Please analyse how Amazon can capture the value from the customers and then explain how the company generates continuous profit from the customers.

The five-step procedure to analyze the effects of an event on a good's price and quantity includes Step 1: Determine the direction of the shift in supply or demand. Step 2: Determine whether the shift affects supply or demand. Step 3: Determine the direction of the shift in supply or demand. Step 4: Determine the direction of the change in equilibrium price and quantity. Step 5: Graph the results.

The five-step procedure to analyze the effects of an event on a good's price and quantity includes: Step 1: Determine the direction of the shift in supply or demand. When a non-price determinant changes, it causes either the supply or demand curve to shift. The first step is to identify the direction of the shift in either supply or demand. Step 2: Determine whether the shift affects supply or demand. The next step is to determine whether the shift affects supply or demand. Step 3: Determine the direction of the shift in supply or demand. The third step is to determine the direction of the shift in either supply or demand. Step 4: Determine the direction of the change in equilibrium price and quantity. The fourth step is to determine the direction of the change in equilibrium price and quantity, either increase or decrease. Step 5: Graph the results. Finally, graph the changes to visualize the changes in price and quantity.

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The Gini coefficient is a measure of inequality in a nation. It is based on income distribution, with a value of 0 representing complete equality (everyone earns the same) and a value of 1 representing complete inequality (one person earns all the income).

1) Here are the Gini coefficients for three countries:Brazil: 51.3Russia: 41.3Japan: 32.1The Gini coefficient indicates that inequality is highest in Brazil and lowest in Japan. It's important to remember, though, that a high Gini coefficient does not necessarily imply poverty, and a low Gini coefficient does not necessarily imply affluence. Japan, for example, has a high standard of living but a low Gini coefficient because it has a large middle class. Brazil, on the other hand, has a lot of poverty despite having many wealthy citizens.

2) Poverty lines vary by country and region. Here are some examples of poverty lines in the United States:Single person: $13,880Couple: $18,670Family of four: $25,750These poverty lines are based on pre-tax earnings and do not include government benefits like food stamps or subsidized housing.

There is debate about whether these poverty lines are accurate. Some people argue that they are too high, while others argue that they are too low. Ultimately, the poverty line should reflect the cost of living in a particular region, taking into account housing costs, food costs, transportation costs, and other expenses that vary by location.

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Rounded to two decimal places, one dollar would buy approximately 0.20 kronas tomorrow.

If the Swedish krona appreciated by 10% against the dollar, tomorrow one dollar would be able to buy fewer kronas.

To calculate the number of kronas a dollar would buy tomorrow, we need to multiply the current exchange rate by 1 plus the appreciation rate.

Current exchange rate: 1 Swedish krona = $0.18

Appreciation rate: 10% (0.10)

New exchange rate = Current exchange rate * (1 + appreciation rate)

New exchange rate = $0.18 * (1 + 0.10)

New exchange rate ≈ $0.198

Rounded to two decimal places, one dollar would buy approximately 0.20 kronas tomorrow.

Therefore, tomorrow one dollar would be able to buy approximately 0.20 kronas. The appreciation of the Swedish krona results in a decrease in the number of kronas that can be obtained for a dollar.

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Holding interest rates constant, a rise in the expected depreciation in a country's currency leads to the depreciation of that currency today due to a phenomenon known as the risk premium.

The risk premium is the extra return that investors require to hold a risky asset, such as the bonds of a foreign country whose currency is expected to depreciate. In general, investors demand a higher return on investment when there is greater uncertainty and risk. The risk premium affects exchange rates because foreign investors must purchase the domestic currency to invest in the country. As a result, an increase in the risk premium would result in a decrease in the demand for domestic currency, which would lead to depreciation in the currency.

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To calculate the growth rate in dividends, you can use the formula:

Growth rate = (Dividend in Year 2 - Dividend in Year 1) / Dividend in Year 1

a. Calculating the growth rate in dividends:

Dividend in Year 2 = $1.1449

Dividend in Year 1 = $1.07

Growth rate = ($1.1449 - $1.07) / $1.07

Growth rate ≈ 0.0699 or 6.99%

Therefore, the growth rate in dividends is approximately 6.99%.

b. To calculate the expected dividend yield, you can use the formula:

Dividend Yield = Dividend / Stock Price

For Year 1:

Dividend = $1.07

Stock Price = $21.40

Dividend Yield = $1.07 / $21.40

Dividend Yield ≈ 0.05 or 5.0%

For Year 2:

Dividend = $1.1449

Stock Price = $21.40

Dividend Yield = $1.1449 / $21.40

Dividend Yield ≈ 0.0536 or 5.36%

For Year 3:

Dividend = $1.2250

Stock Price = $21.40

Dividend Yield = $1.2250 / $21.40

Dividend Yield ≈ 0.0573 or 5.73%

Therefore, the expected dividend yield is approximately 5.0% in Year 1, 5.36% in Year 2, and 5.73% in Year 3.

c. The expected total rate of return can be calculated by adding the dividend yield to the growth rate. In equilibrium, the required return equals the expected return.

Expected Total Rate of Return = Growth Rate + Dividend Yield

For Year 1:

Expected Total Rate of Return = 6.99% + 5.0%

Expected Total Rate of Return ≈ 11.99% or 11.99%

For Year 2:

Expected Total Rate of Return = 6.99% + 5.36%

Expected Total Rate of Return ≈ 12.35% or 12.35%

For Year 3:

Expected Total Rate of Return = 6.99% + 5.73%

Expected Total Rate of Return ≈ 12.72% or 12.72%

Therefore, the stock's expected total rate of return is approximately 11.99% in Year 1, 12.35% in Year 2, and 12.72% in Year 3.

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The amount for child support is calculated based on several factors, including the a.) number of children being supported, b.) custody arrangements, and c.) the income level of the paying spouse. However, the amount of assets held by each spouse is not typically included in the calculation.

When determining the basic amount for child support, various factors are taken into account to ensure the financial well-being of the children involved. The number of children being supported is a crucial factor as it directly affects the overall financial responsibility. Additionally, the custody arrangements play a significant role in determining child support, as the amount may vary depending on whether one parent has sole custody or if custody is shared between both parents.

Another vital factor considered is the income level of the paying spouse. Typically, child support calculations involve evaluating the income of the paying parent to ensure that they contribute proportionately to the support of their children. The income level helps determine the financial capacity of the paying spouse and their ability to provide for the children's needs.

However, the amount of assets held by each spouse is generally not included in calculating the basic amount for child support. While assets may be relevant in other aspects of divorce or separation proceedings, such as property division, child support is primarily based on income and the needs of the children. The focus is on ensuring that the children's financial requirements are met, rather than considering the assets owned by the parents.  Therefore a, b and c are correct.

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The statement that most accurately describes a conflict of conscience is option c: It occurs when an individual's personal beliefs could affect the performance or outcome of research.

A conflict of conscience arises when an individual's personal values, beliefs, or ethical considerations come into conflict with their professional responsibilities or duties. In the context of research, this conflict can occur when personal beliefs or biases influence the way research is conducted, interpreted, or reported, potentially impacting the integrity and objectivity of the research outcomes. This conflict may raise ethical concerns and compromise the validity and reliability of the research findings. Resolving conflicts of conscience often requires careful consideration of ethical principles, transparency, and ensuring that research is conducted in an unbiased and objective manner.

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Ripley Corporation’s accumulated depreciation—equipment account increased by $15,325 while $3,800 of patent amortization was recognized between balance sheet dates.

There were no purchases or sales of depreciable or intangible assets during the year. In addition, the income statement showed a gain of $22,420 from the sale of investments. We need to reconcile a net income of $286,900 to net cash flow from operating activities using the indirect method.First, we need to find out the total amount of depreciation recognized during the year which is $15,325.Next, add the patent amortization expense to the above amount to get the total depreciation and amortization expense recognized during the year.

$15,325 + $3,800 = $19,125Further, we need to adjust the gain on the sale of investment because it is reported in the income statement, but it is not a part of the operating activities. So, deduct the gain on sale of investment from the net income.$286,900 – $22,420 = $264,480Now, we can reconcile the net income with the net cash flow from operating activities by making adjustments for the above items:Net income: $286,900Add: Total depreciation and amortization expense: $19,125Adjustment for gain on sale of investment: $22,420Deduct the above amounts from net income to get net cash flow from operating activities:$286,900 + $19,125 – $22,420 = $283,605Therefore, the blank would be filled as $283,605.

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The candidate's score is 83.012. It is known that for all test administered last year, the distribution of scores was approximately normal with mean 73 and standard deviation 7.9.

Given that Personnel tests are designed to test a job applicant's cognitive and/or physical abilities. A particular dexterity test is administered nationwide by a private testing service.

Mean, μ = 73

Standard deviation, σ = 7.9

The z-score for 79 is given as:

$$z = \frac{X-μ}{σ}

=\frac{79-73}{7.9}

=0.76$$

We need to find the area under the curve to the right of this score. Using standard normal distribution tables, we can find the area to be 0.2236.

Approximately 22.4% of the test scores during the past year exceeded 79. (Round to one decimal place as needed.)

Therefore, the correct option is (b) The testing service reported to a particular employer that one of its job candidate's scores fell at the 90th percentile of the distribution (i.e., approximately 90% of the scores were lower than the candidate's, and only 10% were higher).

We know that z90 = 1.28

This implies that the score x at the 90th percentile is given by:

$$1.28=\frac{x-μ}{σ}$$

Solving for x, we have:

$$x=μ+1.28σ

=73+1.28(7.9)

=83.012$$

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Sharon Gillespie, a new buyer at Visionex, Inc., is reviewing quotations for a tooling contract. Her manager, Dave Cox, initially supports her decision but later suggests another supplier, Micron, which happens to have connections to Dave's brother-in-law.

Sharon is faced with a dilemma as she learns about the potential conflict of interest. Mark Smith, another buyer, warns Sharon about Dave's questionable character and his previous influence over supplier selection. Despite the pressure, Sharon remains steadfast in her original choice.

In this scenario, Sharon is faced with an ethical dilemma regarding supplier selection. Initially, Sharon evaluates the quotations objectively based on price, quality, and delivery lead time. However, Dave's involvement introduces a potential conflict of interest. He expresses a preference for Micron, which is linked to his brother-in-law. This raises concerns about favoritism and unfair influence in supplier selection.

Mark's revelation about Dave's previous interference with supplier choices adds further credibility to the suspicion of unethical behavior. Mark implies that Dave may have used his position to steer business towards his preferred suppliers in the past.

Sharon's response to the situation is commendable. Despite the pressure from her manager and the knowledge of Dave's questionable character, she remains steadfast in her original choice, Apex. By maintaining her integrity and standing by her evaluation of the quotations, Sharon demonstrates ethical decision-making and a commitment to fair and unbiased supplier selection.

This scenario highlights the importance of ethical conduct in business relationships and the potential consequences of conflicts of interest. Sharon's actions serve as an example of the need for professionalism and adherence to ethical standards, even in the face of potential pressure or interference from superiors.

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Bangladeshi firms are motivated to participate in quality awards because they see it as a means of gaining recognition and publicity for their products and services. They also see it as a way to improve their reputation and enhance their competitiveness.

1. Quality techniques in the service industry are less mature than quality techniques for manufactured products because the service industry is different from the manufacturing industry in that the output of the service industry is intangible and cannot be inventoried, and this has made it more difficult to apply traditional quality control methods in the service industry. Secondly, service processes are usually more complex than manufacturing processes. Thirdly, the level of automation is also much lower in the service industry. To bring quality techniques for the services industry up to a higher level, organizations need to adopt a process-oriented approach that can involve mapping out the processes of their services, breaking them down into their individual steps, analyzing those steps to find opportunities for improvement, and then applying appropriate quality control methods.

2. Lean Six Sigma is a problem-solving methodology that is used to improve quality performance, enhance customer satisfaction, and reduce waste. Lean Six Sigma is used in the university to improve the quality of its services by helping it identify, analyze, and eliminate problems in its processes. This approach helps to streamline processes, reduce cycle time, reduce costs, and improve quality performance in the university. It provides a framework for identifying the root causes of problems, measuring process performance, and implementing solutions that can lead to significant improvements in quality performance.

3. Firms can benefit from participating in the quality awards, even if they do not apply for them, by learning from the experiences of other firms, and by benchmarking their own performance against the best practices of other firms. This can help firms identify areas for improvement, and develop strategies for enhancing their own quality performance.

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A. Yes, the automobile damaged by vandalism would be covered under a Business Owner Policy (BOP) as it falls under the category of property damage caused by a covered peril (vandalism).

BOPs typically provide coverage for property damage caused by covered perils, such as vandalism. In this case, the automobile was damaged by vandalism while parked in the garage of the covered apartment building, making it eligible for coverage under the BOP. Vandalism is a common covered peril in BOPs, ensuring that property damaged by such acts is protected.

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Welfare is the sum of producer surplus (which in this case is equal to the monopolist's profit) and consumer surplus. In this case, welfare is equal to the monopolist's profit of $18,000.

To determine the profit from perfect price discrimination for the given monopoly, we need to calculate the monopolist's marginal revenue (MR) and equate it to the marginal cost (MC).

The inverse demand curve is given by p = 390 - Q, where p represents price and Q represents quantity.

To find MR, we differentiate the inverse demand curve with respect to Q:

MR = d(p)/dQ = -1

Since the monopolist has constant marginal and average cost of $90, the MC is $90.

Equating MR and MC:

MR = MC

-1 = 90

Solving for Q, we find:

Q = 90

Substituting Q back into the inverse demand curve, we can find the price:

p = 390 - Q

p = 390 - 90

p = 300

So, under perfect price discrimination, the monopolist would charge a price of $300 and sell a quantity of 90 units.

The monopolist's profit can be calculated as follows:

Profit = (Price - Average Cost) * Quantity

Profit = (300 - 90) * 90

Profit = $18,000

Consumer surplus refers to the difference between what consumers are willing to pay for a good and what they actually pay. In perfect price discrimination, consumer surplus is zero since the monopolist charges each consumer their willingness to pay.

Welfare is the sum of producer surplus (which in this case is equal to the monopolist's profit) and consumer surplus. In this case, welfare is equal to the monopolist's profit of $18,000.

Deadweight loss represents the loss of economic efficiency due to the monopoly's market power. In perfect price discrimination, deadweight loss is minimized or eliminated because the monopolist captures all possible consumer surplus, resulting in a more efficient allocation of resources.

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The statement implies that the works of an artist are closely resembling Degas's style, to the extent that it seems like they were instructed to use Degas's paintings as templates.

Full Answer: Many of the artist's/painter's works are so similar to Degas's style that it is almost as if he/she was instructed to use Degas's paintings as templates. The statement suggests a strong resemblance between the artist's/painter's works and Degas's artistic style. The similarity could be in terms of composition, brushwork, subject matter, or other elements that define Degas's distinctive style. The use of the word "template" implies a significant influence or inspiration from Degas's works. However, it is important to note that without specific examples or context, it is challenging to provide a more detailed analysis of the situation or the artist/painter in question.

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The Town of Cary accounts for insurance or other prepaid items in its governmental funds. This can be verified in the notes to the financial statements. The notes to the financial statements will give more detail about the insurance or prepaid items. The accounting policy for prepaid items is disclosed in the notes to the financial statements. The disclosure will reveal information about the accounting policy for insurance and prepaid items. If the policy is to record prepaid items as assets, this means that the town will have a balance sheet account for prepaid items. If the policy is to expense the cost of insurance as it is incurred, this means that there will not be a balance sheet account for prepaid items because they are immediately expensed.

The notes to the financial statements provide valuable information about the policies and practices used by the Town of Cary to account for prepaid items. This will enable a reader of the financial statements to gain a better understanding of the financial position and performance of the town.

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The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for this new project is approximately 6.87%.

To calculate the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the new project, we need to consider the cost of debt and the cost of equity, weighted by their respective proportions in the firm's capital structure. Let's break down the calculations step by step:

1. Cost of Debt:

The bonds are trading at 90% of face value, so the market price is $900,000 ($10 million * 90%). The annual coupon rate is 4%, which means the interest payment is $400,000 ($10 million * 4%). The after-tax cost of debt can be calculated by multiplying the interest payment by (1 - tax rate). Thus, the after-tax cost of debt is $400,000 * (1 - 0.30) = $280,000.

2. Cost of Equity:

The cost of equity can be calculated using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The risk-free rate is given as 2%, and the market portfolio risk premium is 5%. The beta for the firm is 1.20. Therefore, the cost of equity is: Cost of Equity = Risk-Free Rate + (Beta * Market Portfolio Risk Premium) = 2% + (1.20 * 5%) = 2% + 6% = 8%.

3. Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC):

The weights for debt and equity can be calculated by dividing the respective financing amounts by the total financing requirement. The debt weight is $20 million / ($10 million + $20 million) = 0.6667, and the equity weight is $10 million / ($10 million + $20 million) = 0.3333. Finally, the WACC is the weighted average of the cost of debt and cost of equity:

WACC = (Weight of Debt * Cost of Debt) + (Weight of Equity * Cost of Equity)

WACC = (0.6667 * $280,000) + (0.3333 * 8%) ≈ $186,680 + 2.67% ≈ 6.87%

Therefore, the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for this new project is approximately 6.87%.

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A mutual fund "load" refers to the sales commission paid to brokers. So, correct option is B.

It represents a charge or fee imposed on investors for buying or selling shares of a mutual fund. The load can be either a front-end load or a back-end load.

Front-end Load: If a mutual fund has a front-end load, investors are charged a percentage of their investment at the time of purchase. For example, if the front-end load is 5% and an investor invests $10,000, $500 will be deducted as a sales commission, and the remaining $9,500 will be used to purchase shares of the mutual fund.

Back-end Load: In the case of a back-end load, the sales commission is charged when the investor sells their shares. The fee is typically a percentage of the value of the shares being sold and may vary depending on the length of time the investor held the shares.

It's important for investors to understand the load structure of a mutual fund as it affects the overall returns. Some mutual funds may have a "no-load" option, which means they do not charge a sales commission, allowing investors to buy or sell shares without incurring additional fees.

So, correct option is B.

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IKEA's pricing strategies vary in different countries, including Saudi Arabia, Dubai, and Bahrain. The company adapts its pricing to local market conditions and purchasing power.

When recruiting expatriates, IKEA considers factors such as skills, experience, cultural fit, and language proficiency. They focus on improving the quality of expatriate employees through training and development programs. In Bahrain, IKEA entered the market using an export mode called franchising.

IKEA's pricing strategies are tailored to specific countries, taking into account factors such as local market conditions, consumer behavior, and purchasing power. In Saudi Arabia, Dubai, and Bahrain, IKEA adjusts its prices to cater to the affordability levels and preferences of customers in those markets. They may consider factors like exchange rates, local competition, and the cost of doing business.

When recruiting expatriates, IKEA looks for individuals who possess the necessary skills and experience for the specific roles. They also assess cultural fit and language proficiency to ensure effective communication and integration into the local environment. To improve the quality of expatriate employees, IKEA invests in training and development programs that enhance their skills, cultural understanding, and knowledge of IKEA's values and processes.

In Bahrain, IKEA entered the market through franchising. Franchising is an export mode where the company grants the rights to a local franchisee to operate an IKEA store. This allows IKEA to expand its presence in the market while leveraging the franchisee's local expertise and resources.

Overall, IKEA demonstrates a flexible approach to pricing, recruitment of expatriates, and market entry strategies, adapting to local conditions and preferences to ensure success in different countries.

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The “Global Treps Quality Standards” is a widely-accepted and renowned framework in the business world for assessing the quality and performance of a business venture. In the Running Case scenario, we can outline a list of quality standards or requirements that a company would need to meet to satisfy the expectations of its stakeholders as follows:

Customer Satisfaction: The products/services provided by the company should meet the expectations of customers in terms of quality, performance, and price. This can be ensured by providing product warranties, customer support, and customer feedback channels.

Quality Control: Quality control systems should be established by the company to ensure that all products/services are of high quality, consistent, and meet the specified standards. This can be done by instituting product testing, quality assurance procedures, and quality management systems.

Information Security: Information security systems should be implemented by the company to protect the privacy and confidentiality of customer data. This can be done by using encryption methods, firewalls, and secure servers.

Cost Control: The company should ensure that it operates within its budget and controls its costs to maintain profitability. This can be done by instituting cost management practices, financial reporting, and budgeting systems.

Staff Training and Development: The company should ensure that its staff has the necessary skills, knowledge, and expertise to provide quality products/services to customers. This can be done by instituting staff training and development programs, performance appraisals, and career development programs.

Functionality: The company's products/services should meet the functional requirements specified by customers. This can be ensured by instituting product testing and product development processes.

Features: The company's products/services should meet the feature requirements specified by customers. This can be ensured by conducting market research and customer surveys to identify customer needs and preferences.

Systems Output: The company's systems should produce accurate and reliable output that meets the requirements of customers. This can be ensured by instituting systems testing, quality assurance procedures, and quality management systems.

Overall, a company that meets the quality standards outlined by the Global Treps Quality Standards framework would have a higher chance of meeting the expectations of its stakeholders.

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Title: Enhancing External Audits with Big Data Analytics

Introduction:

The article "Big Data Analytics in Financial Statement Audits" by Cao, Chychyla, and Stewart explores the potential benefits and challenges associated with incorporating Big Data Analytics (BDA) into external audits. This review will discuss the ways in which BDA can enhance external audits and the key issues in implementing BDA in this context.

Improved Risk Assessment: BDA enables auditors to process a wide range of structured and unstructured data sources, including social media, online transactions, and industry-specific databases. This extensive data analysis allows auditors to identify patterns, detect anomalies, and gain a better understanding of the risks associated with financial reporting.

Enhanced Fraud Detection: BDA can significantly strengthen fraud detection capabilities by detecting irregularities or suspicious patterns in financial data. By analyzing large datasets, auditors can identify potential fraudulent activities more effectively, reducing the risk of undetected fraud.

Increased Audit Efficiency: BDA automates time-consuming manual processes, such as data extraction, data transformation, and data analysis. This automation streamlines audit procedures, reduces the reliance on sampling, and enables auditors to analyze the entire dataset. As a result, audits become more efficient and can cover a larger scope of data.

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The issuance of bonds involves recording cash received, bonds payable, and any premium or discount on bonds payable. The payment of interest involves recognizing interest expense, adjusting the premium or discount on bonds payable, and recording the cash payment.

(a) Journal entry for the issuance of the bonds:

Jan 1, 2020:

Cash 699,480 ([$684,000 x 102%])

Bonds Payable 684,000

Premium on Bonds Payable 15,480 ([$699,480 - $684,000])

(b) Journal entry for the payment of interest and related amortization on July 1, 2020:

Jul 1, 2020:

Interest Expense 34,200 ([$684,000 x 10% x 6/12])

Premium on Bonds Payable 1,680 ([$15,480 x 6/40])

Cash 32,520 ([$34,200 - $1,680])

(c) Journal entry for the accrual of interest and related amortization on December 31, 2020:

Dec 31, 2020:

Interest Expense 33,514.74 ([$684,000 x 9.7705%])

Premium on Bonds Payable 1,185.26 ([$15,480 - $1,680])

Discount on Bonds Payable 648.52 ([$699,480 - $684,000 - $15,480])

Cash 31,828.96 ([$33,514.74 - $1,185.26 - $648.52])

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Electronic Accounting Information Systems do not pose more of a threat to customer privacy than paper-based systems. The reason is that there are laws that protect the privacy of customers, ensuring their data is safeguarded.

Electronic Accounting Information Systems, when properly designed and implemented, can provide robust security measures to protect customer privacy. The notion that electronic systems pose more of a threat is not accurate for several reasons.

Firstly, electronic systems offer encryption and access controls that can enhance data security and prevent unauthorized access. They provide the ability to restrict access to sensitive information and track user activity, reducing the risk of privacy breaches.

Secondly, regulations and laws exist to protect customer privacy in electronic systems. For example, laws like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe and similar regulations in other jurisdictions outline strict guidelines for organizations to handle customer data securely and ensure privacy rights are upheld.

On the other hand, paper-based systems can also pose privacy risks, as physical documents can be lost, stolen, or mishandled, potentially leading to unauthorized access to sensitive customer information.

In conclusion, electronic Accounting Information Systems do not inherently pose more of a threat to customer privacy than paper-based systems. Properly designed electronic systems, coupled with legal protections, can provide robust safeguards for customer data privacy.

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The impact of good marketing strategies on an organization’s performance has been a subject of much debate. Organizations have invested heavily in developing marketing strategies to reach out to potential customers and gain a competitive advantage.

The research conducted on the topic has produced varying opinions on the effectiveness of marketing strategies.

The primary aim of marketing is to create value for customers and the organization.

Kotler and Keller (2016) argue that a good marketing strategy should aim to develop a value proposition that addresses the needs and preferences of the target audience. A good marketing strategy should be customer-oriented, innovative, and adaptive to changes in the market environment.

The authors suggest that effective marketing strategies lead to better sales, customer satisfaction, and long-term customer loyalty, which translate to increased profits and market share.On the other hand, some scholars argue that marketing strategies do not necessarily translate to organizational performance

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By reviewing IBM's cash flow statement, we can infer that IBM's CFO has been increasing each of the past three years.

IBM’s cash flow statement is one of the most important parts of its financial statement, which provides a detailed picture of how the company manages its finances, as well as how much money the company makes, how it spends that money, and how much money is left over.

The cash flow statement shows the cash inflows and outflows of a company over a given period. In the case of IBM, by reviewing its cash flow statement, we can infer that IBM's CFO has been increasing each of the past three years. The CFO (Cash Flow from Operations) measures the amount of cash generated by IBM's business operations.

The statement provides detailed information about where the cash inflows and outflows are coming from, such as operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. In the case of IBM, the company's CFO has been increasing each of the past three years.

This indicates that IBM's cash generation capabilities have improved. This could be due to factors such as increased profitability, more efficient operations, or successful business strategies.

IBM's net income has decreased over the past three years is incorrect. This is because the company's net income has increased over the past three years, which is a positive sign. A large acquisition during 2019 by IBM is not the correct inference. IBM did make acquisitions, but they were not significant enough to impact the company's cash flow statement substantially.

Finally, the inference that IBM did not take on any new debt during 2019 is not correct. IBM's cash flow statement shows that the company did take on new debt in 2019, as part of its financing activities.

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Wage growth for all workers must be fair, which, in most cases, means higher wages for low-income workers.A wage is a monetary compensation given by an employer to an employee in exchange for their labor or work.

It is the cost of labor to an employer, and it is typically measured on a periodic basis such as weekly, monthly, or annually.According to the question, wage growth for all workers must be fair, which usually means higher wages for low-income workers. Low-income workers are people who make less than the median income for their country. So, the option a is correct . low-income workers are the ones who need a higher wage to ensure a fair wage growth for all workers.

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The dealer should order approximately 3 TVs per week.

The EVPI is 0.05 TVs per week.

a. To determine the optimal order quantity, we can use the concept of Economic Order Quantity (EOQ). The EOQ formula is given by:

EOQ = sqrt((2 * D * S) / H)

Where:

D = Weekly demand for the TV model

S = Cost of holding one TV in stock for a week

H = Cost of losing a customer due to stock-out

Using the given values:

D = (0 * 0.05) + (1 * 0.10) + (2 * 0.20) + (3 * 0.30) + (4 * 0.20) + (5 * 0.15) = 2.95 TVs per week (rounded to two decimal places)

S = $50

H = $200

Plugging in the values into the EOQ formula:

EOQ = sqrt((2 * 2.95 * $50) / $200) ≈ 3.08

Therefore, the dealer should order approximately 3 TVs per week.

b. EVPI (Expected Value of Perfect Information) is the maximum amount a decision-maker should be willing to pay for additional information to eliminate uncertainty and make a perfect decision. It represents the expected value with perfect information minus the expected value without perfect information.

To calculate EVPI, we need to compare the expected value without additional information to the maximum possible expected value:

Expected value without additional information:

EVWI = (0 * 0.05) + (1 * 0.10) + (2 * 0.20) + (3 * 0.30) + (4 * 0.20) + (5 * 0.15) = 2.95 TVs per week (rounded to two decimal places)

Maximum possible expected value:

Max EV = max(0, 1 * 0.10, 2 * 0.20, 3 * 0.30, 4 * 0.20, 5 * 0.15) = 3 TVs per week

EVPI = Max EV - EVWI = 3 - 2.95 = 0.05 TVs per week

Therefore, the EVPI is 0.05 TVs per week.

c. The amount the dealer should be willing to spend on the market survey is equal to or less than the EVPI. In this case, since the EVPI is 0.05 TVs per week, the dealer should be willing to spend an amount less than or equal to the potential gain of 0.05 TVs per week to acquire the additional information through the market survey.

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The top-down approach focuses on macroeconomic factors and industry trends to select stocks, while the bottom-up approach analyzes individual stocks based on their specific characteristics and fundamental factors.

The top-down approach to selecting, analyzing, and valuing stocks involves starting with a macroeconomic perspective and then narrowing down to individual stocks. A top-down analyst focuses on analyzing the overall economy, industry trends, market conditions, and other macro factors to identify sectors or industries that are expected to perform well. They then select individual stocks within those sectors.

On the other hand, the bottom-up approach focuses on analyzing individual stocks based on their specific characteristics, regardless of macroeconomic factors. A bottom-up analyst conducts in-depth research on companies, examines their financial statements, management team, competitive position, and other company-specific factors to determine the investment potential of the stock. They aim to find undervalued or overlooked stocks with strong fundamentals and growth prospects.

One approach used by a bottom-up analyst is fundamental analysis, which involves evaluating a company's financial statements, such as its income statement, balance sheet, and cash flow statement, to assess its intrinsic value and investment potential. Fundamental analysts also consider qualitative factors such as industry dynamics, competitive advantage, and management quality to make informed investment decisions.

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In the given scenario, the opportunity cost of writing the term paper is 80 dollars. A decision that follows the net marginal benefit principle is deciding whether to spend one more hour studying for an exam.

Opportunity cost refers to the value of the next best alternative that is forgone when making a choice. In this case, Lisa has three alternatives: working ($60), writing a term paper ($40), or going out with a friend ($80). The opportunity cost of writing the term paper is the value of the next best alternative, which is going out with a friend ($80).

The net marginal benefit principle states that a decision should be made by comparing the additional benefits and additional costs associated with each option. Choosing to spend one more hour studying for an exam aligns with this principle.

By considering the net marginal benefit, one weighs the additional benefits of studying (such as improved exam performance) against the additional costs (such as time and effort) and decides whether the marginal benefit outweighs the marginal cost. This decision-making process based on net marginal benefit maximizes utility or satisfaction.

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Refinancing risk refers to the potential risk faced by a financial institution (FI) when it needs to replace its existing debt obligations with new ones at different interest rates.

It is part of interest rate risk, which encompasses the potential impact of interest rate fluctuations on an FI's profitability and cash flows.

If an FI funds long-term fixed-rate assets with short-term liabilities, an increase in the rate of interest would result in higher borrowing costs when the short-term liabilities need to be refinanced.

This can lead to a decrease in the FI's earnings as the interest expense increases without a corresponding increase in the interest income from the fixed-rate assets. Conversely, a decrease in the rate of interest would benefit the FI as it could refinance its short-term liabilities at lower rates, reducing the interest expense and potentially increasing earnings.

In the scenario described, the impact of an increase in the interest rate would be negative for the FI's earnings. As the short-term liabilities mature and need to be refinanced, the FI would have to borrow at higher interest rates, resulting in increased interest expenses.

However, the earnings from the long-term fixed-rate assets would remain the same since their interest rates are fixed. This creates a situation where the FI's costs increase while its income remains unchanged, leading to a decrease in profitability.

Conversely, a decrease in the interest rate would have a positive impact on the FI's earnings. The FI could refinance its short-term liabilities at lower interest rates, reducing the interest expenses and potentially increasing profitability.

The fixed-rate assets' interest income would remain the same, so the decrease in borrowing costs would lead to higher net interest income and improved earnings for the FI.

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To calculate the margin of safety, we need to determine the difference between the actual sales and the break-even sales, and then express that difference as a percentage of the actual sales.

Actual sales = 46,700 units

Break-even sales = 34,091 units

Margin of safety = (Actual sales - Break-even sales) / Actual sales * 100

Margin of safety = (46,700 - 34,091) / 46,700 * 100

Margin of safety = 12,609 / 46,700 * 100

Margin of safety ≈ 27%

Therefore, the margin of safety for Tauros Inc is closest to 27%. The answer is (d) 27%.

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