Prepare a brief one-page summary of the legal risks faced by the profession of accounting. Refer to the Ultramares and ZZZZ case studies from your readings and relate the material to current regulations.
Resources provided in earlier modules such as the link to the PCAOB and the AICPA should be referenced. Where possible, cite a specific area or paragraph to defend your position.
Ultramares (Known User) Approach5
The most widely cited common law precedent stems from the landmark case Ultramares v. Touche & Co. (1931). In this case, the defendant CPAs issued an unqualified opinion on the balance sheet of a company engaged in the importation and sale of rubber. On the basis of the CPAs' opinion, Ultramares, a factor, made several loans to the company. Shortly thereafter, the company was declared bankrupt, and Ultramares sued the CPAs for ordinary negligence. The New York Court of Appeals (the state's highest court) ruled that the CPAs should be held liable for ordinary negligence only to their client and any third party (beneficiary) specifically identified as a user of the CPAs' report. The court went on to indicate that the auditors should be held liable to unidentified third-party users of the audit report for gross negligence or fraud. In the Ultramares case, the audit was performed "primarily for the benefit" of the client; Ultramares was not specifically identified as a user of the audit report. Therefore, to recover its losses, Ultramares would have been required to prove that the CPAs were grossly negligent in performing their audit. The case eventually was settled out of court, with no determination of whether the auditors had been grossly negligent.
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The Ultramares precedent has been reaffirmed and interpreted in many subsequent cases. These cases have clarified the conditions necessary for parties to be considered to be third-party beneficiaries of the audit. For example, the New York Court of Appeals upheld and interpreted the Ultramares precedent in the case of Credit Alliance Corp. v. Arthur Andersen & Co. (1985). The court stated that before auditors may be held liable for ordinary negligence to a third party, they must have been aware that the financial statements were to be used for a particular purpose by a known party or parties, and must have taken some action to indicate that knowledge.
Fraud at ZZZZ Best Co.
ZZZZ Best Co. was a carpet cleaning company started in 1981 by Barry Minkow, a 16-year-old high school student. Although the company experienced significant growth during the mid-1980s, it was not fast enough for Minkow. He hired several officers with criminal records and conceived a plan to restore damaged buildings for insurance companies. A number of multi-million-dollar restoration contracts were supposedly undertaken that later were found to be completely fictitious. Minkow attempted to cover up the scheme by spending several million dollars to lease a building and make it appear to be a legitimate restoration project when the CPAs insisted upon visiting the site. Prior to the time the fraud was uncovered, the company's stock had a market value in excess of $211 million. Shortly thereafter, the stock was worthless. This case clearly illustrates the risks involved in accepting young companies with rapid growth, the need to investigate the background of key officers of a company, and the need to have a thorough understanding of the client's operations and industry.
Not all entities have audit committees. For example, the concept of an audit committee does not apply to businesses organized as sole proprietorships, partnerships, and small, closely held corporations. Arrangements for an audit of these businesses often are made with the owners, a partner, or an executive, such as the president or the controller.
Fee Arrangements
When the business engages the services of independent public accountants, it will usually ask for an estimate of the cost of the audit. Staff time is the basic unit of measurement for audit fees. Each public accounting firm develops a per hour or per diem fee schedule for each category of audit staff, based on direct salaries and such related costs as payroll taxes and benefits. The direct rate is then increased for overhead costs and a profit element. In addition to standard per diem or per hour fees, clients are charged for direct costs incurred by the public accounting firm for staff travel, report processing, and other out-of-pocket expenditures.
Estimating a fee for an audit involves the application of the CPA firm's daily or hourly rates to the estimated time required. Since the exact number of hours cannot be determined in advance, the auditors may merely give a rough estimate of the fee. Or they may multiply the rates by the estimated time and quote a range or bracket of amounts within which the total fee will fall. In a competitive situation, a fixed fee may be quoted that is "discounted" from the standard to meet the competition.

Liabilities represent obligations to repay debts. Thus, option 'A' is the correct option.

A liability is defined in financial accounting as the future forfeitures of economic benefits that an entity must make to other entities as a result of previous transactions or other previous events, the resolution of which may result in the transfer or use of assets, the provision of services, or another future yielding of economic benefits. Financial accounting liabilities might be based on equitable duties or constructive obligations rather than having to be legally enforceable.

A responsibility based on moral or ethical principles is referred to as an equitable obligation. Contrary to an obligation that is founded on a contract, a constructive duty is one that is suggested by a particular combination of circumstances.

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The Money following would not be a resource in the production of rice. Land, water, labor, fertilizer, chemicals, and seed were identified as the key inputs used in the production of rice in the research area.

All materials available in our environment that are technologically accessible, economically possible, and culturally sustainable that assist us to satisfy our needs and desires are referred to as resources. Resources are divided into two types based on their availability:

In terms of food sources, rice is a renewable resource. Although there is a limit to how much rice can be grown on Earth, it is theoretically conceivable to keep growing rice in a specific location again, meaning that a rice field can continue to provide food indefinitely.

Therefore, Thus option (C) is correct.

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A marketing research firm to conduct surveys to understand the potential market. So option a is correct.

Market research, often known as marketing research, refers to a variety of strategies used to gather data and comprehend a company's target market. Businesses utilise this data to create better products, enhance the user experience, and create marketing plans that generate high-quality leads and increase conversion rates.

Making note of the most current data released on a certain topic after doing an online search on it is an example of market research.

Quantitative research is the best option to gauge opinions. Qualitative research is the greatest option if you want a thorough grasp of perceptions that show conscious, or even unconscious, ways people think about and arrive at conclusions about a subject.

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Under a decentralized management style, more control is given to those managers who are closest to the business operations of the foreign subsidiaries. The given statement is true.

Increased expertise within each division, quicker decision-making, better time management at the top management levels, and increased division manager motivation are all benefits of decentralized organizations.

In a decentralized management structure, managers who are closest to the foreign subsidiaries' operational business processes are given more authority.

Thus, the mentioned above-given statement is true.

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Answer:The supply curve is P = 300 + 100S. Draw the supply curve and label it. Draw a point at the equilibrium price and equilibrium quantity. Make your curves

Explanation:

For 2021, Arby's equity earnings from Hafton would be determined as follows: Determine Arby's portion of Hafton's net profits first: $50,000 multiplied by Arby's ownership interest of 30% results in $15,000, After that, deduct the dividends from Hafton: Arby's net income of $15,000 less the dividends she received of $20,000 is a net loss of $5,000.

The part of Hafton's net income that is attributable to Arby's ownership interest is referred to as Arby's equity earnings from Hafton. For Arby to calculate the return on its investment in Hafton and assess the performance of its investment over time, this information is crucial. Arby effectively became a stakeholder in Hafton on January 5, 2021, when it acquired a 30% stake in the company. As a result, it is now eligible to receive a share of Hafton's dividends and net profits. Arby can fully understand its return on investment because the equity earnings computation includes both net income and dividends earned.

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The most likely reason for with this genetic homogeneity is as follows: The following reaction and consequent genetic drift may have fixed numerous alleles on this island because very few mink might well have colonized there.

For the stated question:

An unusually high proportion of locations where first allele was fixed was discovered through genetic research of a sizable population of mink living on an island in Michigan.

The most likely reason for with this genetic homogeneity is as follows:

The following reaction and consequent genetic drift may have fixed numerous alleles on this island because very few mink might well have colonized there.

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Management accounting plays a crucial role in helping organizations achieve their goals by using accounting expertise to improve business performance, reduce costs, and increase customer and shareholder value.

Management accounting is a crucial aspect of business operations that involves using accounting principles and techniques to help managers make informed decisions that drive organizational success.

One key aspect of management accounting is cost analysis. Cost analysis involves examining the costs associated with producing a product or providing a service, and then using this information to determine the most efficient and cost-effective ways to produce and deliver the product or service.

Another important aspect of management accounting is budgeting and forecasting. Budgeting involves setting financial targets and determining how much money will be needed to achieve these targets.

Forecasting involves predicting future financial performance based on past trends and current information.

These two processes help managers make informed decisions about how to allocate resources and make investments that will improve the organization's bottom line.

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A researcher might, for instance, examine the frequency with which specific terms are used in social media posts or the colors that stand out the most in advertisements.

False, textual analysis refers to the act of looking through corporate documents to identify probable objects, properties, processes, and relationships. What is a textual analysis method? Textual analysis is a method for discovering more about how people perceive and express their daily lives by analyzing the words, symbols, and/or images included in texts. Visual, written, and verbal messages all provide cues as to how they should be interpreted. What makes an excellent text analysis example? A researcher might, for instance, examine the frequency with which specific terms are used in social media posts or the colors that stand out the most in advertisements for products aimed at different demographics.

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In accounting terms, the substance over form principle states that transactions should be recorded based on their economic substance, and not just their legal form.

Substance over form is an important accounting principle that ensures the financial statements give a true and fair view of a company's transactions and events.

Let's take an example to understand the concept of substance over form. Let's say a company enters into a contract to sell goods for $100, but due to a financial constraint, the company agrees to receive payment in installments over a period of time.

The revenue from this transaction should be recognized as soon as the goods are sold, even though the payment has not yet been received in full.

The principle is used to prevent companies from using accounting tricks to manipulate their financial statements and give a misleading picture of their financial performance. This is why it is critical to adhere to the principle of substance over form when preparing financial statements and recognizing revenue.

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Grey's approach should involve:

1. Identifying the stakeholders and their interests.

2. Listing and evaluating possible actions for each stakeholder.

3. Reaching a consensus and developing a plan of action with the staff.

Stakeholder is a term used to describe an individual, group, or organization that has an interest or concern in an organization or project. They can affect or be affected by the outcome of the organization or project. Stakeholders can include customers, employees, suppliers, shareholders, lenders, regulators, and the wider community.

The goals and interests of stakeholders can vary greatly and can sometimes conflict with each other. For example, shareholders may prioritize maximizing profits, while customers may prioritize product quality and safety. As a result, it is important for organizations to consider the needs and concerns of all stakeholders when making decisions.

Effective stakeholder management involves balancing the needs of all stakeholders and ensuring that their interests are taken into account. This can include regular communication and consultation with stakeholders, and incorporating their feedback into decision-making processes.

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Due to the Second Amendment of the Constitution, this is not legal. This declares that "The security of a free State is dependent upon a well controlled Militia.

In the recent Supreme Court case DC v. Heller, the Court found that Washington, D.C.'s handgun ban was unconstitutional, putting the second amendment to the test. Therefore, due to the freedom to carry a handgun for self defence, the government cannot outright outlaw the sale of all firearms and destroy them at will (this would likely be logistically impractical as well).

This Amendment is very debatable, particularly among those who support gun control measures. They advocate allowing only law enforcement agencies, such as the police, to own firearms. According to the Second Amendment, "a well-regulated militia.

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A business is clear, broad, underlying industry category or the market sector of organization's offering.

The market sector, a component of the economy, typically consists of several industries. One market sector could include two industries. In order to organize firm stocks that are trading in direct rivalry with one another, the major stock markets throughout the world as well as the majority of its smaller ones, are divided into market sectors. The term "market sector" is used to describe the type of issuer, such as a company, utility, government, or state, when discussing the bond markets. In marketing, market segments are portions of the mass market that can be particularly targeted by advertising campaigns. For instance, a large research firm's analyst might just focus on companies that manufacture medical devices, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology, or the healthcare industry as a whole.

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For marketing plans to be effective, attention must be paid to marketing Strategy which are the means by which a marketing goal is to be achieved, and marketing tactics, which are the day-to-day operational actions of the marketing mix.

A product or service is sold by using the marketing mix, which is a collection of marketing tools or tactics. It involves deciding how to position a product so that consumers will buy it at the ideal location, price, and moment. In accordance with the marketing and promotion strategy, the product will then be sold.

The four Ps—Product, Price, Place, and Promotion—make up the marketing mix's constituent parts. Marketing managers create marketing strategies for the commercial sector while taking into account all four Ps. Today, however, the marketing mix is increasingly including a number of other Ps for critical advancement.

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There are mainly three ways through which a debtor may get the benefit of cancellation of debt either through direct negotiation or through a "Debt relief program" or by filling bankruptcy

The cancellation of debt is recorded using the form 1099-C,and it's reported as an income to be the debtor.

The Gross incomes are defined under Section 61 of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC 61,U.S.C.§61), The gross income is considered to be the starting point for deciding which item of income are taxable for federal income tax purpose.

As per the rules if the income is $600 (from cancellation of debt) or more then the person is required to file the same for Federal tax with the IRS.

The Overall purpose of cancellation of debt is to provide a relief to the distressed debtor, however there are some exception which are not considered as cancellation of debt::

1. Debt cancelled as gift of inheritence

2. Some qualified student loan that meet specific criteria

3. Other education or relief programs that help provide health services

4. Cancelled debt that would be deductible if an individual as a cash basis taxpayer, paid it.

5. A qualified purchase price reduction on a property provided by the seller

6. Pay-For-Performance Success payments that reduce the principal balance of a mortgage under the Home Affordable Modification Program and

7. Amounts of student loans discharged upon the death or disability of the student.

Thus as in our case, our client Monte Carlo needs to report the amount ($25000) as an income from the cancellation of debt using Schedule 1 of form 1040 as other income.

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Three approaches that strategic leaders rely on to formulate and implement strategy are Strategic planning, strategy as planned emergence, and scenario planning.

Strategic planning is the process through which an organization's executives outline their vision for the future and determine the aims and objectives of their company.

The process involves determining the order in which those objectives should be achieved so that the organization may achieve its stated vision.

Strategic planning, strategy as planned emergence, and scenario planning are three methodologies used by strategic leaders to develop and implement strategies.

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Though the Sherman Act did not explicitly make the practice of price fixing illegal, courts have subsequently relied on it to find it to be so.

What is Sherman Act?

A significant U.S. statute known as the Sherman Antitrust Act forbade corporations from banding together or combining to create monopolies. The law, which was passed in 1890, made it illegal for these organizations to dictate, regulate, and manipulate pricing in a certain market.

The legislation controlled interstate trade while fostering economic fairness and competition. The Sherman Antitrust Act was the first attempt by the U.S. Congress to address the use of trusts as a technique that permits a small group of people to dominate a number of important businesses.

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Answer:

a,b and e

Explanation:

Notes payable is current liability, account receivable is current asset and equipment is non current assets all are to be shown in balance sheets, While sales revenue and depreciation expenses are to be shown in profit and loss account.

In a company's balance sheet, the items that are found are Notes payable,

Accounts receivable, and equipment. Thus, the correct option is (A, B, E).

The assets, liabilities, and owner's equity of a company are listed on a balance sheet as of any particular date. A balance sheet is often created at the end of specific time periods.

Notes payable are current liabilities, accounts receivable are current assets, and equipment are noncurrent assets. Sales revenue and depreciation expenditures are reported in the profit and loss statement.

The economic resources controlled by the firm, such as cash, accounts receivable, inventory, and equipment, are referred to as assets.

Therefore, the correct option is "A, B, E".

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The missing amounts in each of these four distinct circumstances, a through d, are calculated as follows:

                                                      a              b             c            d

Supplies available-prior year-end      $2,816       $625    $4,375     $3,313

Supplies purchased (current year)      11,264      11,864     5,000     14,577

Total supplies available                    $14,080  $12,489    $9,375  $17,890

Supplies available-current year-end   (1,075)    (3,296)      (800)   (12,439)

Supplies expense for current year $13,005    $9,193   $8,575    $5,451

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The right response is Option 4: Thousands of individuals in South Carolina received effective food, supplies, and medical attention from them despite the many challenges the organization encountered.

Congress approves the act establishing the agency for aid to freedmen and refugees in March 1865. These were with the purpose of providing both shelter and food. They also manage land and offer medical services. This benefited newly freed African Americans and displaced Southerners.

The Freedmen's Bureau provided food for millions of people during its years of operation, built hospitals, offered medical assistance, arranged employment contracts for former slaves, and arbitrated labor disputes. It also assisted ex-slaves in finding missing relatives and obtaining licenses for marriage.

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Correct Question:

Which statement best illustrates the effect of the Freedmen's Bureau during Reconstruction in South Carolina?

1. It was able to enact policies that allowed African Americans to achieve political, economic, and social equality in spite of opposition.

2. It successfully provided thousands of loans to freedmen in South Carolina, allowing these individuals to become economically independent by purchasing their own land.

3. Its policies brought about the successful conclusion of Reconstruction in South Carolina much quicker than if it had not existed.

4. It effectively provided food, supplies, and medical care to thousands of people in South Carolina despite the many difficulties that it faced.

The term data warehousing is used to refer to the process of doing all of the following, except the data Mining. Hence, option A is correct.

Finding anomalies, trends, and correlations within huge data sets in order to forecast outcomes is known as data mining. You may use this information to lower risks, improve customer connections, raise profits, and more by employing a variety of strategies.

Data mining is the act of examining large amounts of data to look for patterns, identify trends, and develop understanding on how to use the data. These results can then be used by data miners to anticipate outcomes or make judgments.

Thus, option A is correct.

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As a result, refute the null hypothesis and come to the conclusion that the two groups of basketball players' college preparations differ from one another.

The test statistic is within the safe range with a value of 10.57 and a Z result of 1.70, refuting the null hypothesis that there are differences between the two groups of basketball players' college preparedness. What are the alternatives to the null hypothesis? The alternative and null hypotheses are strictly incompatible generalizations about the population. H0 stands for the alternative hypothesis, whereas H1 represents the null hypothesis. The query is unfinished. Please see the accompanying image for a comprehensive explanation of the question. Thus, the null hypothesis that there are differences in the two groups of basketball players' college preparation is refuted by the test statistic, which is within the safe range with a value of 10.57 and Z result of 1.70.

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The Answer specifies that options B), C), and D) are accurate.

A loss and profit statement is a type of financial report that details how much money your company has made and spent over a certain period of time. The term comes from the fact that it also displays if you earned a profit or loss during that period. A P&L or a financial statements are other names for a profits and losses statement.

Profit refers to net income after subtracting expenditures from earnings, whereas revenue refers to income gained via company activities. Sales, fee-based revenue, and property-based income are just a few of the several ways that money might come in.

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The Complete Question :

Profit maximization may not lead to the highest possible share price because (check all correct)

A. customers will get upset.

B. Profits do not necessarily result in cash flows available to stockholders. There is a difference in accounting values and cash flows.

C. Timing is important—the receipt of funds sooner rather than later is preferred. Time is money!

D. Profit maximization fails to account for risk – extremely profitable opportunities may be too risky.

We can deduce from this that D: "the opportunity cost of "LeBron James" attending college was very high".

Opportunity cost refers to the cost of an alternative that must be forgone in order to pursue a certain action or decision. In LeBron James' case, the opportunity cost of attending college was very high because he had the chance to turn professional and play in the NBA right away, which would have been a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. By choosing to pursue a professional basketball career instead of attending college, LeBron James had to forego the benefits of a college education, such as the acquisition of new knowledge, networking opportunities, and potential long-term earning potential.

However, the potential earnings and benefits of a successful professional basketball career likely outweighed the opportunity cost of not attending college.

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To  become licensed as a non-resident producer in this state, a producer must maintain the required levels of capital and surplus.

Anything that provides value or benefit to its owners, such as a factory and its equipment, intellectual property like patents, or the financial assets of a company or an individual, can be referred to as capital.

While money in and of itself can be considered capital, the term capital is typically used to refer to money that is being used for investments or productive purposes. To run a business day-to-day and finance its future expansion, capital is, in general, a crucial element.

Businesses of all stripes typically concentrate on three types of capital when developing budgets: working capital, equity capital, and debt capital. Trading capital is a fourth component, according to a company in the financial sector.

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Beginning accounts receivable is $20,000, and ending accounts receivable is $15,000. As a result, cash collected from customers is less than sales on account.

Accounts Receivable refers to the money that a company is owed by its customers for goods or services that have been sold but not yet paid for. It is an asset account that represents the amount of money that the company expects to receive from its customers in the near future. This money is considered a short-term asset because it is expected to be collected within a year.

Accounts Receivable is an important component of a company's balance sheet and is used to track and manage the company's customer transactions. Companies typically use invoicing and billing to keep track of the amounts owed by their customers and to follow up on overdue payments. They also use various methods, such as credit checks and customer credit limits, to minimize the risk of non-payment.

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A) There are good reasons to believe that macroeconomic factors in the northeast of the country are favorable is false about Unilever at the beginning of the case.(a)

The statement that Unilever offers both premium and economy brands in the detergent category is false. Unilever offers a range of premium and economy detergent brands, but they focus on premium brands.

The company generally sells its premium brands at a higher price point than the economy brands. This is to ensure that the company maintains its position as a premium brand in the market.

The company also uses a variety of marketing techniques to promote its premium brands and ensure that customers are aware of their benefits. Unilever also invests heavily in research and development to ensure that its products are of the highest quality.

This helps to maintain its reputation as a premium brand and allows it to charge higher prices for its products.

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1. Projected benefit obligation at the beginning of 2024: $19,170

2. Service cost for 2024: $1,344

3. Interest cost for 2024: $1,344

4. Projected benefit obligation at the end of 2024: $21,909

Projected benefit obligation at the beginning of 2024:

PBO = Service years * Final year salary * 1.5%

= 14 years * $93,000 * 1.5%

= $19,170

Service cost for 2024:

Service cost = Service years * Final year salary * 1.5%

= 1 year * $93,000 * 1.5%

= $1,395

Interest cost for 2024:

Interest cost = PBO * discount rate

= $19,170 * 7%

= $1,344

Projected benefit obligation at the end of 2024:

PBO at end of 2024 = PBO at the beginning of 2024 + Service cost + Interest cost

= $19,170 + $1,395 + $1,344

= $21,909

Therefore, the correct answers are as given above

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The company's total weekly salary is $754.98.

The number of hours worked in excess of the standard 40 hours per week—or, in other words, the overtime—is 47 total hours: (47-40)=7 hours

Overtime rate=regular hour pay*1.5

regular hour pay=$14.95

overtime rate=$14.95*1.5

overtime rate=$22.425

overtime pay for 7 hours=7*$22.425

overtime pay for 7 hours=$156.98

40 hours of regular time multiplied by the hourly rate of regular pay equals regular compensation.

regular pay=$14.95*40

regular pay=$598.00

total pay=regular pay+overtime

total pay=$598.00+$156.98

total pay=$754.98

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