brainly.com/question/24234175
#SPJ11
If we did not have this type of neuroglia cell, bacteria and microorganisms could more easily infiltrate our brain tissue?
The presence of neuroglia cells is essential for maintaining health and function of nervous system and protecting it from harmful pathogens.
What is neuroglia cell?Neuroglia are diverse class of cells that provide developmental, physiological and metabolic support for neurons.
Neuroglia cells are also known as glial cells. They play an essential role in supporting function and structure of nervous system. While they do not directly participate in generating electrical impulses, they provide crucial support to neurons by maintaining extracellular environment, providing nutrients and removing waste.
Glial cells also play a vital role in protecting brain and spinal cord from bacterial and viral infections. They are a part of immune system of nervous system, and they help to identify and eliminate harmful pathogens that may enter brain tissue.
To know more about neuroglia cells , refer
https://brainly.com/question/29516569
#SPJ1
in aerobic respiration, the electrons from nadh and fadh2 eventually are accepted by
In aerobic respiration, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are eventually accepted by oxygen.
This process, known as the electron transport chain, involves several steps. First, the electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed through a series of proteins and enzymes, eventually reaching the last protein, which accepts the electrons. The energy from the electrons is then used to create a proton gradient, which drives the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The oxygen molecule then accepts the electrons and combines with hydrogen ions to form water. This entire process occurs in the mitochondria, and is the main source of energy for the cell. In summary, in aerobic respiration, the electrons from NADH and FADH2 are accepted by oxygen, which then combines with hydrogen ions to form water. This process of the electron transport chain is used to produce ATP in the mitochondria, providing energy to the cell.
To learn more about Aerobic respiration :
https://brainly.com/question/11691469
#SPJ11
