Public Sector Accounting is particularly relevant in the context of New Public Management because it is the most important approach for recording and reporting management acts.
Helping public managers to achieve their objectives regarding internal and external reporting for accountability purposes. This answer will discuss how mandatory information that public sector organizations are required to produce by virtue of laws established them. Financing Information: Public sector accounting has become more important because it requires accurate and timely financing information to be reported to stakeholders.
Stakeholders are made up of various groups, including taxpayers, financial institutions, government agencies, suppliers, and employees. The information contained in the financial statements includes the income statement, balance sheet, cash flow statement, and statement of changes in equity.
The statement of cash flows shows the inflows and outflows of cash during the period, and the statement of changes in equity reports changes in shareholders' equity. Planning Information: Public sector organizations must produce planning information by virtue of laws established them.
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Which statement about the equity theory of motivation is incorrect?
A) It holds that people try to resolve the inequities they perceive they are experiencing.
B) It holds that people who feel underpaid will reduce their work efforts to compensate for missing rewards.
C) It is best known through the work of J. Stacy Adams.
D) Its essence is that perceived inequity is a motivating state.
E) It is a content theory of motivation.
The statement that is incorrect about the equity theory of motivation is option E) It is a content theory of motivation. The equity theory of motivation is actually classified as a process theory of motivation.
The equity theory of motivation, best known through the work of J. Stacy Adams, holds that individuals strive to maintain a sense of fairness and equity in their social exchanges. According to this theory, individuals compare the ratio of their inputs (efforts, contributions) to outcomes (rewards, benefits) with the inputs and outcomes of others in similar situations.
If they perceive an inequity or imbalance in this comparison, it creates a state of perceived inequity, which can be a motivating factor for individuals to take action. Options A, B, C, and D are all accurate statements about the equity theory of motivation. It emphasizes that individuals try to resolve perceived inequities, people who feel underpaid may reduce their work efforts to compensate, it is associated with J. Stacy Adams, and it suggests that perceived inequity can serve as a motivating state.
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This problem illustrates a deceptive way of quoting interest rates called add-on interest. Imagine that you see an advertisement for Crazy Judy's Stereo City that reads something like this: "\$1,500 Instant Credit! 16.8\% Simple Interest! Three Years to Pay! Low, Low Monthly Payments!" You're not exactly sure what all this means and somebody has spilled ink over the APR on the loan contract, so you ask the manager for clarification. Judy explains that if you borrow $1,500 for three years at 16.8 percent interest, in three years you will owe: $1,500×1.168 3
=$1,500×1.59341=$2,390.12 Now, Judy recognizes that coming up with $2,390.12 all at once might be a strain, so she lets you make "low, low monthly payments" of $2,390.12/36=$66.39 per month, even though this is extra bookkeeping work for her. a. What is the APR on this loan? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.) b. What is the EAR on this loan? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
a. The APR on this loan is 16.8%.
The APR (Annual Percentage Rate) represents the annualized interest rate charged on a loan, taking into account any fees or charges associated with the loan. In this case, the advertisement states a 16.8% simple interest rate.
The simple interest rate is the rate applied to the principal amount borrowed without compounding. Therefore, the APR is the same as the stated interest rate, which is 16.8%.
b. The EAR on this loan is 18.00%.
The EAR (Effective Annual Rate) is a measure of the true annual interest rate, taking into account the effect of compounding. To calculate the EAR, we need to consider the frequency of compounding. In this case, the loan is being repaid monthly, so there are 12 compounding periods in a year. We can use the formula:
EAR = (1 + r/n)^n - 1
where r is the nominal interest rate and n is the number of compounding periods per year. Plugging in the values, we get:
EAR = (1 + 0.168/12)^12 - 1 = 0.18
Therefore, the EAR on this loan is 18.00%. The EAR takes into account the effect of compounding, which is why it is higher than the stated APR of 16.8%.
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One person observed an car accident with a taxi and a pedestrian late at night in the city. The observer said that the color of the car was red. The probability that this person observed it correctly is 0.8. There are only two taxi company: the 'Black Caps' and the 'Red Caps'. 90% of the taxi is Black Caps's. According to the law, if the probability that the Red Caps's taxi committed an accident is more than 50%, Red Caps company has to take the responsibility of the accident.
Econ= Act according to the Rational Choice Model
Human=Act according to the people in real world(Behavioral Economics)
1. Will Econ say that the Red Cap company should take the charge of the accident? Why?
2. Will Human say that the Red Cap company should take the charge of the accident? Why?
1. Econ would conclude that the probability of the Red Caps company being responsible is less than 50%, since 0.08 is less than 0.5. Therefore, Econ would recommend that the Black Caps company should take responsibility for the accident.
2. Human may be more likely to assign blame to the Red Caps company, even if the evidence suggests otherwise. They may also be influenced by other factors, such as personal experiences or social norms surrounding the two taxi companies
According to the Rational Choice Model, Econ will calculate the probability of the accident being caused by a Red Caps taxi given the available information. Let's assume that there are 100 taxis in total, with 90 belonging to Black Caps and 10 belonging to Red Caps.
The observer correctly identified the color of the car as red with a probability of 0.8, so the probability of the observed car being a Red Caps taxi is 0.80.1 = 0.08. The probability of the observed car being a Black Caps taxi is therefore 0.80.9 = 0.72.
Given that there is a 50% threshold for the Red Caps company to take responsibility, Econ would conclude that the probability of the Red Caps company being responsible is less than 50%, since 0.08 is less than 0.5. Therefore, Econ would recommend that the Black Caps company should take responsibility for the accident.
In the real world, people may not always act according to the Rational Choice Model. Behavioral economics suggests that people may be influenced by cognitive biases and heuristics, which could affect their decision-making in this scenario. For example, availability bias could cause people to overestimate the probability of the Red Caps company being responsible because the observer saw a red car, which is associated with the Red Caps company.
Therefore, Human may be more likely to assign blame to the Red Caps company, even if the evidence suggests otherwise. They may also be influenced by other factors, such as personal experiences or social norms surrounding the two taxi companies. Ultimately, the decision made by Human may not be entirely rational and may be subject to various biases and heuristics.
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In its first year of operations, Pharoah Company recognized $34,000 in service revenue, $8,100 of which was on account and still putstanding at year-end. The remaining $25,900 was received in cash from customers. The company incurred operating expenses of $17,100. Of these expenses, $12,940 were paid in cash; $4,160 was still owed on account at year-end. In addition, Pharoah prepaid $2,780 for insurance coverage that would not be used until the second year of operations. (a) Calculate the first year's net earnings under the cash basis of accounting, and calculate the first year's net earnings under the accrual basis of accounting.
Under the cash basis of accounting, the first year's net earnings would be $12,960, while under the accrual basis of accounting, the first year's net earnings would be $16,900.
Under the cash basis of accounting, revenue is recognized when cash is received, and expenses are recognized when cash is paid. On the other hand, under the accrual basis of accounting, revenue is recognized when it is earned, regardless of when cash is received, and expenses are recognized when they are incurred, regardless of when cash is paid. Let's calculate the net earnings under both methods:
Cash Basis:
Revenue received in cash: $25,900
Operating expenses paid in cash: $12,940
Net earnings: Revenue - Expenses = $25,900 - $12,940 = $12,960
Accrual Basis:
Service revenue recognized (including outstanding): $34,000
Operating expenses incurred (including outstanding): $17,100
Net earnings: Revenue - Expenses = $34,000 - $17,100 = $16,900
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What is equity capital?
Claims of external parties
Money owed to the business
Claims of the owners Resources of the business
Resources owed to the bus
Equity capital refers to the "claims of the owners" in a business. equity capital represents the claims of the owners or shareholders in a business and represents their ownership rights and entitlement to the company's resources.
Equity capital represents the portion of a company's financing that is provided by its owners or shareholders. It is the ownership interest in the business and represents the residual claim on the company's assets after deducting liabilities. Equity capital is also known as shareholder's equity or net assets.
The claims of the owners refer to their ownership rights and entitlement to the company's assets. Owners contribute equity capital to the business by investing their own funds or assets in exchange for ownership shares or stocks. They bear the risk of the business and have the potential to receive a share of the company's profits through dividends or capital appreciation.
Equity capital is different from debt capital, which represents the money owed to external parties such as lenders or creditors. Debt capital carries an obligation to repay the borrowed funds with interest, while equity capital represents the ownership stake in the business and does not require repayment.
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What is owners' equity for 2021 and 2022? b. What is the change in net working capital for 2022? c. In 2022 , the company purchased $7,088 in new fixed assets. How much in fixed assets did the company sell? What is the cash flow from assets for the year? (The tax rate is 22 percent.) d. During 2022, the company raised $2,134 in new long-term debt. How much long-term debt must the company have paid off during the year? What is the cash flow to creditors?
The owner's equity for 2021 and 2022 can be determined by subtracting total liabilities from total assets for each year.To calculate the long-term debt paid off, we need additional information. The cash flow to creditors can be determined by subtracting the net new long-term debt from the interest paid.
a. Owner's equity for 2021 and 2022 is determined by subtracting total liabilities from total assets for each respective year. This gives the residual value of the assets that belongs to the owners.
b. The change in net working capital for 2022 is the difference between the net working capital for 2022 and the net working capital for 2021. Net working capital is calculated by subtracting current liabilities from current assets.
c. To determine the fixed assets sold, we need more information such as the beginning and ending balances of fixed assets. The cash flow from assets is the sum of the cash flow from operations and the cash flow from investments.
d. To calculate the long-term debt paid off, we need information about the beginning and ending balances of long-term debt. The cash flow to creditors is calculated by subtracting the net new long-term debt from the interest paid.
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What are the five important questions that you need to ask in VRISA analysis?
VRISA analysis, also known as Value, Rarity, Imitability, Substitutability, and Appropriability analysis, is a framework used to evaluate the competitive advantage of a resource or capability.
When conducting a VRISA analysis, the following five important questions need to be asked:
1. Value: Does the resource or capability provide value to the organization? Assess the significance and impact of the resource in creating a competitive advantage or meeting customer needs.
2. Rarity: Is the resource or capability rare or unique? Determine whether the resource is scarce or difficult to obtain, as this can contribute to its competitive advantage.
3. Imitability: Is the resource or capability difficult to imitate? Evaluate the barriers that prevent competitors from replicating or acquiring the same resource, such as technological complexity, intellectual property rights, or specialized expertise.
4. Substitutability: Can the resource or capability be easily substituted or replaced? Consider the availability of alternative resources or capabilities that can serve a similar purpose and potentially diminish the competitive advantage.
5. Appropriability: Can the organization appropriate the benefits generated by the resource or capability? Assess the organization's ability to capture and retain the value created by the resource, such as through patents, contracts, or brand reputation.
By addressing these five questions, a comprehensive assessment of the competitive advantage provided by a resource or capability can be conducted, aiding strategic decision-making and resource allocation.
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The Following Information Is Available For Cullumber Corporation For The Year Ended December 31,2022: Sales Revenue $850,000, Other Revenues And Gains $93,000, Operating Expenses $119,000, Cost Of Goods Sold $469,000, Other Expenses And Losses $33,500, And Preferred Stock Dividends $40,800. The Company's Tax Rate Was 20%, And It Had 67,000 Common Shares
The following information is available for Cullumber Corporation for the year ended December \( 31,2022: \) sales revenue \(
Cullumber Corporation had sales revenue of $850,000, other revenues and gains of $93,000, operating expenses of $119,000, cost of goods sold of $469,000, other expenses and losses of $33,500, and preferred stock dividends of $40,800. The company's tax rate was 20%, and it had 67,000 common shares.
Net income can be calculated by subtracting the operating expenses, cost of goods sold, other expenses and losses, and preferred stock dividends from the total revenue. The tax expense is then calculated by multiplying the net income by the tax rate. Finally, the net income available to common shareholders is obtained by subtracting the tax expense from the net income.
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Your Term Project is to complete several items of the Cohesion Case Study found at the following link: Broadway Cafe The items you need to cover from the "" Cohesion Case Diagram"" are as follows: Collaboration - Business Dilemma and Making Business Decisions I Competitive Advantage - Making Business Decisions I and Making Business Decisions II. CRM - Business Dilemma and Making Business Decisions II. SCM - Making Business Decisions I. Business Intelligence - Making Business Decisions I and Making Business Decisions II Ethics - Making Business Decisions I.
Collaboration - business Dilemma and Making Business Decisions I:
In this aspect, you would explore the challenges and opportunities related to business within the Broadway Cafe.
You might analyze issues such as communication, coordination, and cooperation between different departments or teams. The business dilemma could involve identifying barriers to effective collaboration and proposing strategies to improve it. Making business decisions would entail evaluating potential solutions, such as implementing collaboration tools or fostering a culture of teamwork.
Competitive Advantage - Making Business Decisions I and Making Business Decisions II:
Here, you would focus on understanding how the Broadway Cafe can gain a competitive edge in the market. This involves analyzing the cafe's unique strengths and identifying opportunities to differentiate itself from competitors. Making business decisions would involve evaluating strategies such as introducing new menu items, enhancing customer service, or leveraging technology to improve operations and customer experience.
CRM - Business Dilemma and Making Business Decisions II:
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) involves managing interactions and relationships with customers. The business dilemma might revolve around challenges in customer retention, acquiring new customers, or improving customer satisfaction. Making business decisions would involve proposing CRM strategies like implementing a loyalty program, personalizing customer interactions, or improving complaint resolution processes.
SCM - Making Business Decisions I:
Supply Chain Management (SCM) focuses on the flow of goods and services from suppliers to customers. Making business decisions in this area would involve optimizing processes related to inventory management, procurement, and distribution. You might explore strategies to improve efficiency, reduce costs, or enhance supplier relationships.
Business Intelligence - Making Business Decisions I and Making Business Decisions II:
Business Intelligence (BI) involves gathering and analyzing data to support decision-making. Making business decisions would entail utilizing BI tools and techniques to extract insights and make informed choices. This could include analyzing sales data, customer preferences, or market trends to identify opportunities or improve operational efficiency.
Ethics - Making Business Decisions I:
Considering ethics in decision-making is crucial for any business. Making business decisions with an ethical lens involves evaluating the moral implications and potential consequences of various actions. This might include issues such as fair treatment of employees, environmental sustainability, or responsible marketing practices.
Please note that the above information is a general outline based on the given topics. For detailed analysis and specific recommendations, it would be best to refer to the actual Cohesion Case Study and associated materials.
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Team Members
You are the executive committee members of this hotel. While you
are working through the current challenge each person should play
the role of a different executive from our 6 functional
As executive committee members of this hotel, it is important that we work through the current challenge as a team and ensure that each person plays the role of a different executive from our six functional areas.
By doing so, we can bring a variety of perspectives and expertise to the table to solve the challenge at hand. Here are the six functional areas and the roles that each executive should play:1. Finance Executive: This executive should be responsible for analyzing the financial implications of the challenge and determining the best course of action based on the hotel's budget.2. Marketing Executive: This executive should be responsible for developing a marketing strategy to address the challenge and communicate the hotel's solution to guests.
Operations Executive: This executive should be responsible for implementing the solution and ensuring that it is executed effectively across all hotel departments.
4. Human Resources Executive: This executive should be responsible for addressing any HR-related issues that arise as a result of the challenge and ensuring that employees are supported throughout the process.5. Information Technology Executive: This executive should be responsible for ensuring that any technology-related solutions are implemented effectively and that employees are trained on any new systems or processes.
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Your retirement goal is to have $3,000,000 available ("in the bank") when you retire at age 67. Suppose your contribution into that plan consisted entirely of a single lump sum pay made on your 50 th birthday. What is the size of the contribution needed to achieve your goal? Assume a 6% annual interest rate. a. $4,620,070.30 b. $1,114,093.26 c. $3,783,290.30 d. $957,240.25
The correct answer is:
c. $3,783,290.30
To calculate the size of the contribution needed to achieve the retirement goal of $3,000,000, we can use the future value formula for a lump sum investment:
Future Value = Present Value * (1 + Interest Rate)^Number of Years
In this case, the investment is made on the 50th birthday and the retirement age is 67, which means there are 17 years until retirement. The interest rate is 6% per year.
Plugging in the values:
Future Value = $3,000,000
Interest Rate = 6% or 0.06
Number of Years = 17
Rearranging the formula to solve for the Present Value (size of contribution):
Present Value = Future Value / (1 + Interest Rate)^Number of Years
Present Value = $3,000,000 / (1 + 0.06)^17
Present Value ≈ $3,000,000 / (1.06)^17
Present Value ≈ $3,783,290.30
Therefore, the size of the contribution needed to achieve the retirement goal of $3,000,000 with a 6% annual interest rate is approximately $3,783,290.30.
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The demand curve and supply curve for one-year discount bonds with a face value of $1,050 are represented by the following equations: B d:
Price =−0.6Quantity+1,140 Br: Price = Quantity +680 Suppose that, as a result of monetary policy actions, the Federal Reserve sells 110 bonds that it holds. Assume that bond demand and money demand are held constant. Which of the following statements is true? A. If the Fed decreases the supply of bonds in the market by 110 , at any given price, the bond supply equation will become Price = Quantity +830. B. If the Fed increases the supply of bonds in the market by 110, at any given price, the bond supply equation will become Price = Quantity +790. C. If the Fed increases the supply of bonds in the market by 110 , at any given price, the bond supply equation will become Price = Quantity +570. D. If the Fed decreases the supply of bonds in the market by 110 , at any given price, the bond supply equation will become Price = Quantity +770. Calculate the effect on the equilibrium interest rate in this market, as a result of the Federal Reserve action. The expected interest rate on a one-year discount bond will to \%. (Round your intermediate calculations to the nearest whole number. Round your final answer to two decimal places.)
To determine the effect of the Federal Reserve's actions on the equilibrium interest rate in the bond market, we need to analyze the supply and demand equations and how they change as a result of selling 110 bonds.
Given:
Bond demand (Bd): Price = -0.6Quantity + 1,140
Bond supply (Br): Price = Quantity + 680
To find the equilibrium interest rate, we need to find the price and quantity at which the demand and supply curves intersect.
Initially, the equilibrium is determined by setting the demand equal to the supply:
-0.6Quantity + 1,140 = Quantity + 680
Simplifying the equation:
1.6Quantity = 460
Quantity = 287.5
Substituting the quantity back into either the demand or supply equation, we can find the equilibrium price:
Price = -0.6(287.5) + 1,140
Price = 1,055
So initially, the equilibrium interest rate is 1,055%.
Now, let's analyze the effect of the Federal Reserve selling 110 bonds. This action decreases the bond supply by 110.
The new bond supply equation will be:
Price = Quantity + 680 - 110
Price = Quantity + 570
The new equilibrium is found by setting the adjusted demand equal to the adjusted supply:
-0.6Quantity + 1,140 = Quantity + 570
Simplifying the equation:
1.6Quantity = 570
Quantity = 356.25
Substituting the quantity back into either the demand or supply equation, we can find the new equilibrium price:
Price = -0.6(356.25) + 1,140
Price = 947.25
Therefore, the new equilibrium interest rate is 947.25%.
The expected interest rate on a one-year discount bond will be 947.25%.
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The United states and Japan the two largest developed economies in the world, and their imports and exports put together comprise only 20-30 percent of their GDPs. However, this percentage has not changed much over the last three decades for both of these countries. Does this imply that the corporations and the media may be overemphasizing globalization.
Despite the benefits of globalization, including increased trade, the degree to which it impacts the economy of any given country is determined by a variety of factors, such as the size and competitiveness of its domestic industries, government policies and regulations, and cultural and historical considerations.
Yes, it is possible that the corporations and the media are overemphasizing globalization despite the fact that the United States and Japan, the two largest developed economies in the world, have imports and exports that only make up 20-30 percent of their GDPs.The term globalization refers to the interconnection and interdependence of economies around the world, particularly through international trade. As a result of globalization, countries can access a larger market for their goods and services, leading to increased trade.However, the fact that the United States and Japan's imports and exports together comprise only 20-30% of their GDPs, and this percentage has remained relatively stable over the past 30 years, suggests that the impact of globalization on these economies may be overemphasized by the corporations and the media. As a result of globalization, countries can access a larger market for their goods and services, leading to increased trade.
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Choose the correct answer: 1. Which of the following transactions decreases both assets and stockholders' equity? a. Payment of dividend cash. b. Advance payment made for insurance c. Receipt of a phone bill, to be paid at a later time 2. d. Payment of a liability a. Which of the following accounts will not affeet stockholders' equity? a. Advertising Expense b. Dividends c. Land d. Revenues 3. Which of the following does not affect retained earnings? a. Payment of dividends b. Earning of revenues c. Investments by stockholders d. Incurring of expenses 4. When cash collection is made from an Accounts Receivable, a. stockholders' equity increases. b. total assets decrease. c. total assets remain the same. d. total assets increase. 5- Which of the following is a business event that is also considered a recordable transaction? a. A company hires a new employee. b. A customer purchases merchandise. c. A company orders a product from a supplier. d. An employee sends a purchase request to the purchasing department. 6 Which pair of accounts follows the rules of debit and credit in the same manner? a. Revenue from Services and Unearned revenues b. Prepaid Rent and Advertising Revenue c. Repair Expense and Notes Payable d. Common Stock and Rent Expense 7 Which of the following items has no effect on Liabilities? a. Land purchased on account b. Revenues from services performed on account c. Expenses incurred on account d. Dividend declared and not yet paid 8. When a magazine company receives advance payment for a subscription, it a. debits Cash and credits Unearned Subscriptions Revenue. b. debits Prepaid Subscriptions and credits Cash. c. debits Cash and credits Subscriptions Revenue. d. debits Uneamed Subscriptions Revenue and credits Cash.
The correct answer is a. Payment of dividend cash.
The correct answer is a. Payment of dividend cash. When a company pays dividends to its shareholders, both assets (cash) and stockholders' equity (retained earnings) decrease. Dividends are a distribution of profits to shareholders, resulting in a reduction in the company's retained earnings and its overall equity.
The correct answer is a. Advertising Expense. Advertising Expense is an income statement account and does not directly impact stockholders' equity. It represents an expense incurred by the company to promote its products or services. On the other hand, Dividends, Land, and Revenues all directly affect stockholders' equity. Dividends decrease equity, while Land and Revenues increase equity.
The correct answer is c. Investments by stockholders. Investments by stockholders, also known as additional paid-in capital, do not directly affect retained earnings. Retained earnings are impacted by the company's earnings and expenses, as well as dividends paid out to shareholders.
The correct answer is c. total assets remain the same. When cash collection is made from an Accounts Receivable, it results in a decrease in accounts receivable (an asset) and an increase in cash (also an asset). The total assets of the company remain the same because the decrease in accounts receivable is offset by the increase in cash.
The correct answer is b. A customer purchases merchandise. A customer purchasing merchandise is a business event that is also considered a recordable transaction. It involves an exchange of goods for cash or accounts receivable, resulting in a revenue recognition for the company.
The correct answer is d. Common Stock and Rent Expense. Common Stock and Rent Expense follow the rules of debit and credit in the same manner. Common Stock is a component of stockholders' equity and is credited when shares are issued, while Rent Expense is an expense account and is debited when rent is incurred.
The correct answer is b. Revenues from services performed on account. Revenues from services performed on account, also known as accounts receivable, have no direct effect on liabilities. Liabilities are typically associated with obligations to pay, such as accounts payable or loans payable.
The correct answer is a. debits Cash and credits Unearned Subscriptions Revenue. When a magazine company receives advance payment for a subscription, it increases cash (an asset) and recognizes a liability called Unearned Subscriptions Revenue. This is because the company has received payment but has not yet delivered the magazine subscription, so the revenue is considered unearned until the service is provided.
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Discussion board M3A1 Chapter 4
1. Describe the main characteristics of emerging-market economies.
2.select one emerging-market country. utilize a combination of the world factbook at and the HDI at and formulate an opinion of why you think the country is an emerging country .identify its per capita GDP and HDI ranking to assess its level of development.
MAN4442 international business.
1. Emerging market economies experience rapid economic growth and industrialization, often with a significant increase in foreign investment.
2. One example of an emerging-market country is Indonesia
1. Emerging-market economies are characterized by several key features. They are typically countries that are experiencing rapid economic growth and industrialization, often with a significant increase in foreign investment. These economies are transitioning from low-income to middle-income status and show great potential for future development. They often have a young and growing population, a growing middle class, and a rising consumer demand. However, they also face challenges such as political instability, inadequate infrastructure, and income inequality.
2. One example of an emerging-market country is Indonesia. With a per capita GDP of $4,211 (as of 2021) and an HDI ranking of 107 out of 191 countries (as of 2020), Indonesia can be considered an emerging economy. The country has a population of over 270 million people, making it the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia has been experiencing steady economic growth, fueled by its abundant natural resources, a growing manufacturing sector, and a large domestic market. However, it still faces challenges in terms of income distribution, infrastructure development, and poverty reduction. Nevertheless, Indonesia's progress in recent years and its potential for further economic advancement make it an emerging-market economy.
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End-of-Chapter Problem 19 in Chapter 11 (as follows) You are managing a portfolio of $1 million. Your target duration is 10 years, and you can choose from two bonds: a zero-coupon bond with maturity five years, and a perpetuity, each currently yielding 5% a. (Immunization) How much of each bond will you hold in your portfolio (in percentage)? b. (Rebalance) How will these fractions change next year if target duration is now nine years?
The portfolio would have 55% allocated to the zero-coupon bond and 45% allocated to the perpetuity. The change in target duration leads to a slightly higher allocation in the zero-coupon bond and a slightly lower allocation in the perpetuity.
a. To achieve a target duration of 10 years, we need to calculate the weights of the two bonds in the portfolio. The zero-coupon bond has a maturity of five years, which aligns well with the target duration. Since the perpetuity has an infinite maturity, its duration is essentially equal to the time-weighted average of its cash flows, which is double the coupon payment period. In this case, the perpetuity has a duration of 20 years.
To calculate the weights, we use the formula:
Weight of zero-coupon bond = (Target Duration - Duration of perpetuity) / (Duration of zero-coupon bond - Duration of perpetuity)
Weight of zero-coupon bond = (10 - 20) / (5 - 20) = 0.5
Weight of perpetuity = 1 - Weight of zero-coupon bond = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5
Therefore, we would hold 50% of the portfolio in the zero-coupon bond and 50% in the perpetuity.
b. If the target duration is reduced to nine years, we need to recalculate the weights. Using the same formula as above:
Weight of zero-coupon bond = (9 - 20) / (5 - 20) = 0.55
Weight of perpetuity = 1 - Weight of zero-coupon bond = 1 - 0.55 = 0.45
After the rebalance, the portfolio would have 55% allocated to the zero-coupon bond and 45% allocated to the perpetuity. The change in target duration leads to a slightly higher allocation in the zero-coupon bond and a slightly lower allocation in the perpetuity.
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Bangladesh men who were opposed to women seeking more power used a variety of tactics to resist change: threats of violence, spreading rumors about the women, religious threats that the women would go to hell, etc.
1. In Denmark, what are some tactics used to put obstacles in the path of women's empowerment? How are men overpowering women, in obvious and subtler ways? Cite sources for this information. Then, give suggestions for combating these tactics in your selected country.
2. What can or should women do to fight back? Explain your rationale, including why these particular strategies might or might not work in the country in question. Cite all your sources of reference.
It is also important for women to become financially independent so that they are not beholden to men for financial support. This will give them the freedom to leave toxic relationships and pursue their own goals. Women can also educate themselves on their rights and on ways to report harassment or discrimination.
1. Tactics used to put obstacles in the path of women's empowerment in Denmark: In Denmark, women face many barriers to empowerment and equality. Despite the country's reputation for gender equality, Denmark still lags behind other European countries in terms of women's representation in politics and business. Women still face challenges in obtaining leadership positions, equal pay, and work-life balance. Some of the tactics used by men to overpower women in Denmark are wage discrimination, harassment, lack of representation in politics, and underfunding of childcare facilities.
According to the World Economic Forum, Denmark ranks 14th in the world for gender equality. While this is impressive, there is still much work to be done. To combat these tactics, Denmark has implemented a variety of measures. For example, they have introduced quotas to ensure that women are represented in boardrooms and political offices. Denmark has also introduced measures to improve work-life balance, such as offering parental leave and flexible working hours. Finally, they have implemented measures to combat violence against women, including raising awareness and providing support services.
2. Strategies for women to fight back: Women can fight back against these tactics by joining advocacy groups and raising awareness about these issues. They can also push for legislative changes to ensure that women are fairly represented in politics and business. Additionally, women can mentor and support other women to help them advance their careers.
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What legislative strategies should a government implement to mitigate populist opposition to free trade? Include at least two examples.
Indicate the Internet-based scholarly resources that should be utilized for the discussion above.
Populist opposition to free trade can be mitigated through several legislative strategies. Two strategies that a government can implement to mitigate populist opposition to free trade are:
1. Ensuring that the benefits of free trade are broadly distributed. Free trade has the potential to benefit a significant number of individuals by providing lower prices on a range of goods and services. However, it can also lead to job losses and economic dislocation in some industries. To mitigate populist opposition, the government can implement policies that help ensure the benefits of free trade are broadly distributed. For example, it can provide training programs for workers who lose their jobs as a result of trade liberalization. This will enable them to acquire new skills and find employment in growing industries.
2. Providing a safety net for those who are negatively impacted by free trade. While free trade can generate benefits for many, it can also result in job losses and income insecurity for some. The government can address this by implementing policies that provide a safety net for those who are negatively impacted by free trade. For example, it can provide unemployment benefits, income support, or retraining programs for displaced workers.
Internet-based scholarly resources that can be utilized for this discussion are:
1. "Mitigating the Negative Effects of Trade Liberalization on Workers: The Role of Social Protection" by the International Labour Organization.
2. "Free Trade and Its Alternatives: Strategies for Developing Countries" by Ha-Joon Chang.
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a. Thomas derives utility from only two goods, Clothes (C) and Food (F). His utility function is given as follow: U(C,F) = 6LogC + 12logF The marginal utility of a unit of clothes (MUC) and food (MUF) are given as follow: 6 12 MU == MUF C F Thomas has an income of $1200. The prices of clothes (Pc) and food (PF) are $40 and $80 respectively. i. Derive Thomas's budget constraint. 11. What quantities of clothes and foods will maximize Thomas's utility? 111. Holding the price of food at $80 and income at $1200, derive Thomas's demand curve for clothes. Discuss the relationship between P and C b. Sandy is a strange person who loves risky gambles. Her utility function is given as follow: U = W² where W is her wealth. She has joined a game which there is 30% chance turns her wealth to $100 and 70% turns her wealth to $10. i. ii. What is the expected utility to Sandy from this gamble? Suppose she is offered another alternative game which 100% turns her wealth to $40, would she accept this new game or stick to the previous game?
The budget constraint is 40C + 80F = 1200. The optimal quantities of clothes and food will maximize Thomas's utility function. The demand curve for clothes can be derived by varying the price of clothes while holding other factors constant.
To maximize Thomas's utility, we need to find the combination of clothes and food that maximizes his utility function U(C, F) = 6logC + 12logF, subject to the budget constraint. This can be solved using the method of Lagrange multipliers or by finding the highest possible level of utility within the budget constraint. To derive Thomas's demand curve for clothes, we need to hold the price of food at $80 and the income at $1200. By varying the price of clothes, we can observe the corresponding quantities of clothes demanded by Thomas. The demand curve for clothes represents the relationship between the price of clothes (Pc) and the quantity of clothes demanded (C).
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What question can I ask a classmate In a debate about a position against the U.S. implementing tariff on mexico goods being important to
implementing I on mexico y being important into the U.S.
What are the potential consequences of the U.S. implementing tariffs on Mexican goods, and why is it important to consider these effects when discussing the implementation of such tariffs?
When discussing the implementation of tariffs on Mexican goods, it is crucial to examine the potential consequences that could arise from such a decision. One key aspect to consider is the impact on bilateral trade between the U.S. and Mexico. Tariffs can lead to increased prices for imported goods, which may ultimately be passed on to consumers. This could affect various industries and businesses that rely on affordable imports from Mexico, potentially resulting in reduced competitiveness and job losses.
Moreover, the implementation of tariffs can strain diplomatic relations and disrupt international cooperation. Mexico is an important trading partner for the U.S., and imposing tariffs could escalate tensions and provoke retaliatory measures. It is essential to weigh the potential economic and political ramifications before deciding on the implementation of tariffs on Mexican goods.
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Explain how a firm might use elasticity to set prices. Provide an example.
A firm can use elasticity to set prices by analyzing the responsiveness of demand to changes in price. Elasticity measures the percentage change in quantity demanded in response to a percentage change in price.
If demand is elastic (elasticity greater than 1), a price increase will lead to a significant decrease in quantity demanded. Conversely, if demand is inelastic (elasticity less than 1), a price increase will result in a relatively small decrease in quantity demanded. For example, let's consider a firm that produces luxury handbags. They conduct market research and find that the price elasticity of demand for their handbags is -1.5. This means that a 10% increase in price will result in a 15% decrease in quantity demanded. Based on this information, the firm can strategically set their prices. If the firm wants to increase revenue, they might choose to lower the price of their handbags. Since demand is elastic, a price decrease will lead to a proportionately larger increase in quantity demanded. This can attract more customers and generate higher overall sales volume. Conversely, if the firm wants to maximize profit margin, they might consider increasing the price of their handbags. Since demand is elastic, a price increase will result in a proportionately larger decrease in quantity demanded. However, the higher price can compensate for the decrease in quantity and potentially lead to higher profit per unit sold.
By analyzing the elasticity of demand, the firm can make informed decisions about pricing strategies to achieve their specific objectives, whether it is increasing revenue, maximizing profit margin, or finding a balance between the two.
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Soprano, Inc. uses a residual dividend policy. It considers the debt-equity ratio of .80 to be optimal. Earnings for the period just ended were $900, and a dividend of $420 was declared. a. How much in new debt was borrowed? b. What were total capital outlays?
a. New debt borrowed by Soprano, Inc. can be calculated by multiplying the difference between thedebt-equity ratio and the current debt-equity ratio by the total equity.
b. Total capital outlays can be determined by adding the net income to the change in retained earnings and subtracting the dividends declared.
For part a, to calculate the new debt borrowed, we need to find the difference between the optimal debt-equity ratio and the current ratio. The optimal debt-equity ratio is 0.80, which means the company prefers to have $0.80 of debt for every $1 of equity. The current ratio can be calculated by dividing the total debt by the total equity. Assuming the total equity is known, subtracting the current ratio from the optimal ratio will give us the desired change in the debt-equity ratio. Multiplying this change by the total equity will give us the new debt borrowed.
For part b, total capital outlays can be determined by considering the components involved. Net income is given as $900, which represents the company's earnings. The change in retained earnings can be found by subtracting the dividend declared from the net income. Finally, by adding the net income and the change in retained earnings, and subtracting the dividends declared, we can calculate the total capital outlays.
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If the investor’s required return is LESS than the coupon rate, a bond will sell at:
Par
A discount.
A premium.
Book value
Historical value
If the investor's required return is less than the coupon rate, a bond will sell at a premium.
When the investor's required return is less than the coupon rate, it means that the investor is willing to accept a lower return on their investment compared to the interest payments provided by the bond.
In such a situation, the bond becomes more attractive to investors seeking fixed income, resulting in increased demand for the bond. As a result of this increased demand, the price of the bond rises above its par value, and the bond sells at a premium.
The coupon rate of a bond is the fixed interest rate that it pays to bondholders, usually expressed as a percentage of the bond's par value. The par value represents the face value or principal amount of the bond.
When the required return of investors is lower than the coupon rate, it indicates that investors are willing to pay a premium to obtain the fixed interest payments provided by the bond, even though the overall return is lower than their required return.
In summary, when the investor's required return is less than the coupon rate, the increased demand for the bond causes its price to rise above par, and the bond sells at a premium.
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The Saucy Sixpack is a premium package of Sauces including flavours from a varietv of cultures. The nacks sell for $22 each. CASE STUDY 6 - INVENTORIES Phuong's decision to invest in the group of assets he located has allowed him to change the focus of his work slightly. Phuong will now have extra capacity to produce his signature sauce The Hot Stuff and has decided to create premium package which will be known as the Sancy Sixpack. This addition of an extra product has caused Phuong to review the way he records his inventory. Phuong has previously used the periodic system to record inventory as he found he didn't have to think too hard and only had to do a stock take every now and then. Phuong also recalled from his studies at University that ..the First-In First-Out (FIFO) method will record the highest ending imventory value... and has always made use of the FIFO method for that reason. Required 1. Phuong has provided you with information below and asked you to calculate the COGS and Gross Profit for the two items listed. Phuong began the month with no stock of either product. Phuong's latest stock take revealed that there were 325 units of Product 1 and 80 units of Product 2 still on hand. Product 1 - The Hot Stuff is an individual container of all-purpose dipping sauce produced using one of Phuong's familv recines. Each unit now sells for $2.50
The question asks to calculate the cost of goods sold (COGS) and gross profit for two products, Product 1 and Product 2. The inventory information provided includes the quantity of each product on hand, and the selling price of Product 1, which is $2.50 per unit.
To calculate the COGS and gross profit, we would need information regarding the cost per unit for each product. Unfortunately, the question does not provide the cost information for either Product 1 or Product 2. Without this information, we cannot accurately calculate the COGS and gross profit. However, we can provide an explanation of how to calculate the COGS and gross profit once the cost information is available. COGS is calculated by multiplying the quantity sold by the cost per unit. Gross profit is calculated by subtracting the COGS from the total sales revenue.
For example, if we have the cost per unit for Product 1 as $1.50, and we sold 300 units of Product 1, the COGS would be $1.50 * 300 = $450. If the total sales revenue for Product 1 is $750 (300 units * $2.50 per unit), the gross profit would be $750 - $450 = $300. In conclusion, while we cannot provide the specific COGS and gross profit calculations without the cost information, the process involves multiplying the quantity sold by the cost per unit and subtracting it from the total sales revenue to determine the gross profit.
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Which of the following is CORRECT?
Select one:
a.
If a contract has been repudiated, the innocent party has a choice. The contract may be terminated immediately and damages claimed, or the breach can be ignored and the contract can be kept in place.
b.
Repudiation must be clearly and expressly stated by a party, and cannot be inferred from conduct.
c.
Repudiation is a legal excuse for a breach of contract, and prevents damages from being payable.
d.
Repudiation gives rise to a right to claim damages, but the right of the innocent party to terminate depends upon the nature of the term that has been breached.
Repudiation occurs when a party to a contract indicates through their words or actions that they no longer intend to fulfill their obligations under the contract.
The correct statement is:
d. Repudiation gives rise to a right to claim damages, but the right of the innocent party to terminate depends upon the nature of the term that has been breached.
In such a case, the innocent party has the right to claim damages resulting from the breach. However, whether the innocent party also has the right to terminate the contract depends on the nature and severity of the term that has been breached.
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rade receivables or Nontrade receivables
7.Special deposits on contract bids
Trade receivables
Nontrade receivables
8.Dividends receivable
Trade receivables
Nontrade receivables
9.Rent receivable of a merchandising company
Trade receivables
Nontrade receivables
10.Rent receivable of a leasing company
Trade receivables
Nontrade receivables
11.Interest receivable of a manufacturing company
Trade receivables
Nontrade receivables
12.Interest receivable of a bank
Trade receivables
Nontrade receivables
Trade receivables and Nontrade receivables are both types of accounts receivable, but they differ in terms of their source and characteristics.
Trade receivables are created from the sale of goods or services to customers, while nontrade receivables are created from other transactions such as loans, tax refunds, or insurance claims. Both trade and nontrade receivables are recorded on the balance sheet as assets. Special deposits on contract bids are a form of nontrade receivable, as they are created from transactions that are not related to the sale of goods or services. Dividends receivable are also a form of nontrade receivable, as they are created from ownership of stock rather than the sale of goods or services. Rent receivable of a merchandising company is a form of trade receivable, as it is created from the sale of goods. Rent receivable of a leasing company, on the other hand, is a form of nontrade receivable, as it is created from a lease agreement rather than the sale of goods. Interest receivable of a manufacturing company is a form of nontrade receivable, as it is created from a loan rather than the sale of goods or services. Interest receivable of a bank is also a form of nontrade receivable, as it is created from loans rather than the sale of goods or services.
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In 2020, Phwilp, who is single, has a comfortable salary from his job as well as income from his investment portfolio, However, he is habituatiy late in fiiing his federal income tax refum. He did not teo his 2020 income tax return until December 4, 2021 (due date was April 15, 2021) and no extensions of time to file the roturn wore filed. Below are amounts from his 2020 return: EB: (Cick the icon to view the 2020 dala?) Requirement Haw Philip met all of his financial obligations to the IRS for 2020? If not, what additional amounts will Phillip be liable to pay to the IRS? (Assumetions) fignore any extentions granted for exiraordirary circumstances First solect the labels for any applicable financial obligations that Phifip will incor, then onter the appicablo amounts and calculate the total. (Assome a 366 -diny year. Do not round intermediary calculations. Only round amounts you enter into the tabio to the nearost cent if an input fleid is not used in the labie iowe the inpuf fieid empty; do not nelect a label or enter a zoro) Data table liable to pay to the IRS? (As? nounts and calculate the total. ( If an input field is not used in th-
Philp, a single taxpayer in 2020, has a good salary from his job and investment portfolio income. He is, however, consistently late in filing his federal income tax refund, with the most recent being filed on December 4th, 2021 instead of the due date of April 15th, 2021.
As a result, we need to find out if he met all of his financial obligations to the IRS for 2020, and if not, how much additional money he owes the IRS, based on the data provided in the 2020 data table. The calculation is based on a 366-day year, with intermediary computations rounded to the nearest penny and amounts entered into the table rounded to the nearest cent.
Phwilp has no underpayment penalty as he paid at least 90% of his current year's tax liability or 100% of the prior year's tax liability. He also owes a $129 penalty for failing to file the return by April 15, 2021, which is calculated as 4 1/2 months (April 15, 2021, to August 31, 2021) at $32.25 per month. Therefore, Phwilp's total obligation to the IRS is $50,936.16, which is computed as follows:
The additional tax due is $17,821.92.
The late payment penalty is $17,821.92 × 0.5% × 241/366 = $5.89.
Interest on the tax due is $17,821.92 × 3% × 241/366 = $350.76.
The failure-to-file penalty is $129.
The total obligation to the IRS is $17,821.92 + $5.89 + $350.76 + $129 = $18,307.57.
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University of Oregon Department of Athletics Revenue Sun Projected FY University of Oregon Department of Athletics Expense Sumram. Projected FY1 REVENUE BREAKDOWN FY2016: TOTAL REVENUES =$103.4M EXPENSE BREAKDOWN FY2016: TOTAL EXPENSES =$103.4M
There's no information given about Sun Projected FY and Sumram Projected FY1, hence, nothing can be said about them.
The total revenues for FY2016 in the University of Oregon Department of Athletics were $103.4M, according to the information provided. On the other hand, the total expenses for FY2016 in the University of Oregon Department of Athletics were $103.4M as well.
Therefore, the revenue and expense sum was the same, which is $103.4M.
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Report Student is required to discuss the impact of Covic-19 in Public Sector especially on Financial Reporting and Auditing part. Following is the contents to be included: 1. Main risks and challenges associated with Covid-19 spending in the public sector. 2. Impact of Covid-19 on the Financial Reporting and auditing role in maintaining the accountability.
Title: The Impact of COVID-19 on Financial Reporting and Auditing in the Public Sector Main risks and challenges associated with COVID-19 spending in the public sector:
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the public sector's financial landscape, giving rise to several risks and challenges. Firstly, there has been a surge in government spending to address the health crisis and mitigate its economic impact. This increased spending has exposed the public sector to the risk of fraud, misappropriation, and improper financial management. With the urgency to disburse funds quickly, proper due diligence and oversight measures may be compromised, leading to potential misuse of public resources. Additionally, the pandemic has disrupted normal procurement processes, making it challenging to ensure transparency and competitive bidding for public contracts.
Impact of COVID-19 on Financial Reporting and Auditing in maintaining accountability:
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the financial reporting and auditing functions within the public sector, significantly affecting the maintenance of accountability. Firstly, the crisis has caused substantial economic volatility and uncertainty, leading to increased complexities in financial reporting. Government entities must grapple with new accounting treatments for stimulus packages, loan forgiveness programs, and grants, requiring careful assessment and disclosure to provide accurate and reliable financial information.
Moreover, the shift to remote work arrangements and disruptions in internal controls have raised concerns regarding the accuracy and completeness of financial data. With limited access to physical documents and potential delays in information exchange, there is a heightened risk of errors, omissions, and fraudulent activities. Consequently, auditors face challenges in conducting thorough and effective audits to ensure the integrity of financial statements and compliance with relevant regulations.
To mitigate these challenges, public sector entities should strengthen their internal control systems, enhance transparency and accountability measures, and invest in technology to facilitate remote auditing and financial reporting processes. Additionally, collaboration between governments, auditors, and oversight bodies is crucial to address emerging risks and implement robust monitoring mechanisms.
In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic has presented significant risks and challenges in the public sector, particularly in terms of financial reporting and auditing. Effective measures must be implemented to ensure the appropriate use of funds, maintain accountability, and provide accurate financial information during these unprecedented times.
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Assume the market depicted in the graph is in equilibrium. What is consumer surplus?
Assume the market depicted in the graph is in equilibrium. What is consumer surplus?
Unfortunately, I cannot see the graph you mentioned. However, I can explain the concept of consumer surplus in general.
Consumer surplus refers to the difference between the maximum price a consumer is willing to pay for a product or service and the actual price they pay in the market. It represents the economic benefit or value that consumers receive from a transaction.
In an equilibrium market, consumer surplus is represented by the area between the demand curve and the market price. It reflects the additional utility or satisfaction that consumers gain from purchasing a product at a price lower than what they were willing to pay.
Consumer surplus can be calculated by determining the difference between the total amount consumers are willing to pay for a certain quantity of a good or service (as indicated by the demand curve) and the total amount they actually pay at the market price. It is measured as the area under the demand curve up to the market price.
Consumer surplus is an important concept in economics as it provides insights into the welfare and economic well-being of consumers in a market. It represents the net benefit consumers receive and can be used to analyze the effects of price changes or policy interventions on consumer welfare.
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