a. Test, using a significance level of 1%, if we can infer that there is a difference between the mean apartment prices between the three cities in 2021. Given,
Tel Aviv (n1) = 50, Kfar Saba
(n2) = 21, Jerusalem
(n3) = 60, Mean of Tel Aviv
(µ1) = 3.75MNIS, Mean of Kfar Saba
(µ2) = 2.53MNIS, Mean of Jerusalem
(µ3) = 2.29MNIS,SD of Tel Aviv
(σ1) = 1MNIS, SD of Kfar Saba
(σ2) = 1MNIS, SD of Jerusalem
(σ3) = 0.8MNIS. The hypothesis to be tested is: H0:
µ1 = µ2 = µ3 (There is no significant difference between the mean apartment prices between the three cities in 2021) H1: At least one µi differs from the rest. (There is a significant difference between the mean apartment prices between the three cities in 2021) Using one-way ANOVA, F-test statistic is calculated as followswe reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant difference between the mean apartment prices between the three cities in 2021.b. 95% confidence interval for the difference between the mean apartment prices in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem in 2021 is1.46 ± 1.98 * 0.197 i.e., (1.07, 1.85).c. Test, using a significance level of 5%, if we can infer that the difference between the mean apartment prices in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem in 2021 is greater than 1.2 MNIS. we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the difference between the mean apartment prices in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem in 2021 is greater than 1.2 MNIS. d. If the actual difference between the mean apartment prices in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem in 2021 is 1.8 MNIS, what is the power of the test conducted in the previous section? Given, µ1 - µ2 = 1.8. We have to find power of the test. Power of the test is given by,
Power of the test = P (Reject H0 / H0 is false) To find the power of the test, we first need to find the rejection region.) From t-distribution table, the probability of t-value being less than or equal to 3.92 with 108 degrees of freedom is very close to 1. Therefore, P (t > 3.92) ≈ 0Power of the test = P (Reject H0 / H0 is false) = P (t > 1.66 for µ1 - µ2 = 1.8)Since the calculated t-value is greater than the critical t-value, we reject the null hypothesis i.e., we can say that the actual difference between the mean apartment prices in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem in 2021 is 1.8 MNIS.
σ = 450,
n = 150,
µ = 7240
df = n - 1
= 150 - 1
= 149SE
= σ / sqrt(n)
= 450 / sqrt(150)
= 36.72t0.025,149 = 1.98 Therefore, 95% confidence interval for the mean rental price of 4-bedroom apartments in Tel Aviv in 2021 is7240 ± 1.98 * 36.72 i.e., (7166, 7314)NIS per month. f. Can we infer using a 5\% significance level, that the municipality's claim is true or maybe the mean rental price of a 4-bedroom apartment in the city in 2021 was greater? Here
α = 0.05 and
β = 0.1. We need to find n such that the calculated power is at least 90%.We start with an initial value of n = 100 and calculate the power of the test for this sample size.
n = 100,
σ = 450,
µ0 = 7150,
µ1 = 7250,
d = 0.2228Z1-α/2
= Z0.025
= 1.96Z1-β
= Z0.1 = 1.28n
= (Z1-α/2 + Z1-β)2 [ 2σ2 / (µ1 - µ0)2 ]
= (1.96 + 1.8)2 [ 2×4502 / (7250 - 7150)2 ]
= 101.16 The calculated power of the test is shown below for various sample sizes. n 90% power100 0.0920160.1228240.2239360.4417480.716.
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if the ?% CI of population mean = (47.25, 56.75)
1) whats the point estimate
2) margin error?
3) if S.d = 18.8, n = 60 then what is significance level?
1) The point estimate is the midpoint of the confidence interval, which is (47.25 + 56.75) / 2 = 52.00.
2) The margin of error is half the width of the confidence interval, which is (56.75 - 47.25) / 2 = 4.75.
3) The significance level cannot be determined from the given information.
In a confidence interval, the point estimate is the best estimate for the population parameter. In this case, the point estimate for the population mean is the midpoint of the confidence interval, which is calculated by taking the average of the lower and upper bounds. Therefore, the point estimate is 52.00.
The margin of error represents the range within which the true population parameter is likely to fall. It is calculated by taking half the width of the confidence interval. In this case, the margin of error is (56.75 - 47.25) / 2 = 4.75. This means that we can be 95% confident that the true population mean falls within 4.75 units above or below the point estimate.
The significance level, also known as alpha (α), is a predetermined level used to determine the rejection or acceptance of a null hypothesis in hypothesis testing. The given confidence interval does not provide any information about the significance level. The significance level must be determined independently based on the specific hypothesis testing scenario.
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Which is a better buy?
Group of answer choices
A. 30 inch piece of rope for $14.70
B. 5 foot piece of rope for $25.80
C. One inch of rope for $0.45
Answer:
B. 5 foot piece of rope for $25.80
Step-by-step explanation:
To find the better buy, determine the cost per inch:
A. 30 inch piece of rope for $14.70
14.70 / 30 inches =.49 per inch
B. 5 foot piece of rope for $25.80
5 ft = 5*12 = 60 inches
25.80/60 =.43 per inch
C. One inch of rope for $0.45
.45 per inch
4. Please provide a step-by-step solution and explain the formulas/reasoning that was used in solving the problem below.4 The health of two independent groups of ten people (group A and group B) is monitored over a one-year period of time. Individual participants in the study drop out before the end of the study with probability 0.27 (independently of the other participants) Calculate the probability that at least 8 participants, from one group (either A or B), complete the study but fewer than 8 do so from the other group.
P(at least 8 in one group and fewer than 8 in the other group) = P(X ≥ 8) - P(X < 8)
To calculate the probability that at least 8 participants from one group complete the study but fewer than 8 do so from the other group, we can use the binomial probability formula.
Let's break down the steps to find the desired probability:
Step 1: Calculate the probability of a participant dropping out.
Given that the probability of a participant dropping out before the end of the study is 0.27, the probability of a participant completing the study is 1 - 0.27 = 0.73.
Step 2: Calculate the probability of at least 8 participants completing the study in one group.
Using the binomial probability formula, we can calculate the probability of at least 8 participants completing the study in one group. Since each participant's dropout probability is independent, the formula can be used as follows:
P(X ≥ k) = ∑ [nCk * p^k * (1-p)^(n-k)], where n is the number of trials, k is the number of successes, p is the probability of success, and nCk is the binomial coefficient.
In this case, n = 10, p = 0.73, and we want to calculate the probability of at least 8 participants completing the study. We calculate:
P(X ≥ 8) = ∑ [10C8 * (0.73)^8 * (1-0.73)^(10-8) + 10C9 * (0.73)^9 * (1-0.73)^(10-9) + 10C10 * (0.73)^10 * (1-0.73)^(10-10)]
Step 3: Calculate the probability of fewer than 8 participants completing the study in the other group.
Using the same binomial probability formula, we calculate the probability of fewer than 8 participants completing the study in the other group. Here, n = 10, p = 0.73, and we want to calculate the probability of less than 8 participants completing the study.
P(X < 8) = ∑ [10C0 * (0.73)^0 * (1-0.73)^(10-0) + 10C1 * (0.73)^1 * (1-0.73)^(10-1) + ... + 10C7 * (0.73)^7 * (1-0.73)^(10-7)]
Step 4: Calculate the desired probability.
To find the probability that at least 8 participants from one group complete the study but fewer than 8 do so from the other group, we subtract the probability of fewer than 8 participants completing the study from the probability of at least 8 participants completing the study in one group.
P(at least 8 in one group and fewer than 8 in the other group) = P(X ≥ 8) - P(X < 8)
By performing the calculations in steps 2 and 3, we can find the specific values for the probabilities and subtract them to obtain the final probability.
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For a population data set, σ=13.3. How large a sample should be selected so that the margin of error of estimate for a 99% confidence interval for μ is 2.50 ? Round your answer up to the nearest whole number. n=
To achieve a margin of error of 2.50 for a 99% confidence interval for the population mean (μ) with a population standard deviation (σ) of 13.3, a sample size of approximately 173 is required.
To calculate the sample size needed for a desired margin of error, we can use the formula:
n = (Z * σ / E) ²
where:
n = sample size
Z = Z-value corresponding to the desired confidence level (99% in this case), which is approximately 2.576
σ = population standard deviation
E = margin of error
Plugging in the given values, we get:
n = (2.576 * 13.3 / 2.50)²
≈ (33.9668 / 2.50)²
≈ 13.58672^2
≈ 184.4596
Since we need to round up to the nearest whole number, the sample size required is approximately 184. However, it's worth noting that the sample size must always be a whole number, so we must round up. Therefore, the final answer is approximately 173.
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See-Jay Craig at Jeb Bartlett Consulting Ltd. has been asked to compile a report on the determinants of female labor force participation. She decides to use a logit model to estimate the following equation inlf fi=β0+β1 age i+β2 educ i+β3 hushrs i+β4 husage i+β5 unem i+β6 exper i+ui where inlfi is a dummy variable equal to 1 if a woman is in the labor force, 0 otherwise; agei is individual i 's age in years; educi is the number of years of education the individual received; hushrs si are the annual number of hours the woman's husband works; husage ei is the age of the woman's husband; unem mi is the unemployment rate in the state the woman lives; exper ex i is the number of years of experience the woman has in the labor market.
Logit Model is a form of log-linear regression model that is utilized to describe the relationship between a binary or dichotomous dependent variable and an independent variable or variables.
The binary variable indicates one of the two possible outcomes, such as the occurrence of an event or non-occurrence of an event.Inlf i is a dummy variable equal to 1 if a woman is in the labor force, and 0 otherwise. Therefore, it is a binary variable.
Let's interpret the equation as follows: inlf i = β0 + β1 age i + β2 educ i + β3 hushrs i + β4 husage i + β5 unem i + β6 exper i + ui The inlf i is the dependent variable. It is the labor force participation of a woman, which can be 1 or 0, indicating whether or not the woman is in the labor force. The explanatory variables, on the other hand, are age i, educ i, hushrs i, husage i, unem i, and exper i.
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How far will a 20-N force stretch the rubber band? m (Simplify your answer.) How much work does it take to stretch the rubber band this far? (Simplify your answer.)
The distance the rubber band will stretch under a 20-N force and the work required to stretch it can't be determined without additional information about the elastic properties of the rubber band.
To determine how far a rubber band will stretch under a given force, we need to know the elastic properties of the rubber band, specifically its spring constant or Young's modulus. These properties describe how the rubber band responds to external forces and provide information about its elasticity.
Once we have the elastic properties, we can apply Hooke's Law, which states that the force required to stretch or compress a spring (or rubber band) is directly proportional to the distance it is stretched or compressed. Mathematically, this can be represented as F = kx, where F is the force, k is the spring constant, and x is the displacement.
Without knowing the spring constant or any other information about the rubber band's elasticity, we cannot calculate the distance it will stretch under a 20-N force.
Similarly, the work required to stretch the rubber band depends on the force applied and the distance it stretches. The work done is given by the equation W = F * d, where W is the work, F is the force, and d is the displacement.
Since we don't know the distance the rubber band stretches, we cannot calculate the work done to stretch it.
In summary, without the necessary information about the elastic properties of the rubber band, we cannot determine the distance it will stretch under a 20-N force or the work required to stretch it.
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a. Given set of data 22, 22, 23, 27 and 30 i. [2 marks] Find the mean and the standard deviation. Three data are chosen at random. List down the sample space and find the 11. mean. iii. Construct the probability sampling distribution for x. [3 marks] [1 mark] b. A sample of 8 adults is selected and the weight are recorded as follows: 70, 72, 65, 80, 75, 76,68, 78. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean for all adults. [4 marks]
i. Mean: 24.8
Standard Deviation: Approximately 3.56
ii. X-intercept with a negative value of x: (-1, 0)
X-intercept with a positive value of x: (5, 0)
Y-intercept: (0, 5/6) or approximately (0, 0.833)
Vertical Asymptote: x = 6
iii. The sample space for selecting three data points is:
{22, 22, 23}, {22, 22, 27}, {22, 22, 30}, {22, 23, 27}, {22, 23, 30}, {22, 27, 30}, {22, 27, 23}, {22, 30, 23}, {22, 30, 27}, {23, 27, 30}
The mean of the sample space is approximately 25.25.
b. The 95% confidence interval for the mean weight of all adults is approximately (70.004, 75.996).
i. To find the mean and standard deviation of the given data set: 22, 22, 23, 27, 30.
Mean:
To find the mean, we sum up all the values and divide by the number of data points.
Mean = (22 + 22 + 23 + 27 + 30) / 5 = 124 / 5 = 24.8
Standard Deviation:
To find the standard deviation, we can use the following formula:
Standard Deviation = sqrt((sum of squared deviations) / (n - 1))
First, we find the squared deviation for each data point by subtracting the mean from each value, squaring the result, and summing them up.
Squared Deviations:
[tex](22 - 24.8)^2[/tex] = 7.84
[tex](22 - 24.8)^2[/tex] = 7.84
[tex](23 - 24.8)^2[/tex] = 3.24
[tex](27 - 24.8)^2[/tex] = 4.84
[tex](30 - 24.8)^2[/tex] = 27.04
Sum of Squared Deviations = 7.84 + 7.84 + 3.24 + 4.84 + 27.04 = 50.8
Now we can calculate the standard deviation:
Standard Deviation = sqrt(50.8 / (5 - 1)) = sqrt(50.8 / 4) = sqrt(12.7) ≈ 3.56
ii. Sample space for selecting three data points:
To find the sample space for selecting three data points from the given data set, we consider all possible combinations. Since order doesn't matter, we use combinations rather than permutations.
Sample Space: {22, 22, 23}, {22, 22, 27}, {22, 22, 30}, {22, 23, 27}, {22, 23, 30}, {22, 27, 30}, {22, 27, 23}, {22, 30, 23}, {22, 30, 27}, {23, 27, 30}
Mean of the sample space:
To find the mean of the sample space, we calculate the mean for each combination and take the average.
Mean = (24.8 + 24.8 + 25 + 24 + 25 + 26.33 + 24 + 25 + 26.33 + 26.67) / 10 ≈ 25.25
iii. Probability sampling distribution for x:
Since we have only one sample of the given data, the probability sampling distribution for x will be the same as the sample space calculated in part ii. The sample space represents all the possible outcomes when three data points are selected randomly from the given data set.
Sample Space: {22, 22, 23}, {22, 22, 27}, {22, 22, 30}, {22, 23, 27}, {22, 23, 30}, {22, 27, 30}, {22, 27, 23}, {22, 30, 23}, {22, 30, 27}, {23, 27, 30}
b. To construct a 95% confidence interval for the mean weight of all adults, we can use the following formula:
Confidence Interval = sample mean ± (critical value * (sample standard deviation / sqrt(sample size)))
Given:
Sample size (n) = 8
Sample mean = (70 + 72 + 65 + 80 + 75 + 76 + 68 + 78) /
8 = 584 / 8 = 73
Sample standard deviation = calculated based on the given data set
Critical value for a 95% confidence interval = 1.96 (for a sample size of 8)
First, we need to calculate the sample standard deviation:
Squared Deviations:
[tex](70 - 73)^2[/tex] = 9
[tex](72 - 73)^2[/tex] = 1
[tex](65 - 73)^2[/tex]= 64
[tex](80 - 73)^2[/tex] = 49
[tex](75 - 73)^2[/tex] = 4
[tex](76 - 73)^2[/tex]= 9
[tex](68 - 73)^2[/tex] = 25
[tex](78 - 73)^2[/tex]= 25
Sum of Squared Deviations = 186
Sample standard deviation =[tex]\sqrt(186 / (8 - 1))[/tex] =[tex]\sqrt186 / 7)[/tex] ≈ 4.33
Now we can construct the confidence interval:
Confidence Interval = 73 ± (1.96 * (4.33 / sqrt(8)))
Confidence Interval = 73 ± (1.96 * (4.33 / 2.83))
Confidence Interval = 73 ± (1.96 * 1.529)
Confidence Interval = 73 ± 2.996
The 95% confidence interval for the mean weight of all adults is approximately (70.004, 75.996).
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Tates हrf change of the npecies pormlations ddN2=0.15N1(1−75N1−75N2)dtdN2=0.05N2(1−60N2−25N1)
(a) Find all steady-state solutioter of this system. run. to which of the peseible ateuly of ate nolutions will the popolations tend? Explain-
The given set of equations represents a population model describing the change in the numbers of two species, N1 and N2, over time. The first equation states that the change in N1 with respect to time is equal to 0.15N1 times the quantity (1 - 75N1 - 75N2). Similarly, the second equation describes the change in N2 with respect to time as 0.05N2 times the quantity (1 - 60N2 - 25N1).
The population model consists of two coupled differential equations, each representing the rate of change of one species with respect to time. In the first equation, the term 0.15N1 represents the growth rate of species N1, while (1 - 75N1 - 75N2) represents the carrying capacity. The carrying capacity accounts for the limiting factors on population growth, such as competition for resources or space. The negative terms -75N1 and -75N2 indicate that as the population of either species increases, it negatively affects the growth rate.
Similarly, in the second equation, 0.05N2 represents the growth rate of species N2, and (1 - 60N2 - 25N1) represents its carrying capacity. The negative terms -60N2 and -25N1 signify the negative impact of population size on growth rate.
These equations describe the interactions between the two species, as the population sizes of both species influence each other's growth rates and carrying capacities. Solving these equations would provide insights into the dynamics of the populations over time, including possible steady states, oscillations, or other population patterns.
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Determine the vector equation for the plane containing the point (2,1,-4) and having direction vectors: a (3,2,4) and b=(-1,-2,3). (K:1). Select one: O a. v=(1,-2,-1) + t(3,2,-5)+ u(2,1,-4) O b. v = (2,1,-4) + t(3,2,4) + u(-1,-2,3) OC v = (1.-2.-1) +t(2,1,-4) + u(3,2,-5) O d. v = (3,2.4) + t(2,1,-4) + u(1,-2,-1) O e. v = (3.2.4) + (1.-2,-1) + u(2.1,-4)
The vector equation for the plane containing the point (2,1,-4) with direction vectors a(3,2,4) and b(-1,-2,3) is given by:
v = (2,1,-4) + t(3,2,4) + u(-1,-2,3). In this equation, v represents any point on the plane, and t and u are scalar parameters. By varying the values of t and u, we can obtain different points on the plane. The initial point (2,1,-4) is added to ensure that the plane passes through that specific point.
To derive this equation, we utilize the fact that a plane can be defined by a point on the plane and two non-parallel vectors within the plane. In this case, the point (2,1,-4) lies on the plane, and the vectors a(3,2,4) and b(-1,-2,3) are both contained within the plane. By using the point and the two direction vectors, we can generate an equation that represents all the points on the plane.
The equation allows us to express any point on the plane by adjusting the scalar parameters t and u. By varying these parameters, we can explore different points on the plane.
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Which compound inequality represents the inequality 3ly + 7|-16 > 5?
y +7> -7 OR Y+7<7
y + 7>-7 OR y + 7>7
y + 7>-7 AND Y+7<7
y+ 7<-7 AND y + 7 > 7
The compound inequality y + 7 > -7 OR y + 7 < 7 represents the inequality 3|y + 7| - 16 > 5 and captures the range of values for y that make the inequality true.
The compound inequality that represents the inequality 3|y + 7| - 16 > 5 is:
y + 7 > -7 OR y + 7 < 7.
To understand why this compound inequality represents the given inequality, let's break it down:
First, we have the expression 3|y + 7| - 16. The absolute value of (y + 7) ensures that the expression inside the absolute value is non-negative. It means that regardless of the sign of (y + 7), the expression |y + 7| will always yield a non-negative value.
Next, we have the inequality 3|y + 7| - 16 > 5. This inequality states that the quantity 3|y + 7| - 16 is greater than 5.
To solve this inequality, we consider two cases:
Case 1: y + 7 > -7
In this case, we assume that (y + 7) is positive, which means the expression inside the absolute value is greater than zero. By solving this inequality, we find that y > -14.
Case 2: y + 7 < 7
In this case, we assume that (y + 7) is negative, which means the expression inside the absolute value is less than zero. By solving this inequality, we find that y < 0.
By combining these two cases using the OR operator, we include all possible values of y that satisfy the original inequality.
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0.05 Using the table, find the F-value for the numerator and denominator degrees of freedom. Use Using the table, find F-value for df 6 and df2 20 for a = 0.05. O A. 2.63 O B. 2.85 O C. 2.60 O D. 2.47 O E. 2.74
Using the table, the F-value for df₁ = 6 and df₂ = 20 for α = 0.05 is 2.60. So, correct option is C.
To find the F-value for the given degrees of freedom (df₁ = 6 and df₂ = 20) and α = 0.05, we need to consult an F-distribution table. The F-distribution table provides critical values for different combinations of degrees of freedom and significance levels.
Looking at the table, we can find the F-value that corresponds to α = 0.05 and the given degrees of freedom. In this case, we have df₁ = 6 and df₂ = 20.
Scanning the table for df₁ = 6 and df₂ = 20, we find the closest value to α = 0.05, which is 2.60.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C: 2.60.
This means that in a hypothesis test or an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with these degrees of freedom, if the calculated F-value is greater than 2.60, we would reject the null hypothesis at a significance level of α = 0.05. If the calculated F-value is less than or equal to 2.60, we would fail to reject the null hypothesis.
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Evaluate the iterated iterated integral by converting it to polar coordinates. | 16-x² IS sen(x² + y²) dy dx
The given iterated integral is ∫∫(16 - x^2) sin(x^2 + y^2) dy dx. To obtain a specific numerical answer, the limits of integration and any other relevant information would need to be provided.
To evaluate this integral using polar coordinates, we need to express the variables x and y in terms of polar coordinates, i.e., x = rcosθ and y = rsinθ, where r represents the radial distance and θ represents the angle.
The limits of integration also need to be converted. Since the integral is over the entire xy-plane, the limits of integration for x and y are from negative infinity to positive infinity. In polar coordinates, this corresponds to the limits of integration for r from 0 to infinity and θ from 0 to 2π.
Substituting the polar coordinate expressions for x and y into the integral, we have:
∫∫(16 - r^2cos^2θ) sin(r^2) r dr dθ.
Simplifying the integrand, we get:
∫∫(16r - r^3cos^2θ) sin(r^2) dr dθ.
Now we can evaluate the integral by integrating with respect to r first, and then with respect to θ.
The inner integral with respect to r will involve terms with r^3, and the outer integral with respect to θ will involve trigonometric functions of θ.
After evaluating the integral, the final result will be a numerical value.
Note: Since the question doesn't provide any specific limits or bounds, the integration process is described in general terms.
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Use the normal distribution of SAT critical reading scores for which the mean is 510 and the standard deviation is 124 . Assume the variable x is normally distributed. (a) What percent of the SAT verbal scores are less than 625 ? (b) If 1000 SAT verbal scores are randomly selected, about how many would you expect to be greater than 525 ? Click to view page 1 of the standard normal table. Click to view page 2 of the standard nomal table. (a) Approximately of the SAT verbal scores are less than 625 . (Round to two decimal places as needed.)
(a) The percentage of SAT verbal scores that are less than 625 can be determined by finding the area under the normal distribution curve to the left of 625.
To do this, we need to standardize the value of 625 using the formula z = (x - μ) / σ, where x is the value, μ is the mean, and σ is the standard deviation.
Using the given values:
x = 625
μ = 510
σ = 124
Calculating the z-score:
z = (625 - 510) / 124
z = 1.01
Next, we consult the standard normal table to find the cumulative probability associated with the z-score of 1.01. Looking up the value in the table, we find that the cumulative probability is approximately 0.8431.
To convert this probability to a percentage, we multiply it by 100:
Percentage = 0.8431 * 100
Percentage ≈ 84.31%
Therefore, approximately 84.31% of SAT verbal scores are less than 625.
(b) To estimate the number of SAT verbal scores that would be greater than 525 out of a random sample of 1000 scores, we can use the mean and standard deviation of the distribution. The proportion of scores greater than 525 can be approximated by finding the area under the curve to the right of 525.
Using the given values:
x = 525
μ = 510
σ = 124
Calculating the z-score:
z = (525 - 510) / 124
z = 0.12
We consult the standard normal table again to find the cumulative probability associated with the z-score of 0.12. The table shows that the cumulative probability is approximately 0.5480.
To estimate the number of scores greater than 525 out of a sample of 1000, we multiply the probability by the sample size:
Number of scores = 0.5480 * 1000
Number of scores ≈ 548
Therefore, we would expect approximately 548 out of 1000 SAT verbal scores to be greater than 525.
(a) approximately 84.31% of SAT verbal scores are less than 625, and (b) we would expect about 548 out of 1000 SAT verbal scores to be greater than 525.
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Integration by parts
-/1 Points] DETAILS LARCALC11 8.2.014.MI. Find the indefinite integral using integration by parts with the given choices of u and dv. (Use C for the constant of integration.) √x cos cos 3x dx; U = x
As per the given question, the indefinite integral is: ∫√x cos 3x dx= √x sin 3x - 2x sin 3x/3 + cos 3x/3 + C
= √x sin 3x - 2/3x sin 3x + 1/3 cos 3x + C.
Given that x cos cos 3x dx; U = x, we have to evaluate the integral using integration by parts with the given choices of u and dv. Let us first use the integration by parts formula, which is shown below:
udv = uv - vdu
Let us denote u = x and dv = x cos 3x dx.
Now, we have to differentiate u and integrate dv to get v. To obtain v, let us solve for dv using integration by substitution.
Let z = 3x then
dz = 3dx,
dx = dz/3.So,
∫ √x cos 3x dx = ∫ √x cos z dz/3= 3∫ √x cos z dx
Let u = √x then
du/dx = 1/(2√x) dx,
dx = 2√x du
Let v = sin z then
dv/dz = cos z,
dv = cos z dz
Hence, we have:
∫ √x cos 3x dx= 3∫ √x cos z dz= 3∫ u dv= 3u sin z - 3∫
v du= 3√x sin 3x/3 - 3∫ sin z * 1/(2√x) 2√x dz
= √x sin 3x - 3∫ sin z dz/√x
= √x sin 3x + 6∫ √x cos 3x dx/3
We know that 6∫ √x cos 3x dx/3 = 2∫ √x cos 3x dx
= 2u sin z - 2∫ v du
= 2x sin 3x/3 - 2∫ sin z * 1/2 dx
= 2x sin 3x/3 + ∫ sin 3x dx
= 2x sin 3x/3 - cos 3x/3
Therefore, the indefinite integral is:∫√x cos 3x dx= √x sin 3x - 2x sin 3x/3 + cos 3x/3 + C= √x sin 3x - 2/3x sin 3x + 1/3 cos 3x + C.
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Have a look at the Bayes' Rule equation again. Write out the equation with the positive predictive value on the left hand side. Assuming it makes sense to think of both sensitivity and P(T+) as not changing with prevalence*, what happens to the positive predictive value as the prevalence in the population increases? What are the implications of what you have found? Explain.
Let us assume P(T+) as prevalence of the true-positive cases and sensitivity of the test as a constant then we can re-arrange Bayes' rule equation as follows; Positive Predictive Value = P
(T+|D+) = Sensitivity*P(T+)/[Sensitivity*P(T+)+(1-Specificity)*P(T-)].
Now, we will see what will happen to the positive predictive value as the prevalence in the population increases. We can derive the following three implications: Positive Predictive Value will increase if we have an increased prevalence of the disease. The increase of prevalence has a greater effect on the positive predictive value when the specificity of the test is lower. That is, the lower the test specificity, the more the increase of prevalence of the disease increases the positive predictive value. Positive predictive value is not always a reliable measure of the performance of a diagnostic test when the prevalence of the disease is low.
It's also because when the prevalence is low, the positive predictive value of the test is also low. Bayes' Rule is a theorem that provides the probability of a particular hypothesis H, given an observed evidence E. This rule is of great importance in the field of medicine as it allows us to calculate the probability of the presence of a disease, given the results of a test. Positive Predictive Value (PPV) is a measure of the diagnostic accuracy of a test. It provides the probability of having a disease given a positive test result.
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which number produces a rational number when multiples by 1/4
Answer:
The number that produces a rational number when multipled by 1/4 is 14/11.
Answer:
Step-by-step explanation:
A rational number is a number that has a pattern or repeats ends in decimal.
ex. 1/4, 2, 1/3 2/5 are all rational numbers
√2 or pi is irrational. There is no pattern and does not end.
3.
(a) (5 pts) Let X~ Exp(1) and compute the pdf of Y = In X.
(b) (5 pts) Let X ~ Unif(0, 1) and compute the pdf of Y = ex.
(c) (5 pts) Let X ~ N(u, o2) and compute the pdf of Y = ex.
In part (a), the pdf of Y is to be calculated when Y is defined as the natural logarithm of a random variable X following an exponential distribution with rate parameter 1. In part (b), the pdf of Y is to be determined when Y is defined as the exponential function of a random variable X following a uniform distribution between 0 and 1. Lastly, in part (c), the pdf of Y is to be computed when Y is defined as the exponential function of a random variable X following a normal distribution with mean u and variance o^2.
(a) The exponential distribution with rate parameter 1 has the pdf f(x) = e^(-x) for x >= 0. To find the pdf of Y = ln(X), we use the transformation method and find the derivative of the inverse function, which is e^x. Therefore, the pdf of Y is g(y) = e^(-e^y) for -inf < y < +inf.
(b) The uniform distribution between 0 and 1 has a constant pdf f(x) = 1 for 0 <= x <= 1. To find the pdf of Y = e^X, we again apply the transformation method. Since the exponential function is monotonically increasing, we take the absolute value of the derivative, which is e^x. Therefore, the pdf of Y is g(y) = e^y for 0 < y < +inf.
(c) The normal distribution with mean u and variance o^2 has the pdf f(x) = (1 / sqrt(2pio^2)) * e^(-(x-u)^2 / (2o^2)). To find the pdf of Y = e^X, we once again use the transformation method and find the derivative of the inverse function, which is 1 / (x * o). Therefore, the pdf of Y is g(y) = (1 / (sqrt(2pi) * y * o)) * e^(-((ln(y)-u)^2) / (2*o^2)) for 0 < y < +inf.
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For the constraints given below, which point is not in the feasible region of this problem? (1) 2x+20y ≤200 (2)x-y 10 (3) x, y z 0
O x=1,y=1
O x=4, y=4
O x=2, y = 8
O x=-1, y = 10
O x=4,y=0
The point not in the feasible region of this problem is x = -1, y = 10.
To determine the point not in the feasible region, we need to check if each point satisfies all the given constraints. Let's evaluate each option:
Option 1: x = 1, y = 1
Plugging these values into the constraints:
(1) 2(1) + 20(1) ≤ 200 → 2 + 20 ≤ 200 → 22 ≤ 200 (satisfied)
(2) 1 - 1 ≤ 10 → 0 ≤ 10 (satisfied)
(3) x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 (satisfied)
All constraints are satisfied, so this point is in the feasible region.
Option 2: x = 4, y = 4
Plugging these values into the constraints:
(1) 2(4) + 20(4) ≤ 200 → 8 + 80 ≤ 200 → 88 ≤ 200 (satisfied)
(2) 4 - 4 ≤ 10 → 0 ≤ 10 (satisfied)
(3) x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 (satisfied)
All constraints are satisfied, so this point is in the feasible region.
Option 3: x = 2, y = 8
Plugging these values into the constraints:
(1) 2(2) + 20(8) ≤ 200 → 4 + 160 ≤ 200 → 164 ≤ 200 (satisfied)
(2) 2 - 8 ≤ 10 → -6 ≤ 10 (satisfied)
(3) x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 (satisfied)
All constraints are satisfied, so this point is in the feasible region.
Option 4: x = -1, y = 10
Plugging these values into the constraints:
(1) 2(-1) + 20(10) ≤ 200 → -2 + 200 ≤ 200 → 198 ≤ 200 (not satisfied)
(2) -1 - 10 ≤ 10 → -11 ≤ 10 (satisfied)
(3) x ≥ 0 and y ≥ 0 (not satisfied)
The first constraint is not satisfied because 198 is not less than or equal to 200. Also, the third constraint is not satisfied because x is negative. Therefore, this point is not in the feasible region.
Based on the evaluations, the point x = -1, y = 10 is not in the feasible region of this problem.
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The cost of a hamburger varies with a standard deviation of $1.40. A study was done to test the mean being $4.00. A sample of 14 found a mean cost of $3.25 with a standard deviation of $1.80. Does this support the claim of 1% level? Null Hypothesis: Alternative Hypothesis:
The required answers are:
Null Hypothesis (H₀): The mean cost of a hamburger is $4.00.
Alternative Hypothesis (H₁): The mean cost of a hamburger is not $4.00.
Based on the hypothesis test and the 99% confidence interval, there is not enough evidence to support the claim that the mean cost of a hamburger is different from $4.00 at a 1% level of significance.
To determine if the sample supports the claim at a 1% level of significance, we can perform a hypothesis test and construct a 99% confidence interval.
First, let's calculate the test statistic (t-value) using the sample information provided:
t = (sample mean - population mean) / (sample standard deviation / √sample size)
t = ($3.25 - $4.00) / ($1.80 / √14)
t = (-0.75) / (0.4813)
t ≈ -1.559
Next, we need to find the critical value associated with a 1% level of significance. Since the alternative hypothesis is two-sided, we will split the significance level equally into both tails, resulting in α/2 = 0.01/2 = 0.005. We can look up the critical value in a t-distribution table or use statistical software. For a sample size of 14 and a confidence level of 99%, the critical value is approximately ±2.977.
Since -1.559 falls within the range of -2.977 to 2.977, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. This means that there is not enough evidence to support the claim that the mean cost of a hamburger is different from $4.00 at a 1% level of significance.
To construct a 99% confidence interval, we can use the formula:
Confidence Interval = sample mean ± (critical value * standard error)
Standard Error = sample standard deviation / √sample size
Confidence Interval = $3.25 ± (2.977 * ($1.80 / √14))
Confidence Interval = $3.25 ± $1.242
The 99% confidence interval for the mean cost of a hamburger is approximately $2.008 to $4.492.
Therefore, based on the hypothesis test and the 99% confidence interval, there is not enough evidence to support the claim that the mean cost of a hamburger is different from $4.00 at a 1% level of significance. The 99% confidence interval suggests that the true mean cost of a hamburger is likely to be between $2.008 and $4.492.
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Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that
among couples, males speak fewer words in a day than
females. In this example, μd is the mean value
of the differences d for the population of all pairs of data,
where each individual difference d is defined as the words spoken
by the male minus words spoken by the female. What are the null and
alternative hypotheses for the hypothesis test?
Male Female
16,299 25,439
27,445 13,186
1391 19,006
7474 17,217
18,836 13,347
16,066 16,470
14,288 16,033
26,609 19,099
What are the null and alternative hypotheses for the hypothesis
test? Identify the test statistic, P-value, the confidence
interval, and conlcusions.
H0: μd = 0 words
H1: μd < 0 words
The null and alternative hypotheses for the hypothesis test are as follows:H0: μd = 0 wordsH1: μd < 0 words
We are given a significance level of 0.05 to test the claim that among couples, males speak fewer words in a day than females. The individual difference d is defined as the words spoken by the male minus the words spoken by the female.μd is the mean value of the differences d for the population of all pairs of data, where each individual difference d is defined as the words spoken by the male minus the words spoken by the female.The null and alternative hypotheses for the hypothesis test are:H0: μd = 0 wordsH1: μd < 0 wordsWe are asked to identify the test statistic, P-value, the confidence interval, and the conclusion.Using the formula for the mean of the difference between two paired samples from a population:μd = (Σd)/nWe have the following results for the difference d between the words spoken by male and female:
16,299 - 25,439
= -814016,186 - 27,445
= -133261391 - 19,006
= -17,6157,474 - 17,217
= 25718,836 - 13,347
= 449916,066 - 16,470
= -34014,288 - 16,033
= -17426,609 - 19,099
= -2490Σd = -143703n
= 8μd = (-143703)/8
= -17962.88Using the formula for the standard deviation of the difference between two paired samples from a population:
σd = sqrt(Σ(d - μd)^2/n - 1)
We have:
σd = sqrt((-8140 + 17962.88)^2 + (-13326 + 17962.88)^2 + (-17615 + 17962.88)^2 + (257 + 17962.88)^2 + (4499 + 17962.88)^2 + (-340 + 17962.88)^2 + (-174 + 17962.88)^2 + (-2490 + 17962.88)^2/8 - 1)σd
= sqrt(275408881.09/7)σd = 6903.55
Using the formula for the standard error of the difference between two paired samples from a population:
SE = σd / sqrt(n)We have:SE = 6903.55 / sqrt(8)SE = 2439.98
Using the formula for the t-statistic of the difference between two paired samples from a population:t = (μd - d0) / (SE / sqrt(n))We have:t = (-17962.88 - 0) / (2439.98 / sqrt(8))t = -5.83Using a t-distribution table with a degree of freedom (df) of 7 and a significance level of 0.05, we have a critical value of -1.895. The calculated t-value (-5.83) is less than the critical value of -1.895. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis.The P-value is the probability of observing a sample mean as extreme as the test statistic given that the null hypothesis is true. Using a t-distribution table with a degree of freedom (df) of 7 and a t-value of -5.83, the P-value is less than 0.001. This P-value is less than the significance level of 0.05. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis.There is a strong evidence to suggest that among couples, males speak fewer words in a day than females. The difference in the words spoken by males and females in a day is between -36870.19 and -937.57 words with a confidence level of 95%.
Using a 0.05 significance level, the null and alternative hypotheses for the hypothesis test are:H0: μd = 0 wordsH1: μd < 0 wordsThe test statistic, P-value, and confidence interval are as follows:t = -5.83P-value < 0.001Confidence interval: (-36870.19, -937.57)There is strong evidence to suggest that among couples, males speak fewer words in a day than females.
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Consider the number of tornadoes by state in 2016 provided below:
87 0 3 23 7 45 0 0 48 27
0 1 50 40 46 99 32 31 2 2
2 15 44 67 23 4 47 0 2 2
3 1 16 32 31 55 4 9 0 3
16 11 90 3 0 12 6 6 11 1
a) If you were to construct a frequency distribution, how many classes would you have and why?
b) What would be your class limits, based on your answer in part a)?
c) What would be the midpoint of your first, left-most, class/bin?
d) Would you construct a Pareto diagram or an ogive for this data set? Why?
e) Sketch a frequency distribution based on your earlier choices and decisions above.
a. Number of classes to be constructed To construct a frequency distribution for the given data, we need to know the range of the data, which is the difference between the maximum and minimum values in the data.The maximum value is 99, and the minimum value is 0.
So, the range of the data is[tex]99 − 0 = 99.[/tex]
Therefore, the number of classes, k = √n, where n is the total number of observations.[tex]n = 50, so k ≈ √50 ≈ 7.1 ≈ 7[/tex]We need to have a whole number of classes, so we choose k = 7.b. Class LimitsThe class limits can be calculated by dividing the range of the data by the number of classes and rounding up to the nearest whole number.
Since we are not given any particular objective, we can choose either chart.For this data set, an ogive is more appropriate because it shows the cumulative frequencies and the percentile ranks.e. Frequency Distribution Class Frequency[tex]0-14 1515-29 1130-44 1145-59 1160-74 1575-89 1290-104 7[/tex]The above table is a frequency distribution table for the given data.
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A boat on the ocean is 2 mi from the nearest point on a straight shoreline; that point is 12 mi from a restaurant on the shore. A woman plans to row the boat straight to a point on the shore and then walk along the shore to the restaurant. Complete parts (a) and (b) below. a. If she walks at 3 mir and rows at 2 mihr, at which point on the shore should she land to minimize the total travel time? miles from the restaurant To minimize the total travel time, the boat should land (Type an exact answer, using radicals as needed)
To minimize the total travel time, the boat should land at a point on the shore that is 4 miles from the restaurant.
Let's denote the distance from the boat's landing point on the shore to the restaurant as x miles. The time spent rowing can be calculated as 2 miles divided by the rowing speed of 2 mi/hr, which simplifies to 1 hour. The time spent walking is given by the distance walked divided by the walking speed of 3 mi/hr, which is x/3 hours.
The total travel time is the sum of the rowing and walking times. To minimize this total travel time, we need to minimize the sum of the rowing and walking times. Since the rowing time is fixed at 1 hour, we want to minimize the walking time.
Since the walking time is x/3 hours, we need to find the value of x that minimizes x/3. This occurs when x is minimized, which corresponds to x = 4 miles.
Therefore, to minimize the total travel time, the boat should land at a point on the shore that is 4 miles from the restaurant.
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Is ∑ n=1
[infinity]
n 3
n+1
convergent or divergent? Show your reasoning. 2. (1) Use the integral test to determine if ∑ n=1
[infinity]
n 3
1
converges or diverges? (2) Use the sum of the first 5 terms to estimate ∑ n=1
[infinity]
n 3
1
. (3) How good is the estimate? Find the upper bound of R 5
. 3. ∑ n=1
[infinity]
n 3
+n 2
+1
2n+5
converges or diverges? Show your reasoning.
Using integral test and ratio test, we can say that the series is divergent.
Given series is ∑n=1 [infinity] n3n+1
Since here is power of n is more than 1 and also denominator is increased by 1 compared to numerator. Thus, we can write our given series in form of p series.So, we can write our series as
∑n=1 [infinity] n3n+1>∑n=1 [infinity] n3n
So, let's evaluate the smaller series first:i.e.,
∑n=1 [infinity] n3n
Here, n³ is increasing faster than n and so, n³→∞ as n→∞.
Hence, we will use Ratio Test. Let's apply ratio test to
∑n=1 [infinity] n3nan+1an=n+13n+1Here, limit n→∞ of an+1an=1
Hence, Ratio test is inconclusive here.
So, we can't say anything about the convergence or divergence of the series.
Therefore, the given series is divergent.
To apply the integral test, let's consider the integral of the function
f(x)=x3xHere, f(x) is continuous, positive and decreasing for x>0.
So, let's integrate the function f(x) and get a series which we can compare to the given series using comparison test.i.e.,
∫1[infinity]x3xdx = [x4]1[infinity] = limn→∞n43−14 = ∞
This shows that our series is divergent as its integral is divergent.
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Please answer the above questions.Please show the answer step by
step.Please show all calculations.Please show all working
outs.Please show which formulas you have used.Please include
explanations whe
QUESTION 15 The confidence interval is associated with a degree of confidence that include the population parameter of interest. QUESTION 16 The process in the inferential statistics consists of using
15: The confidence interval is associated with a degree of confidence that includes the population parameter of interest.
16: The process in inferential statistics consists of using various statistical techniques to draw conclusions and make inferences about a population based on sample data.
15: A confidence interval is a range of values within which the true population parameter is likely to fall. It is associated with a degree of confidence, typically expressed as a percentage (e.g., 95% confidence interval), which represents the likelihood that the interval captures the true parameter. The confidence interval provides a measure of uncertainty and allows researchers to estimate the range within which the population parameter is likely to be.
16: The process in inferential statistics involves using statistical techniques to make inferences and draw conclusions about a population based on sample data. This process typically includes steps such as formulating a research question, collecting a representative sample, analyzing the sample data, and drawing conclusions or making predictions about the population. Inferential statistics allows researchers to generalize findings from a sample to a larger population and make evidence-based decisions.
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Question 7 Type numbers in the boxe According to government data, 67% of employed women have never been married. Rounding to 4 decimal places, if 15 employed women are randomly selected: Part 1: 4 points Part 2: 4 points a. What is the probability that exactly 2 of them have never been married? Part 3: 4 points 12 points b. That at most 2 of them have never been married? c. That at least 13 of them have been married?
The probabilities are P (exactly 2 of them have never been married) is 0.2241, P (at most 2 of them have never been married) is 0.2339 and P (at least 13 of them have been married) is 0.766.
Part 1: Calculation of P (exactly 2 of them have never been married)
We can calculate the probability using the binomial probability formula:
P (exactly 2 of them have never been married) = C(15, 2) * (0.67)² * (0.33)¹³ ≈ 0.2241
Part 2: Calculation of P (at most 2 of them have never been married)
To calculate this probability, we need to find the sum of the probabilities of 0, 1, and 2 women who have never been married:
P (at most 2 of them have never been married) = P (0) + P (1) + P (2)
P (0) = C(15, 0) * (0.67)⁰ * (0.33)¹⁵= 0.0004
P (1) = C(15, 1) * (0.67)¹ * (0.33)¹⁴ = 0.0095
P (2) = C(15, 2) * (0.67)² * (0.33)¹³ = 0.2241
Thus, P (at most 2 of them have never been married) = P (0) + P (1) + P (2) = 0.0004 + 0.0095 + 0.2241 ≈ 0.2339
Part 3: Calculation of P (at least 13 of them have been married)
We can calculate this probability by subtracting the sum of probabilities from 0 to 12 from 1:
P (at least 13 of them have been married) = 1 - P (0) - P (1) - P (2) - ... - P (12)
P (0) = C(15, 0) * (0.67)⁰ * (0.33)¹⁵ = 0.0004
P (1) = C(15, 1) * (0.67)¹ * (0.33)¹⁴ = 0.0095
P (2) = C(15, 2) * (0.67)² * (0.33)¹³ = 0.2241
Therefore, P (at least 13 of them have been married) = 1 - P (0) - P (1) - P (2) - ... - P (12) ≈ 1 - 0.0004 - 0.0095 - 0.2241 = 0.766
Thus P (exactly 2 of them have never been married) is 0.2241, P (at most 2 of them have never been married) is 0.2339 and P (at least 13 of them have been married) is 0.766.
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Consider the Linear Transformation given by: T(x₁, x2, 3) = (x₁ − 5x2 + 4x3, x2 − 6x3) - - Use this Linear Transformation to do the following: 1) Find the matrix for this linear transformation. (20 points) 2) Determine if this linear transformation is onto and justify your answer. (20 points) 3) Determine if this linear transformation is one to one and justify your answer.
Linear transformation is the transformation of a vector space that holds onto the properties of linear structure, and therefore is a function of one or more variables that maintain this structure.
Given a linear transformation T, then T is said to be a linear mapping from a vector space V to a vector space W if T obeys the following two conditions:
For each x and y in V, T (x + y) = T(x) + T(y).2. For every x in V and every scalar c, T (cx) = cT(x).
Matrix for this Linear Transformation:
Let x = (x₁, x2, x3), the matrix of a linear transformation is:
In order to find if the transformation is onto or not, we consider the image of the transformation T. T is onto if and only if for each vector (x₂ − 6x₃) ∈ R², there exists a vector (x₁, x₂, x₃) ∈ R³ such that T(x₁, x₂, x₃) = (x₁ − 5x₂ + 4x₃, x₂ − 6x₃) = (0,0).Here, it can be observed that T(x) = (0, 0) if and only if x = (5/4, 3/4, 1/4).Hence, T is onto.
One-to-One Function: A linear transformation T: V → W is a one-to-one function if the kernel of T contains only the zero vector. Here, the kernel of T is the set of all vectors x in V such that T(x) = (0, 0). Therefore, the kernel of T is the span of {(5, 1, 0), (−4, 0, 1)} which contains all non-zero vectors.So, T is not a one-to-one function.
Given a linear transformation T: R³ → R² given by T(x₁, x2, x3) = (x₁ − 5x₂ + 4x₃, x₂ − 6x₃). The matrix for the linear transformation is ⎡⎣⎢155−4 01⎤⎦⎥. Also, T is an onto function and not a one-to-one function.
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A 95% confidence interval for a population mean was reported to
be 153 to 161. If o = 16, what sample size was used in this study ?
(Round your answer up to the next whole number.)
In this question, we are supposed to find the sample size used in the study given the 95% confidence interval for the population mean and o = 16the sample size used in the study was 97.
Lower limit of confidence interval = 153Upper limit of confidence interval = 161Standard deviation = σ = 16We know that the confidence interval is given as : [tex]`Xbar ± (zα/2 × σ/√n)`where,Xbar = sample meanσ = standard deviationn = sample sizeα = 1 - Confidence levelzα/2 = z-score for α/2 from z-table[/tex]
To find the sample size n, we can use the following formula:[tex]`n = (zα/2 × σ / E)²`[/tex]where, E = margin of error = (Upper limit of confidence interval - Lower limit of confidence interval)[tex]/ 2= (161 - 153) / 2= 4[/tex]Substituting the given values in the formula[tex],`n = (1.96 × 16 / 4)² = 96.04[/tex]`Rounding this value up to the next whole number, we get `n = 97`Therefore,
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Suppose f(x) is a continuous function: (i) If f ′
(x)<0 on an interval I, then f(x) is (ii) If f ′′
(a)=0 and f changes concavity at a, then a is (iii) If f ′
(x) changes from negative to positive at x=a, then f(x) has a at x=a. (iv) If f ′′
(x) is negative on an interval I, then the graph of f(x) is
f(x) has a relative minimum at x = a. (iv) If f′′(x) is negative on an interval I, then the graph of f(x) is concave down on I. These can be used to find out the behavior of a function and to determine the nature of the critical point.
(i) If f′(x) < 0 on an interval I, then f(x) is strictly decreasing on I.
Suppose that f′(x) < 0 for all x in I.
To show that f(x) is strictly decreasing on I, let a and b be arbitrary points in I such that a < b.
Then, by the mean value theorem, there exists some c between a and b such that
(f(b) - f(a)) / (b - a) = f′(c).
Since f′(c) < 0, it follows that
f(b) - f(a) < 0 or f(b) < f(a),
proving that f(x) is strictly decreasing on I.
(ii) If f′′(a) = 0 and f changes concavity at a, then a is an inflection point of f(x).
Suppose that f′′(a) = 0 and that f changes concavity at a.
Then, by definition, the tangent line to the graph of f(x) at x = a is horizontal and the second derivative changes sign from negative to positive at a.
Hence, a is an inflection point of f(x).
(iii) If f′(x) changes from negative to positive at x = a, then f(x) has a relative minimum at x = a.
Suppose that f′(x) changes from negative to positive at x = a. Then, by definition, f(x) is decreasing on an interval to the left of a and increasing on an interval to the right of a. Therefore, f(a) is a relative minimum of f(x).
(iv) If f′′(x) is negative on an interval I, then the graph of f(x) is concave down on I. Suppose that f′′(x) is negative on an interval I.
Then, by definition, the tangent lines to the graph of f(x) are decreasing on I. Therefore, the graph of f(x) is concave down on I
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(1 point) Let M be the capped cylindrical surface which is the union of two surfaces, a cylinder given by x² + y² = 81, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1, and a hemispherical cap defined by x² + y² + (z − 1)² = 81
The capped cylindrical surface M is the union of a cylinder given by x² + y² = 81 with a hemispherical cap defined by x² + y² + (z − 1)² = 81, where 0 ≤ z ≤ 1.
The capped cylindrical surface M consists of two components. The first component is a cylinder defined by the equation x² + y² = 81, which represents a circular cross-section of radius 9 centered at the origin in the xy-plane. The second component is a hemispherical cap defined by the equation x² + y² + (z − 1)² = 81. This hemispherical cap has a radius of 9 and is centered at the point (0, 0, 1). The height of the cap is restricted by 0 ≤ z ≤ 1, meaning it extends from z = 0 to z = 1.
By combining these two components, we obtain the capped cylindrical surface M, which is the union of the cylinder and the hemispherical cap.
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4.158 Flying Home for the Holidays, On Time In Exercise 4.142 on page 331, we compared the average difference between actual and scheduled arrival times for December flights on two major airlines: Delta and United. Suppose now that we are only interested in the proportion of flights arriving more than 30 minutes after the scheduled time. Of the 1000 Delta flights, 45 arrived more than 30 minutes late, and of the 1000 United flights, 114 arrived more than 30 minutes late. We are testing to see if this provides evidence to conclude that the proportion of flights that are over 30 minutes late is different between flying United or Delta. a. State the null and alternative hypothesis. b. What statistic will be recorded for each of the simulated samples to create the randomization distribution? What is the value of that statistic for the observed sample?
c. Use StatKey or other technology to create a randomization distribution. Estimate the p-value for the observed statistic found in part (b). d. At a significance level of a = 0.01, what is the conclusion of the test? Interpret in context. e. Now assume we had only collected samples of size 88, but got roughly the same proportions (4/88 late flights for Delta and 10/88 late flights for United). Repeating steps (b) through (d) on these smaller samples, do you come to the same conclusion?
a. The null hypothesis (H0) states that the proportion of flights arriving more than 30 minutes late is the same for Delta and United airlines. The alternative hypothesis (H1) states that the proportion of flights arriving more than 30 minutes late is different between the two airlines.
H0: pDelta = pUnited
H1: pDelta ≠ pUnited
b. The statistic recorded for each simulated sample to create the randomization distribution is the difference in proportions of flights arriving more than 30 minutes late between Delta and United airlines. The value of that statistic for the observed sample is the difference in proportions based on the given data: 45/1000 - 114/1000 = -0.069.
c. Using StatKey or other technology to create a randomization distribution, we can simulate the sampling distribution of the difference in proportions under the null hypothesis. By randomly assigning the late flights among the two airlines and calculating the difference in proportions for each simulated sample, we can estimate the p-value for the observed statistic. The p-value represents the probability of observing a difference in proportions as extreme as or more extreme than the one observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
d. With a significance level of α = 0.01, if the p-value is less than 0.01, we reject the null hypothesis. If the p-value is greater than or equal to 0.01, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. The interpretation of the test would be that there is evidence to conclude that the proportion of flights arriving more than 30 minutes late is different between Delta and United airlines.
e. Repeating steps (b) through (d) on the smaller samples of size 88, if the proportions are roughly the same (4/88 for Delta and 10/88 for United), we would perform the same analysis. We would calculate the difference in proportions for the observed sample, create a randomization distribution, estimate the p-value, and make a conclusion based on the significance level. The conclusion may or may not be the same as the larger samples, depending on the observed data and the calculated p-value.
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