Explanation:
To calculate the percent yield, we need to compare the actual yield to the theoretical yield. The theoretical yield is the amount of product that would be obtained if the reaction went to completion based on the stoichiometry of the balanced equation.
First, let's determine the molar mass of CaCO3 (limestone) and CaO (quicklime):
- Molar mass of CaCO3 = 40.08 g/mol (molar mass of Ca) + 12.01 g/mol (molar mass of C) + (3 * 16.00 g/mol) (molar mass of O) = 100.09 g/mol
- Molar mass of CaO = 40.08 g/mol (molar mass of Ca) + 16.00 g/mol (molar mass of O) = 56.08 g/mol
Next, we can calculate the theoretical yield of CaO:
The molar ratio between CaCO3 and CaO is 1:1 according to the balanced equation. Therefore, the mass of CaO produced is the same as the mass of CaCO3 used.
The theoretical yield of CaO is 3.3 × 10^3 g.
Now we can calculate the percent yield:
Percent Yield = (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) * 100
Percent Yield = (1 × 10^3 g / 3.3 × 10^3 g) * 100
Percent Yield = 30.30%
Therefore, the percent yield of CaO in this reaction is 30.30%.
The first solution provided by meguelratatouille came close to the correct answer, but erred in assuming that equal moles implies equal mass. The following discussion corrects this mistake.
To determine the percent yield, we must compare the actual yield to the theoretical yield.
Theoretical Yield
From the balanced chemical equation we have:
CaCO3(s) --> CaO(s) + CO2(g)
It is necessary to know the molar mass of CaCO3 and CaO to determine the amount of CaO produced from a given amount of CaCO3:
Molar mass CaCO3 = 100.09 g/mol
Molar mass CaO = 56.08 g/mol
Then, to find the total mass of CaO produced by 3.3 x 10^3 g of CaCO3 reactant, we calculate:
3.3 x 10^3 g CaCO3
x 1 mol CaCO3 / (100.09 g/mol CaCO3)
x 1 mol CaO / (1 mol CaCO3)
x 56.08 g CaO / (1 mol CaO)
-----------------------------------
1848 g CaO
which we report as 1.8 x 10^3 g CaO after applying significant figures.
Actual Yield
Finally, the percent yield is given by dividing the actual yield by the theoretical yield we just computed:
(1 x 10^3 g) / (1.8 x 10^3 g) x 100% = 55.6% = 56%
which type of membrane transport process uses atp as a source of energy?
The type of membrane transport process that uses ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as a source of energy is called active transport.
Active transport is a cellular process that enables the movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient (from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration). This movement is energetically unfavorable because it goes against the natural tendency of molecules to move from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration (down the concentration gradient). Therefore, active transport requires the input of energy.
ATP, as the energy currency of cells, is utilized by specific proteins called ATPases or ATP-powered pumps to actively transport molecules or ions across the membrane. These pumps use the energy released by ATP hydrolysis (the breakdown of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate) to perform work against the concentration gradient.
ATP-powered pumps are involved in various vital physiological processes, such as the maintenance of ion gradients across cell membranes, nutrient uptake in cells, and removal of waste products. Examples of ATP-powered pumps include the sodium-potassium pump, calcium pump, and proton pump.
The active transport process is highly selective, allowing the cell to control the movement of specific ions or molecules across the membrane and maintain concentration gradients necessary for cellular functions.
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name a colloid formed from a gas dispersed in a liquid
An example of a colloid formed from a gas dispersed in a liquid is foam. Foam is created when gas, usually air, is dispersed and trapped within a liquid. It forms a mixture of gas bubbles suspended in the liquid phase. Common examples of foams include whipped cream, soap bubbles, and beer foam.
Foams are characterized by their ability to retain gas bubbles within the liquid, creating a stable and distinct structure. The liquid component of the foam, called the continuous phase, surrounds and stabilizes the gas bubbles, preventing them from coalescing or collapsing. This stability is often due to the presence of surfactants, which lower the surface tension of the liquid and create a barrier between the gas and liquid phases.
The gas bubbles in foams can vary in size and distribution, leading to different properties and applications. Foams are widely used in various industries, including food and beverage, cosmetics, firefighting, and insulation. They can provide texture, stability, and other desirable characteristics in products and processes.
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Choose the correct answer.
When two atoms share electrons, they form a bond called __________.
A
Ionic bond
B
Covalent bond
C
Chemical bond
D
Electrovalent bond
A bond known as a covalent bond is formed when two atoms share electrons.
Option B is correct.
The electrons that are shared in a covalent bond are drawn to both atomic nuclei. Covalent bonds happen when two nonmetal molecules, generally from the right-hand side of the intermittent table, share electrons. When the electrons in the outermost shells of both atoms are shared, they become more stable.
When molecules share electrons, the steady equilibrium of enticing and repellent powers is known as covalent holding.
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A 295-mL flask contains pure helium at a pressure of 757 torr. A second flask with a volume of 465 mL contains pure argon at a pressure of 712 torr. Part A: If we connect the two flasks through a stopcock and we open the stopcock, what is the partial pressure of helium? Express the partial pressure in torr to three significant figures. Part B: If we connect the two flasks through a stopcock and we open the stopcock, what is the partial pressure of argon?
To determine the partial pressure of each gas when the two flasks are connected, we can use Dalton's law of partial pressures. According to Dalton's law, The partial pressure of helium is 45 torr and the partial pressure of argon is 712 torr.
According to Dalton's law, the total pressure of a mixture of non-reacting gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each gas.
Part A:
The initial pressure of helium is 757 torr. When the two flasks are connected, the total pressure of the system will be the sum of the partial pressures of helium and argon. Since the flask containing argon is initially closed off, its pressure will remain constant at 712 torr. Therefore, the partial pressure of helium will be:
Partial pressure of helium = Total pressure - Partial pressure of argon
Partial pressure of helium = 757 torr - 712 torr
Partial pressure of helium = 45 torr
Part B:
Similarly, the partial pressure of argon will be:
Partial pressure of argon = Total pressure - Partial pressure of helium
Partial pressure of argon = 757 torr - 45 torr
Partial pressure of argon = 712 torr
Therefore, Part A: The partial pressure of helium is 45 torr.
Part B: The partial pressure of argon is 712 torr.
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Which of the following is the standard free energy of formation (AG) for the substance? S(g) + O2(g) → SO2(9) C(s, graphite) + 2H2(g) → CH (9) NH3(g) → 2N2(g) + 1.5H2(g) 2C(s, diamond) + 2H2(g) + O2(g) → CH3COOH (1)
The standard free energy of formation is S(g) + O₂(g) → SO₂(g) and the correct option is option 1.
The standard free energy of formation (ΔG°f) is defined as the change in free energy when one mole of a substance is formed from its elements under standard conditions (usually at 25°C and 1 atm).
To calculate the standard free energy of formation, we need the standard enthalpy of formation and the entropy change at STP.
Enthalpy is the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system. The quantity of enthalpy equals to the total content of heat of a system, equivalent to the system’s internal energy plus the product of volume and pressure.
Thus, the ideal selection is option 1.
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on what basis did mendeleev construct his periodic table?
Mendeleev constructed his periodic table based on the similarities in the properties of elements and the periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties.
Mendeleev constructed his periodic table based on certain observations. He observed that the elements have similar chemical properties, and he arranged them in the same vertical column. The properties of elements show periodic repetition. He took the atomic weights of the elements and arranged them in a periodic manner. He also kept some gaps in the table for the yet-to-be-discovered elements and predicted their properties. This led to the development of the concept of periodicity.
In his table, Mendeleev also recognized the existence of certain trends among the properties of elements. For instance, the first element in each group has the smallest atomic weight. The atomic weights of elements increase from left to right across each row. The most reactive metallic elements are at the bottom left-hand corner of the table, while the non-metallic elements are at the top right-hand corner of the table.
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find no. of atoms in 2.05 moles of hydrogen in mono-atomic state
There are approximately 1.238 × 10^24 atoms in 2.05 moles of hydrogen in its monoatomic state.
To determine the number of atoms in 2.05 moles of hydrogen in its monoatomic state, we need to use Avogadro's number, which states that there are approximately 6.022 × 10^23 atoms in one mole of any substance.
Given that we have 2.05 moles of hydrogen, we can calculate the number of atoms using the following steps:
Determine the number of moles of hydrogen:
Number of moles = 2.05 moles
Use Avogadro's number to calculate the number of atoms:
Number of atoms = Number of moles × Avogadro's number
Number of atoms = 2.05 moles × (6.022 × 10^23 atoms/mole)
Performing the calculation:
Number of atoms = 2.05 × 6.022 × 10^23 atoms
Number of atoms = 1.238 × 10^24 atoms
Therefore, there are approximately 1.238 × 10^24 atoms in 2.05 moles of hydrogen in its monoatomic state.
It's important to note that hydrogen in its monoatomic state consists of individual hydrogen atoms. In other words, there are no molecules or compounds involved, and each mole of hydrogen corresponds to Avogadro's number of hydrogen atoms.
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Which of the following is not a step in an incident response solution?
Question 16 options:
A) A. Evasion
B) B. Containment
C) C. Eradication
D) D. Recovery
Evasion is not a step in an incident response solution. The correct answer is option A.
An incident response plan is essential to protect an organization from security breaches and cyber attacks. The steps in an incident response plan include preparation, identification, containment, eradication, recovery, and lessons learned. These steps are necessary to follow as part of an effective incident response solution. Preparation involves developing an incident response plan, identifying the team members and their roles, and preparing equipment and tools.
Identification involves detecting and analyzing any malicious activity that may have caused the incident. Containment involves containing the incident to prevent it from spreading further and causing more damage. Eradication involves completely removing the malicious code or activity and ensuring that the system is secure and free from further damage. Recovery involves restoring the system to its previous state and implementing measures to prevent future incidents from occurring. Lessons learned involve reviewing the incident and the response to identify areas of improvement for future response plans. Evasion is not a step in an incident response solution.
Thus, Evasion is not a step in an incident response solution. The correct answer is option A.
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molality is a measure of the number of moles per liter of solution.
Molality is a measurement of how many moles of solute there are in one kilo of solvent. So, the given statement is incorrect.
Molality (m) is calculated by dividing the moles of solute (n) by the mass of the solvent (in kilograms) and can be expressed using the following formula:
[tex]molality (m) = \frac {moles of solute (n)}{ mass of solvent (kg)}[/tex]
Molality is commonly used in chemistry, particularly in colligative properties such as boiling point elevation and freezing point depression, where it is the preferred concentration unit because it is not influenced by temperature and pressure-induced variations in volume
In contrast, molarity (M) is a measure of the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. It is calculated by dividing the moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters.
Molarity is more commonly used in everyday laboratory work and is affected by changes in temperature and pressure.
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what is the chemical formula for the base cobalt(iii) hydroxide?
The chemical formula for cobalt(III) hydroxide is Co(OH)₃. In the chemical formula, Co represents the element cobalt, and OH represents the hydroxide ion.
The Co represents the element cobalt, and OH represents the hydroxide ion. The hydroxide ion (OH⁻) consists of one oxygen atom (O) bonded to one hydrogen atom (H), and it carries a negative charge.
In cobalt(III) hydroxide, the cobalt ion has a +3 charge (Co³⁺). Since the hydroxide ion carries a -1 charge, it takes three hydroxide ions to balance the charge of one cobalt(III) ion.
By combining the cobalt ion and the hydroxide ions in the appropriate ratio, we get Co(OH)₃ as the chemical formula for cobalt(III) hydroxide.
Roman numeral (III) in the name "cobalt(III) hydroxide" indicates the oxidation state of the cobalt ion, which is +3. Cobalt can form different ions with varying charges, and the oxidation state affects the chemical behavior of the element in compounds.
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The absorption of what mineral is enhanced by vitamin C?
a. selenium
b. iron
c. zinc
d. copper
The absorption of mineral called iron is enhanced by vitamin C. Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, plays a crucial role in aiding the absorption of iron in the body.
Iron exists in two forms: heme iron, which is found in animal-based foods, and non-heme iron, which is present in both plant-based foods and animal-based foods. Non-heme iron is the form that is commonly supplemented and added to fortified foods.
Iron absorption is a complex process influenced by various factors, including dietary components. Vitamin C enhances the absorption of non-heme iron by promoting its conversion from the ferric (Fe3+) form to the more easily absorbable ferrous (Fe2+) form. This conversion is essential because non-heme iron is predominantly present in the ferric form in plant-based foods.
Vitamin C acts as a reducing agent, meaning it can donate electrons to convert ferric iron into ferrous iron. Once the ferric iron is converted to the ferrous form, it can be efficiently absorbed by the intestinal cells. Vitamin C also helps to prevent the re-oxidation of ferrous iron back to the ferric form, ensuring its availability for absorption.
Therefore, vitamin C plays a significant role in enhancing the absorption of non-heme iron, especially from plant-based sources.
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how much energy is required to decompose 765g of pcl3
The amount of energy required to decompose 765g of PCl₃ is 887.7 kJ calculated by using the formula: Q = m × ∆H.
To calculate the amount of energy required to decompose 765g of PCl₃, we need to find the enthalpy change (∆H) of the reaction. According to the balanced equation, 1 mole of PCl₃ decomposes to form 1 mole of PCl₅ and 1 mole of Cl₂. The enthalpy change for this reaction can be found using Hess's Law or from the enthalpy of formation values of the reactants and products.
The enthalpy change of the reaction is ∆H = ∆Hf(PCl₅) + ∆Hf(Cl₂) - ∆Hf(PCl₃)
Substituting the values, we get: ∆H = (-128.2) + (0) - (-287.5) = 159.3 kJ/mol
Now, we can use the formula Q = m × ∆H to calculate the amount of energy required to decompose 765g of PCl₃.
Number of moles of PCl₃ = 765/137.33 = 5.57 mol
Amount of energy required = 5.57 mol × 159.3 kJ/mol = 887.7 kJ
Therefore, the amount of energy required to decompose 765g of PCl₃ is 887.7 kJ.
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In each of the following equations, what hybridization change, if any, occurs for the underlined atom?
CSF4 + 2H2O → SO2 +2HF
The hybridization change occurs for the sulfur atom in the compound SO2, where it changes from sp3 to sp2. The hybridization of the other atoms (sulfur in CSF4, oxygen in H2O, and hydrogen in HF) remains unchanged.
In the given chemical equation CSF4 + 2H2O → SO2 + 2HF, we need to determine the hybridization change, if any, for the underlined atom in each compound involved in the reaction.
CSF4:
The underlined atom in CSF4 is the central sulfur atom (S). Sulfur in its uncombined state has a hybridization of sp3. In CSF4, sulfur is bonded to four fluorine atoms (F). Since sulfur is still bonded to four atoms (F), there is no change in hybridization for the sulfur atom in this compound.
H2O:
The underlined atom in H2O is the central oxygen atom (O). Oxygen in its uncombined state has a hybridization of sp3. In H2O, oxygen is bonded to two hydrogen atoms (H). There is no change in hybridization for the oxygen atom in this compound.
SO2:
The underlined atom in SO2 is the central sulfur atom (S). In its uncombined state, sulfur has a hybridization of sp3. In SO2, sulfur is bonded to two oxygen atoms (O). Due to the presence of a double bond between sulfur and one of the oxygen atoms, the hybridization of the sulfur atom in SO2 changes to sp2.
HF:
The underlined atom in HF is the hydrogen atom (H). Hydrogen in its uncombined state has a hybridization of s. In HF, hydrogen is bonded to a fluorine atom (F). There is no change in hybridization for the hydrogen atom in this compound.
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1. 4.00 g of dichromate are added to the volumetric flask, along with 30 ml of water and then another 100 ml
Calculate the concentration of the dichromate ion in the first volumetric flask.
2. 4.00 g of iron (II) ammonium sulfate is added to a volumetric flask, along with 30 ml of water and then another 100 ml
Calculate the concentration of the iron (II) ion in the second volumetric flask.
Concentration of the dichromate ion in the first volumetric flask = 0.122 M
Concentration of iron (II) ion in the second volumetric flask = 0.0783 M
1. 4.00 g of dichromate is added to the volumetric flask, along with 30 ml of water and then another 100 ml. Now, let's calculate the concentration of the dichromate ion in the first volumetric flask.
The molar mass of dichromate = 2 × 52 + 7 × 16 = 252 g/mol Moles of dichromate ion = (4.00 g / 252 g/mol) = 0.015873 molDilution is carried out by adding 100 mL water. Let's calculate the total volume of the solution.V = 100 + 30 = 130 mL = 0.13 L
According to the formula:
C1V1 = C2V2C2 = C1V1/V2 Concentration of the dichromate ion in the first volumetric flask = C2= (0.015873 mol / 0.13 L) = 0.122 M2. 4.00 g of iron (II) ammonium sulfate is added to a volumetric flask, along with 30 ml of water and then another 100 ml. Let's calculate the concentration of the iron (II) ion in the second volumetric flask.The molar mass of iron (II) ammonium sulfate = 392.14 g/mol Moles of iron (II) ammonium sulfate = (4.00 g / 392.14 g/mol) = 0.010204 molesIron (II) ammonium sulfate dissociates into one mole of iron (II) ions and two moles of ammonium ions.Calculate the moles of iron (II) ion = 0.010204 moles × 1 = 0.010204 moles
Therefore,
the concentration of iron (II) ion in the second volumetric flask = (0.010204 moles / 0.13 L) = 0.0783 M
Concentration of the dichromate ion in the first volumetric flask = 0.122 M
Concentration of iron (II) ion in the second volumetric flask = 0.0783 M
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determine the number of protons in each of the following isotopes of chromium.
The number of protons in each of the isotopes of chromium is 24.
Chromium (Cr) has different isotopes with varying numbers of neutrons. To determine the number of protons in each of the isotopes of chromium, we need to understand that the atomic number of chromium is 24, which means the number of protons is 24 in all isotopes.
The atomic number of chromium is 24, meaning that each of the isotopes has 24 protons because the atomic number represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. For example, the isotopes of chromium are:
Cr-48 - It has 24 protons.
Cr-50 - It has 24 protons.
Cr-52 - It has 24 protons.
Cr-53 - It has 24 protons.
Cr-54 - It has 24 protons.
Each of the isotopes of chromium has 24 protons since the atomic number of chromium is 24 and represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Therefore, the number of protons in each of the isotopes of chromium is 24.
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what type of bonding occurs in calcium chloride, cacl2?
The bonding that occurs in calcium chloride (CaCl2) is ionic bonding.
Calcium chloride is composed of calcium ions (Ca2+) and chloride ions (Cl-). In an ionic bond, electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of oppositely charged ions. In the case of calcium chloride, calcium loses two electrons to achieve a stable, positively charged Ca2+ ion, while two chloride ions each gain one electron to form negatively charged Cl- ions. The electrostatic attraction between the positively charged calcium ions and the negatively charged chloride ions holds the compound together. This type of bonding is typical between metals and non-metals, where one atom donates electrons to another atom, creating a strong bond through the attraction of opposite charges.
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what is the mass of 12.82 moles of lithium (li) atoms?
The mass of 12.82 moles of lithium (Li) atoms is 88.89 g.
The molar mass of Lithium (Li) is 6.94 g/mol. Therefore, the mass of 12.82 moles of lithium (Li) atoms can be calculated as follows:
The number of moles of lithium (Li) = 12.82 mol
Molar mass of Lithium (Li) = 6.94 g/mol
We know that the mass of one mole of an element is equal to its atomic or molecular mass in grams.Therefore, the mass of 1 mole of Li atoms is equal to its molar mass which is 6.94 g/mol.
Then the mass of 12.82 moles of Li atoms can be found using mole to mass conversion as follows:
Mass = Number of moles × Molar mass
= 12.82 mol × 6.94 g/mol
= 88.89 g.
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A bouncing ball leaves the ground with a velocity of 4. 36m/s at an angle of 81 degrees
When a ball is thrown upwards with a certain angle and velocity, it bounces back due to the gravitational pull of the Earth. This is known as the bouncing of the ball. The following are some details about a bouncing ball leaving the ground with a velocity of 4.36 m/s at an angle of 81 degrees
The time taken by the ball to reach the maximum height can be calculated using the formula given below:
t = u sin θ/g
Where t = time taken by the ball to reach the maximum height u = initial velocity of the ballθ = angle of projection g = acceleration due to gravity t = 4.36 sin 81/9.8= 0.410 s.
The maximum height reached by the ball can be calculated using the formula given below:
h = u^2 sin^2 θ/2g
Where h = maximum height reached by the ball u = initial velocity of the ballθ = angle of projection g = acceleration due to gravity
h = 4.36^2 sin^2 81/2*9.8= 0.895 m.
The time taken by the ball to fall back to the ground can be calculated using the formula given below:
t = (2h/g)^1/2
Where t = time taken by the ball to fall back to the ground h = maximum height reached by the ball g = acceleration due to gravity t = (2*0.895/9.8)^1/2= 0.416 s
The total time taken by the ball to return to the ground can be calculated using the formula given below:
T = 2t = 2*(0.410 + 0.416)= 1.652 s
The horizontal distance travelled by the ball can be calculated using the formula given below:
d = u cos θ T
T = total time taken by the ball to return to the ground
d = 4.36 cos 81*1.652= 1.76 m.
When a bouncing ball leaves the ground with a velocity of 4.36 m/s at an angle of 81 degrees, the time taken by the ball to reach the maximum height is 0.410 seconds, the maximum height reached by the ball is 0.895 meters, the time taken by the ball to fall back to the ground is 0.416 seconds, and the total time taken by the ball to return to the ground is 1.652 seconds. Finally, the horizontal distance travelled by the ball is 1.76 meters. These values can be calculated using the various formulas and equations that are associated with the motion of a projectile.
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how many h+ ions can the acid h3po4 donate per molecule?
The acid H3PO4 can donate three hydrogen ions (H+) per molecule.
Thus, the number of H+ ions that the acid H3PO4 can donate per molecule is 3.Explanation:H3PO4 is also known as phosphoric acid. Phosphoric acid is an inorganic mineral acid that is commonly used in fertilizers, detergents, and food additives.
The chemical formula of H3PO4 is H3PO4 which implies that it has three hydrogen ions that are attached to the phosphate anion.Each hydrogen ion, which is donated by H3PO4, has the ability to donate a single positive hydrogen ion or proton (H+).
Therefore, since H3PO4 has three hydrogen ions, it has the ability to donate three H+ ions per molecule (per H3PO4 molecule).
In other words, one molecule of H3PO4 can donate three hydrogen ions.
Therefore, the number of H+ ions that the acid H3PO4 can donate per molecule is 3.
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What pollution does oil and gas well drilling bring to the environment?
Answer:
higher levels of methane , which is 25 times more than carbon dioxide
Explanation:
negatively affects the environment.
Carbon monoxide gas reacts with hydrogen gas atelevated temperatures to form methanol according to thisequation.
CO(g) + 2H2(g)Image:UCH3OH(g)
When 0.40 mol of CO and 0.30 mol of H2are allowed to reach equilibrium in a 1.0 L container, 0.060 mol ofCH3OH are formed. What is the value of Kc?
Please EXPLAIN youranswer.
Given equation is,
CO(g) + 2H2(g) ⇌ CH3OH(g)
At equilibrium, the amount of CH3OH(g) formed = 0.060 mol
Number of moles of CO(g) = 0.40 mol
Number of moles of H2(g) = 0.30 mol
The number of moles of CH3OH(g) formed per mole of CO(g) =0.060 mol/0.40 mol = 0.150
The number of moles of CH3OH(g) formed per mole of H2(g) =0.060 mol/ (0.30 × 2) mol = 0.100
Since, the coefficients of all the species in the balanced equation are 1 or 2, so the equilibrium constant expression can be written as,
Kc = [CH3OH]/ [CO][H2]
Since, at equilibrium, the amount of CH3OH(g) formed = 0.060 mol, the amount of CO(g) reacted = 0.40 - 0.060 = 0.34 mol, and the amount of H2(g) reacted = 0.30 - (0.060/2) = 0.27 mol
Putting these values in the above equation,
Kc = (0.060/1.0) / [(0.34/1.0) × (0.27/1.0)]Kc = 0.150
Therefore, the value of Kc is 0.150.
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hard water results from relatively high concentrations of dissolved ____.
Hard water results from relatively high concentrations of dissolved minerals, primarily calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions.
Hard water results from relatively high concentrations of dissolved minerals, primarily calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions. These ions are present in the form of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃), among other compounds. When water containing these dissolved minerals evaporates or is heated, it can lead to the formation of mineral deposits, commonly known as limescale, which can accumulate on surfaces such as pipes, appliances, and fixtures. This can cause issues with plumbing systems, reduce the efficiency of water heaters, and leave spots on dishes and glassware.
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magnesium (mg) will have chemical properties most like
Magnesium (Mg) will have chemical properties most like beryllium (Be).
Magnesium (Mg) has an atomic number of 12 and a mass of 24.305 g/mol. It belongs to the group of alkaline earth metals and is a soft, silvery-white metal that is highly reactive. It has two valence electrons in its outermost shell, which makes it highly reactive. Because of its similar properties, magnesium is frequently used as a substitute for aluminum and beryllium.
Beryllium (Be) is a chemical element that has an atomic number of 4 and a mass of 9.012 g/mol. It is classified as an alkaline earth metal and is a hard, brittle, gray metal. It is the lightest of the alkaline earth metals and has two valence electrons. Because of its similarity in properties, magnesium will have chemical properties most like beryllium.
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A spectrophotometric method for the analysis of iron has a linear calibration curve for standards of 0. 00, 5. 00, 10. 00, 15. 00, and 20. 00 ppm. An iron ore sample with an expected iron content of 40–60% w/w is to be analyzed by this method. An approximately 0. 5 g sample is taken, dissolved in a minimum of concentrated HCl, and diluted to 1 L in a volumetric flask using distilled water. A 5. 00-mL aliquot is removed with a pipet. To what volume (10, 25, 50, 100, 250, 500, or 1000 mL) should it be diluted to minimize the uncertainty in the analysis? Explain
To calculate the concentration of the iron sample by using a spectrophotometric method, it is necessary to dilute the sample. The volume to which the sample should be diluted is a crucial question in achieving the most accurate result.
The process involves diluting the sample, and the concentration must be calculated to determine the precise result of the dilution. This question can be answered by calculating the uncertainty and identifying the value of the uncertainty. The value with the lowest uncertainty will be the best value to choose. The volume with the lowest uncertainty will be the ideal volume to dilute the 5 ml aliquot of the iron sample to achieve a result with the minimum level of uncertainty.
To determine the optimal volume for dilution, the uncertainty should be calculated.
This can be done by using the equation for propagation of uncertainty, which states that the uncertainty of the result is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of the uncertainties of the individual components. When calculating the uncertainty of the diluted sample, the uncertainty of the initial sample and the uncertainty of the diluent must be considered. The uncertainty of the initial sample can be calculated using the calibration curve. As the expected iron content is 40-60%, the concentration of the sample is expected to be 8-12 ppm. The uncertainty of the calibration curve is given by the standard deviation of the calibration standards.
The diluent has a negligible uncertainty. The uncertainty of the diluted sample will be lower if a larger volume is used for dilution because the relative contribution of the uncertainty of the initial sample will decrease. However, the uncertainty of the measurement will increase if the sample is diluted too much because the concentration of the analyte will be too low to be detected accurately. A 100 mL volume is a good choice because it balances the need for sufficient dilution to reduce the uncertainty of the initial sample with the need for sufficient concentration to allow for accurate detection of the analyte.
The volume of the sample that should be diluted is 5 ml. The minimum level of uncertainty is obtained at a dilution of 100 ml. When the volume of the diluent is greater than 100 ml, the uncertainty of the measurement increases, and when the volume of the diluent is less than 100 ml, the uncertainty of the measurement also increases. Thus, a 100 ml volume of diluent is the ideal volume to minimize the uncertainty in the analysis of iron.
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at what temperature will the diffusion coefficient for the diffusion of zinc in copper
At a temperature of approximately 667.9 Kelvin, the diffusion coefficient for the diffusion of zinc in copper will have a value of 2.6 x 10⁻¹⁶ m/s.
To determine the temperature at which the diffusion coefficient for the diffusion of zinc in copper has a value of 2.6 x 10⁻¹⁶ m/s, we can use the diffusion equation:
D = Do * exp(-Qd / (R * T))
where:
D = Diffusion coefficient
Do = Pre-exponential factor (diffusion coefficient at infinite temperature)
Qd = Activation energy for diffusion
R = Gas constant
T = Temperature in Kelvin
We need to rearrange the equation to solve for temperature (T):
T = -Qd / (R * ln(D / Do))
Now we can substitute the given values into the equation:
D = 2.6 x 10⁻¹⁶ m/s
Do = 2.4 x 10⁻⁵ m²/s
Qd = 189,000 J/mol
R = 8.31 J/(K ×mol)
T = - (189,000 J/mol) / (8.31 J/(K ×mol) × ln(2.6 x 10⁻¹⁶ m/s / 2.4 x 10⁻⁵ m²/s))
Calculating this using a calculator or software, we get:
T ≈ 667.9 K
Therefore, at a temperature of approximately 667.9 Kelvin, the diffusion coefficient for the diffusion of zinc in copper will have a value of 2.6 x 10⁻¹⁶ m/s.
Incomplete question :
At what temperature will the diffusion coefficient for the diffusion of zinc in copper have a value of 2.6 x 10-16 m/s? Diffusion data: Do = 2.4. 10-5m2/s Qd = 189,000 J/mol Gas constant = 8.31 J/Kmol
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if .000066 moles of a .01 m solution of carbonic acid dissociates then what is the k of carbonic acid
The equilibrium constant (K) for the dissociation of carbonic acid in this scenario is 4.4 * 10⁻⁷
Option c) 0.000066 * 0.000066 / 0.01 = 4.4 * 10⁻⁷ is correct.
To calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for the dissociation of carbonic acid (H₂CO₃), we need to use the provided information about the moles and concentration of the acid.
The given information states that 0.000066 moles of carbonic acid dissociate in a 0.01 M solution.
In the dissociation reaction of carbonic acid, we have:
H₂CO₃ ⇌ H+ + HCO₃⁻
The stoichiometric ratio indicates that for every mole of H₂CO₃ that dissociates, we get an equal number of moles of both H+ and HCO₃⁻.
Given that 0.000066 moles of H₂CO₃dissociate, we have 0.000066 moles of both H+ and HCO₃⁻ formed.
Now, let's calculate the equilibrium constant using the formula:
K = [H+][HCO₃⁻] / [H₂CO₃]
Plugging in the values:
K = (0.000066 * 0.000066) / 0.01 = 4.4 * 10⁻⁷
Therefore, the equilibrium constant (K) for the dissociation of carbonic acid in this scenario is (c) 4.4 * 10⁻⁷.
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Complete question is:
if .000066 moles of a .01 m solution of carbonic acid dissociates then what is the k of carbonic acid.
a) 0.000066-4.18/0.01 = 2.7.10⁻²
b) 0.000066-2/0.01 = 1.3-10⁻²
c) 0.000066 0.000066/0.01 = 4.4 10⁻⁷
d) 0.0000662/0.000066 0.01-6.6-10⁻³
draw the major product of the reaction between 1-butanol and pbr3.
When 1-butanol reacts with PBr₃, the product formed is 1-bromobutane. Here's the reaction that takes place:
CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH + PBr₃ ⟶ CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂Br + H₃PO₃
The above reaction involves the use of PBr₃ as a reagent. It is an inorganic compound which reacts with alcohols (primary and secondary) to form alkyl bromides.
The reaction is an example of a nucleophilic substitution reaction, in which the hydroxyl group (-OH) of the alcohol is replaced by the bromine (-Br) group. It is basically the substitution of a leaving-bunch ligand by an approaching nucleophile ligand. At the carbon center of interest, the nominal oxidation number does not alter. The bond order also remains unchanged.
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find the area of the regular polygon pentagon with a side of 6 m
The area of the regular pentagon with a side length of 6 meters is 54.96 square meters.
The area of a regular polygon is,
[tex]Area = (1/4) \times n \times s^2 \times cot(\pi/n)[/tex]
where
The polygon's number of sides is n.
s is the length of each side of the polygon.
cot(π/n) represents the cotangent of π/n (in radians)
For a regular pentagon with a side length of 6 meters (s = 6) and n = 5, we can substitute these values into the formula:
[tex]Area = (1/4) \times 5 \times 6^2 \times cot( \pi /5)[/tex]
Area = (1/4) × 5 × 6² × cot(π/5)
= (1/4) × 5 × 36 × cot(π/5)
≈ 54.96 square meters
Therefore, the area of the regular pentagon with a side length of 6 meters is approximately 54.96 square meters.
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Phosphorous trichloride (PCl3) is produced from the reaction of white phosphorous (P4)
and chlorine: P4(s) + 6 Cl2(g) → 4 PCl3(g). A sample of PCl3 of mass 307.4 g was collected from the reaction of 73.76 g of P4 with excess chlorine. What is the percentage yield of the reaction? Answer in units of %.
The percentage of 75.9% is the expected amount of [tex]PCI_{3}[/tex] was obtained in the reaction
To calculate the percentage yield of the reaction, we need to compare the actual yield (the amount of [tex]PCI_{3}[/tex] obtained) to the theoretical yield (the amount of [tex]PCI_{3}[/tex] that would be obtained if the reaction went to completion based on stoichiometry).
First, we calculate the theoretical yield of [tex]PCI_{3}[/tex] using the stoichiometry of the balanced equation. The molar mass of [tex]PCI_{3}[/tex] is 137.33 g/mol, and the molar mass of P4 is 123.88 g/mol.
1 mol of P4 reacts to produce 4 mol of [tex]PCI_{3}[/tex], so the molar ratio is 4:1. From 73.76 g of P4, we can calculate the theoretical yield of [tex]PCI_{3}[/tex]:
(73.76 g P4) × (1 mol [tex]PCI_{3}[/tex]/1 mol P4) × (137.33 g [tex]PCI_{3}[/tex]/1 mol [tex]PCI_{3}[/tex]) = 404.61 g [tex]PCI_{3}[/tex] (theoretical yield)
The actual yield of [tex]PCI_{3}[/tex] obtained is given as 307.4 g.
To calculate the percentage yield, we use the formula:
Percentage Yield = (Actual Yield / Theoretical Yield) × 100%
Percentage Yield = (307.4 g / 404.61 g) × 100% ≈ 75.9%
Therefore, the percentage yield of the reaction is approximately 75.9%. Factors such as side reactions or incomplete conversion may contribute to a yield less than 100%.
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in the formation of an ionic compound, electrons are shared between atoms.
The given statement is false.
In the formation of an ionic compound, electrons are not shared between atoms, instead, they are transferred from one atom to another.
What is an Ionic Compound?
An ionic compound is a chemical compound formed between a metal and a non-metal that have completely opposite charges. Ionic compounds are usually formed when a metal transfers one or more of its electrons to a non-metal, forming ions (positively charged cations and negatively charged anions).
Properties of Ionic Compounds
Ionic compounds have a high melting point and boiling point because they are held together by strong ionic bonds. They have high electrical conductivity in the molten and dissolved states because their ions are free to move and carry an electric charge. Ionic compounds are usually brittle and break into pieces when hit because the layers of ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces that are easily disrupted. In general, ionic compounds have a crystalline structure and are often soluble in water.
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