Net Present Value (NPV) method is used in capital budgeting to find out the present value of the future cash flows of a project. The present value of future cash flows is compared with the initial investment of the project to determine whether the project should be accepted or not. The project will be accepted if the present value of future cash flows is more than the initial investment and rejected if less. Now we will solve the given question according to the following steps:
Step 1: Calculate incremental cash inflows
Incremental cash inflows for each year = Incremental sales - Incremental cash operating expenses
Therefore, Incremental cash inflows for year 1 = $170,000 - $120,000 = $50,000
Incremental cash inflows for year 2 = $170,000 - $120,000 = $50,000
Incremental cash inflows for year 3 = $170,000 - $120,000 - $20,000 = $30,000
Incremental cash inflows for year 4 = $170,000 - $120,000 = $50,000
Step 2: Calculate annual depreciation expense
Annual depreciation expense = Cost of equipment / Useful life of equipment
Therefore, Annual depreciation expense = $80,000 / 4 = $20,000
Step 3: Calculate the after-tax cash flows
After-tax cash flows = Incremental cash inflows + Depreciation expense * Tax rate
Therefore, After-tax cash flows for year 1 = $50,000 + ($20,000 * 0.3) = $56,000
After-tax cash flows for year 2 = $50,000 + ($20,000 * 0.3) = $56,000
After-tax cash flows for year 3 = $30,000 + ($20,000 * 0.3) = $36,000
After-tax cash flows for year 4 = $50,000 + ($20,000 * 0.3) = $56,000
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Using the six core Islamic banking principles, examine the
contributions and effects of Islamic banking on organizations and
individuals.
Overall, Islamic banking provides organizations and individuals with financial solutions that prioritize ethical principles, fostering integrity, fairness, and social responsibility in financial transactions.
Islamic banking, guided by the six core principles, has significant contributions and effects on both organizations and individuals. For organizations, Islamic banking provides access to financing options that align with their ethical and religious values. By prohibiting interest (Riba) and promoting profit-sharing and risk-sharing, Islamic banks foster a sense of fairness and discourage exploitative lending practices. This encourages businesses to engage in responsible investments and ethical business practices. Furthermore, the prohibition of speculative activities (Gharar) and haram (prohibited) activities ensures that organizations maintain integrity and avoid involvement in unethical or socially harmful ventures.
For individuals, Islamic banking offers financial products and services that are in line with their religious beliefs. By avoiding interest-based transactions, individuals can access financing without incurring debt that conflicts with their values. Islamic banks provide alternative options such as profit-sharing investment accounts, leasing arrangements, and diminishing partnership contracts. This allows individuals to participate in financial activities based on real economic activities and encourages responsible financial behavior.
Islamic banking also promotes ethical and socially responsible investments. By encouraging investments in projects that benefit society and avoiding harmful industries, Islamic banks contribute to sustainable development and community well-being. Individuals can invest their funds in projects that align with their values, allowing them to have a positive impact on society.
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as digital communication technologies have advanced, it is possible for marketers to
As digital communication technologies have advanced, As digital communication technologies have advanced, marketers have gained the ability to leverage the interconnectedness of various platforms and networks to target specific groups of consumers with personalized messages and advertisements.
Explanation: Digital communication technologies have allowed marketers to access more information about their target audience than ever before. This information can be used to create personalized messages and advertisements that are tailored to specific groups of consumers. By using data analytics and machine learning algorithms, marketers can analyze consumer behavior and create targeted campaigns that are more likely to resonate with their target audience. This has the potential to increase engagement and drive more sales.
As digital communication technologies have advanced, marketers can leverage data analytics to better understand consumer behavior and create targeted campaigns that are more likely to resonate with their target audience. By creating personalized messages and advertisements, marketers can increase engagement and drive more sales. With machine learning algorithms, marketers can analyze large data sets and identify patterns and trends in consumer behavior. This allows them to create more effective campaigns that are tailored to specific groups of consumers. The ability to target specific groups of consumers with personalized messages and advertisements has revolutionized the marketing industry and has the potential to significantly increase sales and brand awareness.
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Examples of cash flows from (used in) operating activities are (select all that apply)? Cash payment to acquire property, plant, and equipment. Cash receipts from sale of goods and rendering of services. Cash receipts and payments for securities held for dealing or trading purpose. Cash receipts from royalties, rental, fees, commissions and other revenue. Cash receipts from issuing ordinary shares.
Cash flows from operating activities are the inflows and outflows of cash from a firm's primary activities, such as making and selling products or providing services.
The following are some of the examples of cash flows used in operating activities: Cash receipts from the sale of goods and rendering of services are included in this category. The primary source of cash inflow for a firm is the sale of goods or services that it produces. Cash receipts from royalties, rent, fees, commissions, and other income are examples of cash inflows. Royalties, rent, fees, commissions, and other income all contribute to a company's overall cash inflow. Cash payments to acquire property, plant, and equipment are considered a cash outflow.
Capital expenditures such as buying plant, property, and equipment are included in this category. Cash receipts and payments for securities held for dealing or trading purpose are included in this category. Any cash inflows or outflows associated with buying or selling securities for trading purposes are included in this category. Cash receipts from issuing ordinary shares are excluded from operating activities since it is a cash inflow generated by financing activities.
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Romero issues $3, 400,000 of 10%. 10-year bonds date January 1, 2015, that pay interest on June 30 and December 31. The bonds are issued at a price of $3, 010,000. Prepare the January 1, entry to record the bonds' issuance. For each semiannual period, compute (a) the cash payment, (b) the straight-line discount and (c) the bond interest expense.
(a) The cash payment for each semiannual period is $170,000.
(b) The straight-line discount for each semiannual period is $19,500.
(c) The bond interest expense for each semiannual period can be calculated using the carrying value and the effective interest rate.
The January 1 entry to record the bond issuance is as follows:
Debit: Cash - $3,010,000
Credit: Bonds Payable - $3,010,000
For each semiannual period:
(a) The cash payment can be calculated as the bond's face value multiplied by the stated interest rate divided by the number of payment periods per year. In this case, the cash payment is:
Cash payment = $3,400,000 * 10% / 2 = $170,000
(b) The straight-line discount can be calculated by subtracting the bond's issue price from the face value and then dividing it by the number of payment periods over the bond's life. In this case, the straight-line discount is:
Straight-line discount = ($3,400,000 - $3,010,000) / (10 * 2) = $19,500
(c) The bond interest expense can be calculated by multiplying the carrying value of the bond (face value minus the accumulated discount) by the effective interest rate. In this case, the bond interest expense is:
Bond interest expense = ($3,400,000 - accumulated discount) * effective interest rate
The effective interest rate is calculated by dividing the stated interest rate by the number of payment periods per year. Since the bonds pay interest semiannually, the effective interest rate is:
Effective interest rate = 10% / 2 = 5%
To calculate the accumulated discount for each period, we need to accumulate the straight-line discount over time. For example, for the first period, the accumulated discount is $19,500. For the second period, it would be $19,500 * 2, and so on.
Please note that the calculations for subsequent periods would depend on the amortization method used (e.g., straight-line, effective interest, etc.), and the specific details provided do not mention the method to be used.
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divine apparel has 3,400 shares of common stock outstanding. on october 1, the company declares a $0.75 per share dividend to stockholders of record on october 15. the dividend is paid on october 31.
Divine Apparel will distribute a total dividend of $2,550 to its stockholders.
To calculate the dividend payment for Divine Apparel, we can multiply the declared dividend per share ($0.75) by the number of shares outstanding (3,400).
Dividend payment = Dividend per share × Number of shares outstanding
Dividend payment = $0.75 × 3,400
Dividend payment = $2,550
Therefore, Divine Apparel will distribute a total dividend of $2,550 to its stockholders. To be eligible for this dividend, shareholders must be on record as of October 15. The dividend will be paid out on October 31.
It's worth noting that this calculation assumes that all shares of common stock are eligible for the dividend and that there are no additional factors or restrictions that may affect the dividend payment.
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Discuss functional, symbolic, and experiential needs that can be used for brand positioning. Give examples.
explain in detail please!
Brand positioning is about how a brand can create a strong brand image in the mind of the customers to differentiate it from its competitors.
It involves identifying the target audience and defining how the brand will stand out from the competitors in the mind of customers. Functional, symbolic, and experiential needs are three of the most common types of needs that brands use for brand positioning. Let's discuss each of them below:Functional needs:Functional needs refer to the practical and utilitarian benefits that customers seek from a brand. These needs are primarily associated with the product or service that the brand offers. For example, a car brand like Toyota might be positioned as a car brand that offers fuel efficiency, reliability, and affordability. Similarly, a laundry detergent brand like Tide might be positioned as a detergent that offers excellent cleaning performance, removes tough stains, and is gentle on clothes. Experiential needs:Experiential needs refer to the emotional and sensory benefits that customers seek from a brand. These needs are primarily associated with how customers feel when they interact with the brand. For example, an ice cream brand like Ben & Jerry's might be positioned as a brand that offers delicious, indulgent, and fun flavors that make customers feel happy and satisfied. Similarly, a theme park like Disneyland might be positioned as a park that offers thrilling and exciting rides, magical and immersive experiences, and lifelong memories.Symbolic needs:Symbolic needs refer to the psychological and social benefits that customers seek from a brand.
These needs are primarily associated with how customers see themselves and how they want others to see them. For example, a luxury car brand like Mercedes might be positioned as a brand that offers status, prestige, and exclusivity. Similarly, a fashion brand like Gucci might be positioned as a brand that offers style, sophistication, and glamour.In conclusion, brands use different types of needs to position themselves in the market. By identifying the needs of their target audience, brands can create a unique brand image that differentiates them from their competitors.
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You want to value a stock, but it does not pay any dividends. The last period’s FCFE was $5.79 and it has an estimated annual free cash flow growth rate of 7.76%. The required return for this stock is 10.63% and its long term growth rate is 2.46%. It also has an ROE of 25.7%. What is the estimated intrinsic value using the constant state FCFE method? State your answer as a percentage with two decimal places
The estimated intrinsic value using the constant state FCFE method is $201.39.
Constant state FCFE (Free Cash Flow to Equity) is a valuation approach to calculate a firm's intrinsic value based on the estimated future cash flows generated by the firm.
The constant state FCFE method assumes that the free cash flow to equity will remain constant, which makes it a preferred valuation method for stable and mature companies.
To calculate the estimated intrinsic value using the constant state FCFE method, we can use the formula:
Intrinsic Value = FCFE / (R - G)
where,FCFE = the Free Cash Flow to Equity
R = the Required Rate of Return
G = the Annual Growth Rate of Free Cash Flow to Equity
Considering the given values in the question:
FCFE = $5.79
Growth rate of FCFE = 7.76%
Required rate of return (R) = 10.63%
Long-term growth rate (g) = 2.46%
We can use the above formula to find out the intrinsic value of the stock.
Intrinsic Value = $5.79 / (10.63% - 7.76%)
Intrinsic Value = $5.79 / 0.0287
Intrinsic Value = $201.39
Therefore, the estimated intrinsic value using the constant state FCFE method is $201.39.
Now, let's calculate the percentage change in the stock price. It can be calculated as follows:
Percentage Change = ((Intrinsic Value - Current Market Price) / Current Market Price) * 100
Given that the current market price is not given, we cannot calculate the percentage change in the stock price.
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When Toyota Motor Corporation failed to meet its profit targets, the company set an aggressive goal of reducing the cost of its auto parts by 30%. The quality and safety of the company’s automobiles eventually suffered mightily resulting in recalls, litigation, incentive campaigns, and marketing efforts that analysts estimate would cost the company more than $5 billion. The car maker’s president, Akio Toyoda, blamed his company’s massive quality lapses on an excessive focus on profits and market share. Similarly, Jim Press, Toyota’s former top U.S. executive, said the problems were caused by "financially-oriented pirates who didn’t have the character to maintain a customer-first focus."
Discuss the above in line with the role of the management accountant’s ethical responsibilities.
The management accountant should, therefore, act ethically and responsibly in these situations to ensure that the company achieves its objectives while maintaining its ethical standards.
The management accountant’s ethical responsibilities in relation to the discussed issue of Toyota's failure to meet its profit targets are crucial.
The company's aim to cut the cost of its auto parts by 30% to achieve its goals led to various challenges, including reduced quality, safety issues, litigation, recalls, and incentives that cost over $5 billion.
In this situation, the management accountant should have acted ethically and taken steps to ensure the company's continued growth without compromising the quality of the products.
The management accountant should, therefore, act ethically and responsibly in these situations to ensure that the company achieves its objectives while maintaining its ethical standards.
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ASSIGNMENT #3 1. An economy is in equilibrium. Find Marginal Propensity to Consume from the following: National Income = 2000 Autonomous Consumption = 400 Investment Expenditure = 200 (3) 2. Suppose that consumption equals C = 100+ 0.75 Y, and investment 50 and Y = C + 1. equals I = Find (i) The equilibrium level of income (ii) The level of consumption at equilibrium, and (iii) The level of saving at equilibrium. (4) 3. If marginal propensity to consume is 0.9, what is the value of multiplier? How much investment is needed if national income increases by Rs 5,000 crore? (3)
1)We know that Marginal Propensity to Consume (MPC) is the proportion of an increase in income that is spent on consumption. It is calculated as the ratio of the change in consumption expenditure to the change in disposable income.
In this case, we can calculate MPC as follows:National Income (Y) = 2000Autonomous Consumption (A) = 400Investment Expenditure (I) = 200Consumption Expenditure (C) = ?Aggregate Expenditure (AE) = C + IY = C + I + AA = 400C = MPC × Y (Equation 1)AE = C + IAE = (MPC × Y) + I (Substitute Equation 1 into the above equation)At equilibrium, AE = Y
Thus,2000 = (MPC × 2000) + 2000MPC × 2000 = 2000 - 2000MPC = -2000 / -2000 = 1Therefore, Marginal Propensity to Consume is 1.2)Given that C = 100 + 0.75Y, I = 50 and Y = C + I + 1.(i) Equilibrium level of income is achieved when Y = AE.Y = C + I + 1Substituting values of C and I,Y = (100 + 0.75Y) + 50 + 1
Simplifying ,Y = 151 + 0.75YY - 0.75Y = 151Y = 604Therefore, the equilibrium level of income is 604.(ii) Level of consumption at equilibrium: Substituting the value of Y into the consumption function ,C = 100 + 0.75YC = 100 + 0.75(604) = 502(iii) The level of saving at equilibrium: Saving (S) = Y - C - I Saving = 604 - 502 - 50 = 52
Therefore, the level of saving at equilibrium is 52.3)Given that MPC = 0.9We know that the value of multiplier (k) is given by:k = 1 / (1 - MPC)k = 1 / (1 - 0.9)k = 1 / 0.1 = 10If national income increases by Rs 5,000 crore, then:ΔY = 5000MPC = 0.9
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Suppose Celestial Crane Cosmetics is evaluating a proposed capital budgeting project (project Beta) that will require an initial investment of $2,500,000. The project is expected to generate the following net cash flows: Year Cash Flow Year 1 $300,000 Year 2 $475,000 Year 3 $475,000 Year 4 $500,000 Celestial Crane Cosmetics’s weighted average cost of capital is 7%, and project Beta has the same risk as the firm’s average project. Based on the cash flows, what is project Beta’s NPV? Celestial Crane Cosmetics’s decision to accept or reject project Beta is independent of its decisions on other projects. If the firm follows the NPV method, it should project Beta. Suppose your boss has asked you to analyze two mutually exclusive projects—project A and project B. Both projects require the same investment amount, and the sum of cash inflows of Project A is larger than the sum of cash inflows of project B. A coworker told you that you don’t need to do an NPV analysis of the projects because you already know that project A will have a larger NPV than project B. Do you agree with your coworker’s statement?
Project Beta's NPV can be calculated by discounting the net cash flows using the weighted average cost of capital (7%) and subtracting the initial investment ($2,500,000).
To calculate the NPV of project Beta, we discount each year's cash flow by the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) of 7% and subtract the initial investment of $2,500,000. The NPV formula is NPV = CF1/(1+r)^1 + CF2/(1+r)^2 + CF3/(1+r)^3 + CF4/(1+r)^4 - Initial Investment.
Using the given cash flows, we have:
NPV = $300,000/(1+0.07)^1 + $475,000/(1+0.07)^2 + $475,000/(1+0.07)^3 + $500,000/(1+0.07)^4 - $2,500,000.
By calculating the above expression, we can determine the NPV for project Beta.
As for the coworker's statement, it is not valid to assume that project A will have a larger NPV than project B based solely on the sum of cash inflows. The NPV considers the timing and magnitude of cash flows, as well as the discount rate. Even if the sum of cash inflows for project A is larger, the timing of the cash flows and the discount rate can significantly impact the NPV. Therefore, a proper NPV analysis is necessary to compare the profitability and select the most viable project.
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We cannot use constant-growth dividend model when: _________. A)the solution provides a positive value B)the solution provides a negative value C)the solution is equal to the risk-free rate D) None of the above.
The correct answer is D) None of the above. The constant-growth dividend model, also known as the Gordon growth model or the dividend discount model, is commonly used to value stocks by estimating their intrinsic value based on the expected future dividends. It assumes that dividends will grow at a constant rate indefinitely.
There is no specific condition mentioned in the options (A, B, or C) that would prevent the use of the constant-growth dividend model. As long as the necessary assumptions of the model hold, such as a constant growth rate, positive dividends, and a positive discount rate, the model can be applied. Therefore, none of the options provided indicate a situation where the constant-growth dividend model cannot be used.
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Gee Company accumulates the following adjustment data at December 31, Indicate the type of adjustment (prepaid expense, accrued revenue, and so on), and the status of accounts before adjustment (overstated or understated). (Enter answers in alphabetical order.) 1. Supplies of $150 are on hand. 2 Services performed but not recorded total $900. 3. Interest of $200 has accumulated on a note payable. 4.Rent collected in advance totaling $850 has been earned.
In summary, Gee Company needs to make the following adjustments:
1. Decrease the Supplies asset account by $150 and record the Supplies Expense with the same amount.
2. Increase the Revenue account by $900 to reflect the services performed.
3. Record an Interest Expense of $200 to account for the accrued interest on the note payable.
4. Increase Rent Revenue by $850 to reflect the earned portion of the rent collected in advance.
Let's analyze the given adjustment data for Gee Company at December 31 and determine the type of adjustment and the status of accounts before adjustment:
1. Supplies of $150 are on hand.
Type of adjustment: Supplies were initially recorded as an asset (prepaid expense) but need to be adjusted as an expense.
Status of accounts before adjustment: Supplies were overstated as an asset.
2. Services performed but not recorded total $900.
Type of adjustment: Services were provided but not yet recorded as revenue.
Status of accounts before adjustment: Revenue was understated.
3. Interest of $200 has accumulated on a note payable.
Type of adjustment: Interest expense needs to be recorded to reflect the accrued interest on the note payable.
Status of accounts before adjustment: Interest expense was understated.
4. Rent collected in advance totaling $850 has been earned.
Type of adjustment: Rent collected in advance needs to be adjusted as revenue earned.
Status of accounts before adjustment: Rent revenue was understated.
These adjustments ensure that the financial statements accurately reflect the company's financial position and performance by properly recognizing expenses, revenues, and the use of prepaid or accrued items. By making these adjustments, the accounts are corrected, and the financial statements provide a more accurate representation of Gee Company's financial status on December 31.
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Which of the following refers to the specifics of the M&A process when the target is a UK publicly traded company? A Limited negotiation, equal treatment of shareholders, offer document, regulated timeline B I do not want to answer this question C Warranties and representations, limited due diligence, recommended offer, shareholders informed simultaneously D Offeror, committed financing, limited due diligence, flexible timeline E Bidder, extensive negotiation of terms, preferential treatment of shareholders, regulated timeline 18. Which of the following regarding the type of consideration used to pay for a deal is TRUE? A The acquirer should limit the use of stock in its consideration for the target as a natural hedge in the event of sector dislocation B I do not want to answer this question C The acquirer should limit the use of cash in the consideration for the target if the acquirer's stock is undervalued D The acquirer should avoid paying with stock for the target and increase the proportion of cash if the acquirer's stock is overvalued E The acquirer should pay for the target with as high a proportion of stock as possible rather than cash to avoid overpaying for the target in the event of sector dislocation
The answer to the first question is A. Limited negotiation, equal treatment of shareholders, offer document, regulated timeline. When the target is a UK publicly traded company, there are certain rules and regulations that must be followed during the M&A process.
Limited negotiation, equal treatment of shareholders, offer document, and regulated timeline are the specifics of the M&A process for UK publicly traded companies.Warranties and representations, limited due diligence, recommended offer, and shareholders informed simultaneously are associated with the M&A process when the target is a privately held company. Bidder, extensive negotiation of terms, preferential treatment of shareholders, and regulated timeline are not associated with any specific type of M&A.
The answer to the second question is D. The acquirer should avoid paying with stock for the target and increase the proportion of cash if the acquirer's stock is overvalued. The acquirer should limit the use of cash in the consideration for the target if the acquirer's stock is undervalued, and the acquirer should limit the use of stock in its consideration for the target as a natural hedge in the event of sector dislocation. The acquirer should avoid paying with stock for the target and increase the proportion of cash if the acquirer's stock is overvalued to avoid overpaying for the target in the event of sector dislocation.
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Government encourage tax payer individually or company to plan their tax. And what kind of planning that company or individual may apply for tax planning.
Question : Write a detailed literature review on the topic
Introduction Tax planning is an activity in which Supplemental individuals or companies make deliberate and calculated moves to reduce their tax liabilities. It is a legal activity and is actively promoted by governments around the world. The aim of this literature review is to explore.
The various types of tax planning strategies used by individuals and companies and how these strategies are encouraged by governments. Body Governments encourage tax payers to plan their tax in various ways.
One of the ways is by offering tax incentives for those who invest in certain sectors. For example, governments might offer tax breaks for investments in renewable energy projects or for investments in start-up companies. Another way governments encourage tax planning is by offering tax credits for certain activities or purchases.
For example, governments might offer tax credits for individuals who purchase electric vehicles or for companies that invest in research and development.
Governments also encourage tax planning by offering tax deductions for certain expenses. For example, individuals who donate to charities can claim a tax deduction for their donation.
Similarly, businesses can claim tax deductions for expenses such as employee salaries, rent, and utilities.There are also various tax planning strategies that individuals and companies can employ to reduce their tax liabilities.
One strategy is to take advantage of tax credits and deductions. For example, individuals can claim tax credits for education expenses or for child care expenses. Similarly, companies can claim tax deductions for expenses such as employee salaries, rent, and utilities.Another tax planning strategy is to make use of tax-deferred investment accounts.
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Feather Friends, Inc., distributes a high-quality wooden birdhouse that sells for $80 per unit. Variable expenses are $40.00 per unit, and fixed expenses total $200,000 per year. Its operating results for last year were as follows:
Sales $ 2,160,000
Variable expenses 1,080,000
Contribution margin 1,080,000
Fixed expenses 200,000
Net operating income $ 880,000
Required:
Answer each question independently based on the original data:
1. What is the product's CM ratio?
2. Use the CM ratio to determine the break-even point in dollar sales.
3. If this year's sales increase by $59,000 and fixed expenses do not change, how much will net operating income increase?
4-a. What is the degree of operating leverage based on last year's sales?
4-b. Assume the president expects this year's sales to increase by 10%. Using the degree of operating leverage from last year, what percentage increase in net operating income will the company realize this year?
5. The sales manager is convinced that a 12% reduction in the selling price, combined with a $60,000 increase in advertising, would increase this year's unit sales by 25%.
a. If the sales manager is right, what would be this year's net operating income if his ideas are implemented?
b. Do you recommend implementing the sales manager's suggestions?
6. The president does not want to change the selling price. Instead, he wants to increase the sales commission by $1.90 per unit. He thinks that this move, combined with some increase in advertising, would increase this year's sales by 25%. How much could the president increase this year's advertising expense and still earn the same $880,000 net operating income as last year? Do not prepare an income statement; use the incremental analysis approach.
1. The product's CM ratio can be calculated as follows:
CM ratio = (Contribution Margin / Sales) * 100
CM ratio = (1,080,000 / 2,160,000) * 100
CM ratio = 50%
2. The break-even point in dollar sales can be determined using the CM ratio and fixed expenses:
Break-even point = Fixed Expenses / CM ratio
Break-even point = 200,000 / 0.5
Break-even point = $400,000
3. To calculate the increase in net operating income, we need to calculate the contribution margin on the additional sales and subtract any additional fixed expenses:
Contribution Margin on additional sales = CM ratio * Increase in Sales
Contribution Margin on additional sales = 50% * $59,000 = $29,500
Net operating income increase = Contribution Margin on additional sales - Additional Fixed Expenses
Since the question states that fixed expenses do not change, the net operating income increase would be $29,500.
4-a. The degree of operating leverage can be calculated as follows:
Degree of Operating Leverage = Contribution Margin / Net Operating Income
Degree of Operating Leverage = 1,080,000 / 880,000
Degree of Operating Leverage = 1.23
4-b. If sales increase by 10% and we use the degree of operating leverage from last year, the percentage increase in net operating income can be calculated as:
Percentage Increase in Net Operating Income = Degree of Operating Leverage * Percentage Increase in Sales
Percentage Increase in Net Operating Income = 1.23 * 10%
Percentage Increase in Net Operating Income = 12.3%
5. a. If the sales manager's suggestions are implemented, we need to calculate the new sales, expenses, and net operating income:
New Selling Price = $80 - 12% of $80 = $70.40
New Advertising Expense = $60,000
Unit Sales Increase = 25%
New Sales = (Current Sales + (Unit Sales Increase * Current Sales)) * New Selling Price
New Sales = (2,160,000 + (25% * 2,160,000)) * $70.40
New Sales = $2,700,000
New Variable Expenses = Variable Expenses * (New Sales / Current Sales)
New Variable Expenses = $1,080,000 * (2,700,000 / 2,160,000)
New Variable Expenses = $1,350,000
New Fixed Expenses = $200,000 + $60,000
New Net Operating Income = New Sales - New Variable Expenses - New Fixed Expenses
b. Whether to recommend implementing the sales manager's suggestions depends on the impact on net operating income. If the new net operating income is higher than $880,000, it may be a viable option. The calculation in part (a) can be used to determine the new net operating income.
6. To maintain the same net operating income of $880,000 while increasing sales by 25%, we need to calculate the additional advertising expense:
Contribution Margin on additional sales = CM ratio * Increase in Sales
Contribution Margin on additional sales = 50% * 25% * Current Sales
Contribution Margin on additional sales = 12.5% * Current Sales
Additional Advertising Expense = (Contribution Margin on additional sales / CM ratio) - Increase in Commission
Additional Advertising Expense = (12.5% * Current Sales / 50%) - $1.90
The president can increase this year's advertising expense by the calculated amount and still earn the same net operating income as last year.
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Which of the following is part of the treatment of multi-year pledges as required by FASB Statement No. 116? A)At the end of each accounting period, the difference between the balance in the receivable account and the new present value is deducted from the amount of the amount received from the donor which is recorded as income B)Pledge receivable is recorded for the total amount to be received and revenue is recorded each year as monies are received by the organization. C)The donation is recorded as a receivable at the present value of the future collections but revenue is not recorded until the pledge is received. D)At the end of each accounting period, the difference between the balance in the receivable account and the new present value is recorded as contribution revenue and the receivable is increased.
The treatment of multi-year pledges as required by FASB Statement No. 116 is option D. At the end of each accounting period, the difference between the balance in the receivable account and the net present value is recorded as contribution revenue, and the receivable is increased.
According to this treatment, at the end of each accounting period, the organization calculates the difference between the balance in the receivable account and the net present value of the remaining future collections. This difference is then recorded as contribution revenue, recognizing the value of the pledge received during that period. Simultaneously, the receivable account is increased to reflect the remaining balance of the pledge yet to be collected.
This treatment ensures that revenue recognition is aligned with the accrual accounting principle, where revenue is recognized when it is earned rather than when cash is received. By recognizing the contribution revenue based on the net present value, the organization accounts for the time value of money, as future collections are discounted to their present value.
Options A and B are incorrect because they suggest deducting or recording revenue based on the difference between the receivable balance and the net present value, which does not align with FASB Statement No. 116. Option C is also incorrect because it suggests recording the donation as a receivable at the present value of the future collections but delaying revenue recognition until the pledge is received, which is not in line with FASB Statement No. 116.
Therefore, option D accurately reflects the treatment of multi-year pledges as required by FASB Statement No. 116, ensuring proper revenue recognition and financial reporting for nonprofit organizations. Therefore, the correct option is D.
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List 2 risks involved in using Bill of Exchange and list 2
considerations to be taken into account by the importer and
exporter when using Bill of Exchange.
Risks involved in using Bill of Exchange: The two risks involved in using Bill of Exchange are: Insolvency risk: If the bank which has accepted the bill of exchange goes bankrupt, it will not be able to make payment of the bill, and the holder of the bill will have to wait for a very long time or might not get paid at all.
Foreign exchange risk: The importer has to pay in the exporter’s currency, so if the exchange rate changes, the importer might end up paying more for the same goods.Considerations to be taken into account by the importer and exporter when using Bill of Exchange: Two considerations to be taken into account by the importer and exporter when using Bill of Exchange are:Creditworthiness: The importer should check the creditworthiness of the exporter and ensure that the exporter will not default on the payment.
The exporter should also check the creditworthiness of the importer. Exchange rates: The importer should keep an eye on the exchange rates and try to time the payment so that he pays the least amount possible. The exporter should also keep an eye on the exchange rates and try to time the payment so that he gets the most amount possible.
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Please delve into the relationships between economicglobalization and regional economic integration. Do they contradict each other or not, and why?
Economic globalization and regional economic integration are not necessarily contradictory, but rather they have a complex and interdependent relationship. Economic globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of economies worldwide, characterized by the free flow of goods, services, capital, and information across national borders. Regional economic integration, on the other hand, involves the formation of regional blocs or agreements among neighboring countries to promote economic cooperation and integration within a specific geographic area.
While economic globalization can create opportunities and incentives for countries to engage in regional economic integration, it can also present challenges and tensions. On one hand, economic globalization provides a broader market and access to international trade, which can incentivize countries to form regional economic integration agreements to enhance their competitiveness collectively. Regional integration can lead to economies of scale, increased market access, and the pooling of resources, which can enhance the overall economic welfare of member countries.
Economic globalization can also create challenges for regional economic integration. The liberalization of global trade and investment can lead to increased competition and the potential marginalization of smaller or less competitive economies within regional integration blocs. Moreover, globalization can introduce external shocks and influences that may impact the economic dynamics within a regional integration arrangement. This can create tensions between the pursuit of global market opportunities and the desire to protect domestic industries or promote regional development.
Economic globalization and regional economic integration are interconnected and can influence each other. While globalization provides opportunities for regional integration, the challenges it poses can also impact the effectiveness and dynamics of regional economic integration initiatives. Achieving a balance between global economic integration and regional cooperation requires careful consideration of the specific goals and circumstances of each country or region, as well as effective governance and coordination mechanisms to manage the complexities and potential contradictions that may arise.
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Nanpi China based in Hebei Province of China manufactures EUV lithography systems that are used in the manufacture of microchips. Nanpi China is a wholly owned by Nanpi Holding Limited which is domiciled in the Cayman Islands (the Caribbean). Nanpi Holding Limited is considering listing on foreign stock exchanges. In 2020, after deciding against listing on the Shenzhen exchange, it short-listed the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKSE) and NASDAQ as its preferred listing venues. It has hit a stumbling block in its bid to list on the HKSE. Its application was denied as Nanpi proposed to have a corporate governance structure with dual class shares - Class A shares had 1 vote per share and Class B shares controlled by the CEO and co-founders had 10 votes per share though cash flow rights (i.e., dividends etc) are identical. Despite Hong Kong's company laws allowing the issuance of dual class shares, HKSE has been rejecting listing applications with this voting structure. Nanpi Holding is now considering listing on the NASDAQ where one of its main competitors, ASML Holding NV, is also listed. The Chinese government restricts direct foreign ownership in firms in sectors that it considers to be of critical importance (e.g., internet service providers, financial firms). Due to this foreign ownership restriction, Cayman Islands based Nanpi Holding Limited and its (future) shareholders will not own the assets (e.g.. patents) of Nanpi China. These assets are solely owned by an operating company, Fu Heng Limited, owned by the Frances Fu and Zin Yau Heng, the cofounders. However, Nanpi Holding Limited has "effective control" on these assets through an agreement reached with Fu Heng Limited. This agreement would let Nanpi Holding Limited's foreign shareholders ('the owners') benefit from the profits, but they will not own the assets in China. Why would listing on the NASDAQ be attractive to Nanpi?(b) Are there any benefits to Nanpi in adopting the dual class structure? As an investor contemplating buying this stock, what factors should you consider in your stock purchase decision when it lists?
Nanpi Holding Limited is considering listing on foreign stock exchanges but hit a stumbling block in its bid to list on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKSE) because of its dual-class share structure.
However, the company is considering listing on NASDAQ where one of its main competitors, ASML Holding NV, is listed.
As a potential investor, there are several factors to consider when it comes to buying the stock of Nanpi. Some of these factors include:
The dual-class structure: While it was denied by the HKSE, there may be benefits to adopting a dual-class share structure if it is allowed by the stock exchange where it is listing.
This structure could allow the co-founders and CEO to maintain control over the company while allowing for outside investment.
However, investors in Class A shares may have less voting power and fewer opportunities to influence the company's decision-making process.
The Chinese government's restrictions: The Chinese government restricts direct foreign ownership in firms in sectors that it considers to be of critical importance.
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HOW MUCH OF THE 1st-5th CENTURIES OF CHRISTIANITY IS REFLECTIVE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE?
A significant portion of the first to fifth centuries of Christianity is reflective of the Roman Empire. The early development and spread of Christianity took place within the context of the Roman Empire, and Roman society and institutions had a profound influence on the growth and shaping of the early Christian community.
During the first century, Christianity emerged as a religious movement within the Roman Empire. The Roman government's policies and actions, such as persecutions and later toleration, greatly impacted the growth and survival of the early Christian community. The Roman legal system and administrative structures also influenced the organization and governance of the early Christian Church.
Moreover, the Roman cultural and social norms, such as the use of Greek language, philosophical traditions, and societal structures, played a role in shaping early Christian theology and intellectual developments. The influence of Roman architecture and art can be seen in early Christian basilicas and frescoes.
However, it is important to note that while the Roman Empire influenced early Christianity, the teachings and beliefs of Christianity also brought about significant changes within the Roman Empire itself, leading to the eventual adoption of Christianity as the state religion in the fourth century.
The first to fifth centuries of Christianity were highly reflective of the Roman Empire, with Roman policies, institutions, culture, and societal norms shaping the development and growth of the early Christian community.
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QUESTION 14 Maria is a first year elementary school teacher at a private religious school. The parents and kids love her, and she gets along with everyone. One month after startinye she le called into the headmaster's office and handed an erwelope containing spring break college photos of her topless, guzzling beer and alcohol, while sitting in various men's laps. The headmaster informs her that she is terminated immediately and that she must clean out her desk and remove all of her personal belowings by the end of the day. She demands to know where the headmaster found these photos and he tells her that the school monitors social networking sites. These pictures had been posted to a website she no longer uses and had forgotten about. She will be unsuccessful she sues for wrongfu termination based on Invasion of privacy. True or False
Maria will be unsuccessful if she sues for wrongful termination based on invasion of privacy. The given statement is True.
Wrongful termination refers to an unlawful firing or termination from employment. In general, private employers have the right to terminate employees for any reason, as long as it is not illegal. Employees can be fired for a variety of reasons, including poor job performance, attendance issues, or for violating company policies.Invasion of privacy refers to a breach of an individual's right to privacy. This is usually achieved by collecting, using, or disclosing private information about someone without their consent. In the given scenario, Maria posted some pictures on a website, which were later found by her school through social media. Thus, the school's action of terminating Maria due to her offensive conduct, such as posting inappropriate photos, does not violate the law. Therefore, Maria will be unsuccessful if she sues for wrongful termination based on Invasion of privacy.
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The Price of a car in Spain is 19.000 euros and in USA same car Price is 20.650 $, considering absolute PPP, and avoiding transaction costs:
a) Calculate spot Exchange rate euro/dollar
b) If forecasted inflation rates are 2,2% in Spain, and 2,6% in USA, calculate new
spot Exchange rate, considering relative PPP.
a) The spot exchange rate euro/dollar is approximately 0.919 and b) The new spot exchange rate, considering relative PPP, would be approximately 0.915 euro/dollar.
a) To calculate the spot exchange rate euro/dollar using the absolute Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), we divide the price of the car in Spain by the price of the car in the USA:
Spot exchange rate euro/dollar = Price of car in Spain / Price of car in the USA
= 19,000 euros / $20,650
≈ 0.919 euro/dollar
Therefore, the spot exchange rate would be approximately 0.919 euro/dollar.
b) To calculate the new spot exchange rate considering relative PPP, we need to take into account the inflation rates of both countries:
Relative PPP formula: Spot exchange rate * (1 + Inflation rate of the base country) / (1 + Inflation rate of the quote country)
Given information:
Inflation rate in Spain: 2.2%
Inflation rate in the USA: 2.6%
Previous spot exchange rate: 0.919 euro/dollar
New spot exchange rate = 0.919 * (1 + 0.022) / (1 + 0.026)
≈ 0.915 euro/dollar
Therefore, the new spot exchange rate, considering relative PPP, would be approximately 0.915 euro/dollar.
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make a simple neural network with one hidden layer for your data. the hidden layer should have 5 neurons on it. you can store your weights in two matrices, and initialize them to 1s or random numbers. send their input through the hidden and output layers to get your final output.
1. Create an expected decision boundary to divide the classes based on the data.
2. Construct a series of lines to represent the decision boundary.
3. The number of lines that have been chosen corresponds to the first hidden layer's hidden neurons.
4.A new hidden layer is added to join the lines the previous layer produced.
Between the input and output layers of a shallow neural network, there is just one (or a few) hidden layers. The input layer receives the data, which is then processed by one or more hidden layers before being output by the final layer.
In order to distinguish faces in photographs, subsequent layers may mix abilities from a hidden layer that recognises human eyes and ears. Although the abilities of the eyes to discern objects are insufficient.
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Suppose that John could work 365 days per year and could earn $200 per day for each day he worked. Draw his budget line with respect to his labor-leisure choice. Thus,
his income function will be,
Y = 73,000− 200 × days of leisure
a) Suppose that John chooses to work 200 days per year. What will be his
equilibrium wage income and labor-leisure choices?
b) Suppose that John’s wage rises from $200 to $210 per day. Show how his
equilibrium level of income and labor-leisure will change.
To draw John's budget line, we will use a graph with leisure (x-axis) and income (y-axis). Given that John could work 365 days per year and earn $200 per day, his income function can be represented as Y = 73,000 - 200 * days of leisure.
a) If John chooses to work 200 days per year, we can substitute this value into the income function to find his equilibrium wage income and labor-leisure choices. Y = 73,000 - 200 * (365 - 200) = 73,000 - 200 * 165 = 73,000 - 33,000 = $40,000. Therefore, John's equilibrium wage income would be $40,000 when he chooses to work 200 days per year.
b) If John's wage rises from $200 to $210 per day, his income function will change accordingly. The new income function can be represented as Y = 73,000 - 210 * days of leisure.
With the new wage, we can find John's new equilibrium level of income and labor-leisure. Let's assume John continues to choose to work 200 days per year. Y = 73,000 - 210 * (365 - 200) = 73,000 - 210 * 165 = 73,000 - 34,650 = $38,350. Therefore, with the higher wage of $210 per day and John working 200 days per year, his new equilibrium level of income would be $38,350. The increase in the wage rate has led to a decrease in his equilibrium income. As for the labor-leisure choice, since John's leisure time remains the same at 165 days, it does not change with the increase in the wage rate.
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true of false, the best leaders focus on a transformational leadership style.
The statement that best leaders focus on a transformational leadership style is debatable. Therefore, the answer is neither true nor false.
What is Transformational leadership style?Transformational leadership style is a leadership style that focuses on inspiring and motivating individuals to achieve their goals beyond their expectations and abilities. The leaders often model high ethical and moral behavior, promote creativity and innovation, and encourage individual development. A transformational leader creates a vision that they encourage others to follow, focusing on a shared purpose that benefits the organization and the people.
What are the other leadership styles?Authoritarian or Autocratic Leadership Style: The leader has complete control over the team or organization. The leader makes all decisions and directs the team to perform specific tasks without their input. Laissez-faire Leadership Style: Leaders allow the team or employees to operate independently and are hands-off. They give the employees a lot of autonomy to make decisions. Democratic Leadership Style: The leader encourages team members to participate in the decision-making process. They take everyone’s opinions and ideas into consideration before making decisions and coming up with solutions.
Transactional Leadership Style: Leaders are focused on setting goals and objectives and ensuring their team members achieve them. They use a reward system for motivation and give out consequences for poor performance.ConclusionIn conclusion, the best leadership style depends on the organization and the individuals involved. Therefore, there is no one-size-fits-all answer to the question of whether the best leaders focus on a transformational leadership style. However, the transformational leadership style is an effective leadership style that many leaders use.
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We often want to find investments that perform well when other parts of our portfolio are struggling. When considering stocks to add to the portfolio, those with a correlation closer to zero with our existing portfolio will most effectively help us diversify. True or False
"We often want to find investments that perform well when other parts of our portfolio are struggling. When considering stocks to add to the portfolio, those with a correlation closer to zero with our existing portfolio will most effectively help us diversify." is TRUE.
The idea of diversification is that it reduces the overall risk of a portfolio. The correlation between investments reveals their dependency on each other. The correlation coefficient, which ranges from -1 to +1, is a measure of this association. Correlation coefficients close to -1 reveal a strong negative correlation, whereas those near +1 reveal a strong positive correlation.
A correlation coefficient of zero indicates that there is no connection between two variables. Stocks with a correlation coefficient of zero, therefore, offer the best diversification opportunities. When two investments have a correlation of zero, their prices have no connection to each other.This idea is particularly relevant in a market downturn, when a well-diversified portfolio will perform better. Adding stocks with low correlation to our existing portfolio increases the possibility of a more robust overall portfolio in the long run. It allows us to hedge against volatility and increases the probability of achieving long-term investment objectives.
The given statement is true. Stocks with a correlation coefficient of zero offer the best diversification opportunities. When two investments have a correlation of zero, their prices have no connection to each other. Adding stocks with low correlation to our existing portfolio increases the possibility of a more robust overall portfolio in the long run. It allows us to hedge against volatility and increases the probability of achieving long-term investment objectives.
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Which is worth more $1 NOW or $1 a year from now? Please explain your answer.
:$1 now is worth more than $1 a year from now.
The reason $1 now is worth more than $1 a year from now is due to the concepts of inflation, opportunity cost, and uncertainty.
Inflation erodes the purchasing power of money over time, meaning that the same amount of money will buy fewer goods and services in the future. Therefore, $1 now can typically buy more than $1 a year from now due to the effects of inflation.
Additionally, by having $1 now, there is an opportunity to invest or earn interest on that money. By investing or saving the $1, it has the potential to grow over time. However, if you receive $1 a year from now, you miss out on the opportunity to earn interest or returns during that year.
Furthermore, there is uncertainty associated with receiving money in the future. Future circumstances can change, and there is always a risk that you may not receive the expected $1 a year from now. Having the money in hand now provides more certainty and immediate utility.
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Frank Meram attended a presentation by Robert MacDonald, who was promoting his new book, Cheat to Win. MacDonald was a multimillionaire who had started as an insurance agent and built his company, LifeUSA, to a worth of more than a billion dollars at the time of the presentation. Meram attended along with approximately 100 other people. At the beginning of the presentation, MacDonald announced that one of the attendees would leave that day with $1 million. All that was required was to place a business card in the basket that he passed around and to stay until the end of the presentation. MacDonald pulled Meram’s business card from the basket. He congratulated Meram and then explained "how this works." MacDonald said Meram would receive one dollar per year for a million years. He gave Meram $100 in cash for the first 100 years. According to MacDonald, all Meram had to do was attend a presentation once a year to claim the rest of the million dollars. MacDonald laughed and thanked everyone for coming. Meram, on the other hand, filed suit against MacDonald and his company’s parent, Allianz Sales, seeking the remainder of the promised $1 million. Did MacDonald make a valid offer that Meram accepted by placing his business card in the basket and staying until the end of the presentation?
No, MacDonald did not make a valid offer that Meram accepted by placing his business card in the basket and staying until the end of the presentation.
In order for a valid contract to be formed, there must be an offer, acceptance of that offer, consideration (something of value exchanged between the parties), and an intention to create a legal relationship.
In this case, while MacDonald made an announcement stating that one of the attendees would leave with $1 million, there was no clear offer made to Meram individually. It was a general statement to all attendees.
Additionally, the terms of the so-called offer were not reasonable or feasible. MacDonald stated that Meram would receive one dollar per year for a million years, starting with $100 in cash.
However, the concept of paying someone over such an extended period of time goes against the principle of "certainty of terms" required in contract formation. It would be practically impossible to guarantee payment for a million years, making the offer illusory.
Since there was no individual offer made to Meram, and the terms of the supposed offer were not reasonable or feasible, Meram cannot claim the remainder of the promised $1 million from MacDonald or his company.
The lawsuit filed by Meram against MacDonald and Allianz Sales is unlikely to succeed based on the lack of a valid contract.
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What is a conflict and what are the aspects of functional and dysfunctional conflicts? Describe the relationship between conflict intensity and outcomes and the common causes for conflicts arising in the workplace. Explain the reasons why people avoid conflict, along with the consequences of doing so and how and why we should avoid avoiding it. What are organizational and individual causes for incivility, examples of incivility, and their outcomes?
A conflict refers to a struggle between people that arises from a difference in opinions, needs, values, goals, or other factors that impedes their progress and leads to tensions.
When it comes to conflicts, two types exist functional conflicts and dysfunctional conflicts. Functional conflicts are constructive disagreements that lead to positive outcomes such as improved team performance, increased creativity, and greater innovation, while dysfunctional conflicts are destructive disagreements that can harm the team's cohesion, lead to a decrease in productivity, and destroy relationships. The most common causes of conflicts in the workplace are due to unclear job roles, competition for resources, conflicting goals, poor communication, personality differences, and misunderstandings. The consequences of avoiding conflicts include losing respect, missed opportunities for growth, missed deadlines, low productivity, and negative stress.
To address conflicts, we need to avoid avoiding them by identifying the issues, understanding the other person's perspective, and finding a solution that works for everyone. Individual causes of incivility include personality traits like narcissism, aggression, and passive-aggressiveness, while organizational causes include poor leadership, lack of feedback mechanisms, and failure to enforce codes of conduct. Examples of incivility in the workplace include gossip, bullying, cyberbullying, harassment, and micromanaging. The outcomes of incivility include lower productivity, low job satisfaction, poor mental health, and high employee turnover rates.
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The next two questions are based on the following: A company manufactures and sells one product. The following information pertains to each of the company's first two years of operations: Selling price per unit $ 65 Variable costs per unit: Manufacturing: $ 6 Direct materials Direct labor $ 16 $ 8 Variable manufacturing overhead Variable selling and administrative expense $2 Fixed costs per year: 12,000 Fixed manufacturing overhead Selling and administrative expense 12,800 Year Production (units) Sales (units) 2,000 1,600 2,200 2,600 S $ ss 11 Which of the following statements is true regarding net operating income in Year 1? A. Net operating income is $2,400 lower under absorption costing than under variable costing. B. Net operating income is $2,400 higher under absorption costing than under variable costing. C. Net operating income is $3,000 lower under absorption costing than under variable costing. D. Net operating income is $3,000 higher under absorption costing than under variable costing. E. None of the above.
Here are the steps to calculate the net operating income in Year 1 and the answer to the given question:Selling price per unit = $65Variable costs per unit: Manufacturing: $ 6 Direct materials Direct labor $ 16 $ 8 Variable manufacturing overhead Variable selling and administrative expense $2Fixed costs per year.
12,000 Fixed manufacturing overhead Selling and administrative expense 12,800Year Production (units) Sales (units) 2,000 1,600 2,200 2,600Variable cost per unit = 6+16+8+2= $32Contribution Margin per unit = Selling Price per unit - Variable Cost per unit = $65-$32 = $33Contribution margin ratio = Contribution margin per unit / Selling Price per unit = 33 / 65 = 51%Year 1 Sales (units) = 2,000Less variable costs: Direct materials ($16 x 2,000) = $32,000 Direct labor ($8 x 2,000) = $16,000 Variable manufacturing overhead ($2 x 2,000) = $4,000 Variable selling and administrative ($2 x 2,000) = $4,000Total variable costs = $56,000Contribution margin = Sales - Total variable costs = ($65 x 2,000) - $56,000 = $74,000Less fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead = $12,000 Fixed selling and administrative
expense = $12,800Total fixed costs = $24,800Net operating income (NOI) under absorption costing = $74,000 - $24,800 = $49,200Net operating income (NOI) under variable costing = (Contribution margin - Fixed manufacturing overhead - Fixed selling and administrative expense) = $33 x 2,000 - $12,000 - $12,800 = $33,200Difference in NOI between absorption costing and variable costing = $49,200 - $33,200 = $16,000The statement "Net operating income is $2,400 lower under absorption costing than under variable costing" is incorrect since the difference in NOI is $16,000. Therefore, option (E) None of the above is the correct answer.
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