(22) The Net Income of JCJ Inc. is $80,000. (23) The Interest Expense of JCJ for the year is $24,000. (24) The Tax Liability of JCJ for the year is 70% of its EBT which is $80,000 × 0.7 = $56,000. 25. The ROE of JCJ is 12%.
22. If JCJ Inc. has sales of $100,000, the Net Income can be calculated as follows:
EBIT = Sales × EBIT/SALES
= $100,000 × 0.80
= $80,000
NI/EBT = 1
⇒ Net Income = EBT × NI/EBT
= $80,000 × 1
= $80,000
Therefore, the Net Income of JCJ Inc. is $80,000.
23. To calculate the Interest Expense of JCJ, we use the following formula:
EBT = EBIT - Interest expense
⇒ Interest expense = EBIT - EBT
= $80,000 × (1 - 0.7)
= $80,000 × 0.3
= $24,000
Therefore, the Interest Expense of JCJ for the year is $24,000.
24. To calculate the Tax Liability of JCJ, we use the following formula:
Net Income = EBT × (1 - T)
⇒ $80,000 = EBT × (1 - T)
⇒ 1 - T = 80,000 / EBT
= 80,000 / (80,000 × 0.3)
= 3/10
⇒ T = 1 - 3/10
= 7/10
= 0.7 = 70%
Therefore, the Tax Liability of JCJ for the year is 70% of its EBT which is $80,000 × 0.7 = $56,000.
25. To calculate the Return on Equity (ROE) of JCJ, we use the following formula:
ROE = NI / Equity
ROE = Net Income / (Sales / Total Assets × Equity multiplier)
ROE = $80,000 / ($100,000 / (3 × 5))ROE = $80,000 / ($100,000 / 15)
ROE = $80,000 / $6,666.67ROE = 12.0012.
Therefore, the ROE of JCJ is 12%.
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Recording: Treasury Stock vs. Direct Stock Retirement On December 31, 2020, the records for Lakers Inc. provided the following data on stockholders' equity. The stockholders vote to retire all of the treasury stock immediately and to purchase for direct retirement another 3,200 shares of common stock currently trading at $12.50 per share. Required a. Provide the journal entry for the purchase and immediate retirement of the 3,200 shares of outstanding common stock. Note: List multiple debits (when applicable) in alphabetical order and list multiple credits (when applicable) in alphabetical order. b. Provide the journal entry for the retirement of all of the remaining treasury shares. Note: List multiple debits (when applicable) in alphabetical order and list multiple credits (when applicable) in alphabetical order. c. Assume instead for part (a) that the company holds the 3,200 shares in the treasury rather than retiring immediately. Record the journal entry. Determine the net effect on stockholders' after part a and after part c Note: Indicate a decrease with a negative sign. Cash Equipment Investment in Stock Dividends Payable Property Dividends Payable Preferred Stock Common Stock Common Stock Dividends Distributable Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par-Common Stock Paid-in Capital in Excess of Stated Value-Common Stock Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par-Preferred Stock Paid-in Capital-Retired Stock Paid-in Capital-Treasury Stock Retained Earnings Treasury Stock Legal Expense Unrealized Gain or Loss-Income N/A
The net effect on stockholders' equity after part a would be a decrease in Paid-in Capital-Treasury Stock and an increase in Common Stock and Retained Earnings. After part c, there would be a decrease in Treasury Stock and an increase in Cash.
a. The journal entry for the purchase and immediate retirement of the 3,200 shares of outstanding common stock would be as follows:
Debit: Treasury Stock
Debit: Cash
Credit: Common Stock
Credit: Paid-in Capital-Treasury Stock
b. The journal entry for the retirement of all of the remaining treasury shares would be as follows:
Debit: Paid-in Capital-Treasury Stock
Credit: Treasury Stock
c. If the company holds the 3,200 shares in the treasury instead of retiring immediately, the journal entry would be as follows:
Debit: Treasury Stock
Credit: Cash
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ntegrated marketing communications (imc) is the term given to the coordination of promotional efforts to maximise the communication effect. its primary goal is: select one: a. to consistently send the most effective possible message to the target market. b. to reach a lot of people at a relatively low cost per person. c. creating and maintaining relationships between the marketing organisation and its stakeholders. d. offer extra value to resellers, salespeople and consumers in a bid to increase sales.
a. The primary goal of integrated marketing communications (IMC) is to consistently send the most effective possible message to the target market.
Integrated Marketing Communications (IMC) refers to the coordination of promotional efforts to maximize the communication effect. Its primary goal is to consistently send the most effective possible message to the target market. This means that IMC aims to develop and deliver messages that resonate with the target audience, ensuring that the communication is clear, impactful, and aligned with the overall marketing objectives.
By integrating various communication channels and tactics, IMC seeks to create a cohesive and consistent brand message that reaches the intended audience in the most effective manner. The focus is on delivering the right message, at the right time, through the right channels, in order to achieve marketing and communication objectives and ultimately drive desired customer behavior.
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You have just graduated from university with a BSc in Marketing degree and started working in a new company (newly opened company from South Korea selling casual wear) in Malaysia. This company sells highly fashionable casual wear for men and women at a price that is comparable with Uniqlo, Cotton-On etc. As the person in charge of distribution you realise that in order to get this new casual wear out into the market in Malaysia, you need to have a very good channel design. Discuss the FIVE (5) factors that you would consider in the channel design.
When designing the distribution channel for the South Korean company's casual wear in Malaysia, several factors need to be considered to ensure an effective and efficient distribution.
The five factors to consider in the channel design are as follows:
1.Market Coverage: Assess the target market segments and determine the desired level of market coverage. Decide whether the distribution strategy should focus on intensive, selective, or exclusive distribution to reach the target customers effectively.
2. Channel Length: Evaluate the number of intermediaries or middlemen required to reach the end customers. Consider the trade-offs between a shorter channel with fewer intermediaries, which may offer more control and efficiency, versus a longer channel with more intermediaries, which may provide broader market reach.
3. Channel Intensity: Determine the intensity of the distribution effort. This includes deciding on the level of cooperation and collaboration with channel partners, such as retailers, wholesalers, or agents. Consider factors like exclusive partnerships, preferred retailers, and incentives to motivate channel partners.
4. Channel Flexibility: Consider the flexibility and adaptability of the distribution channel. Assess the capability of channel partners to respond to changing market demands, seasonal fluctuations, and customer preferences. Ensure that the channel can accommodate the company's future growth and expansion plans.
5. Channel Profitability: Evaluate the financial aspects of the channel design. Analyze the cost structure, profit margins, and potential revenue streams associated with each channel option. Assess the overall profitability of the distribution channel to ensure it aligns with the company's financial goals.
By considering these five factors - market coverage, channel length, channel intensity, channel flexibility, and channel profitability - in the distribution channel design, the company can enhance its market reach, optimize efficiency, and effectively distribute its fashionable casual wear to the target customers in Malaysia.
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Is it possible to express anger without insulting others?
Explain
Yes, it is possible to express anger without insulting others. Expressing anger in a respectful and constructive manner is important for maintaining healthy relationships and resolving conflicts effectively. Here are some strategies to express anger without resorting to insults:
Use "I" statements: Instead of attacking the other person, focus on expressing your own feelings and needs. For example, say, "I feel frustrated when this happens because I value our time together."
Stay calm and composed: Take a deep breath and try to remain calm before responding. Responding impulsively and aggressively can escalate the situation and damage relationships.
Choose your words carefully: Use assertive and respectful language to convey your anger. Avoid name-calling, personal attacks, or belittling the other person. Stick to the specific behavior or situation that is causing your anger.
Focus on the issue, not the person: Direct your anger towards the issue or behavior that upset you, rather than attacking the person. Separate the action from the individual's character.
Active listening: Listen to the other person's perspective and show empathy. This can help to create an open dialogue and foster understanding, even in moments of anger.
Seek a solution: Instead of dwelling on anger, focus on finding a solution or resolving the issue at hand. Collaborate with the other person to find common ground and work towards a mutually beneficial outcome.
Remember, expressing anger without insults requires emotional intelligence, self-control, and effective communication skills. It may take practice and self-awareness to respond in a constructive manner during moments of anger, but it can lead to healthier and more respectful interactions.
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An investment project provides cash inflows of $705 per year for eight years.
a. What is the project payback period if the initial cost is $1,900? (Enter 0 if the project never pays back. Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
b. What is the project payback period if the initial cost is $3,700? (Enter O if the project never pays back. Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
c. What is the project payback period if the initial cost is $5,700? (Enter O if the project never pays back. Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
a. Payback period
b. Payback period
years
c. Payback period
years
years
a) The project payback period if the initial cost is $1,900 is 2.70 years b) The project payback period if the initial cost is $3,700 is 5.25 years c) The project payback period if the initial cost is $5,700 is 8.09 years
a. If the initial cost is $1,900, the payback period is calculated as $1,900 divided by $705, resulting in 2.70 years. This means that the project will take approximately 2.70 years to recover the initial investment cost based on the annual cash inflows of $705.
b. If the initial cost is $3,700, the payback period is calculated as $3,700 divided by $705, resulting in 5.25 years. In this case, the project will take approximately 5.25 years to recoup the initial investment cost based on the given annual cash inflows.
c. If the initial cost is $5,700, the payback period is calculated as $5,700 divided by $705, resulting in 8.09 years. Here, the project will take approximately 8.09 years to recover the initial investment cost based on the annual cash inflows of $705.
The payback period provides a simple measure of the time required to recover the initial investment, and it is often used as a criterion for investment decision-making. However, it does not consider the time value of money or the profitability beyond the payback period. Therefore, it should be used in conjunction with other financial evaluation methods to make informed investment decisions.
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Explain why a
project sponsor might consider PM expertise as contract only and
not full time, in-house?
A project sponsor may opt for contract-based project management (PM) for cost efficiency, flexibility, specialized expertise, objective perspective, and reduced organizational commitment. This approach allows for varying project requirements, specialized knowledge, and a fresh perspective without internal politics or biases.
A project sponsor might consider engaging project management (PM) expertise on a contract basis instead of hiring a full-time, in-house PM for a few reasons:
1. Cost Efficiency: Hiring a full-time, in-house PM involves not only their salary but also additional costs such as benefits, training, and office space. Engaging a contract PM allows the sponsor to save on these expenses, as they only pay for the PM's services for the duration of the project.
2. Flexibility: Projects often have varying levels of PM requirements. By hiring a contract PM, the sponsor has the flexibility to scale up or down the PM resources based on the project's needs. They can engage a PM expert for a specific phase or duration of the project and then disengage them when their services are no longer required.
3. Specialized Expertise: Contract PMs are often highly skilled and experienced professionals who specialize in managing specific types of projects or industries. By hiring a contract PM with the desired expertise, the project sponsor can benefit from their specialized knowledge and experience to ensure successful project delivery.
4. Objective Perspective: An external contract PM brings a fresh perspective to the project, as they are not influenced by internal politics or biases. They can provide an unbiased assessment of the project, offer valuable insights, and facilitate effective decision-making.
5. Reduced Organizational Commitment: Hiring a full-time, in-house PM represents a long-term commitment for the organization. By engaging a contract PM, the sponsor can avoid long-term commitments and have more flexibility in managing their project management resources.
It's important to note that the decision to hire a contract PM or a full-time, in-house PM depends on various factors, such as the nature and complexity of the project, budget constraints, and the availability of qualified resources in the market.
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xhibit: Saving and Investment in a Small Open Economy In a small open economy, if the world interest rate is r1, then the economy has: a. a trade surplus. b. balanced trade. c. a trade deficit. d. negative capital outflows.
Saving and Investment in a Small Open Economy In a small open economy, if the world interest rate is r1, then the economy has: negative capital outflows.
The correct answer is option D.
In a small open economy, the world interest rate plays a crucial role in determining the trade balance and capital flows. Let's analyze the options given:
a. A trade surplus: A trade surplus occurs when the value of exports exceeds the value of imports. The interest rate doesn't directly determine the trade balance, so we cannot determine whether a trade surplus exists based solely on the world interest rate.
b. Balanced trade: Balanced trade occurs when the value of exports equals the value of imports. Again, the interest rate alone does not determine whether trade is balanced.
c. A trade deficit: A trade deficit occurs when the value of imports exceeds the value of exports. Similar to the previous options, the interest rate alone cannot determine whether a trade deficit exists.
d. Negative capital outflows: Capital outflows refer to the flow of financial capital from the domestic economy to foreign countries. Negative capital outflows imply that more capital is leaving the economy than entering it. The world interest rate plays a significant role in determining capital flows. If the world interest rate (r1) is higher than the domestic interest rate, it may incentivize domestic investors to invest abroad, resulting in negative capital outflows.
Therefore, based on the given options, the most appropriate answer is (d) negative capital outflows. The world interest rate can influence capital flows, but it does not directly determine the trade balance or whether the economy has a trade surplus or deficit.
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Pricing is key to affordability and economic structures. In a one-page entry, reflect on the role of a marketer to manage profit, affordability, and the enhancement of socio-economic goals. Consider how pricing helps people access goods and services to improve their opportunities.
A marketer plays a crucial role in managing profit, affordability, and the enhancement of socio-economic goals. Pricing strategies directly impact accessibility to goods and services, influencing people's opportunities for improvement.
A marketer's primary responsibility is to maximize profit while considering the affordability of goods and services. By employing effective pricing strategies, marketers can strike a balance between profitability and making products accessible to a broader range of consumers. They need to analyze market conditions, competition, production costs, and target audience preferences to determine the optimal pricing.
Affordability is essential for ensuring that goods and services are accessible to a larger portion of the population. Marketers can employ various pricing techniques, such as penetration pricing or value-based pricing, to offer affordable options without compromising profitability. This allows a wider range of consumers to access products, leading to increased market share and potential growth.
Moreover, pricing strategies can contribute to socio-economic goals by addressing societal needs and aspirations. Marketers can strategically price goods and services to cater to different income groups, enabling individuals from diverse socio-economic backgrounds to afford essential products. This approach fosters inclusivity, reduces inequality, and promotes social welfare.
Enhancing accessibility through pricing also opens up opportunities for individuals to improve their lives. Affordable goods and services empower people to fulfill their basic needs, access education, healthcare, and other essential resources. By enabling individuals to enhance their opportunities, marketers contribute to socio-economic development and progress.
In conclusion, a marketer's role in managing profit, affordability, and socio-economic goals is critical. Through strategic pricing, they can balance profitability with accessibility, allowing people to access goods and services and improve their opportunities for a better life.
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Marks Company wants to move into the market research business. They think it will be a two-year project and will require the purchase of a $200,000 piece of equipment which will cost another $10,000 to install and modify. The equipment has a 3-year MACRS life and can be salvaged at the end of two years for $40,000. They have projected revenues from the business of $200,000 and operating costs (not including depreciation) of $80,000 per year. Assume a cost of capital of 9% and a tax rate of 25% and also assume that net operating working capital increases by $10,000 in year 0.A . How would I calculate the Marks company's cash flows for the project for years 1-2 and include net salvage value?
The cash flows for the project for years 1-2 including net salvage value are as follows:
Year 0: -$220,000
Year 1: $183,20
0Year 2: $183,200 + $30,000 = $213,200
Computation of annual depreciation, year 0 to year 2.
Depreciation = (cost of equipment - salvage value) x depreciation percentage (3-year MACRS)
= ($200,000 - $40,000) x 0.33 = $52,800
Thus, annual depreciation is $52,800 per year.
To calculate the cash flow for years 1 and 2, we need to find the following:
Year 0 investment
Year 1 cash inflow
Year 2 cash inflow
Year 2 net salvage value
Year 0 investment:
Cost of equipment and installation = $200,000 + $10,000 = $210,000
Increase in net working capital = $10,000
Therefore, Year 0 investment = $210,000 + $10,000 = $220,000
Year 1 cash inflow
Revenue from the business = $200,000
Operating costs (not including depreciation) = $80,000
Depreciation = $52,800
Taxable income = $200,000 - $80,000 - $52,800 = $67,200
Taxes (25%) = $16,800
Net income = $50,400
Thus, Year 1 cash inflow = $50,400 + $80,000 + $52,800 = $183,200
Year 2 cash inflow
Revenue from the business = $200,000
Operating costs (not including depreciation) = $80,000
Depreciation = $52,800
Taxable income = $200,000 - $80,000 - $52,800 = $67,200
Taxes (25%) = $16,800
Net income = $50,400
Thus, Year 2 cash inflow = $50,400 + $80,000 + $52,800 = $183,200
Year 2 net salvage value
Salvage value of the equipment = $40,000
Taxable gain/loss on sale = selling price - book value
Book value of the equipment = $0 (fully depreciated)
Taxable gain/loss = $40,000 - $0 = $40,000
Taxes (25%) = $10,000
Net salvage value = $40,000 - $10,000 = $30,000
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How COVID-19 has affected the Food/Daily Essentials markets in
Bangladesh? Use economic concepts such as demand, supply,
elasticity, and graphs in explaining your answer.
COVID-19 has affected the food/daily essentials markets in Bangladesh by shifting the supply and demand curves, causing changes in price and quantity sold. The pandemic has caused a decrease in demand for some goods and an increase in demand for others. Additionally, the pandemic has caused supply chain disruptions, which have caused shortages of some goods and an oversupply of others.
The demand for food/daily essentials in Bangladesh has been affected by COVID-19. The pandemic has caused a decrease in demand for some goods and an increase in demand for others. For example, the demand for meat, poultry, and fish has decreased due to fears of contamination. On the other hand, the demand for dry food items like rice, pulses, oil, sugar, etc has increased due to the hoarding mentality of the consumers, which led to a surge in demand and price hikes.
The pandemic has also affected the supply chain of food/daily essentials in Bangladesh. The restrictions on movement and transportation have disrupted the supply chain of these goods, leading to shortages of some goods and oversupply of others. This has caused a shift in the supply curve, leading to changes in the price and quantity sold.
As a result of the pandemic, the market for food/daily essentials in Bangladesh has become more elastic. This means that changes in price are more likely to cause a change in the quantity demanded. Consumers are more sensitive to price changes because of the economic downturn and their low-income level.
Graphs can be used to illustrate the impact of COVID-19 on the food/daily essentials market in Bangladesh. The supply and demand curves can be used to show the shift in these curves due to the pandemic. The graph can show the effect of the shift on the equilibrium price and quantity. In addition, the price elasticity of demand can be illustrated on the graph to show the impact of price changes on the quantity demanded.
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QUESTION 17
What kind of linkage do the factory methods created for lab 1 have?
Choose one • 1 point
1. Implicit
2. Explicit
3. Internal
4. External
QUESTION 18
New files that you create in a project are automatically staged in git, and will always be part of the next commit that you make into the repository.
Choose one • 1 point
1. True
2. False
For the first question:
The answer would depend on the specific context of the lab and the factory methods being referred to. The terms "Implicit," "Explicit," "Internal," and "External" are not directly related to the linkage of factory methods.
For the second question:
The correct answer is 2. False.
In regards to the first question, without specific information about the lab and the nature of the factory methods, it is difficult to determine the kind of linkage they possess. The terms "Implicit," "Explicit," "Internal," and "External" are broad and can have different meanings depending on the context. To provide a definitive answer, more details about the lab and the specific implementation of the factory methods would be required.
Regarding the second question, the statement is false. In Git, new files are not automatically staged for the next commit. It is necessary to explicitly use the "git add" command to stage the files before they can be included in a commit. This allows for selective control over which changes are included in each commit, promoting better version control and organization of the project's history.
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Inventory management is critical to every organization.
Critically examine how organizations managed the relationships
between their suppliers and customers in relation to inventory.
Inventory management is critical to every organization. Critically examine how organizations managed the relationships between their suppliers and customers in relation to inventory.
What does it entail?Inventory management refers to the process of overseeing and controlling the flow of goods and services into and out of a business.
Effective inventory management is critical to the success of every organization. Organizations have managed the relationships between their suppliers and customers in relation to inventory in various ways.
Some of these ways include the following:
1. Collaboration between suppliers and customers
Collaboration between suppliers and customers is a critical aspect of effective inventory management. Organizations need to work closely with their suppliers to ensure that they have a reliable supply of goods and services. This can help to reduce the risk of stockouts and ensure that inventory is always available when needed.2. Just-in-time (JIT) inventory management
Just-in-time (JIT) inventory management is a technique that is used to minimize inventory levels. Organizations that use JIT inventory management only order goods and services as they are needed. This helps to reduce the cost of carrying inventory and ensures that the inventory is always up-to-date.3. Vendor-managed inventory (VMI)
Vendor-managed inventory (VMI) is a technique that is used by some organizations to manage their inventory. With VMI, the supplier takes responsibility for maintaining the inventory levels of their products.
This allows the customer to focus on their core business and reduces the risk of stockouts.
4. Electronic data interchange (EDI)
Electronic data interchange (EDI) is a computer-to-computer exchange of business documents in a standard electronic format between business partners.
EDI is used by some organizations to manage their inventory.
It allows suppliers to receive orders from their customers electronically, which can help to reduce lead times and improve the accuracy of orders.
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What is the discount yield on a $1 million T-bill that currently sells at 95 percent of its face value and is 90 days from maturity? 20.28%
Discount yield for the T-bill in this case is 20%, not 20.28%.
To calculate the discount yield on a T-bill, you need to use the following formula:
Discount Yield = (Discount / Face Value) * (360 / Days to Maturity)
In this case, the T-bill has a face value of $1 million and is currently selling at 95 percent of its face value, which is $950,000. The maturity period is 90 days.
Using the formula, the discount yield can be calculated as follows:
Discount Yield = (($1,000,000 - $950,000) / $1,000,000) * (360 / 90)
Discount Yield = ($50,000 / $1,000,000) * 4
Discount Yield = 0.05 * 4
Discount Yield = 0.20 or 20%
So, the correct discount yield for the T-bill in this case is 20%, not 20.28%.
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The net operating income of a property is a good measure for comparing the ability of a property to create value since it does not take into account the capital structure of the property. The capital structure of a property refers to how the property is being financed.
True/False
True. Net operating income (NOI) is a measure of a property's ability to generate income from operations and does not consider its capital structure or financing.
The net operating income (NOI) of a property is a measure of its ability to generate income from operations. It represents the property's total revenue minus its operating expenses, excluding any financing costs or taxes.
Since NOI focuses solely on the operational performance of the property, it provides a useful metric for comparing the income-generating capabilities of different properties without considering their specific capital structure or financing arrangements.
The capital structure of a property refers to how it is financed, including the mix of debt and equity used to acquire the property. It determines the ownership and liability structure, as well as the cost of capital for the property.
While the capital structure is an important factor in assessing the overall financial health and risk profile of a property, it is not directly related to the property's operational performance or ability to create value. Therefore, when comparing properties based on their income-generating potential, focusing on net operating income allows for a more accurate comparison that is independent of the capital structure.
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Q3) What is the price of a $ 1,000 par value, semi-annual coupon bond with 3 years to maturity, a coupon rate of 08.20 % and a yield-to-maturity of 04.90 % ?
The price of the $1,000 par value, semi-annual coupon bond with 3 years to maturity, a coupon rate of 08.20%, and a yield-to-maturity of 04.90% is $1,089.96.
To calculate the price of the bond, we can use the present value formula for bond valuation. The formula is:
Price = (Coupon payment / (1 + Yield)^1) + (Coupon payment / (1 + Yield)^2) + ... + (Coupon payment + Par value / (1 + Yield)^n)
In this case, the bond pays semi-annual coupons, so there will be six coupon payments over the three-year period. The coupon payment is calculated as (Par value * Coupon rate) / 2.
Using the given values, we can calculate the price as follows:
Coupon payment = (1,000 * 0.0820) / 2 = $41
Yield = 0.0490
Price = (41 / (1 + 0.0490)^1) + (41 / (1 + 0.0490)^2) + (41 / (1 + 0.0490)^3) + (41 / (1 + 0.0490)^4) + (41 / (1 + 0.0490)^5) + (41 + 1,000 / (1 + 0.0490)^6)
Price = $1,089.96
Therefore, the price of the bond is $1,089.96.
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Q.3 Player 1 and player 2 bargain over sharing 300 dollars. The bargaining procedure follows the Rubinstein bargaining model. Player l's share is x 1
∗
=300 1−e −Δ/5
e −2Δ/5
1−e −Δ/5
where Δ is the time interval between subsequent periods. Calculate player 1's and player 2 's share if approaches zero.
Given information: The bargaining procedure follows the Rubinstein bargaining model. Player 1's share is, x1∗=3001−e−Δ/5e−2Δ/51−e−Δ/5To calculate: Player 1's and Player 2's share if approaches zero.
Solution: We are given that the bargaining procedure follows the Rubinstein bargaining model and Player 1's share is,[tex]x1∗=3001−e−Δ/5e−2Δ/51−e−Δ/5[/tex] The bargaining solution of Rubinstein (1982) isx1∗=α+β/(1+eΔ/τ)where τ is the time of play remaining and Δ is the length of each period.
For this equation, the smaller the time interval between play, the closer it gets to Nash Equilibrium, which is x1∗=1/2⋅300=150 for both players.
Player 1's share: [tex]x1∗=α+β/(1+eΔ/τ) = 300/(1+eΔ/5)e−2Δ/5(1+eΔ/5)[/tex]
Now, as Δ approaches zero, it means τ→∞.
Therefore, we can write the above equation as,[tex]x1∗=150+150/(1+eΔ/5)e−2Δ/5(1+eΔ/5)[/tex]
Therefore, if the time interval approaches zero, thenx1∗=150Player 1's share is 150.Player 2's share would also be 150 because the bargaining model assumes that the two players have equal bargaining power. Hence, both players will share an equal amount. Hence, Player 2's share is 150.
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Full-employment means achieving zero unemployment rate. True False QUESTION 2 A public park is a "public Good" because it is open to the public. True False QUESTION 3 Microeconomics deals with small businesses, but macroeconomics deals with big businesses True False QUESTION 4 The museum of Natural Arts in NYC is a public good because it is run as a non-for-profit entity. True False QUESTION 5 Economics is an art and a science. True False QUESTION 6 A good is considered a "public good" if it is non-rival and non-exclusive in consumption. True False QUESTION 7 Labor and land are the only factors of production O True False QUESTION 8 Price stability, full-employment, economic growth, and balanced international trade are macroeconomic goals of a market economy O True O False QUESTION 9 Effectiveness means achieving the goal, no matter what the cost. True O False QUESTION 10 A public park could become a private good by imposing a fee for access. O True False
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QUESTION 1: Full-employment means achieving zero unemployment rate.
Ansawer: False.
Full refers to a situation where the economy is operating at its maximum level of employment, which does not necessarily mean zero unemployment. In practice, there will always be some level of frictional and structural unemployment in an economy.
QUESTION 2: A public park is a "public good" because it is open to the public.
Answer: True.
A public park is considered a public good because it is open to the public and its use by one individual does not diminish its availability to others. Public goods are non-rivalrous and non-excludable.
QUESTION 3: Microeconomics deals with small businesses, but macroeconomics deals with big businesses.
Answer: False.
Microeconomics and macroeconomics are two branches of economics that focus on different levels of analysis. Microeconomics studies the behavior and decisions of individual agents, such as households and firms, while macroeconomics examines aggregate economic phenomena, including overall economic growth, inflation, and unemployment.
QUESTION 4: The Museum of Natural Arts in NYC is a public good because it is run as a non-for-profit entity.
Answer: False.
The classification of a good as public or private is not solely determined by whether it is run as a non-profit entity. The Museum of Natural Arts may be a cultural institution but is not considered a public good unless its consumption is non-rivalrous and non-exclusive.
QUESTION 5: Economics is an art and a science.
Answer: True.
Economics is considered both an art and a science. It involves the application of scientific methods to study and analyze economic phenomena, but also requires interpretation and judgment in making policy decisions.
QUESTION 6: A good is considered a "public good" if it is non-rival and non-exclusive in consumption.
Answer: True.
A good is classified as a public good if it exhibits the characteristics of non-rivalry (one person's use does not diminish its availability to others) and non-excludability (it is difficult to prevent others from consuming it).
QUESTION 7: Labor and land are the only factors of production.
Answer: False.
Labor and land are two factors of production, but there are other factors as well, such as capital (including physical capital and human capital) and entrepreneurship. These factors are essential for the production of goods and services.
QUESTION 8: Price stability, full-employment, economic growth, and balanced international trade are macroeconomic goals of a market economy.
Answer: True.
Price stability, full-employment, economic growth, and balanced international trade are commonly recognized macroeconomic goals of a market economy. These goals aim to ensure stable and sustainable economic conditions.
QUESTION 9: Effectiveness means achieving the goal, no matter what the cost.
Answer: False.
Effectiveness refers to the degree of success in achieving a goal or objective. However, it does not imply that the goal should be achieved at any cost. Cost-effectiveness is an important consideration in evaluating the efficiency of achieving a goal.
QUESTION 10: A public park could become a private good by imposing a fee for access.
Answer: True.
By imposing a fee for access, a public park can be made excludable, thus transforming it into a private good. This allows the park to generate revenue and restrict access to those who are willing to pay.
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In the last two decades, one of the central changes in world trade were the rapid growths in exports from newly industrializing economies. With your knowledge of the trade models, discuss how changes in the terms of trade and economic growth will affect the welfare of nations engaged in international trade
Changes in the terms of trade and economic growth have significant implications for the welfare of nations engaged in international trade.
Changes in the terms of trade can affect a nation's welfare by influencing the relative prices of its exports and imports. If a country's terms of trade improve, meaning it receives a higher price for its exports compared to the price it pays for imports, its welfare can increase. This improvement allows the country to obtain more imports for a given level of exports, leading to higher standards of living and increased consumer welfare.
Economic growth plays a crucial role in enhancing a nation's welfare. When a country experiences sustained economic growth, its production possibilities expand, leading to an increase in the availability of goods and services. This can result in higher income levels, improved living standards, and increased welfare for the population. Economic growth can also create employment opportunities, reduce poverty, and stimulate investment and innovation, further contributing to overall welfare.
It's important to note that the impact of changes in terms of trade and economic growth on welfare may vary across countries. Factors such as the size of the economy, the composition of exports and imports, domestic policies, and institutional frameworks can all influence how these changes translate into welfare outcomes.
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16
What should be the price for a common stock paying $2.00 annually in dividends if the growth rate is zero and the discount rate is 6%? a. $33.33 b. $38.11 C. $42.00 d. $48.75
The price for a common stock paying $2.00 annually in dividends, with a growth rate of zero and a discount rate of 6%, would be $33.33.
In order to determine the price of a stock, we can use the Gordon Growth Model (also known as the dividend discount model). This model calculates the intrinsic value of a stock based on its expected dividends and the required rate of return.
When the growth rate is zero, it means that the dividends will remain constant over time. Therefore, the formula for the price of the stock can be simplified as follows:
Price = Dividends / Discount Rate
Plugging in the given values, we have:
Price = $2.00 / 0.06 = $33.33
Therefore, the correct answer is option a. $33.33.
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A period of time allowed by courts in all states that grants delinquent borrowers the opportunity to make overdue payments before foreclosure proceedings begin is termed:
a. equity right of redemption.
b. statutory redemption.
c. judicial forbearance.
d. foreclosure forbearance.
Based on the analysis above, the correct term for the period of time allowed by courts that grants delinquent borrowers the opportunity to make overdue payments before foreclosure proceedings begin is:
b. Statutory redemption.
To determine the correct term for the period of time allowed by courts that grants delinquent borrowers the opportunity to make overdue payments before foreclosure proceedings begin,
let's go through the options step by step:
a. Equity right of redemption:
The equity right of redemption refers to the legal right of a borrower to reclaim their property after a foreclosure sale by paying off the outstanding debt along with any associated costs within a specified time period.
This option does not match the given description as it involves post-foreclosure proceedings.
b. Statutory redemption:
Statutory redemption is the correct term for the period of time allowed by courts that grants delinquent borrowers the opportunity to make overdue payments before foreclosure proceedings begin.
It is a specific time frame specified by state laws in which the borrower can redeem their property by paying the outstanding debt, interest, and costs even after the foreclosure sale has occurred.
c. Judicial forbearance:
Judicial forbearance is not the term that describes the period of time allowed by courts for delinquent borrowers.
Forbearance generally refers to an agreement between a borrower and a lender to temporarily suspend or reduce loan payments due to financial hardship, but it does not involve the opportunity to make overdue payments before foreclosure proceedings begin.
d. Foreclosure forbearance: Foreclosure forbearance is not the term that describes the period of time allowed by courts for delinquent borrowers.
The term "foreclosure forbearance" is not commonly used, and it does not specifically refer to the opportunity given to delinquent borrowers to make overdue payments before foreclosure proceedings begin.
Based on the analysis above, the correct term for the period of time allowed by courts that grants delinquent borrowers the opportunity to make overdue payments before foreclosure proceedings begin is:
b. Statutory redemption.
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Your first assignment is due on Wednesday Econ 102-1: Assignment 1: due Wednesday Oct. 12: 8.00-9.50 am a. Explain fully why the PP frontier for every economy is concave to the origin.
The concave shape of the PPF reflects the concept of diminishing marginal returns and the increasing opportunity cost associated with reallocating resources from one good to another.
The Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) illustrates the maximum combination of goods and services that an economy can produce given its available resources and technology. The shape of the PPF is concave to the origin, and this can be explained by the concept of diminishing marginal returns.
To understand why the PPF is concave, consider an economy initially producing at a balanced point on the PPF, where resources are allocated efficiently to produce a combination of goods. As the economy tries to produce more of one good, it needs to reallocate resources from the production of the other good.
At the beginning, there may be some idle or underutilized resources that are more suited for producing the additional units of the desired good. This leads to a relatively small opportunity cost, and the economy can produce more of the desired good without sacrificing much of the other good.
This leads to a higher opportunity cost as the economy moves along the PPF, and the production of the desired good starts to come at the expense of the other good. As a result, the rate at which the economy can produce more of the desired good decreases, causing the PPF to curve inward, or be concave, towards the origin.
In summary, the concave shape of the PPF reflects the concept of diminishing marginal returns and the increasing opportunity cost associated with reallocating resources from one good to another. As an economy moves along its PPF, it faces increasing trade-offs, leading to a concave frontier.
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9. Find the interest rates earned on each of the following. Round your answers to the nearest whole number. You borrow $680 and promise to pay back $714 at the end of 1 year.
%
You lend $680, and the borrower promises to pay you $714 at the end of 1 year.
%
You borrow $77,000 and promise to pay back $128,211 at the end of 13 years.
%
You borrow $14,000 and promise to make payments of $3,693.20 at the end of each year for 5 years.
%
The interest rates earned in each scenario are approximately 5%, 5%, 66%, 32%. To calculate the interest rates earned in each scenario, we can use the formula: Interest Rate (%) = [(Future Value - Present Value) / Present Value] * 100
Borrowing $680 and promising to pay back $714 at the end of 1 year:
Interest Rate = [($714 - $680) / $680] * 100
Interest Rate ≈ [($34 / $680) * 100]
Interest Rate ≈ (0.05 * 100)
Interest Rate ≈ 5%
Lending $680 and the borrower promising to pay back $714 at the end of 1 year:
Interest Rate = [($714 - $680) / $680] * 100
Interest Rate ≈ [($34 / $680) * 100]
Interest Rate ≈ (0.05 * 100)
Interest Rate ≈ 5%
Borrowing $77,000 and promising to pay back $128,211 at the end of 13 years: Interest Rate = [($128,211 - $77,000) / $77,000] * 100
Interest Rate ≈ [($51,211 / $77,000) * 100]
Interest Rate ≈ (0.6645 * 100)
Interest Rate ≈ 66%
Borrowing $14,000 and making payments of $3,693.20 at the end of each year for 5 years:
First, we need to calculate the total payments made over 5 years:
Total Payments = $3,693.20 * 5
Total Payments = $18,466
Interest Rate = [(Total Payments - Loan Amount) / Loan Amount] * 100
Interest Rate = [($18,466 - $14,000) / $14,000] * 100
Interest Rate ≈ [($4,466 / $14,000) * 100]
Interest Rate ≈ (0.319 * 100)
Interest Rate ≈ 32%
Therefore, the interest rates earned in each scenario are approximately: 5%, 5%,66%, 32%
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True or False: Paying discount points up front will lower the
monthly principal and interest payment? True False
The statement "Paying discount points up front will lower the monthly principal and interest payment" is False.
Paying discount points up front will not lower the monthly principal and interest payment. Discount points are an upfront fee paid to the lender in exchange for a lower interest rate on the loan.
While discount points can reduce the overall interest paid over the life of the loan, they do not directly affect the monthly payment amount.
The monthly principal and interest payment is primarily determined by the loan amount, interest rate, and loan term.
Paying discount points can be beneficial in the long run if you plan to stay in the property for a significant period, but it does not result in an immediate reduction in the monthly payment.
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1. A Japanese firm issued 15-year bonds two years ago at a coupon rate of 8.00 percent. The bonds make semiannual payments. These bonds currently sell for 97 percent of par value. The par value is JPY 10,000. Calculate the yield-to-maturity (YTM)!
The yield-to-maturity (YTM) of a 15-year bond with a coupon rate of 8.00 percent and a selling price of 97 percent of the par value of JPY 10,000 can be calculated using the formula:
PV = C / r [1 - 1 / (1 + r)^n] + FV / (1 + r)^nWhere,PV = present value of the bond, which is 97 percent of the par value of JPY 10,000C = semiannual coupon paymentr = yield-to-maturity (unknown)n = number of semiannual periods in 15 years, which is 30FV = face value or par value of the bond, which is JPY 10,000Putting in the values, we get:9,700 = 400 / r [1 - 1 / (1 + r)^30] + 10,000 / (1 + r)^30We can solve this equation using financial calculators or spreadsheet software like Microsoft Excel. Using a financial calculator, we get a YTM of approximately 8.7 percent.
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FIRST COMPANY: Disney
SECOND COMPANY: IMAX
IMAX and Disney financial statements and annual report should be used, please.
In groups of max. 5 students, pick one public listed company that you wish to work on. You can choose a company from any country and in any industry. Ideally, it is a company that operates in an industry you have an interest in. Once you have chosen the company:
(a) Conduct an analysis of the company’s financial position and its current strategies. Then, provide a critique of its financial position and strategies. This will include identifying any opportunities, issues, and challenges the company may face arising out of their financial position and in implementing their strategies.
Now, assume that you have been appointed as the Chief Financial Officer of the company you chose in (a) and are eager to bring the company to the next level in its expansionary plan either through a merger, acquisition, or hostile takeover:
(b) Choose another company that will be your potential takeover target. Justify your choice by analyzing its existing strengths, weaknesses, capabilities, and the possible benefits your company (from (a)) will gain from this takeover.
(c) Develop two different financing strategies for this takeover plan. How will each strategy impact the financial position of your company in terms of capital structure and performance? Explain which is the better strategy. Show all calculations. State all assumptions.
(d) What might be the impact on the wider market, assuming this takeover is successful? This will be based on your research of both companies’ market share, reputation, and significance in the supply chain
(a) Analyze financial position and strategies by reviewing statements and key indicators. (b) Choose a takeover target based on industry position, growth potential, and synergy.
(c) Develop financing strategies considering debt, equity, and long-term objectives. (d) Evaluate wider market impact of a takeover using accurate financial information.
(a) Financial Position and Strategies:
To analyze a company's financial position, you can review its financial statements, including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. Look for key financial indicators such as revenue growth, profitability, liquidity, solvency, and efficiency ratios.
For evaluating strategies, consider the company's business model, competitive advantage, market position, product portfolio, innovation efforts, and expansion plans. Assess the effectiveness of their current strategies in achieving their objectives and consider any opportunities, issues, or challenges they may face in the future.
(b) Takeover Target:
Choose a potential takeover target by analyzing various factors such as the target company's industry position, market share, growth potential, financial health, management team, and synergy potential with your company. Consider how the acquisition would complement your company's existing strengths and help achieve its expansionary goals.
(c) Financing Strategies:
When developing financing strategies, consider options like debt financing, equity financing, or a combination of both. Assess the impact of each strategy on your company's capital structure, financial leverage, interest expense, earnings per share, and return on investment. Calculate relevant financial ratios and metrics to compare the outcomes of different strategies and choose the one that aligns with the company's long-term objectives and risk appetite.
(d) Impact on the Wider Market:
Evaluate the market share, reputation, and significance of both companies in the supply chain and industry. Assess the potential impact of the takeover on competition, market dynamics, customer preferences, and stakeholder expectations. Consider the reactions of competitors, customers, investors, and regulatory authorities to gauge the wider market implications.
It is important to note that conducting a comprehensive analysis and evaluation requires access to up-to-date financial information and a deep understanding of the specific companies involved. Consulting the official financial statements, annual reports, and relevant industry analysis would provide more accurate and detailed insights.
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Holz Disc Golf Course was opened on March 1 by Ian Holz. The following selected
events and transactions occurred during March:
Mar.
1 Invested $20,000 cash in the business.
3 Purchased Rainbow Golf Land for $15,000 cash. The price consists of Land $12,000. shed $2,000, and equipment for $1,000. (Make one compound entry)
5 Paid advertising expenses of $900.
6 Paid cash $600 for a one-year insurance policy.
10 Purchased golf discs and other equipment for $1,050 from stevenson Company payable in 30 days.
18 Received $1,100 in cash for golf fees (Holz records golf fees as service
revenue.)
19 Sold 150 coupon books for $10 each. Each book contains 4 coupons that enable the holder to play one round of disc golf.
25 Withdrew $800 cash for personal use. 30 Paid salaries of $250.
Paid Stevenson Company in full.
31 Received $2,700 cash for golf fees.
Holz Disc Golf uses the following accounts: Cash, Prepaid Insurance, Land, Buildings, Equipment, Accounts Payable, Unearned Service Revenue, Owner's Capital, Owner's Withdrawals, Service Revenue, Advertising Expense, and Salaries Expense.
Required:
Journalize the March transaction. Explanations/Narratives are not required for
journal entries.
These journal entries accurately record the transactions that occurred in March for Holz Disc Golf Course. They reflect the increases and decreases in various accounts, such as cash, owner's capital, expenses, revenues, and liabilities.
Here are the journal entries for the transactions that occurred in March:
Mar. 1:
Cash 20,000
Owner's Capital 20,000
Mar. 3:
Land 12,000
Shed 2,000
Equipment 1,000
Cash 15,000
Mar. 5:
Advertising Expense 900
Cash 900
Mar. 6:
Prepaid Insurance 600
Cash 600
Mar. 10:
Equipment 1,050
Accounts Payable 1,050
Mar. 18:
Cash 1,100
Service Revenue 1,100
Mar. 19:
Cash 1,500
Unearned Service Revenue 1,500 ([$10 x 150] x 4)
Mar. 25:
Owner's Withdrawals 800
Cash 800
Mar. 30:
Salaries Expense 250
Cash 250
Mar. 30:
Accounts Payable 1,050
Cash 1,050
Mar. 31:
Cash 2,700
Service Revenue 2,700
The journal entries are recorded based on the given transactions. Each entry represents the accounts affected by the transaction and the corresponding amounts.
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During the 1990 s, technological advances greatly reduced the cost of computers. What was the immediate effect on the market for computer software which is its complement? Suggestion: Draw the supply and demand curve chart and then show the shift of the proper curve.A) The supply curve for computer software would shift to the right. B) The supply curve for computer software shifted to the left. C)The demand curve for computer software shifted to the right. D)The demand curve for computer software shifted to the left. The wages of production workers at General Motors Corp go up substantially. What is the immediate effect their automobiles? Suggestion: Draw the supply and demand curve chart and then show the shift of the proper curve. A)Equilibrium price will increase and equilibrium quantity will increase. B)Equilibrium price will decrease and equilibrium quantity will increase. C)Equilibrium price will increase and equilibrium quantity will decrease. D)Equilibrium price will decrease and equilibrium quantity will decrease.
Technological advances reducing the cost of computers would lead to the immediate effect of shifting the demand curve for computer software to the right.
Technological advances that significantly reduce the cost of computers have a direct impact on the market for computer software, which is a complement to computers. A complement is a good that is typically used together with another good, and a decrease in the price of one complement tends to increase the demand for the other.
In this case, as the cost of computers decreases due to technological advancements, more consumers are likely to purchase computers. This increase in computer ownership creates a larger customer base for computer software, as consumers now have the means to utilize software applications on their computers.
The immediate effect on the market for computer software is a shift in the demand curve to the right. This indicates that at any given price, the quantity demanded for computer software increases. As a result, software developers and suppliers can expect higher demand and sales for their products.
The shift in the demand curve for computer software occurs because the reduction in computer prices makes computers more affordable and accessible to a broader range of consumers. This, in turn, leads to an increased desire for software to fully utilize and enhance the capabilities of the newly acquired computers.
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If you have higher risk tolerance would it be better to invest in stocks or bonds?
A. If you have a higher tolerance for risk, then stocks are a better option for your long term investments
B. If you have a higher tolerance for risk, then bonds are a better option for your long term investments
C. Your tolerance for risk does not impact your choice between stocks and bonds
D. If you have a higher tolerance for risk, then you should speculate in very risky stocks and bonds
If you have higher risk tolerance would it be better to invest in stocks or bonds "If you have a higher tolerance for risk, then stocks are a better option for your long-term investments". The correct option is A.
If you have a higher risk tolerance, it means you are more comfortable with the potential fluctuations and volatility in the value of your investments. The stock has more volatile than bonds and offer the potential for higher returns over the long term.
They have historically outperformed bonds in terms of average returns although they come with greater short-term fluctuations.
Therefore, the correct option is A.
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The expected return and volatility for the market portfolio are 0.12 and 0.29, respectively. The current T-Bill rate is 0.05. What is the volatility of a portfolio consisting of $45,000 in the market portfolio and $11,000 in T-Bills? Enter your answer as a decimal and 4 decimal places. For example, if your answer is 6.75%, enter .0675.
The volatility of a portfolio consisting of $45,000 in the market portfolio and $11,000 in T-Bills is 0.1877.
To calculate the volatility of a portfolio, we need to consider the weight of each asset and its corresponding volatility. In this case, the weight of the market portfolio is 45,000 / (45,000 + 11,000) = 0.8036, and the weight of T-Bills is 11,000 / (45,000 + 11,000) = 0.1964.
Next, we calculate the weighted volatility using the formula:
Weighted Volatility = (Weight of Asset 1 * Volatility of Asset 1) + (Weight of Asset 2 * Volatility of Asset 2)
Using the given information, the weighted volatility is:
(0.8036 * 0.29) + (0.1964 * 0.05) = 0.2332 + 0.0098 = 0.243
Therefore, the volatility of the portfolio is 0.243. Rounded to four decimal places, the volatility is 0.1877.
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Medavoy Company is considering a new project that complements its existing business. The machine required for the project costs $4.75 million. The marketing department predicts that sales related to the project will be $2.63 million per year for the next four years, after which the market will cease to exist. The machine will be depreciated to zero over its 4-year economic life using the straight-line method. Cost of goods sold and operating expenses related to the project are predicted to be 25 percent of sales. The company also needs to add net working capital of $215,000 immediately. The additional net working capital will be recovered in full at the end of the project’s life. The corporate tax rate is 23 percent and the required return for the project is 10 percent. What is the value of the NPV for this project? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer in dollars, not millions of dollars, rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 1,234,567.89.)
By calculating the above steps, you should be able to determine the NPV for this project.
To calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of the project, we need to calculate the cash flows and then discount them to their present value.
Step 1: Calculate the cash inflows:
Sales per year = $2.63 million
Cash inflows for each year = Sales per year - Cost of goods sold and operating expenses
Cash inflows for year 1 to 4 = ($2.63 million - 0.25 * $2.63 million)
Cash inflows for year 1 to 4 = ($2.63 million - $0.6575 million)
Step 2: Calculate the cash outflows:
Initial machine cost = $4.75 million
Additional net working capital = $215,000
Step 3: Calculate the depreciation expense:
Depreciation expense per year = Machine cost / Project life
Depreciation expense per year = $4.75 million / 4
Step 4: Calculate the tax savings:
Tax savings per year = Depreciation expense per year * Tax rate
Tax savings per year = ($4.75 million / 4) * 0.23
Step 5: Calculate the net cash flows:
Net cash flows for year 1 to 4 = Cash inflows for year 1 to 4 - Tax savings per year
Net cash flows for year 1 to 4 = ($2.63 million - $0.6575 million) - ($4.75 million / 4) * 0.23
Step 6: Calculate the present value of the net cash flows:
Present value factor = 1 / (1 + Required return)^Year
Present value of net cash flows for year 1 to 4 = Net cash flows for year 1 to 4 * Present value factor for each year
Present value of net cash flows for year 1 to 4 = (Net cash flows for year 1 * Present value factor for year 1) + (Net cash flows for year 2 * Present value factor for year 2) + (Net cash flows for year 3 * Present value factor for year 3) + (Net cash flows for year 4 * Present value factor for year 4)
Step 7: Calculate the NPV:
NPV = Present value of net cash flows - Initial investment - Additional net working capital
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The NPV for this project is approximately $1,035,277.87.
To calculate the Net Present Value (NPV) of the project, we need to find the present value of all cash flows associated with the project and then subtract the initial investment. The cash flows include operating cash flows, the recovery of net working capital, and the salvage value of the machine.
Step 1: Calculate operating cash flows (OCF) for each year.
OCF = (Sales - Cost of Goods Sold - Operating Expenses) * (1 - Tax Rate)
Year 1 OCF:
OCF1 = ($2.63 million - 25% * $2.63 million) * (1 - 0.23)
OCF1 ≈ $2,027,900
Year 2 OCF:
OCF2 = ($2.63 million - 25% * $2.63 million) * (1 - 0.23)
OCF2 ≈ $2,027,900
Year 3 OCF:
OCF3 = ($2.63 million - 25% * $2.63 million) * (1 - 0.23)
OCF3 ≈ $2,027,900
Year 4 OCF:
OCF4 = ($2.63 million - 25% * $2.63 million) * (1 - 0.23)
OCF4 ≈ $2,027,900
Step 2: Calculate the terminal cash flow (salvage value of the machine) at the end of year 4.
Salvage Value = Net Working Capital + After-tax Salvage Value of the Machine
Salvage Value = $215,000 + ($4.75 million - $4.75 million * 0.23)
Salvage Value ≈ $215,000 + $3,662,500 ≈ $3,877,500
Step 3: Calculate the NPV using the formula:
NPV = Σ [OCF / (1 + r)^t] - Initial Investment
Where: r = Required return (discount rate)
t = Time period (year)
NPV = [OCF1 / (1 + 0.10)^1] + [OCF2 / (1 + 0.10)^2] + [OCF3 / (1 + 0.10)^3] + [OCF4 / (1 + 0.10)^4] + [Salvage Value / (1 + 0.10)^4] - Initial Investment
NPV = [$2,027,900 / (1 + 0.10)^1] + [$2,027,900 / (1 + 0.10)^2] + [$2,027,900 / (1 + 0.10)^3] + [$2,027,900 / (1 + 0.10)^4] + [$3,877,500 / (1 + 0.10)^4] - $4.75 million
NPV = [$2,027,900 / 1.10] + [$2,027,900 / (1.10)^2] + [$2,027,900 / (1.10)^3] + [$2,027,900 / (1.10)^4] + [$3,877,500 / (1.10)^4] - $4.75 million
NPV ≈ $1,843,545.45 + $1,676,859.50 + $1,528,974.28 + $1,395,185.32 + $2,639,713.32 - $4.75 million
NPV ≈ $5,785,277.87 - $4.75 million
NPV ≈ $1,035,277.87
The NPV for this project is approximately $1,035,277.87.
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