The false statement is " The difference in melting temperature between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid with the same chain length is only a few degrees C"
The melting values of unsaturated lipids are smaller than that of saturated fatty acids. A detailed review of molecular geometries could reveal the cause of this phenomenon.
The consistent rod-like structure of the polyunsaturated fatty acids' molecules is reflected in relatively greater melting points. Unsaturated fatty acids' cis-double bonds cause them to bend, therefore making it more challenging to arrange their molecules into a permanently repeating pattern as well as a crystalline lattice.
Unsaturated fatty acids will have lower melting points because of the physical shape of their structure. Unsaturated fatty acids will contain double bonds in their structure. These double bonds will create 'kinks', or bends, in the structure of the fatty acid.
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one of the fingerlike projections of the small intestinal mucosa that tremendously increase its surface area for absorption is called a/an:
Answer:
villi
Explanation:
microscopic finger -like projections are called villi which increase the surface area to help with absorption.
The FoxP2 gene is thought to be involved in language in humans. At prophase I, how many copies of the FoxP2 gene are present in a cell? Keep in mind that humans are diploid.
a) eight copies, one on each sister chromatid in a pair of homologous chromosomes
b) two copies, one on each homologous chromosome
c) four copies, one on each sister chromatid in a pair of homologous chromosomes
d) eight copies, one on each strand of each chromatid per homologous pair
c) four copies, one on each sister chromatid in a pair of homologous
FoxP2, the gene is thought to be involved in language in humans. At prophase (I), four copies (one on each sister chromatid in a pair of homologous chromosomes) of the FoxP2 gene are present in a cell.
What are homologous chromosomes?Homologous chromosomes are two DNA segments within a diploid organism that have the same gene, one from each parental source. Briefly, both parents contribute the complete genome. Each parent contributes the same 23 chromosomes encoding the same genes. So our cells have a total of 46 chromosomes in two copies. However, each homologous chromosome can provide different versions of each gene. Having two versions of each gene increases diversity, reduces the adverse effects of negative mutations, and generally stabilizes populations. Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes containing both maternal and paternal chromatids of the same length and gene location and connected by centromeres. Homologous chromosomes in the nuclei of gamete pairs in meiotic organisms. This event is important for driving genetic variation. Homologous pairs exchange genes through genetic recombination so that genetic diversity can be promoted.
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Where do the elements in the human body come from?.
The elements of the periodic table, and where they originate, are detailed in this image above. The vast majority of the human body, including the majority of our oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous, calcium, and iron, all owe their primary origin to massive stars that have gone supernova.
The hydrogen in your body, present in every molecule of water, came from the Big Bang. There are no other appreciable sources of hydrogen in the universe. The carbon in your body was made by nuclear fusion in the interior of stars, as was the oxygen.
Most of the elements of our bodies were formed in stars over the course of billions of years and multiple star lifetimes. However, it's also possible that some of our hydrogen (which makes up roughly 9.5% of our bodies) and lithium, which our body contains in very tiny trace amounts, originated
Complete each sentence by dragging a word to the proper position. Then arrange the sentences into the order of occurrence of motor impulses in the ANS This parasympathetic neurotransmitter causes a in heart rate and contractility Action potentials arriving at the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the heart cause to be released. Also known as the division, the parasympathetic nervous system has fibers exiting the CNS at the medulla oblongata. Action potentials travel down the preganglionic nerve fibers of the towards the effector organs. The impulse arrives relatively quickly at the heart, as parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are compared to sympathetic postganglionic fibers. These impulses arrive at the cardiac plexus where secretion of acetychline creates an action potential in the neuron.
Completed each sentence by dragging the words ( decrease, acetylcholine, craniosacral, vagus nerve, short, postganglionic) to the proper positions.
Order of occurrence of motor impulses:
1. Also known as the craniosacral division, the parasympathetic nervous system has fibers exiting the CNS at the medulla oblongata.
2. Action potentials travel down the preganglionic nerve fibers of the vagus nerve toward the effector organs.
3. These impulses arrive at the cardiac plexus where secretion of acetychline creates an action potential in the postganglionic neuron.
4. The impulse arrives relatively quickly at the heart, as parasympathetic postganglionic fibers are short compared to sympathetic postganglionic fibers.
5. Action potentials arriving at the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes of the heart cause acetylcholine to be released.
6. This parasympathetic neurotransmitter causes a decrease in heart rate and contractility.
Question in proper format is attached.
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While the semilunar valves are open during a normal cardiac cycle, the pressure in the left ventricle is:
a. higher than the pressure in the the aorta
b. lower than the pressure in the aorta
c. the same as the pressure in the left atrium
d. lower than the pressure in the left atrium
a
During a typical cardiac cycle, the semilunar valves are open and the left ventricle's pressure is lower than the aorta's pressure.
What transpires if the semilunar valves are open?When the ventricles constrict, the semilunar valves open, ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure, and blood is pushed into the major arteries. However, when the ventricles relax, the semilunar valves close because arterial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure.
Which of the following happens throughout a cardiac cycle when the semilunar valves are open?A fast blood ejection occurs at point as the semilunar valves open as a result of enhanced ventricular contractility. When it reaches point, the arterial pressure is at its highest. 13% of the cardiac cycle is typically spent in this period.
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two ways of dealing with any kind of pollution include prevention and cleanup: would include tactics that stop pollutants and wastes from even entering the environment; would include tactics that help mitigate the environmental effects of pollutants that have already entered the environment.
Two ways to deal with any kind of contamination are: Prevention and Cleansing.
What is pollution?Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause harmful changes. Pollution can take the form of any matter or energy. The contaminants that constitute environmental pollution include not only naturally occurring contaminants but also foreign matter/energy. Vehicle emissions, fuel oil and natural gas used to heat homes, by-products of manufacturing and power generation, especially coal-fired power plants, and smoke from chemical production are the main sources of anthropogenic air pollution. .
There are the following tactics for dealing with any kind of contamination.
Prevention includes tactics that prevent pollutants and waste from entering the environment in the first placeCleanup includes tactics that help reduce the environmental impact of contaminants that have already entered the environment.To know more about pollution control, visit:
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assuming that a strand of dna is not composed of equal amounts of a, g, c, and t, which of the following equations is appropriate when considering dna base composition?
Because the nitrogenous bases of these nucleotides form hydrogen bonds that make the two strands of DNA complementary, there is a T for every A (and a For G for every C).
How many different base combinations can a DNA sequence contain?Carries genetic information based on the base sequences that are given to progeny during reproduction; acts as a template for exact copies to be made during the interphase's synthesis stage; and contains instructions for putting together proteins from amino acids. DNA has four potential bases: A, G, C, and T. two strands of a double helix A and T are generally paired as complementary bases.
What is the name given to particular nitrogenous base sequences in DNA?Genes are unique nitrogenous base sequences that encode certain proteins or regulatory RNA molecules. two strands of a double helix A and T are generally paired as complementary bases.
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predict what the iki (lugol's) test results would look like for the following controls and samples. drag the correct test results onto the spot plate. test results may be used more than once, and not all test results will be used.
The prediction on the the iki (lugol's) test results would look like for the following controls and samples are:
positive control: purplenegative control: yellowstarch + amylase: yellowstarch + boiled amylase: purpleWhat does a positive iodine test result mean?A color change from violet to black indicated a positive iodine test result (there is starch present); a negative result (there is no starch present) indicated the iodine solution was yellow.
In order to detect cervical dysplasia when examining the cervix colposcopically, the Lugol's iodine test is a frequently used diagnostic tool.
The IkI test is an indicator test used to ascertain the amount of starch present in a sample. The triiodide anion solution turns blue-black when starch is included.
Hence, The active component of IKI is iodine. This solution contains it in the aqueous form that is utilized in experiments.
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how transcription regulators (proteins) recognize and bind to regulatory DNA sequences in a DNA double helix.
-proteins that recognize a specific nucleotide sequence do so because the surface of the protein fits tightly against the surface features of the DNA double helix in that region
-these surfaces features will vary depending on the nucleotide sequence, different DNA-binding proteins will recognize different nucleotide sequences
-protein inserts into the major groove of the DNA double helix and makes a series of intimate, noncovalent molecular contacts with the nucleotide pairs within the groove
DNA sequences in a DNA double helix proteins that recognize a specific nucleotide sequence do so because the surface of the protein fits tightly against the surface features of the DNA double helix in that region
these surfaces features will vary depending on the nucleotide sequence, different DNA-binding proteins will recognize different nucleotide sequences
protein inserts into the major groove of the DNA double helix and makes a series of intimate, noncovalent molecular contacts with the nucleotide pairs within the groove
There are two strands of DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, in each cell of the body. A double helix is created when these strands engage with one another. During replication, a portion of this Bis changed into a single-stranded form to serve as a template.
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if your right visual cortex stopped functioning, what parts of your visual field would be messing
Damage to the primary visual cortex, also known as V1, in the area of vision, but not to any other cortical region, eliminates visual awareness and causes chronic blindness.
If the right optic tract is damaged, which area of the visual field would be lost?left visual sphere
For instance, if the optic tract on the right is cut off, the left visual field loses vision (that is, blindness in the temporal visual field of the left eye and the nasal visual field of the right eye).
Right visual cortex lesions can result in total blindness in the left hemifield, but they typically spare foveal vision. This is likely because the cortical foveal representation is so extensive that a single lesion is unlikely to completely wipe it out.
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Can You Identify The Plant Group To Which Each Of These Organisms Belongs? Drag Each Organism To The Appropriate Bin.
The Plant Group To Which Each Of These Organisms Belongs is: NOT a plant -charophyte algae, Nonvascular plant -bryophyte ,moss Seedless vascular plant -fern Gymnosperm -conifer, pine tree Angiosperm -pear tree, purple coneflower
Because of its movement, charophyte algae is not a plant.
Bryophytes are non-vascular plants that are an informal grouping of non-vascular land plant divisions such as liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
A fern is a seedless vascular plant that reproduces by spore and does not have seeds or flowers.
Conifers and pine trees are examples of gymnosperms, a group of seed-producing plants.
Angiosperm is a flowering plant that produces seeds enclosed within a carpel. The angiosperms are a diverse group that includes herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and the majority of trees, such as the purple coneflower and pear tree.
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when assessing a 17-year-old for nuchal rigidity, you gently raise his head off the examination table. he involuntarily flexes his hips and knees. to confirm your suspicions associated with this positive test, you would also perform a test for the sign.
You gently lift a 17-year-head old's off the examination table when testing him for nuchal rigidity. He bends his knees and hips unintentionally. You would conduct a test for the kernig sign in addition to the positive test in order to confirm your suspicions.
What is meningitis-related nuchal rigidity?Nuchal rigidity is a third indicator of meningitis. Nuchal rigidity is the inability to flex the neck forward because the neck muscles are stiff. Similar to Kernig's sign, studies have revealed that many meningitis patients lack the Brudzinski sign or nuchal rigidity.
The most crucial indicator of meningitis is stiffness in the neck. The inflamed cervical nerve roots and meninges are stretched when the neck is flexed. Due to the protective muscle spasm caused by this, the neck becomes stiff.
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Which phase of interphase is characterized by a period of cell growth and the production of molecules for dna replication?.
The S phase of interphase is characterized by a period of cell growth and the production of molecules for DNA replication.
During the S phase, the cell is actively growing and synthesizing macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. This is necessary for the cell to prepare itself for the next stage of cell division. In addition, the cell is also synthesizing the components necessary for DNA replication. This includes nucleotides, proteins, and enzymes. The proteins are responsible for unwinding the DNA molecule, while the enzymes help to copy the genetic information from one strand of DNA to the other, in a process known as semi-conservative replication.
Once the DNA has been replicated, the cell is ready to move on to the G2 phase. During this phase, the cell continues to synthesize proteins and other macromolecules, as well as synthesizing the components necessary for mitosis. The G2 phase is also the time when the cell can repair any damage to its DNA.
In conclusion, the S phase is a critical period of cell growth and the production of molecules for DNA replication. During this phase, the cell is synthesizing the components necessary for DNA replication, as well as proteins and other macromolecules needed for the next stage of cell division. The S phase is therefore essential for the successful completion of the cell cycle.
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a cell having any number of complete chromosome sets or an individual organism composed of such cells is called:
Euploid refers to a cell with any number of full chromosome sets or an organism made up of such cells.
The condition of having a chromosome number namely an exact diversified of the haploid number for the variety. A Euploid fetus is a fetus that has the correct number of chromosomes and is thought-out a sane fetus. Euploid or rational embryos are the ones we have in mind transfer for our cases.
A chromosome is a long DNA particle accompanying part or all of the hereditary material of a creature. In most chromosomes the lengthened thin DNA fibers are glazed accompanying bundle proteins; in eukaryotic cells, the ultimate main of these proteins are the histones. In persons, each cell usually holds 23 pairs of chromosomes, for a total of 46. Twenty-two of these pairs, named autosomes, look unchanging in two together men and women.
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How is food protected from contamination?.
Clean and sanitize any surfaces and tools that come into touch with food often, such as cutting boards and knives.
Use different utensils and equipment for handling raw and ready-to-eat meals, or properly wash and sanitize them between handling the two types of food.Clean and sanitize any surfaces and tools that come into touch with food often, such as cutting boards and knives. Use different utensils and equipment for handling raw and ready-to-eat meals, or properly wash and sanitize them between handling the two types of food. Foods that are high in vitamins and minerals are known to as protective food. Fruits and vegetables are included. They maintain our health and shield us from illnesses. In order to avoid contamination and food-borne illness, food protection refers to the circumstances and procedures that maintain the quality of food.
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consider how the action potential that initiates contraction is delivered to the muscle cell. which of the choices below correctly describes how an action potential generated at the neuromuscular junction (nmj) is converted to excitation in the muscle fiber?
ACh is released into the synaptic cleft in response to an action potential in the motor neuron. Gradient potentials are started when ACh binds to sarcolemma receptors.
What triggers a muscle contraction when an action potential occurs?The ryanodine receptors (RyRs) in the SR also open and release calcium as a result of the action potential's invasion of the T-tubules, which opens the L-type calcium channels and stimulates contraction.\
Sodium ions within a muscle cell start the action potential. When a muscle contracts, calcium ions are released into the muscle cell, strengthening the muscle. This occurs after the cell becomes positive, starting the action potential.
ACh is released into the synaptic cleft in response to a motor neuron action potential.
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Would very much appreciate the help.
18.Different elements move through ecosystems. Since there is only a finite amount of matter in the universe, it is essential for it to travel through cycles (option ais correct).
19. Cellular respiration is the carbon cycle.
20. Evaporation is the water cycle.
What is cellular respiration?Through a series of chemical processes called cellular respiration, glucose is broken down to create ATP, which can then be used as an energy source for a variety of bodily reactions. The citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolysis are the three main phases of cellular respiration.
The movement of matter within an ecosystem on Earth from one place or form to another is referred to as matter cycling.
There are both positive and negative effects that can result from the continuous cycling of matter. A cycle of matter can occur naturally or as a result of human activity.
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drag the labels to the appropriate locations in this diagram. first drag pink labels to pink targets to label the two host cells. then drag blue labels to blue targets to label the structures and endosymbionts of the two cells.
The endosymbiotic theory states that an ancestor cell phagocyted photosynthetic and oxygen-consumer prokaryotes, and originated eukaryotic cells with mitochondria and chloroplasts. a) Oxygen-using prokaryote, b) Mitochondrion, c) Nucleus, d) Endoplasmic reticulum, e) Host cell: Ancestor of all eukaryotes, f) Photosynthetic prokaryote, g) Chloroplast, h) Host cell: Ancestor of photosynthetic eukaryotes
What is the endosymbiotic theory?The endosymbiotic theory proposes that mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that were phagocytized by another cell but not digested. These bacteria got to adapt to their host, and both cells became interdependent.
Both organelles have many similarities with other free-living bacteria.
Chloroplasts probably derivate from cyanobacteria because both cells absorb sunlight, and produce ATP, and organic molecules. Mitochondria derivate from rickettsias because they produce ATP in the same way by using the Krebs Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation.Chloroplasts and mitochondria share some traits with free-living bacteria, that support the theory.
Both organelles present their genetic material. This DNI is independent of the cell's DNA, is bi-catenary and circular, identical to the bacterial DNA, and very different from the one of the eukaryotic cells. Both organelles divide by binary fission, not by mitosis, and can synthesize their ribosomes and organelles. Both organelles present a double membrane, a characteristic that reinforces the idea of being phagocyted. The internal membrane looks identical to the bacterial membrane, while the external membrane looks like the eukaryotic one. In fact, in this internal membrane are placed the energy centers, just as occurs in bacterias membrane. Finally, the sizes of the organelles are similar to the size of some procaryotes.In the image,
a) Oxygen-using prokaryote
b) Mitochondrion
c) Nucleus
d) Endoplasmic reticulum
e) Host cell: Ancestor of all eukaryotes
f) Photosynthetic prokaryote
g) Chloroplast
h) Host cell: Ancestor of photosynthetic eukaryotes
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another important aspect of meiosis and the sexual life cycle is the role these processes play in contributing to genetic variation. although offspring often resemble their parents, they are genetically different from both of their parents and from one another. the degree of variation may be tremendous.
No heredity only
only genetic variation: none
Both: all
-fertilization
-metaphase 1→anaphase 1
-metaphase 2→anaphase 2
-crossing over
-DNA replication
How does meiosis fit into the sexual life cycle?Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in the formation of four gamete cells and a halving of the parent cell's chromosome count. In order to reproduce sexually, egg and sperm cells must be produced.
In sexually reproducing organisms, traits are passed down from one generation to the next through the processes of DNA replication, careful homolog pairing during crossing over, chromosome alignment and separation in meiosis I and II, and fertilization.
In sexually reproducing organisms, traits are passed down from one generation to the next through the processes of DNA replication, careful homolog pairing during crossing over, chromosome alignment and separation in meiosis I and II, and fertilization.
In contrast to offspring of asexual reproduction, offspring of sexual reproduction are genetically distinct from one another and from both of their parents. Some of the mechanisms that result in genetic variation include the production of recombinant chromosomes as a result of crossing over, the independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I, the separation of sister chromatids (which are no longer identical due to crossing over) in meiosis II, and the haphazard fusion of male and female gametes during fertilization.
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What are the 3 central dogma?.
The 3 central dogma: From current DNA to make new DNA (DNA replication?) From DNA to make new RNA (transcription) From RNA to make new proteins (translation).DNA → RNA → protein.
The imperative dogma of molecular biology is a principle mentioning that genetic information flows only in one course, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA immediately to protein. The system of creating protein from DNA is referred to as the “crucial dogma”. but, it isn't always a linear step, however rather requires two steps: Transcription and Translation, with an intermediate molecule, RNA. DNA → RNA → Protein.
The principal dogma of molecular biology states that DNA contains commands for making a protein, which might be copied with the aid of RNA. RNA then uses the instructions to make a protein. In short: DNA → RNA → Protein, or DNA to RNA to Protein.
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Explain how enzymes work. Include the term activation energy and compare the two curves, explaining which is with the enzyme.
One can draw the conclusion that enzyme lowers the activation energy of reactants, increasing the rates of reactions.
Reactants need to summon the activation energy in order to transform into products.
Include activation energy when explaining how enzymes function.Biochemical catalysts include enzymes. The activation energy of reactions is reduced by catalysts. A reaction will proceed more quickly the lower its activation energy. As a result, enzymes reduce activation energy to speed up reactions.
Enzymes are catalysts, so they have an impact on activation energy by lowering the amount of activation energy required, enabling chemical reactions to occur or proceed more quickly. It has no impact on how much energy is released during the reaction.
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there are two types of vascular tissue within plants. water and minerals are transported from the roots to the rest of the plant in blank, while sugars are transported from one part of the plant to another in blank.target 1 of 8 target 2 of 8 2. xylem sap is moved through a
Plants have two different forms of vascular tissue. Sugars are moved from one area of the plant to another in plant through phloem while water and minerals are moved from the roots to the rest of the plant xylem. The process of transpiration using the evaporation from the leaves to pull water up the body of a plant to transfer xylem sap through the plant .
What is the transport system in plants?Phloem and xylem are the two transport systems found in plants. Minerals and water are transported by xylem. Amino acids and carbohydrates dissolved in water are transported by phloem. Xylem Water and minerals are moved up the stem of the plant and into the leaves by the xylem. The majority of the cells that make up the xylem in an adult blooming plant or tree are specialized cells known as vessels. Vessels: lose their end walls to create a continuous, hollow tube, or xylem. Water can now move freely as a result. become more robust thanks to the substance lignin. The cells have stopped functioning. The vessel is strengthened and supported by lignin. Phloem transports sugar that a plant has made through photosynthesis to areas where it is required for activities including: creating seeds, growing plant parts for immediate use, storing organs like bulbs and tubers, and respiration. Therefore, transport occurs both up and down the stem in the phloem. Translocation describes the movement of chemicals within the phloem. Water moves through a plant during transpiration, where it evaporates from aerial parts like leaves, stems, and flowers. Although water is essential to plants, only a small portion of the water absorbed by the roots is utilized for growth and metabolism. Transpiration and guttation account for the remaining 97–99.5% of loss.
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What are the effects of food safety practices?.
For the purpose of preventing the spread of pathogens from food handlers to consumers, good personal hygiene and food handling techniques are crucial.
Food safety is still a major issue in both developed and developing countries for consumers, food businesses, and food control agencies. Food-borne diseases (FBDs) are linked to outbreaks, pose a threat to the safety of the world's public health, and are a global issue. A growing public health concern is food safety. Significant rates of morbidity and mortality are brought on by FBD. It is challenging to estimate the incidence and costs of food-borne illnesses globally. However, according to studies, 2.1 million people die annually as a result of foodborne illness without getting hygiene food.
The WHO claims that the lack of infrastructure, poor understanding, and unhygienic food handling practices contribute to the seriousness of FBDs in developing countries.
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the aerated activated biosolid digestion process and produces material that can be used as fertilizer on non-human consumption crops.
The aerated activated biosolid digestion process is the secondary treatment of sewage. It is used to produces material that can be used as fertilizer on non-human consumption crops.
In the absence of oxygen, bacteria use anaerobic digestion to break down organic wastes including animal dung, wastewater biosolids, and food scraps. A reactor is used to conduct anaerobic digestion in order to produce biogas. The process of treating wastewater results in the creation of biosolids. The liquids and solids in wastewater are separated during treatment. These solids are then subjected to physical and chemical processing to create biosolids, a semisolid, nutrient-rich byproduct.
Hence, secondary treatment produces fertilizer used in non human consumption crop.
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in parrots, blue feathers and yellow feathers show incomplete dominance. in the heterozygous situation, the combination of both colors appears green. what are the possible phenotypes and genotypes of the offspring of two green parrots?
The possible genotype and phenotype of both the green parrots is 3.
Lets represent the alleles of the blue feathered parrot as 'aa'
Lets represent the alleles of yellow feathered parrot as 'bb'
Now, if we use the Punnett's Square,
= aa X bb
= aa, ab, ab, bb
Since it is incomplete dominance, and the heterozygous situation represents green feathered parrot, we take the 'ab' as green feathered parrot.
The phenotype,
= aa = 1
= ab = 2
= bb = 1
Since, there are 3 varieties, the phenotype count is 3.
The genotype,
= aa = 1
= ab = 2
= bb = 1
Since, there are 3 varieties, the genotype count is 3.
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when both glucose and lactose are present in the bacterial cell, the level of transcription of the lac operon is low. is low levels of lac operon expression in this environment advantageous or disadvantageous to the cell? why?
In this condition, low levels of lac operon expression in this environment advantageous to the cell. The absence of permease production results in a low amount of lac operon as Lactose must be transported from the media into the cells via permeases. Lactose won't function as an inducer because it can't get inside the cell.
What is lac operon?It is an operon needed for the transportation and metabolism of lactose in E. coli and several other enteric bacteria.
The preferred carbon source for E. coli is glucose. But if glucose is not available, E. coli has another choice: It can convert lactose into glucose and galactose by this process.
What is the regulatory mechanism of lac operon when both lactose and glucose are present ?By binding to the repressor, lactose and stops it from binding to the region of the operator, if both glucose and lactose are present. As a result, the restriction on lac gene transcription is removed, and some mRNA is generated. However, the requirement for -galactosidase and galactoside permease is minimal because glucose is still available.
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why are the regions of l2, the sacroiliac joint, and the site where the ureters join the urinary bladder particularly susceptible places for kidney stones to lodge in the ureters?
Regions of l2 areas of the ureter have smaller diameters than other areas.
The sacroiliac (SI) joints link the hip bone to the sacrum at the base of the spine. They offer a lot of power to balance strong pressures between the upper and lower bodies. 1,2 Due to their restricted range of motion and the extremely sturdy ligaments that connect them to the L5-S1 segment, these joints also safeguard the lowest-movement portion of the spine, L5-S1.
The sacroiliac joints are supported by a vast system of strong and durable ligaments, allowing the upper body to be supported in a solid but flexible manner.
The sacroiliac joint is formed by the articulation of the inner side of the hip bone (ilium), which resembles a butterfly, with the outer side of the sacrum of the spine.
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in the balance of secretions in the gastric mucosa by the parietal cells, which ion is produced to buffer the production of hydrochloric acid?
It is accompanied by secretion of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-), which protects the mucosa from injury, as long as they are produced in equal amounts.
What do you mean by bicarbonate ions ?
Bicarbonate Ion can be defined as a polyatomic ion whose formula is HCO3- The mechanism of action is an Alkalinizing Activity. It is an alkali so helps to keep the acid-base balance of the body stable. It is an anion with the empirical formula HCO3− .The molecular mass of 61.01 DaltonIt consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens.To k now more about Bicarbonate ion from the given link
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he compound a-tocopherol, a form of vitamin e (atlas m3), is a powerful antioxidant that may help to maintain the integrity of biological membranes. the light-induced reaction between duroquinone and the antioxidant in ethanol is bimolecular and diffusion controlled, estimate the rate constant for the reaction at 298K, given tat the viscosity of ethanol is 1.06 x 10-3 kg m-1 s-1
The rate constant for the reaction is 3.7×10⁻¹⁰m.
What is rate constant?The equation that expresses the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentrations of the reacting substances contains a proportionality constant called the rate constant, also known as the specific rate constant.
In this exercise we have vitamin E
There is a study of reaction of photochemically excited duroquinone with the antioxidant in ethanol
Following photochemical excitation of duroquinone, a bimolecular reaction occurred at a diffusion-limited rate.
(a) Here we have to estimate rate constant for a diffusion-limited reaction in ethanol
We have datas for:
R = 8.314K⁻¹η
T = 298Kmol⁻¹
η = 1.06 x 10-3 kg m-1 s⁻¹
K = 8RT/3η
K = 8 × 8.314 × 298/ 3η
K = 6.23×10⁹dm³mol⁻¹s⁻¹
Here we have to estimate critical reaction distance if the sum of diffusion coefficients is 1×10⁻⁹m²s⁻¹
Firstly we will write equation for kk and from it express and calculate R*
K = 4πR*DNₐ
R* = 2.77×10⁹×10⁻³/4π 1×10⁻⁹×6.23×10²³
R* = 3.7×10⁻¹⁰m.
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compare the different regulatory mechanisms controlling the activity of hexokinase i in the muscle tissue and hexokinase iv in the liver. why is it helpfui to have a the liver hexokinase working less effectively at low glucose concentrations that than the muscle hexokinase?
Glucose-6-phosphate inhibits hexokinase I, however as HK is allosterically inhibited by its own product, G6P, failure to eliminate G6P from the cell would result in HK inhibition, the enzyme lacks an inhibitor.
What are the similarities and differences between hexokinase I and IV?Glucose 6-phosphate is known as hexokinase. Other hexoses besides D-glucose that it can phosphorylate include D-fructose, 5-keto-D-fructose, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-glucosamine. Hexokinase I, II, III, and IV are the four primary varieties. Hexokinase I through III, the first three hexokinases, are present in all body cells, while hexokinase IV, also known as glucokinase, is exclusively present in the liver and -pancreatic cells. Hexokinase and Glucokinase Similarities. Two kinds of enzymes that are involved in glycolysis are hexokinase and glucokinase. They are isoenzymes, which are enzymes with a unique structure and identical properties. Both processes produce glucose 6-phosphate from glucose. They are the glycolysis's rate-limiting enzymes. Since G6P cannot freely diffuse outside of the cell, these enzymes trap glucose inside the cell. The difference between hexokinase and glucose kinase is a type of hexokinase that is specifically found in the liver and catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose in metabolic processes. Hexokinase refers to any of a group of enzymes that speed up the phosphorylation of hexoses (as in the formation of glucose-6-phosphate from glucose and ATP) in carbohydrate metabolism.Since they carry out the same metabolic reaction but are encoded by different polypeptides, hexokinase I and hexokinase IV are isozymes. Both enzymes are situated in a way that is particular to the tissue.
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