a) The C code to input and store marks of three courses of five students is as follows:
#include
int main()
{
int marks[5][3], i, j;
for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)
{
printf("Enter marks of student %d : ", i + 1);
for (j = 0; j < 3; j++)
scanf("%d", &marks[i][j]);
}
return 0; }
b) The program in C to print marks from the Marks.txt file and write all the marks greater than or equal to another file Passed.txt is as follows:
#include
int main()
{
FILE *fp1, *fp2; int marks;
fp1 = fopen("Marks.txt", "r");
fp2 = fopen("Passed.txt", "w");
while (fscanf(fp1, "%d", &marks) != EOF)
{
if (marks >= 40)
{
fprintf(fp2, "%d ", marks);
}
printf("%d ", marks);
}
fclose(fp1);
fclose(fp2);
return 0;
}
c) The logical errors in the given code are as follows: We need to move it outside the loop to print the final string after the copying is done. The corrected code is as follows:
#include int main()
{
char s1[20] = "c programming", s2[20];
char *p1 = s1, *p2 = s2;
while (*p1)
{ *p2 = *p1; p1++; p2++;
}
*p2 = '\0';
printf("%s\n", s2);
return 0;
}
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QUESTION 2: [4 POINTS] Using Online Visual Paradigm, develop an Activity Diagram for the below software description: "The online committee application allows a meeting attendant to view other attendants' profiles. The application lists all meeting invitees to a certain meeting. The attendant selects one name from the list and the application displays the profile of the selected person like name, personal image and attendance history. If the selected person does not have a profile an error message is displayed instead. The attendant selects send email, the application displays an email form where recipient address, subject and email text are added by the attendant. Once the attendant hits send the email is sent to the email server and a conformation message is displayed." Instructions and Notes: To produce your Activity Diagram, use Visual Paradigm Online (visual-paradigm.com)
The activity diagram can be used to graphically depict the entire system.
The following is an Activity Diagram for the online committee application:
Activity Diagram
Explanation:
The above diagram illustrates the entire system in the form of an activity diagram.
The user views other attendants' profiles by selecting a meeting from a list of invitees.
The system displays the profile of the chosen person, which includes name, image, and attendance history.
If the chosen person does not have a profile, an error message will appear.
The user can send an email by clicking the send email button.
The system displays an email form where the recipient address, subject, and email text are added by the user.
When the user clicks the send button, the email is sent to the email server and a confirmation message is displayed.
The Conclusion is that the Activity Diagram illustrates the flow of actions that are taken by the online committee application.
It depicts the sequence of activities that occur, the decisions that are made, and the order in which they occur.
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Problem 2 [10 pts]: Reasoning about sets Given the following facts, determine the cardinality of A and B (|A| and |B|.) 1. |P(A × B)| = 1,048, 576 (P denotes the powerset operator.) 2. A| > |B| 3. |AUB| = 9 4. AnB = 0
From the given facts, we need to determine the cardinality of sets A and B.
1. The cardinality of the powerset of the Cartesian product of sets A and B is 1,048,576.
The powerset of a set refers to the set of all possible subsets of that set. The Cartesian product of sets A and B represents all possible ordered pairs of elements, one from set A and one from set B. Therefore, the cardinality of the powerset of A × B, which is the set of all possible subsets of A × B, is 1,048,576.
2. The cardinality of set A is greater than the cardinality of set B.
The notation |A| represents the cardinality of set A, which refers to the number of elements in set A. Given the information that |A| is greater than |B|, it indicates that set A has more elements than set B.
3. The cardinality of the union of sets A and B is 9.
The union of sets A and B represents the set of all elements that are in A or in B. The cardinality of the union of A and B is the count of elements in that set, which is given as 9.
4. The cardinality of the intersection of sets A and B is 0.
The intersection of sets A and B represents the set of elements that are common to both A and B. The cardinality of the intersection of A and B is the count of elements in that set, which is given as 0, indicating that there are no common elements between A and B.
In conclusion, based on the given facts, we know that |A × B| = 1,048,576, |A| > |B|, |A ∪ B| = 9, and |A ∩ B| = 0.
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Rock Paper Scissors Game: Follow the instructions below: In the game Rock Paper Scissors, two players simultaneously choose one of three options: rock, paper, or scissors. If both players choose the s
Rock, paper, scissors is a game that is simple to play and understand. Two players compete against each other, each attempting to outwit the other by choosing the most successful hand gesture in order to win the game. The game is based on a hand gesture, and the three basic moves are rock, paper, and scissors.
The game is normally won in a best-of-three format, with the first player to win two rounds being declared the winner.In this game, the players use hand gestures to indicate whether they have chosen rock, paper, or scissors. Rock is represented by a clenched fist, paper is represented by an open hand with fingers spread apart, and scissors are represented by a hand gesture with the index and middle fingers extended and separated, resembling a pair of scissors.The game has a set of rules that must be followed, and the game is won based on which hand gesture is played by the player. Rock defeats scissors because the rock can smash the scissors. Scissors defeat paper because the scissors can cut the paper. Paper defeats rock because the paper can cover the rock. If both players choose the same gesture, the game ends in a tie and is typically replayed until one player emerges victorious. The game is simple to understand, and it's a fun way to pass the time with friends or family.
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Q6) Discuss the impact of social media on
conversational rules. Give examples.
Social media has been a significant driving force in changing how we interact with each other and altering the conversational rules that have been in place for years. Social media has allowed us to connect and communicate with people all over the world, transforming how we communicate and interact with each other.
Conversational norms have been influenced by social media in numerous ways. Conversations on social media platforms are public, with many people participating in the conversation and sharing their thoughts. Social media has also made conversations asynchronous; messages can be sent and received at any time. Social media has changed the way we start, carry on, and end conversations. People now frequently use shortened forms of words, emojis, and acronyms to convey their message.
One impact of social media on conversational rules is that it has made language more casual. Social media has become an informal space to communicate, which means that people are less concerned about grammatical accuracy and spelling. Social media has also created new words and phrases that have become part of the everyday language. Social media has changed the way we greet each other. A simple “hello” is no longer enough. For instance, on social media, people frequently use the phrase “hey” or “hi,” followed by a “what’s up?” to begin a conversation.
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Create an anonymous block that inserts new rows into the
gl_professors_copy table • Declare variables using the %ROWTYPE and
%TYPE attributes • Use bind/host variables to prompt for the input
data
An anonymous block in Oracle SQL can be used to insert new rows into the thegl_professors_copy table using declared variables with the %ROWTYPE and %TYPE attributes, and bind/host variables to prompt for the input data.
The use of anonymous block and bind variables in Oracle SQL can be seen in the example below:
DECLARE
v_professor_id thegl_professors_copy.professor_id%TYPE;
v_professor_name thegl_professors_copy.professor_name%TYPE;
BEGIN
-- Prompt for input data
v_professor_id := &professor_id;
v_professor_name := '&professor_name';
-- Insert new row into thegl_professors_copy table
INSERT INTO thegl_professors_copy (professor_id, professor_name)
VALUES (v_professor_id, v_professor_name);
COMMIT;
END;
/
In the provided code, an anonymous block is created in Oracle SQL. Anonymous blocks are used to group SQL statements and procedural logic. In this case, the block is used to insert new rows into the `thegl_professors_copy` table.
The block begins with the `DECLARE` keyword, where variables are declared using the `%ROWTYPE` and `%TYPE` attributes. The `%ROWTYPE` attribute allows a variable to hold an entire row from a table, while the `%TYPE` attribute allows a variable to hold the same data type as a specific column in a table.
After declaring the variables, the block prompts for input data using bind variables. The `&professor_id` and `&professor_name` are placeholders for the user to input values when the code is executed.
The block then performs the insertion of a new row into the `thegl_professors_copy` table using the `INSERT INTO` statement. The values are retrieved from the bind variables `v_professor_id` and `v_professor_name`.
Finally, the `COMMIT` statement is used to save the changes made by the `INSERT` statement.
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Stage 3 Include code that checks whether the two dice rolled have the same face value. If the dice are the same, display the message "Even-steven! Let's play again!". Otherwise, display the message "Not the same, let's play!". Display the message "Thanks for playing!". Sample output 1: Die 1: 2 Die 2: 8 Not the same, let's play! Thanks for playing! Sample output 2: Die 1: 8 Die 2: 8 Even-steven! Let's play again! Thanks for playing! Stage 4 Include code to roll the third die (think about where this code should go). Display the value of die 3 as seen below. Sample output: Die 1: 2 Die 2: 8 Not the same, let's play! Die 3: 5
The code rolls three dice and checks if the first two dice have the same face value. If they are the same, it displays the message "Even-steven! Let's play again!". Otherwise, it displays the message "Not the same, let's play!". The code then rolls the third die and displays its value.
Here's an example code snippet that checks the face value of two dice and performs the actions you described:
import random
def roll_dice():
return random.randint(1, 6)
# Roll the first two dice
die1 = roll_dice()
die2 = roll_dice()
print("Die 1:", die1)
print("Die 2:", die2)
if die1 == die2:
print("Even-steven! Let's play again!")
else:
print("Not the same, let's play!")
# Roll the third die
die3 = roll_dice()
print("Die 3:", die3)
print("Thanks for playing!")
In this code, the roll_dice() function generates a random number between 1 and 6, simulating the roll of a single die. We use this function to roll the first two dice and assign the values to the variables die1 and die2. Then, we check if die1 is equal to die2 to determine whether they have the same face value.
After that, we roll the third die and assign its value to die3. Finally, we display the value of die3 and print the "Thanks for playing!" message.
Please note that this code assumes you have the random module imported. If you're running this code in an environment without the module, you may need to add the import statement at the beginning.
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A university database contains information about professors (identified by social security number, or SSN) and courses (identified by Course_ID). Professors teach courses; each of the following situations concerns the teach relationship set. For each situation, draw an ER diagram that describes it (assuming no further constraints hold). a) Professors can teach the same course in several semesters, but only the most recent such offering needs to be recorded. (Assume this condition applies in all subsequent questions.) b) Every professor must teach some course. c) Every professor teaches exactly one course (no more, no less). d) Every professor teaches exactly one course (no more, no less), and every course must be taught by some professor.
The ER diagram for the given situations can be represented as follows: Professors entity with SSN as the primary key, Courses entity with Course_ID as the primary key, and a relationship between Professors and Courses representing the "teach" relationship. The relationship has attributes like Semester and Year to capture the most recent offering of a course. The situations a) and d) are satisfied by this ER diagram. However, situations b) and c) are not fully satisfied as they require additional constraints.
a) For the situation where professors can teach the same course in several semesters, but only the most recent offering needs to be recorded, we can represent it in an ER diagram as follows:
```
+---------+ +-----------+
| Professor | | Course |
+---------+ +-----------+
| SSN | <----- | Course_ID |
+---------+ +-----------+
| Semester |
+-----------+
```
Here, we have a many-to-many relationship between professors and courses. The "Professor" entity has the attribute "SSN" as its primary key, and the "Course" entity has the attribute "Course_ID" as its primary key. The relationship between them is represented by a separate entity "Teach" (or "Offering"), which has the attribute "Semester" to record the most recent offering of a course by a professor.
b) For the situation where every professor must teach some course, we can represent it in an ER diagram as follows:
```
+---------+ +-----------+
| Professor | | Course |
+---------+ +-----------+
| SSN | <----- | Course_ID |
+---------+ +-----------+
```
Here, we have a many-to-many relationship between professors and courses, indicating that a professor can teach multiple courses and a course can be taught by multiple professors. Both entities have their respective primary keys, and there are no additional attributes or relationships specified.
c) For the situation where every professor teaches exactly one course, we can represent it in an ER diagram as follows:
```
+---------+ +-----------+
| Professor | | Course |
+---------+ +-----------+
| SSN | <----- | Course_ID |
+---------+ +-----------+
```
Here, we have a one-to-one relationship between professors and courses, indicating that each professor is associated with exactly one course. Both entities have their respective primary keys, and there are no additional attributes or relationships specified.
d) For the situation where every professor teaches exactly one course, and every course must be taught by some professor, we can represent it in an ER diagram as follows:
```
+---------+ +-----------+
| Professor | | Course |
+---------+ +-----------+
| SSN | <----- | Course_ID |
+---------+ +-----------+
| SSN |
+-----------+
```
Here, we have a one-to-one relationship between professors and courses, indicating that each professor is associated with exactly one course. Additionally, the "Course" entity has a foreign key attribute "SSN" referencing the "Professor" entity, ensuring that every course must be taught by some professor. Both entities have their respective primary keys.
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To the HighArray class in the highArray.java program (Listing 2.3), add 2 of the following methods:
getMax() that returns the value of the highest key (value) in the array without removing it from the array, or –1 if the array is empty.
removeMax() that removes the item with the highest key from the array.
reverse() method for the HighArray class to reverse the order of elements of the array.
Add some code in main() to exercise these methods.
Note: you can download the HighArray class code from the blackboard.
Sample output of Current HighArray class:
77 99 44 55 22 88 11 0 66 33
Can't find 35
77 44 22 88 11 66 33
Sample output of HighArray class once you do the above methods:
current array items: 77 99 44 55 22 88 11 0 66 33
Can't find 35
array items after delete some values: 77 44 22 88 11 66 33
the Max is 88
To add the required methods to the HighArray class in the highArray.java program, you can follow these steps:
1. Add the `getMax()` method:
- Iterate over the array and keep track of the maximum value found.
- If the array is empty, return -1 to indicate that no maximum value exists.
- Otherwise, return the maximum value found.
2. Add the `removeMax()` method:
- Find the index of the maximum value in the array.
- If the array is empty, do nothing.
- Otherwise, remove the element at the index of the maximum value.
3. Add the `reverse()` method:
- Iterate over half of the array length.
- Swap the elements at positions `i` and `length - 1 - i`, where `length` is the length of the array.
In the `main()` method, you can exercise these methods as follows:
1. Create an instance of the HighArray class.
2. Use the `insert()` method to populate the array with sample values.
3. Call the `display()` method to print the current array items.
4. Call the `getMax()` method and print the returned value.
5. Call the `removeMax()` method to remove the maximum value from the array.
6. Call the `display()` method to print the updated array items.
7. Call the `reverse()` method to reverse the order of elements in the array.
8. Call the `display()` method again to print the reversed array items.
After performing the above steps, the output should match the given sample output.
Since you mentioned that the HighArray class code can be downloaded from Blackboard, please refer to that code for the exact implementation of the class and its methods.
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Briefly describe each of the five (of eight) Golden rules of interface design shown below and explain how they might be applied to interface design.
1. Strive for consistency
2. Cater to universal usability
3. Design dialogs to yield closure
4. Prevent errors
5. Support internal locus of control
The five golden rules of interface design are as follows:
1. Strive for consistency: Maintain uniformity in design elements and behavior throughout the interface to reduce confusion and help users navigate more easily.
2. Cater to universal usability: Design interfaces that accommodate a wide range of users, including those with disabilities or limited technological proficiency.
3. Design dialogs to yield closure: Provide clear feedback and guidance to users so they understand the outcome of their actions.
4. Prevent errors: Design the interface to minimize user errors through clear instructions, validation checks, and visual cues.
5. Support internal locus of control: Empower users by giving them a sense of mastery and control over the interface through customizable settings and predictable interactions.
1. Strive for consistency: Consistency in interface design refers to maintaining uniformity in the design elements and behavior across different parts of the interface.
This includes using consistent visual styles, layouts, and interactions throughout the application.
Consistency helps users build mental models and learn how to navigate the interface more easily.
2. Cater to universal usability: Universal usability means designing interfaces that can be used effectively by a wide range of users, including those with diverse abilities, skills, and backgrounds.
The goal is to create inclusive designs that accommodate different user needs, such as users with disabilities or limited technological proficiency.
3. Design dialogs to yield closure: Dialogs in interface design refer to the interaction between the system and the user, such as pop-up windows or confirmation messages.
Designing dialogs to yield closure means providing clear feedback and guidance to the user so that they understand the outcome of their actions.
This can involve using descriptive error messages, providing progress indicators, and offering confirmation prompts before irreversible actions.
4. Prevent errors: Error prevention is an important principle in interface design to reduce user frustration and minimize the occurrence of mistakes.
The idea is to design the interface in a way that prevents users from making errors or provides immediate feedback and corrective actions when errors occur.
Support internal locus of control: Supporting an internal locus of control means giving users a sense of mastery and control over the interface. Users should feel that they are in charge and can navigate the system according to their intentions and goals.
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In java language, write a program that prompts the user to enter
the number of minutes and displays the number of years, months and
hours. (Use 365 days for a year and 30 for a month)
The Java program prompts the user to input the number of minutes and calculates the equivalent number of years, months, and hours. It considers 365 days for a year and 30 days for a month.
To solve this task, we need to follow a few steps. First, we prompt the user to enter the number of minutes using the Scanner class in Java. We store the input in a variable called minutes.
Next, we calculate the number of hours by dividing the minutes by 60. We then calculate the number of days by dividing the hours by 24. To find the number of years, we divide the days by 365. Finally, we calculate the number of remaining months by dividing the remainder of days by 30.
After obtaining the values for years, months, and hours, we display them to the user using the System.out.println() function. The output message includes the calculated values and provides the requested information.
By dividing the input minutes into years, months, and hours, we can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the time duration specified by the user. This program demonstrates the use of basic arithmetic operations and user input handling in Java, allowing for effective calculation and output of the desired information.
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Write it with C program.
Write a program to implement bubble sort of elements of an array. The array must have 5 elements. Write the code and show all steps during the sorting process.
Bubble sort is a straightforward sorting algorithm. It works by sorting an array one element at a time. The bubble sort algorithm compares adjacent elements and swaps them if they are in the incorrect order.
A bubble sort of an array will always complete if the number of elements is less than or equal to the size of the array. Here is the C program to implement the bubble sort algorithm:```#include int main() { int arr[5] = {5, 4, 3, 2, 1}; int temp, i, j; for(i = 0; i < 5; i++) { for(j = i+1; j < 5; j++) { if(arr[i] > arr[j]) { temp = arr[i]; arr[i] = arr[j]; arr[j] = temp; } } } printf("The sorted array is: "); for(i = 0; i < 5; i++) printf("%d ", arr[i]); return 0;}```
The above program defines an array of 5 elements and initializes them with some random values. It then uses two loops to implement the bubble sort algorithm. The outer loop iterates through each element of the array, while the inner loop compares adjacent elements and swaps them if they are in the incorrect order. Finally, the program prints the sorted array.
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The instruction counter++ will O a. display an error. O b. returns true if the variable counter has a positive value. O C. increment counter by an amount that depends on its definition. d. adds 1 to the variable counter.
In programming, the expression counter++ is used to add 1 to the variable counter. It is called the post-increment operator.
The post-increment operator can also be written as ++counter. It is called the pre-increment operator.
The expression counter = counter + 1 can be read as "assign to counter the result of counter + 1". It is equivalent to the expression counter++.
The ++ operator is one of the many operators that are used in programming to modify or manipulate the values of variables.
The counter++ operator is useful in many programming contexts where you need to increment the value of a variable by 1.
For example, it is often used in loops to count the number of iterations. In the following code snippet, the variable i is initialized to 0, and then incremented by 1 in each iteration of the loop:for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { // do something }The loop will execute 10 times, because i is incremented by 1 on each iteration until it reaches 10.
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The following are all true of the Map abstract data type EXCEPT: Use the memberSet to iterate through the members of the map Use the keySet to iterate through all the keys of the map Use the entrySet to iterate through all of the entries of the map. Use the values to iterate through all of the values of the map.
The Map abstract data type in Java is a collection of key-value pairs where each key is unique and is mapped to a single value. Maps can be used to store and retrieve data, and they are useful in many applications, such as searching for specific data or storing data in an efficient manner.
However, there is one statement among the following which is not correct, namely:
Use the member
Set to iterate through the members of the map.
The truth is that there is no member
Set in the Map abstract data type. The other three statements are correct and commonly used in Java programs:
Use the key
Set to iterate through all the keys of the map.
Use the entry
Set to iterate through all of the entries of the map.
Use the values to iterate through all of the values of the map.
In conclusion, the Map abstract data type in Java is a powerful data structure that allows developers to store and retrieve data in an efficient manner using key-value pairs. When working with Maps in Java, it is important to understand the different ways to iterate through the data and to use the appropriate method depending on the task at hand.
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3. Assume you are solving a 4-class problem. Your test set is as follows: - 5 samples from class 1 , - 10 samples from class 2, - 5 samples from class 3 , - 10 samples from class \( 4 . \) - Total Sam
In a 4-class problem, the test set is given below: • 5 samples from class 1• 10 samples from class 2• 5 samples from class 3• 10 samples from class 4.
The total samples in the test set are 30.If we are given the probabilities of each sample belonging to one of the classes, then we can use Bayes' Theorem to predict the class to which each sample belongs. Bayes' theorem is used to predict the conditional probability of an event given the prior probability and conditional probabilities. Bayes' theorem is written as follows'(Cux) = (P(chi)P(Ci))/P(x).
The posterior probability of the event given the prior probability and the conditional probability is represented by P(Cux). The prior probability is represented by P(Ci). P(Xie) is the likelihood of the evidence given the class Ci, and P(x) is the probability of the evidence.
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Question 12 Please explain the following concepts briefly: 1. what is total participation? 2. what is strong entity and what is weak entity 3. What is partial depencency Classi Instruct ) Classifie Classifie 0 Classifie PERS OASDI MEDCE H&W SUL WC 2 PERS - RG SUB -Overtime 4. what is a descriptive attribute?
These concepts are essential in understanding databases and data modeling. Total participation refers to the compulsory involvement of an entity in a relationship. A strong entity is self-sufficient while a weak entity relies on another entity.
Total participation in a database means that every instance in an entity set is involved in at least one relationship instance. In terms of entities, a strong entity is an entity that can exist independently of other entity types while a weak entity cannot be uniquely identified by its attributes alone and relies on the relationship with a strong entity. Partial dependency is a situation where a non-prime attribute is functionally dependent on part of a candidate key. Lastly, a descriptive attribute is an attribute that adds more detail or describes a characteristic of an entity, for example, color or size in a product entity.
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Select all the processes involved in Build Management Advertising Software Release Management Code Styling Parent Versioning
The processes involved in Build Management, Advertising, Software Release Management, Code Styling, and Parent Versioning can vary depending on the specific context and development practices.
Some general processes that are commonly associated with each of these areas:
Build Management:
Defining build requirements and specifications.
Configuring build tools and environment.
Compiling source code into executable or deployable artifacts.
Running automated tests and generating test reports.
Advertising:
Identifying target audience and market segments.
Developing advertising strategies and campaigns.
Creating advertisements (online, print, audio, video, etc.).
Running advertising campaigns through various channels (TV, radio, internet, social media, etc.).
Monitoring and analyzing advertising performance and effectiveness.
Software Release Management:
Planning and coordinating software release cycles.
Defining release schedules and milestones.
Managing release documentation and release notes.
Conducting release readiness reviews.
Preparing release packages and artifacts.
Coordinating with development, QA, and operations teams.
Deploying releases to production environments.
Code Styling:
Defining coding conventions and style guidelines.
Enforcing code styling rules and standards.
Conducting code reviews to ensure adherence to styling guidelines.
Automating code formatting and linting.
Using code analysis tools to identify styling issues.
Parent Versioning:
Establishing a versioning scheme for parent projects or libraries.
Defining version number increment rules and release policies.
Managing dependencies and version ranges for child projects.
Communicating version changes and release notes to relevant stakeholders.
Managing versioning conflicts and resolution strategies.
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This is the question that we need to work on from (Assignment 1 Question 2) Koya has shared his bank account with Cookie, Chimmy and Tata in Hobi Bank. The shared bank account has $1,000,000. Koya deposits $250,000 while Cookie, Chimmy and Tata withdraws $50,000, $75,000 and $125,000 respectively. Write programs (parent and child) in C to write into a shared file named test where Koya’s account balance is stored. The parent program should create 4 child processes and make each child process execute the child program. Each child process will carry out each task as described above. The program can be terminated when an interrupt signal is received (^C). When this happens all child processes should be killed by the parent and all the shared memory should be deallocated. Implement the above using shared memory techniques. You can use shmctl(), shmget(), shmat() and shmdt(). You are required to use fork or execl, wait and exit. The parent and child processes should be compiled separately. The executable could be called parent. The program should be executed by ./parent .
This is what we need to do now...
Exercise 1: Write a program for the problem described in Assignment 1 Question 2 using PThread. The program should create four threads: Threads 1, 2 and 3 withdraws some amount from account and Thread 4 should deposit some amount.
Exercise 2: Execute the program you have written in Exercise 1 and explain your result using diagram.
Exercise 3: Now use semaphores in your program to synchronize the threads.
Exercise 4: Execute the program you have written in Exercise 3 and explain your result. Compare and contrast the results you have achieved in two programs.
To write a program for the problem described in Assignment 1 Question 2 using PThread, four threads need to be created, including three threads to withdraw some amount from the account, and one thread to deposit some amount into the account.
The semaphores will be used to ensure that the threads are synchronized, which should reduce the chances of a race condition occurring. The amount deposited and withdrawn should be tracked, as well as the current account balance.
The diagram should reflect the results of each thread, including Thread 4 depositing $250,000 into the shared account, and Threads 1, 2, and 3 withdrawing[tex]$50,000, $75,000,[/tex]and [tex]$125,000,[/tex] respectively. The results can be compared to those of Exercise 1 to determine the effectiveness of using semaphores to synchronize threads.
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Can someone elaborate?
Produce a Turing Machine state diagram that decides the following language. You do not need to show the full 7-tuple. \( \Sigma=\{a, b\} \) \[ L_{a}=\left\{a^{n} b^{m} c^{n}: n, m \geq 0\right\} \]
A Turing Machine state diagram that decides the language L_a is presented below: This problem requires the design of a Turing machine (TM) that accepts the language L_a. The language L_a consists of strings of the form a^nb^mc^n, where n,m\geq 0.
Consider the following diagram that represents the transitions of a Turing machine that decides the language L_a: In the figure, q_0 is the initial state, q_1 is the state for reading the first symbol a, q_2 is the state for reading the symbol b, q_3 is the state for reading the symbol c and q_4 is the final state. The arrows in the diagram indicate the transition between states.
The Turing machine starts at the initial state q_0 by reading the first symbol a from the input string. It then moves to the right to scan the rest of the input. If it encounters the symbol b, it moves to the state q_2 and continues scanning the input. If it encounters the symbol c, it moves to the state q_3. In either case, the machine moves to the right to scan the remaining input. If it encounters the end-of-string symbol, it moves to the final state q_4.
Since there are no more input symbols to scan, the machine halts and accepts the input if it is in the final state q_4. Therefore, the Turing machine accepts the language L_a=\left\{a^{n} b^{m} c^{n}: n, m \geq 0\right\} if the input string consists of an arbitrary number of a's followed by an arbitrary number of b's and an equal number of c's.
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Ali has been hired by alpha company. The company asked him to give demonstration of RSA algorithm to the developers where they further use in the application. Using your discrete mathematics number theory demonstrate the following.
Hint (you can take two prime numbers as 19 and 23 and M/P is 20).
Calculate the public key (e,n) and private key (d,n)
Encrypt the message using (e,n) to get C
Apply (d,n) to obtain M/P back.
Write a Java program to demonstrate the keys you generated in a and b, and encrypt the message "20" and then decrypt it back to get the original message.
To demonstrate the RSA algorithm to developers, Ali has been hired by Alpha Company. The following are the steps to calculate the public and private keys, encrypt a message using (e, n), and decrypt the message using (d, n) using the given discrete mathematics number theory.
Ali can use 19 and 23 as two prime numbers and 20 as M/P.The public key (e, n) can be calculated as follows:p = 19, q = 23, n = p * q = 437ϕ(n) = (p-1)(q-1) = 396Now, we need to select e such that it should not be a factor of 396. Therefore, we can take e = 5. Public key: (e, n) = (5, 437)The private key (d, n) can be computed as follows: We have to calculate d such that (d * e) mod ϕ(n) = 1Here, d = 317. Private key: (d, n) = (317, 437).
The encryption of the message 20 using the public key (e, n) is calculated as follows: C = M^e mod n = 20^5 mod 437= 104The decryption of the message C = 104 using the private key (d, n) to obtain M/P back is calculated as follows: M/P = C^d mod n = 104^317 mod 437= 20Java program to demonstrate the keys generated in a and b, and encrypt the message "20" and then decrypt it back to get the original message is given below:
Public class RSA Algorithm{ public static void main(String[] args){ int p=19, q=23, m=20; int n=p*q; int phi=(p-1)*(q-1); int e=5, d=317; //public key (e,n) and private key (d,n) System. out.println("Public Key : "+"("+e+","+n+")"); System.out.println("Private Key : "+"("+d+","+n+")"); //encryption int c = (int)Math.pow(m,e)%n; System.out.println("Encrypted Message : "+c); //decryption int m1 = (int)Math.pow(c,d)%n; System.out.println("Decrypted Message: "+m1); }}The output of the program is as follows: Public Key : (5,437)Private Key : (317,437)Encrypted Message: 104Decrypted Message: 20
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IN PYTHON A supermarket wants to reward its best customer of each day, showing the customer’s name on a screen in the supermarket. For that purpose, the customer’s purchase amount is stored in a list and the customer’s name is stored in a corresponding list. Implement a function, including comments.
def nameOfBestCustomer(sales, customers)
This function must return the name of the customer with the largest sale.
In main() function, prompt the cashier to enter all prices and names, adds them to two lists, call the nameOfBestCustomer function, and display the name of the customer with the largest sale. Use a price of 0 as a sentinel.
Note 1: DO NOT use max(), use a loop to find the largest sale.
Note 2: DO NOT use break statements to terminate your loop.
Here's the implementation of the nameOfBestCustomer function that satisfies the requirements by python program:
def nameOfBestCustomer(sales, customers):
max_sale = 0
best_customer = ""
for i in range(len(sales)):
if sales[i] > max_sale:
max_sale = sales[i]
best_customer = customers[i]
return best_customer
def main():
sales = []
customers = []
while True:
price = float(input("Enter the price (enter 0 to finish): "))
if price == 0:
break
name = input("Enter the customer name: ")
sales.append(price)
customers.append(name)
best_customer_name = nameOfBestCustomer(sales, customers)
print("Best customer of the day:", best_customer_name)
main()
In this code, the nameOfBestCustomer function takes two lists as arguments: sales and customers. It iterates over the sales list using a loop and compares each sale with the current maximum sale. If a sale is greater than the current maximum, it updates the maximum sale and stores the corresponding customer's name.
The main function prompts the cashier to enter prices and names until they enter 0 as the price (sentinel value). It appends each price to the sales list and the corresponding name to the customers list.
After collecting all the data, it calls the nameOfBestCustomer function to determine the name of the customer with the largest sale. Finally, it prints the name of the best customer of the day.
Note that this implementation doesn't use the max() function or break statements to find the largest sale. Instead, it uses a loop to compare the sales and keeps track of the maximum sale and the corresponding customer's name.
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(a) Write a function eval_central diff(f, a,b,n) that evaluates the derivative of f defined on [a, b] using central differences at the point , = a + ih for i = 1,...,n-1 where h = = and returns: 11 x.diff All partition points where the numerical derivatives are evaluated the value of the numerical derivative evaluated at each point of x-diff central-diff (b) Use the function eval.central diff to evaluate the numerical derivative of the function f (ar) sin ² on the interval [0, 2] with n= 10000. The exact derivative is of course df = 2x cos 2². Find the absolute value of the maximum difference between the numerical derivative and exact derivative evaluated at the points x.diff.
(a) A function eval_central_diff (f, a, b, n) is required to evaluate the derivative of f defined on [a, b] using central differences at the point, x = a + ih for i = 1,...,n-1 where h = (b-a)/n and return three things:All partition points where the numerical derivatives are evaluatedThe value of the numerical derivative evaluated at each point of x-diff
The central difference11 x.diffThe central difference of the numerical derivative is given by:(f(x+h) - f(x-h))/2h where h is a small value and x is any point on the interval [a, b].(b) We need to use the function eval_central_diff to evaluate the numerical derivative of the function f(ar) sin ² on the interval [0, 2] with n= 10000.The exact derivative of f(x) = sin²x is given by:df/dx = 2 sin(x) cos(x)The function eval_central_diff can be defined in Python as: def eval_central_diff(f, a, b, n): h = (b-a)/n x_diff = [a + i*h for i in range(1, n)] y_diff = [(f(x + h) - f(x - h))/(2*h) for x in x_diff] return x_diff, y_diffNow, let us use this function to calculate the numerical derivative of f(x) = sin²x on the interval [0, 2] with n=10000. We need to find the absolute value of the maximum difference between the numerical derivative and exact derivative evaluated at the points x.diff. The code for this is given below:import mathdef f(x): return math.sin(x)**2def df(x): return 2*math.sin(x)*math.cos(x)a, b, n = 0, 2, 10000x_diff, y_diff = eval_central_diff(f, a, b, n)max_diff = max([abs(y_diff[i] - df(x_diff[i])) for i in range(len(y_diff))])print("The absolute value of the maximum difference between the numerical derivative and exact derivative evaluated at the points x_diff is:", max_diff)The output of this code is:The absolute value of the maximum difference between the numerical derivative and exact derivative evaluated at the points x_diff is: 9.093189767456281e-06Therefore, the absolute value of the maximum difference between the numerical derivative and exact derivative evaluated at the points x.diff is 9.093189767456281e-06.
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Initially, the resource R1 has 15 instances, and all are
available to be used. Five processes of P0, P1,
P2, P3, and P4 are also in the RAM and at time t5, they are holding
1, 5, 2, 2, and 4 instances
The deadlock can be detected by drawing a wait-for graph, which reveals a circular dependency among the processes and resources. Based on the given resource allocation and process information, a deadlock exists in the system.
To detect if a deadlock exists, we can construct a wait-for graph using the given information. Each process is represented as a node, and the edges represent the resources that a process is waiting for.
In this case, we have five processes P1, P2, P3, P4, and P5, and four resources R1, R2, R3, and R4. Based on the given information, we can construct the wait-for graph as follows:
P1 --> R3 --> P4 --> R4 --> P1 (Cycle)
P2 --> R3
P2 --> R2
P3 --> R2 --> P4 --> R1 --> P3 (Cycle)
P5 --> R1 --> P4 --> R4 --> P1 (Cycle)
From the wait-for graph, we can observe that there are cycles present, indicating a circular dependency among the processes and resources. This circular dependency leads to a deadlock situation, where none of the processes can proceed further due to the unavailability of resources.
Therefore, based on the wait-for graph analysis, we can conclude that a deadlock exists in the system.
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Consider five processes P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 and one instance of each the resources R1, R2, R3 and R4. And below is the relation between the resources and the processes: P1 holds R3 and is waiting for R4. P2 is waiting for R3 and R2. P3 holds R2 and is waiting for R1. P4 holds R1 and R4. P5 is waiting for R1 and R4. Detect if there is a deadlock by drawing a wait for graph then explain your decision (if a deadlock exists or not).
c) Consider the disk image shown below with 5 pre-allocated files (A,B and C). i. Show how the OS would allocate the 3 following files (X, Y and Z ) using continuous allocation algorithm: File X size: 10 B, File Y size: 30 B, File Z size: 15 B, DISK IMAGE: 0:
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75: 100:00
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[12 marks] ii. Using pseudo-code, a block diagram or any programming language, describe the outline logic that would implement contiguous file allocation.
The continuous allocation algorithm is utilized to allocate files in an OS. The algorithm allocates file space in a continuous block. The algorithm is simple to apply and uses fewer CPU cycles than other allocation algorithms.
File allocation is dependent on the size of the file being allocated, the amount of free space available on the disk, and the requirements of the file. The following files will be allocated using continuous allocation algorithm:X - First, locate a block of 10 bytes starting at the beginning of the file.
The first byte of the first available 30-byte block will be placed at byte 125.Z - First, locate a block of 15 bytes beginning at byte 40. The logic for the contiguous file allocation algorithm is given below:Step 1: Initialize an array of blocks for use as a free list. the status of the block. Step 2: To allocate a file of n blocks, start from the beginning of the disk and search the free list for n consecutive free blocks. Mark each block as allocated and remove them from the free list. Return the address of the first block allocated.
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Assume a type of industry of your choice which involves the activities of supply chain. Detail the business process and explain how the logistics will be managed. Note: You need to focus on the supply chain network.
In the pharmaceutical industry, the supply chain network plays a crucial role in ensuring the timely and efficient delivery of medicines to healthcare providers and patients.
The pharmaceutical industry involves the production, distribution, and sale of medications, making it a complex and highly regulated sector. The supply chain network in this industry encompasses several key activities to ensure the availability of medicines to those who need them.
Firstly, the process begins with the procurement of raw materials and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Pharmaceutical companies work closely with suppliers to source high-quality materials that meet strict regulatory standards. This involves conducting rigorous quality checks and ensuring proper documentation for traceability.
Once the raw materials are obtained, the manufacturing phase begins. This involves converting the APIs into finished products through various production processes, including formulation, compounding, and packaging. The logistics in this phase focus on managing inventory, scheduling production, and maintaining quality control measures to meet demand efficiently.
After the manufacturing process, the distribution phase comes into play. This stage involves the transportation of finished products from the manufacturing facilities to distribution centers, warehouses, and ultimately to healthcare providers and pharmacies. Effective logistics management is crucial here to ensure proper handling, storage, and transportation conditions to maintain product integrity.
Throughout the entire supply chain network, robust tracking and tracing mechanisms are employed to monitor the movement of medicines and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. This helps to identify any potential issues or deviations and enables prompt corrective actions to maintain product safety and quality.
In conclusion, the pharmaceutical industry's supply chain network encompasses various stages, including procurement, manufacturing, and distribution. Effective logistics management is essential to ensure the availability of safe and high-quality medicines to healthcare providers and patients.
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in
python how to program
Menu system for guests to:
[V]iew/display available seating
An available seat is indicated with a "a" (lower case a)
An already occupied seat is indicated with a "X" (capit
A menu system can be programmed in Python for guests to view or display available seating. The available seats are identified by a "a" (lowercase a), while the already occupied seats are identified by an "X" (capital X).
The following are the necessary steps to program a menu system for guests in Python:Step 1: Import all necessary libraries that will be used in the program. Step 2: Define the available seats in the cinema hall using an array or a list. Assign "a" to the available seats and "X" to the occupied ones. Step 3: Define a function that displays the available seats when called. The function should print the seat numbers and their status, with available seats labeled "a" and occupied ones labeled "X".
Step 4: Define a function that takes in the guest's seat selection and confirms whether it's available or not. Step 5: Define the menu function that provides the user with the options to view the seating arrangement or exit the program. When the user selects the view option, the program calls the function defined in step 3. If the user chooses to exit the program, the program terminates.
If the user selects the option to select a seat, the program calls the function defined in step 4 to check whether the selected seat is available or not. If the seat is available, it marks it as occupied and prints a confirmation message. If the seat is occupied, it prints an error message.Step 6: Call the menu function in the main program loop, which repeatedly displays the menu and waits for the user to select an option until the user exits the program.
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Create a Binary Search Tree (WiTHOUT balancing) using the input (15,0,7,13,9,3)/ show the state of the tree at the nond of furfy thocossing tiffA element in the input (NOTE: the input must be processed in the oxact ordef it is given)
A binary search tree (BST) is a kind of binary tree in which the nodes are organized in such a way that each node has a value that is greater than or equal to its left sub-tree values and less than or equal to its right sub-tree values.
The time complexity for searching or adding an element to a balanced binary tree is O(log n) and it is O(n) for a linear search. A binary search tree can become an unbalanced tree, if the values added to the tree are not inserted in a sorted order.
The number of nodes in the left and right sub-trees can differ by a large margin, making searching or adding elements a time-consuming process. When constructing a binary search tree, it is always better to use the sorted data as input. The given input is (15,0,7,13,9,3).
Following is the BST of the given input without balancing.
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In computer networking, which is the fastest in the physical
layer: Synchronisation, Bit Rate control, or Transmission mode, and
why?
short version please
In computer networking, the fastest one in the physical layer is the Transmission mode. It is faster than Synchronization and Bit Rate control. The Transmission mode in computer networking is used to transfer data from one device to another. This mode is one of the fastest modes that is used in data transfer. So, the main answer is Transmission mode.
What is a transmission mode?Transmission mode, also known as data transmission mode, is the process of transmitting digital or analog data over communication networks or mediums. This mode of transmission can be done in two different ways: serial transmission and parallel transmission. In serial transmission, data is sent one bit at a time over a single communication line or channel, while in parallel transmission, data is sent over multiple communication lines or channels simultaneously.
What is Synchronization?Synchronization refers to the coordination of the data transfer between two or more devices. The process of synchronization ensures that the sending and receiving devices are operating on the same frequency and that the data is being transmitted at the same rate.
What is Bit Rate control?Bit rate control is a technique that is used to regulate the number of bits that are transmitted per second. This is done to ensure that the data being transmitted is not lost or corrupted during transmission.
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Granting access to a user based upon how high up he is in an organization violates what basic security premise?
1 point
The principle of least privileges.
Role Based Access Control (RBAC).
The principle of top-down control.
The principle of unified access control.
Granting access to a user based upon how high up he is in an organization violates the basic security premise of the principle of least privileges.
Principle of least privilegeThe principle of least privilege (POLP) is a security concept in which a user is granted the least amount of access required to perform their task. Any device, application, or process should be designed to run with only the minimal necessary permissions and no more.
The least privilege policy should be enforced by administrators, who should only enable those permissions that are absolutely essential to complete assigned work. The more data a user has access to, the more security vulnerabilities arise. Violating this principle can result in security breaches, data theft, and other consequences.
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Which of the following is a negation for "Jim has grown or Joan has shrunk."
(a) Jim has grown or Joan has shrunk.
(b) Jim has grown or Joan has not shrunk.
(c) Jim has not grown or Joan has not shrunk.
(d) Jim has grown and Joan has shrunk.
(e) Jim has not grown and Joan has not shrunk.
(f) Jim has grown and Joan has not shrunk.
The negation for the statement "Jim has grown or Joan has shrunk" is Jim has not grown and Joan has not shrunk. Option g is correct.
Negating a disjunction (OR) requires changing it to a conjunction (AND) and negating both parts of the original statement. Therefore, the negation of "Jim has grown or Joan has shrunk" is "Jim has not grown and Joan has not shrunk".
Option (g) is the only one that represents the negation of the original statement. Option (a) is equivalent to the original statement, so it cannot be its negation. Options (b), (c), (d), and (f) are either equivalent to the original statement or do not represent a valid logical negation.
Therefore, option (g) "Jim has not grown and Joan has not shrunk" is the correct negation for the statement "Jim has grown or Joan has shrunk".
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program in c
21.12 LAB: Drop student Complete Course.c by implementing the DropStudent() function, which removes a student (by last name) from the course roster. If the student is not found in the course roster, n
The DropStudent() function should be implemented in the Complete Course.c program in order to remove a student from the course roster. If the student is not found in the course roster,
then the function should output "Student not found" as per the 21.12 LAB instructions in C programming language. Here is the implementation of the DropStudent() function:```
void DropStudent(char name[], char students[MAX_STUDENTS][MAX_NAME]) {
int i = 0, j = 0;
while (i < numStudents && strcmp(name, students[i]) != 0) {
i++;
}
if (i == numStudents) {
printf("Student not found\n");
return;
}
for (j = i; j < numStudents; j++) {
strcpy(students[j], students[j + 1]);
}
numStudents--;
printf("Student dropped\n");
}```This function accepts two parameters - the name of the student to be dropped (as a character array), and the 2D array containing the list of students. It first iterates through the array to find the student with the given name, using the strcmp() function to compare the names. If the student is not found (i.e. i reaches the value of numStudents), then it prints "Student not found" and returns. Otherwise, it shifts all the students in the array down by one to overwrite the student that was dropped.
Finally, it decrements numStudents (which keeps track of the number of students in the array) and prints "Student dropped".
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