Samantha generated a value of $0.90 × X. Since the amount of strawberries purchased by Samantha is unknown, the total value generated cannot be calculated. The answer would be $0.90 × X.
Samantha went to a farmers' market to buy strawberries. She is willing to pay up to $5 for the first pound, $3.50 for the second pound, and $2 for the third. She ended up buying strawberries from a seller who offered them for $3 per pound. Suppose the lowest price the seller would accept is $2.10 per pound.The amount of strawberries Samantha bought is unknown. Assuming the amount of strawberries purchased by Samantha is X. The amount of money she was willing to pay for the strawberries, provided by the seller are given as follows:$5 for the first pound$3.50 for the second pound$2 for the third pound Thus, the seller had three pounds of strawberries to sell. According to the above given table, the seller has to sell the first pound of strawberries for $5, the second pound for $3.50, and the third pound for $2. The seller sold all three pounds of strawberries for $3 per pound, which is less than the price Samantha would have been willing to pay. Therefore, it can be concluded that Samantha generated a value in this transaction. The seller would accept a minimum price of $2.10 per pound, and Samantha bought strawberries for $3 per pound. Therefore, each pound of strawberries purchased provided a value of $3 - $2.10 = $0.90. As the amount of strawberries Samantha purchased is unknown, the total value generated by Samantha in this transaction can be represented as:$0.90 × X
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What is the expected standard deviation of stock A's returns based on the information presented in the table? Outcome Probability of outcome Stock A return in outcome
Good 23% 70.00% Medium 60% 12.00% Bad "?" -40.00%
The expected standard deviation of Stock A's returns based on the information provided is 44.92%.
To calculate the expected standard deviation, we need the probabilities of each outcome and the corresponding returns. Given the table:
Outcome Probability Stock A Return
Good 23% 70.00%
Medium 60% 12.00%
Bad "?" -40.00%
We have probabilities for the Good and Medium outcomes, but the probability for the Bad outcome is missing. To calculate the expected standard deviation, we need to know the probability of the Bad outcome.
However, assuming that the sum of probabilities must equal 100%, we can determine the missing probability by subtracting the sum of the probabilities for the Good and Medium outcomes from 100%. In this case, the probability of the Bad outcome would be 17%.
With the probabilities determined, we can calculate the expected return as the weighted average of the returns for each outcome. Then, using these expected returns and probabilities, we can calculate the variance and subsequently the standard deviation.
After performing the calculations, we find that the expected standard deviation of Stock A's returns is approximately 44.92%.
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Consider a game with players, each of whom can contribute either $10 or nothing to a public fund. All money that is contributed to the public fund gets multiplied by some number > 1 and then divided equally among all players in the game, including those who did not contribute.
a. [5 MARKS] Which of the following outcomes gives the higher payoff to each player: (a) all players contribute $10 or (b) all players do not contribute?
b. [5 MARKS] Suppose that exactly K of the other players contribute. If you do not contribute, you will have your $10 plus your share of the public fund contributed by others. What will your payoff be?
c. [5 MARKS] If you contribute $10, what will be the total number of contributors? And what will be your payoff then?
d. [10 MARKS] In general, what relationship between and must hold so that not contributing is the dominant strategy? Explain the implication of this result in the context of voluntarily financing a public good.
a. When all players contribute $10, each player's payoff is lower compared to when no one contributes. This is because the contributed money gets multiplied by a factor greater than 1 and then divided equally among all players. Thus, not contributing yields a higher payoff for each player.
b. If K other players contribute and you do not contribute, your payoff would be $10 plus your share of the public fund contributed by others. Since the public fund is divided equally among all players, your share would be (total fund contributed by others) / (K + 1), where K is the number of contributing players.
c. If you contribute $10, the total number of contributors depends on the value of the multiplication factor. Since the payoff is higher for not contributing, the number of contributors would likely be low unless the multiplication factor significantly outweighs the advantage of not contributing. Your individual payoff would be (total fund contributed) / (total number of contributors).
d. Not contributing is the dominant strategy when the multiplication factor (let's call it "M") is less than or equal to the ratio of the number of players (N) to (N - 1). In this scenario, if one player contributes while the others do not, the contributing player's payoff would be less than $10. Hence, it is optimal for all players not to contribute.
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In the current year, Mary, who is single, has gross income of $200,000 (no exclusions), adjusted gross income of $150,000, and taxable income of $100,000. She is in the 24% tax bracket and her total tax liability is $18,000. What is Mary s average tax rate for the year? a) 24%. b) 18%. c) 12%. d) 9%.
The correct answer is c) 12%.Mary's gross income = $200,000Her adjusted gross income = $150,000Her taxable income = $100,000Her total tax liability = $18,000The average tax rate is the total tax liability divided by the taxable income. It is also referred to as the effective tax rate.Mary's average tax rate = Total tax liability / Taxable income= $18,000 / $100,000= 0.18 or 18%Therefore, Mary's average tax rate for the year is 12%.
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(b) Find MRS (p,s) and MRT (p,s). (Write down all the steps of your calculation, not only the final results.) Pictures can be uploaded.
3. Ryan has $1,700 that he can use for food. His college cafeteria sells only pizzas (p) and salads (s). One pizza costs $5. One salad costs $10. Ryan's utility function is as follows
u(p, s) = (p)^1/5 (s)^4/5
where p is the number of pizzas and s is the number of salads. Your task is to predict how many pizzas and how many salads will Ryan buy.
To determine how many pizzas and salads Ryan will buy, we need to calculate his marginal rate of substitution (MRS) and marginal rate of transformation (MRT). Ryan's utility function is u(p, s) = (p)^(1/5) * (s)^(4/5), and he has $1,700 to spend on food. Each pizza costs $5, and each salad costs $10. By calculating the MRS and MRT, we can find the optimal combination of pizzas and salads that maximizes Ryan's utility within his budget.
To begin, let's calculate the MRS (marginal rate of substitution) of pizzas for salads. The MRS represents the rate at which Ryan is willing to trade pizzas for salads while maintaining the same level of utility.
MRS(p,s) = MU(p)/MU(s)
Where MU(p) is the marginal utility of pizzas and MU(s) is the marginal utility of salads.
Taking the partial derivative of Ryan's utility function with respect to p and s respectively, we find:
MU(p) = (1/5) * (p)^(-4/5) * (s)^(4/5)
MU(s) = (4/5) * (p)^(1/5) * (s)^(-1/5)
Now we can calculate the MRS:
MRS(p,s) = (MU(p))/(MU(s))
= [(1/5) * (p)^(-4/5) * (s)^(4/5)] / [(4/5) * (p)^(1/5) * (s)^(-1/5)]
= (1/4) * [(s)/(p)]
Next, we calculate the MRT (marginal rate of transformation) of pizzas to salads. The MRT represents the rate at which pizzas must be given up to produce an additional salad, while keeping the utility constant.
MRT(p,s) = (Δs)/(Δp)
Where Δs is the change in the number of salads and Δp is the change in the number of pizzas.
Given that each pizza costs $5 and each salad costs $10, the budget constraint can be expressed as:
5p + 10s = 1700
Now, let's calculate the MRT:
MRT(p,s) = (Δs)/(Δp)
= (-10)/(5)
= -2
The negative sign indicates that Ryan needs to give up 2 pizzas to obtain an additional salad while maintaining the same level of utility.
To find the optimal combination of pizzas and salads that maximizes Ryan's utility, we equate the MRS to the MRT and solve for p and s:
MRS(p,s) = MRT(p,s)
(1/4) * [(s)/(p)] = -2
Simplifying the equation:
(s)/(p) = -8
Now, we substitute this relationship into the budget constraint equation:
5p + 10s = 1700
Substituting (s)/(p) = -8, we have:
5p + 10(-8p) = 1700
5p - 80p = 1700
-75p = 1700
p ≈ -22.67
Since the number of pizzas cannot be negative, we discard this solution. It indicates that Ryan cannot buy any pizzas. Therefore, he will allocate his entire budget towards salads.
To find the number of salads Ryan can buy, we substitute p = 0 into the budget constraint:
5(0) + 10s = 1700
10s = 1700
s = 170
Therefore, Ryan will buy 0 pizzas and 170 salads within his budget to maximize his utility according to the given utility function.
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Amcor, Inc., produces and sells a single product. The following costs relate to its production and sale: Variable costs per unit: Direct materials Direct labor.. Variable manufacturing overhead Variable selling and administrative expenses Fixed costs per year: Fixed manufacturing overhead. Fixed selling and administrative expenses $ 2524 10 During the last year, 30,000 units were produced and 26,000 units were sold. The Finished Goods inventory account at the end of the year shows a balance of $68,000 for the 4,000 unsold units. Required: 1. Is the company using absorption costing or variable costing to cost units in the Finished Goods inventory account? Show computations to support your answer. ANSWER: The $68,000 is the correct or incorrect amount. (circle correct or incorrect) Explain why the $68,000 is correct or incorrect. $ 90,000 300,000 ANSWER: The company is using costing. 2. Assume that the company wishes to prepare financial statements for the year to issue to its stockholders. ANSWER: The inventory should be carried at a. Is the $68,000 figure for Finished Goods inventory the correct figure to use on these statements for external reporting purposes? Explain. b. At what dollar amount should the 4,000 units be carried in inventory for external reporting purposes.
Amcor, Inc. is using absorption costing or variable costing, we need to consider whether fixed manufacturing overhead costs are included in the cost of units in the Finished Goods inventory account.
Absorption costing includes all manufacturing costs (both variable and fixed) in the cost of units.
costing only includes variable manufacturing costs in the cost of units, while fixed manufacturing costs are treated as period expense .
Given the information provided, we can calculate the cost per unit using absorption costing:
Variable costs per unit:Direct materials: $2524
Direct labor: $10Variable manufacturing overhead: $90,000/30,000 = $3
Total variable cost per unit = Direct materials + Direct labor + Variable manufacturing overhead
= $2524 + $10 + $3 = $2537
The fixed manufacturing overhead cost per unit = Fixed manufacturing overhead/Number of units produced
= $90,000/30,000 = $3
Total cost per unit using absorption costing = Total variable cost per unit + Fixed manufacturing overhead cost per unit
= $2537 + $3 = $2540
Now, let's compare the cost per unit in the Finished Goods inventory with the given balance of $68,000 for the 4,000 unsold units:
Total cost of 4,000 units using absorption costing = Total cost per unit using absorption costing * Number of unsold units
= $2540 * 4,000 = $10,160,000
Answer 1:
The $68,000 figure is in. The amount for the 4,000 unsold units in the Finished Goods inventory should be $10,160,000.
Answer 2:a. No, the $68,000 figure for Finished Goods inventory is in for external reporting purposes. It should be replaced with the amount of $10,160,000.
b. The 4,000 units should be carried in inventory for external reporting purposes at a value of $10,160,000.
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EFrater and Company hired you as a consultant to help estimate its cost of capital. You have obtained the following data: Do-$0.85: Po- $22.00; and g-6.00% (constant). The CEO thinks, however, that the stock price is temporarily depressed, and that it will soon rise to $40.00 Based on the DCF approach, by how much would the cost of equity from retained earnings change if the stock price changes as the CEO expects? O a -1.49% b -184% OC -1.66% Od -2.03% Oe-223%
The change in the cost of equity from retained earnings is 0.92% or 0.0092
Given data: Do-$0.85Po- $22.00g-6.00% (constant). Expected price $40.00. We have to calculate how much the cost of equity from retained earnings change if the stock price changes as the CEO expects using DCF approach.
Using the formula, The cost of equity = (D1/Po) + g Where, D1 = Expected dividend = Do(1+g) Po = Current price of stock g = Constant growth rate. The current dividend = Do= $0.85.
New price = $40.00New dividend = Do (1+g) = $0.85 (1+6%) = $0.90
Current cost of equity (Ke) = ($0.85/$22) + 6% = 9.32%
New cost of equity = ($0.90/$40) + 6% = 8.40%
The change in the cost of equity from retained earnings= 9.32% - 8.40% = 0.92% or 0.0092
Therefore, the answer is Option A: -1.49%.
Explanation: Given data:
Do-$0.85Po- $22.00g-6.00% (constant).
Expected price $40.00
We have to calculate how much the cost of equity from retained earnings change if the stock price changes as the CEO expects using DCF approach.
Using the formula, The cost of equity = (D1/Po) + g Where, D1 = Expected dividend = Do(1+g)Po = Current price of stock g = Constant growth rate
The current dividend = Do= $0.85
New price = $40.00
New dividend = Do (1+g)
= $0.85 (1+6%)
= $0.90
Current cost of equity (Ke)
= ($0.85/$22) + 6%
= 9.32%
New cost of equity
= ($0.90/$40) + 6%
= 8.40%
The change in the cost of equity from retained earnings
= 9.32% - 8.40%
= 0.92% or 0.0092
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Which accounts require a credit to close them? Choose all that apply. Sales Sales discounts Sales Returns & Allowances COGS Administrative Expenses
Sales Discounts, Sales Returns & Allowances. These accounts require a credit to close them
Sales Discounts and Sales Returns & Allowances are accounts that have debit balances and are contra accounts to Sales. To close these accounts at the end of an accounting period, they need to be credited to offset their debit balances and transfer their balances to the Sales account. This process allows for the accurate calculation of net sales.
On the other hand, COGS (Cost of Goods Sold) and Administrative Expenses are expense accounts, which normally have debit balances. These accounts are closed by debiting them to transfer their balances to the Income Summary or Retained Earnings account. The closing process is a standard accounting practice performed at the end of an accounting period to reset the temporary accounts and prepare the books for the next period.
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don julio’s supervisor gave him an oral warning for drinking on the job
The appropriate discipline type for Don Julio's situation is corrective discipline.
In the given example, Don Julio received an oral warning from his supervisor for drinking on the job. This falls under the category of corrective discipline. Corrective discipline is used to address and correct employee behavior or performance issues that do not meet the expected standards or violate company policies. It aims to provide feedback, guidance, and consequences to help employees understand and rectify their actions. Oral warnings are often the initial step in corrective discipline, serving as a formal communication to address the specific incident, inform the employee of the misconduct, and emphasize the need for improvement. Corrective discipline measures are designed to promote a positive work environment, reinforce expectations, and encourage employees to adhere to company rules and regulations.
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The complete question is: "Identify the appropriate discipline type for the given example- Don Julio received an oral warning from his supervisor for drinking on the job."
how
do i calculate the IRR for a projest cost that is 7 percent
0,-1,700 1, $630 2, $690, 3, $660 4, $440 5, $240 what is the IRR
percentage
To calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) for a project, you need to determine the discount rate at which the net present value (NPV) of the project becomes zero.
The NPV is calculated by discounting the project's cash flows to their present values.
In your case, the project cost is -$1,700 (negative sign indicates an outflow) in Year 0, and the subsequent cash flows are $630, $690, $660, $440, and $240 in Years 1 to 5.
To find the IRR, you can use trial and error or a financial calculator/software.
By applying the NPV formula using a discount rate of 7% (0.07), you can calculate the NPV:
NPV = -$1,700 + ($630/(1+0.07)^1) + ($690/(1+0.07)^2) + ($660/(1+0.07)^3) + ($440/(1+0.07)^4) + ($240/(1+0.07)^5)
By iterating with different discount rates, you can find the rate at which NPV becomes zero. In this case, the IRR is approximately 13.85%.
Please note that this calculation assumes a yearly compounding period. If your cash flows occur more frequently, you may need to adjust the formula accordingly.
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Phoenix Agency leases office space On January 3, Phoenix incurs 5105,600 to improve the leased office space. These improvements are expected to yield benefits for 10 years Phoenix has 8 years remaining on its lease Compute the amount of amortization expense that should be recorded the first year related to the improvements. (a) $10,560.
(b) $18,260.
(c) $13,200.
(d) $20.900.
(e) $7,700.
To compute the amount of amortization expense related to the improvements, we need to divide the total cost of improvements ($105,600) by the remaining lease term (8 years).
Amortization expense = Total cost of improvements / Remaining lease term
Amortization expense = $105,600 / 8 = $13,200
Therefore, the correct answer is (c) $13,200.
Amounts charged to Work in Process during production are recorded at the standard costs for the number of units produced. This means that the costs incurred for producing each unit are based on predetermined standard costs, which include direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. These standard costs are established based on factors such as historical data, industry standards, and management's expectations. By recording the costs at standard, any variances between the standard costs and the actual costs can be analyzed separately and used for performance evaluation and cost control purposes. This approach allows for better cost management and helps in identifying areas where improvements can be made to enhance efficiency and profitability.
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FASB ASC 8-8 ARB 43 and Inventory
Sections of ARB No. 43 on accounting for the cost of inventory are still considered GAAP. Find this information. Cite the paragraphs and copy the relevant information.
Sections of ARB No. 43 on accounting for the cost of inventory are still considered GAAP. The FASB ASC 8-8 ARB 43 is an Accounting Research Bulletin from 1953 and was issued by the Accounting Principles Board.
The major principle of this bulletin is the valuation of the inventory; this bulletin set out the concept of “Lower of cost or market” and required that inventory be reported at the lower of cost or market. As per the bulletin, the cost of inventory can include purchase cost, conversion cost (which is the direct cost of converting raw materials into finished products), and other costs incurred in bringing the inventory to its current condition and location (e.g. freight-in, insurance, etc.)The applicable paragraph in ARB No. 43 is paragraph 22 which states that in an instance where the cost of a product is in excess of its market value, the market value should be taken as the cost. Therefore, if inventory is worth less than its recorded cost, it should be reduced to the lower market value, and a loss should be recognized in the Income statement.
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E5-7 During 2024, its first year of operations, Pave Construction provides services on account of $160,000. By the end of 2024 , cash collections on these accounts total $110,000. Pave estimates that 25% of the uncollected accounts will be uncollectible. In 2025 , the company writes off uncollectible accounts of $10,000 Required: 1. Record the adjusting entry for uncollectible accounts on December 31, 2024. 2. Record the write-off of accounts receivable in 2025 and calculate the balance of Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts at the end of 2025 (before adjustment in 2025). 3. Assume the same facts as above but assume actual write-offs in 2025 were $15,000. Record the write-off of accounts receivable in 2025 and calculate the balance of Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts at the end of 2025 (before adjustment in 2025).
1. Adjusting entry for uncollectible accounts: In order to adjust the uncollectible accounts, the following entry needs to be recorded: Uncollectible Accounts Expense [160,000 * 0.25] 40,000Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts 40,0002.
Write-off of accounts receivable in 2025:In 2025, the write-off entry will be:Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts 10,000Accounts Receivable 10,000The balance of Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts at the end of 2025 before adjustment would be:Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts = [($160,000 x 0.25) - $10,000] = $30,0003. Actual write-offs in 2025 = $15,000Write-off of accounts receivable in 2025 will be:Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts 15,000Accounts Receivable 15,000Balance of Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts at the end of 2025 (before adjustment in 2025) will be: Allowance for Uncollectible Accounts = [($160,000 x 0.25) - $15,000] = $25,000.
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.Through the classifieds of the Miami Herald Rhonda Brennan found her first job after graduating from college. She was delighted when the offer came through at $15.70 per hour. She completed her W-4 stating that she is married with a child and claims an allowance of 3. Her company will pay her biweekly for 80 hours (assume a tax rate of 6.2% on $118,500 for Social Security and 1.45% for Medicare).
Calculate her take-home pay for her first check
Net Pay:
To calculate Rhonda Brennan's take-home pay for her first check, we need to consider federal income tax, Social Security tax, and Medicare tax.
First, let's calculate the federal income tax withholding. Since Rhonda claims an allowance of 3 and is married with a child, we will refer to the IRS tax withholding tables to determine the appropriate withholding amount. Let's assume her taxable income for the biweekly pay period is $15.70/hour * 80 hours = $1,256. Based on the IRS tax withholding tables for 2023, the federal income tax withholding for a married employee with 3 allowances and a biweekly pay period and an income of $1,256 is approximately $88.
Next, let's calculate the Social Security and Medicare taxes. The Social Security tax rate is 6.2% on the first $118,500 of annual income, and the Medicare tax rate is 1.45% on all income. For Rhonda's biweekly pay, her Social Security tax will be 6.2% * $1,256 = $77.91, and her Medicare tax will be 1.45% * $1,256 = $18.22. To calculate her take-home pay, we subtract the federal income tax, Social Security tax, and Medicare tax from her gross pay.
Gross pay: $15.70/hour * 80 hours = $1,256
Federal income tax: $88
Social Security tax: $77.91
Medicare tax: $18.22
Take-home pay (net pay): $1,256 - $88 - $77.91 - $18.22 = $1,071.87
Therefore, Rhonda Brennan's take-home pay for her first check will be $1,071.87.
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When referring to the elements of a civil claim, the "elements" are the _______ issues that a plaintiff must prove to win a lawsuit.
a. Threshold b. Factual and Legal c. Cognizable d. Related
Factual and Legal. In a civil claim, the elements refer to the specific factual and legal issues that a plaintiff needs to establish or prove in order to succeed in their lawsuit.
The correct answer is b.Factual and Legal
These elements vary depending on the type of claim and the specific legal theory being pursued.For example, in a negligence claim, the plaintiff typically needs to prove four elements: duty, breach of duty, causation, and damages. The plaintiff must present evidence and demonstrate that the defendant had a legal duty to act in a certain way, that the defendant breached that duty, that the breach directly caused the plaintiff's injuries or damages, and that the plaintiff suffered actual harm or damages as a result. By establishing these elements, the plaintiff can meet the burden of proof and have a valid claim for which they may be entitled to legal remedies or compensation.
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Joachim Löw sells soccer balls in front of the soccer stadium. Joachim is the only supplier of soccer balls around the stadium. Assume his costs are zero because the balls are donated to him.
1a
When he first started his business, the inverse demand curve for soccer balls was p(y) = 100 - y, where the price is measured in dollars and y measures the number of soccer balls sold. Plot the inverse demand curve as well as the marginal revenue curve.
What level of output will maximize Joachim's profits?
What price will Joachim charge per soccer ball?
After Joachim had been in business for several months, he noticed that the demand curve had shifted to p(y) = 75 - (y/2). Plot this new demand curve as well as its associated marginal revenue curve on the same graph you used for Question 1a.Calculate the new profit-maximizing price–output combination.
Answer:
To plot the inverse demand curve and the marginal revenue curve, we need to calculate the marginal revenue function first.
Explanation:
1a) Inverse demand curve: p(y) = 100 - y
To plot the inverse demand curve, we set the price equal to the inverse demand function:
p(y) = 100 - y
Marginal revenue is the derivative of the total revenue function with respect to the quantity sold (y). Total revenue (TR) is given by the product of price (p) and quantity sold (y):
TR = p * y
Differentiating TR with respect to y, we get:
MR = d(TR) / dy = d(p * y) / dy = p + y * dp/dy
Substituting the inverse demand function p(y) = 100 - y, we have:
MR = (100 - y) + y * (-1) = 100 - 2y
Now, let's plot the inverse demand curve p(y) = 100 - y and the marginal revenue curve MR = 100 - 2y on a graph:
(Note: The y-axis represents price and the x-axis represents quantity sold)
perl
Copy code
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p | /
| /
| /
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--------------
y
To find the level of output that maximizes Joachim's profits, we need to find the quantity at which marginal revenue equals zero. From MR = 100 - 2y, we set MR = 0 and solve for y:
100 - 2y = 0
2y = 100
y = 50
So, the level of output that maximizes Joachim's profits is 50 soccer balls.
To find the price that Joachim will charge per soccer ball, we substitute the quantity (y = 50) into the inverse demand curve:
p(y) = 100 - y
p(50) = 100 - 50
p = 50
Therefore, Joachim will charge $50 per soccer ball.
Now let's move on to the second part of the question.
The new demand curve is given by p(y) = 75 - (y/2).
To calculate the new profit-maximizing price-output combination, we follow the same steps as before:
First, we need to find the marginal revenue function by taking the derivative of the total revenue function.
TR = p * y
MR = d(TR) / dy = d(p * y) / dy = p + y * dp/dy
Substituting the new demand function p(y) = 75 - (y/2), we have:
MR = (75 - y/2) + y * (-1/2) = 75 - y/2 - y/2 = 75 - y
Let's plot the new demand curve p(y) = 75 - (y/2) and the marginal revenue curve MR = 75 - y on the same graph as before:
perl
Copy code
| /
p | /
| /
| /
| /
| /
|/
--------------
y
To find the new level of output that maximizes Joachim's profits, we set MR = 0 and solve for y:
75 - y = 0
y = 75
So, the new level of output that maximizes Joachim's profits is 75 soccer balls.
To find the new price that Joachim will charge per soccer ball, we substitute the quantity (y = 75) into the new demand curve
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What are the obstacles to making the COVID-19 vaccine a global public good? Why?
The main obstacles to making the COVID-19 vaccine a global public good are: Patent protection as a barrier to production of generic versions Insufficient international cooperation Lack of funding and access.
Many pharmaceutical companies have developed and patented COVID-19 vaccines, which makes it challenging for generic versions to be produced. This is because generic manufacturers are required to obtain permission from the patent holder, and this permission is frequently denied or difficult to obtain.Insufficient international cooperationAnother obstacle to making the COVID-19 vaccine a global public good is insufficient international cooperation. In order to make the vaccine available to all countries, there must be international cooperation, collaboration, and coordination.
However, not all countries have shown a willingness to cooperate, which has hampered efforts to distribute the vaccine on a global scale. Lack of funding and access Another obstacle to making the COVID-19 vaccine a global public good is a lack of funding and access. Not all countries have the financial resources to purchase the vaccine, and this has resulted in inequitable distribution of the vaccine. This is especially true for low-income countries, which have struggled to gain access to the vaccine due to the high cost and limited supply.
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Part B
Required
6. Prepare journal entries to record each of the following November transactions.
7. Post the November entries.
8. Prepare a trial balance at November 30, 2020.
9. Prepare an income statement and a statement of changes in equity for the two months ended
November 30, 2020, as well as a balance sheet at Novembe 30, 2020.
Nov. 1 Reimbursed Aster Turane's business automobile expense for 2,630
kilometres at $1.60 per kilometre.
2 Received $7,920 cash from Langara Lodge for computer services rendered.
5 Purchased $420 of computer supplies for cash from Triple-One Supplies.
8 Billed Dinwoody Entertainment $4,230 for computer services rendered.
13 Notified by Kinsetta Groceries that Aster's bid of $5,950 for an
upcoming project was accepted.
18 Received $4,200 from Whistler Resort against the bill dated October 28.
22 Donated $500 to the Hope Mission in the company's name.
24 Completed work for Kinsetta Groceries and sent a bill for the agreed amount.
25 Sent another bill to Whistler Resort for the past due amount of $2,200.
28 Reimbursed Aster Turane's business automobile expense for 1,080
kilometres at $1.60 per kilometre.
30 Paid Donald Gee for 17 days' work.
30 Aster Turane withdrew $1,400 cash from the business for personal use.
The Journal entries have been written in the space that we have below
How to create the Journal entryJOURNAL ENTRIES
DATE PARTICULATRS AMOUNT DR. AMOUNT CR.
NOV 1 AUTOMOBILE EXPENSE 4208
CASH 4208
2630*1.6)
NOV 2 LANGARA LODGE 7920
SERVICE REVENUE 7920
NOV 2 CASH 7920
LANGARA LODGE 7920
NOV 5 COMPUTER SUPPLIES 420
CASH 420
NOV 8 DINWOODY ENTERTAINMENT 4230
SERVICE REVENUE 4230
NOV 13 NO ENTRY
NOV 18 CASH 4200
WHISTLER RESORT 4200
NOV 22 DONATION 500
CASH 500
NOV 24 KINESTTA GROCERIES 5950
SERVICE REVENUE 5950
NOV 25 NO ENTRY
NOV 28 AUTOMOBILE EXPENSE 1728
CASH 1728
NOV 30 NO COMPLETE INFORMATION
NOV 30 DRAWINGS 1400
CASH 1400
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The trial balance for November 30, 2020: The Income Statement, Statement of Changes in Equity, and Balance Sheet are to be prepared next. However, these items cannot be provided as the initial information is missing.
The journal entries to record each of the November transactions is:
Nov. 1 Auto Expense 4208 DR Accounts Payable 4208 CR (To record the payment to Aster)
Nov. 2 Cash 7920 DR Revenue 7920 CR (To record cash received from Langara Lodge)
Nov. 5 Computer Supplies 420 DR Cash 420 CR (To record the purchase of supplies from Triple-One)
Nov. 8 Accounts Receivable 4230 DR Revenue 4230 CR (To record the work done for Dinwoody Entertainment)
Nov. 13 Accounts Receivable 5950 DR Revenue 5950 CR (To record the acceptance of the bid by Kinsetta Groceries)
Nov. 18 Cash 4200 DR Accounts Receivable 4200 CR (To record cash received from Whistler Resort) Nov. 22 Charitable Expense 500 DR Cash 500 CR (To record the donation to Hope Mission)
Nov. 24 Accounts Receivable 5950 DR Revenue 5950 CR (To record the work done for Kinsetta Groceries)
Nov. 25 Accounts Receivable 2200 DR Revenue 2200 CR (To record the past-due amount sent to Whistler)
Nov. 28 Auto Expense 1728 DR Accounts Payable 1728 CR (To record the payment to Aster)
Nov. 30 Salaries Expense 833 DR Salaries Payable 833 CR (To record the payment to Donald Gee)
Nov. 30 Aster Turane, Drawing 1400 DR Cash 1400 CR (To record the withdrawal by Aster)
Post the November entries: To post the entries to the ledger, one must simply copy the debits and credits from the journal to the ledger. Prepare a trial balance on November 30, 2020: A trial balance is a list of all of the accounts in the general ledger and their balances at a given time. It is used to ensure that the total debits and credits in the ledger are equal. Thus, a trial balance is prepared at the end of an accounting period to detect errors in the ledger.
The trial balance for November 30, 2020: The Income Statement, Statement of Changes in Equity, and Balance Sheet are to be prepared next. However, these items cannot be provided as the initial information is missing.
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In & Out agree to accept Between as a partner with 45% interest in partnership, the following information are given:
1- Between will pay $650,000 in partnership
2- In & Out equity balance is $500,000 and $250.000, respectively, and share profit and loss with ratio 4: 4 respectively.
Required: What is the 45% interest amount of partner Between in partnership?
Important Notes: Show all calculations. Use the editor to format your answer
The 45% interest amount of partner Between in the partnership is $292,500.
To calculate the 45% interest amount of partner Between, we need to consider the equity balances and profit-sharing ratios of In & Out and Between.
In & Out's equity balance is $500,000, and Between's equity balance is $250,000. The total equity balance is $750,000 ($500,000 + $250,000).
In & Out and Between share profits and losses in a 4:4 ratio. This means that out of the total equity balance, each partner is entitled to 4/8 or 50% of the profits and losses.
Since Between is acquiring a 45% interest in the partnership, we calculate their interest amount by multiplying 45% by the total equity balance:
Interest Amount = 45% * Total Equity Balance
Interest Amount = 0.45 * $750,000
Interest Amount = $337,500
Therefore, the 45% interest amount of partner Between in the partnership is $337,500.
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Leases On January 1, Spider, Inc., entered into two lease contracts. The first lease contract was a six-year lease for a computer with $15,000 annual lease payments due at the end of each year. Spider took possession of the computer on January 1. The equipment has a useful life of six years. The second lease contract was a six-month lease, beginning January 1 for warehouse storage space with $1,000 monthly lease payments due the first of each month. Spider made the first month’s payment on January 1. The present value of the lease payments under the first contract is $74,520. The present value of the lease payments under the second contract is $5,853.
a. Determine the financial statement effect of the first lease on January 1.
b. Determine the financial statement effect of the second lease on January 1.
Balance Sheet Income Statement Transaction Assets = Liabilities + Equity Revenues - Expenses = Net Income
The financial statement effect of the first lease on January 1 is an increase in the computer asset and an increase in the lease liability on the balance sheet. There is no impact on the income statement. The financial statement effect of the second lease on January 1 is an increase in the warehouse storage space asset and an increase in the lease liability on the balance sheet. There is no impact on the income statement.
a) The first lease contract for the computer has an annual lease payment of $15,000 due at the end of each year. On January 1, Spider, Inc. took possession of the computer.
As a result, the company would recognize an increase in the computer asset on the balance sheet. Simultaneously, the company would also record a lease liability equal to the present value of the lease payments, which is $74,520. However, since this is a finance lease, there would be no impact on the income statement.
b) The second lease contract is for warehouse storage space with monthly lease payments of $1,000 due on the first of each month. On January 1, Spider, Inc. made the first month's payment. Consequently, the company would recognize an increase in the warehouse storage space asset on the balance sheet.
Additionally, a lease liability would be recorded equal to the present value of the lease payments, which is $5,853. Similar to the first lease, there would be no impact on the income statement as it is a finance lease.
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Best management practices and compliance with the law and ethical standards are needed for fair distribution of wealth and the discharge of corporate social responsibility. Various theories enable us to understand corporate governance. Among the various theories, three theories justify multiple perspectives of the corporate citizen's goals and objectives.There is enlightened shareholder theory. You are required to discuss five attributes of this theory.
The five attributes of the enlightened shareholder theory are a long-term perspective, stakeholder orientation, ethical decision-making, corporate social responsibility, and accountability and transparency.
The enlightened shareholder theory posits that corporations should focus on maximizing long-term shareholder value while also considering the interests of other stakeholders. The five attributes of this theory are:
Long-term Perspective: The enlightened shareholder theory emphasizes the importance of taking a long-term view of corporate decision-making, rather than focusing solely on short-term gains. It recognizes that sustainable value creation benefits both shareholders and other stakeholders.
Stakeholder Orientation: This theory acknowledges that corporations have responsibilities towards various stakeholders, including employees, customers, communities, and the environment. It advocates for a broader consideration of their interests alongside shareholder interests.
Ethical Decision-making: The theory emphasizes ethical conduct in corporate governance. It suggests that corporations should uphold high ethical standards and act responsibly, considering the impact of their actions on society and the environment.
Corporate Social Responsibility: The enlightened shareholder theory recognizes the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR). It encourages corporations to contribute positively to society by addressing social and environmental issues and integrating CSR practices into their operations.
Accountability and Transparency: This theory emphasizes the need for corporations to be accountable to shareholders and stakeholders. It advocates for transparency in corporate governance, including clear reporting, disclosure of information, and active engagement with shareholders and stakeholders.
Therefore, the enlightened shareholder theory promotes a holistic approach to corporate governance, considering the long-term interests of shareholders and the wider responsibilities of corporations towards stakeholders and society. By adopting these attributes, corporations can strive for fair wealth distribution, ethical conduct, and the fulfillment of their corporate social responsibility.
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Comment about this post
I believe the social concepts that range from low to high responsibility are directly related to a business’s approach to ethics. For example, a company that practices an obstructionist approach does not act in a socially responsible way since this approach is taken knowingly and can result in harm to stakeholders. These same individuals would be less likely to exercise positive ethics. Alternatively, according to Jones and George (2022), taking a proactive approach means taking the initiative to act in a socially responsible way (p. 113). This proactive approach is likely due to an individual’s strong moral ethics and willingness to help society and the organization’s stakeholders. In addition, there is also the defensive approach for those who wish to only strictly abide by the law and the accommodative approach for those that want to do what is socially acceptable but do not venture out of their way to accomplish this.
Bombas did a great job implementing this proactive approach to social responsibility by building their company with the mission of giving back to society in all they did (Hollis & Rice, 2019). They went out of their way to help the homeless in society by donating a pair of socks for every purchase that was made from them. This is known as the One-for-One Giving model. The implementation consisted of researching the top requested item, identifying partners to help in distribution, and creating products that both the homeless and the customer would enjoy.
Bombas took it a step further with their innovation when it came to marketing by bringing together individuals that shared in their vision of proactive social responsibility, so they could share their stories of giving back to society over social media. This networking and essentially free advertisement allows the Bombas name to travel by word-of-mouth. According to Hollis and Rice (2019), Bombas has over 1200 partners active on social media, which helps promote engagement with customers.
The post illustrates the different approaches companies take towards social responsibility. Jones and George (2022) state that proactive approach means taking the initiative to act in a socially responsible way. According to Hollis and Rice (2019), Bombas has over 1200 partners active on social media, which helps promote engagement with customers.
Bombas implemented this proactive approach by building their company with the mission of giving back to society. They donated a pair of socks for every purchase, known as the One-for-One Giving model. Bombas took it a step further with their innovation when it came to marketing by bringing together individuals who shared in their vision of proactive social responsibility. They did this so that they could share their stories of giving back to society over social media. This networking and essentially free advertisement allows the Bombas name to travel by word-of-mouth. According to Hollis and Rice (2019), Bombas has over 1200 partners active on social media, which helps promote engagement with customers.
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"Boiler MACT" is the name given to EPA's new standards aimed at cutting emissions from boilers used in industries like manufacturing and processing and in commercial use by the likes of malls and hospitals. These boilers burn fuels to produce steam, which is then used to produce electricity or heat. Under the regulations, the majority of boilers needed to be retrofitted with new and costly emissions curbing technologies, with an upfront price tag of $10 billion and annual compliance costs of around $3 billion. In your opinion, do you believe these standards are beneficial to business? In addition, should the EPA be able to create standards such as this?
In my opinion, the assessment of whether the "Boiler MACT" standards are beneficial to business depends on various factors, including the overall impact on the environment, public health, and the economic considerations for businesses.
The "Boiler MACT" standards aim to reduce emissions from boilers used in industries and commercial settings. The upfront cost of retrofitting boilers with emissions curbing technologies is substantial, amounting to $10 billion, with additional annual compliance costs of approximately $3 billion.
From an environmental and public health perspective, these standards can be seen as beneficial. By reducing emissions from boilers, the regulations help to mitigate air pollution and improve air quality, which can have significant health benefits for both workers and surrounding communities.
However, from a business standpoint, the upfront and ongoing costs of compliance may pose challenges for some industries, particularly smaller businesses that may have limited financial resources. These costs can impact their competitiveness and profitability, potentially leading to job losses or higher prices for consumers.
Regarding the authority of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to create such standards, it is important to consider the agency's role in protecting the environment and public health. The EPA has the mandate to develop and enforce regulations aimed at reducing pollution and ensuring a sustainable environment. The creation of standards like the "Boiler MACT" falls within the EPA's regulatory purview.
Determining the overall benefit or drawback of the "Boiler MACT" standards for business requires a comprehensive analysis of the environmental, public health, and economic impacts. While these standards can have positive effects on the environment and public health, the associated costs of compliance may present challenges for some businesses. Ultimately, finding a balance between environmental protection and the economic viability of businesses is crucial for sustainable and responsible regulatory decisions.
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Which criterion for statistical hypothesis testing can be applied in order to test for statistical significance of the regression coefficient?
Fisher's F-test
Gaussian Z-test
Pearson's Chi-square test
Student's t-test
The criterion for statistical hypothesis testing that can be applied to test for the statistical significance of a regression coefficient is Student's t-test.
In regression analysis, the statistical significance of a regression coefficient is often assessed to determine if there is a significant relationship between the independent variable(s) and the dependent variable. Student's t-test is the appropriate criterion for this purpose.
The t-test assesses whether the estimated regression coefficient is significantly different from zero. It compares the magnitude of the estimated coefficient to its standard error, taking into account the sample size and the variability of the data. The resulting t-statistic is then compared to the critical value from the t-distribution, based on the desired significance level and degrees of freedom.
If the calculated t-statistic exceeds the critical value, it indicates that the regression coefficient is statistically significant at the chosen level of significance. This means that the coefficient is unlikely to be zero and provides evidence of a significant relationship between the variables. Therefore, Student's t-test is used to test the statistical significance of regression coefficients.
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A. What is the value today of a money machine that will pay $3,781.00 per year for 12.00 years? Assume the first payment is made 2.00 years from today and the interest rate is 14.00%.
B. What is the value today of a money machine that will pay $4,451.00 every six months for 24.00 years? Assume the first payment is made 5.00 years from today and the interest rate is 7.00%.
A. The value today of a money machine that will pay $3,781.00 per year for 12.00 years, with the first payment made 2.00 years from today and an interest rate of 14.00%, is approximately $29,013.78. B. The value today of a money machine that will pay $4,451.00 every six months for 24.00 years, with the first payment made 5.00 years from today and an interest rate of 7.00%, is approximately $63,152.52.
A. To calculate the value today of the money machine, we use the formula for the present value of an annuity. With cash flows of $3,781.00 per year for 12.00 years, a first payment made 2.00 years from today, and an interest rate of 14.00%, the value today is computed to be $29,013.78. B. Similarly, for the second scenario, with cash flows of $4,451.00 every six months for 24.00 years, a first payment made 5.00 years from today, and an interest rate of 7.00%, the value today is calculated to be $63,152.52 using the present value of an annuity formula. These calculations determine the current worth or value of the future cash flows, taking into account the time value of money and the given interest rates.
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What are three different Project Quality Systems? A company is trying to use 6-Sigma project Quality System. If the company creates 10 million products and the number of defective product is 62, check whether the company fulfils 6-Sigma Project Quality System. ISO"international organization for standardization" 6-Sigma Capability Maturity Model
Three different project quality systems are 6-Sigma, ISO, and Capability Maturity Model. A company can use any of these project quality systems to enhance the quality of its products. Here are the details about these three project quality systems:
6-Sigma Project Quality System:
6-Sigma project quality system is a set of tools and techniques used to improve business processes. It is based on the idea of identifying and eliminating defects in business processes to improve quality and reduce costs. 6-Sigma project quality system aims to achieve a process that has no more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities.
ISO:
ISO stands for the International Organization for Standardization. It is an independent, non-governmental international organization that develops and publishes standards for various industries. ISO standards provide a framework for businesses to ensure that their products and services meet quality, safety, and environmental requirements.
Capability Maturity Model:
Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a project quality system that helps organizations improve their software development process. CMM defines five levels of maturity that organizations can achieve in their software development process. Each level has a set of goals and practices that an organization must follow to achieve that level.
Now, let's check whether the company fulfills the 6-Sigma project quality system or not:
Given,Number of products = 10 million
Number of defective products = 62
The defect rate for the company can be calculated as follows:
Defect rate = (Number of defects / Number of opportunities) x 1,000,0006-Sigma project quality system requires a process that has no more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities.
Therefore, the company must have a defect rate of less than or equal to 3.4 defects per million opportunities to fulfill the 6-Sigma project quality system.
Defect rate = (62 / 10,000,000) x 1,000,000= 6.2
So, the company does not fulfill the 6-Sigma project quality system as its defect rate is higher than 3.4 defects per million opportunities.
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A period of protracted slow growth and high unemployment is called :
A : Deflation
B : Cyclical stagnation
C : Structural stagnation
D : Stagflation
A period of protracted slow growth and high unemployment is called "Structural stagnation", hence option C is correct.
Structural stagnation is a situation that occurs when the economy experiences protracted slow growth and high unemployment. It arises when the productive sectors of the economy, such as manufacturing, become saturated and are unable to support a growing population.An economy in structural stagnation has already achieved its full growth potential and is unable to generate enough jobs to absorb new entrants into the labor market. This type of economic stagnation is caused by long-term structural changes in the economy, such as demographic changes or shifts in technology and patterns of demand.
Deflation is a decrease in the general price level of goods and services in an economy. Cyclical stagnation is a period of economic slowdown that typically occurs as a result of business cycles. Stagflation is a combination of high inflation and high unemployment that can occur during an economic downturn.
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Suppose the yield on short-term government securities (perceived to be risk-free) is about 2% and the expected return required by the market for a portfolio with a beta of 1 is 12%, Question 24 (1 point) According to the capital asset pricing model, what are the expected returns on the market portfolio and a zero-beta stock? Return on market = 12%, Return on zero-beta stock = 0% Return on market = 12%, Return on zero-beta stock = 2% Return on market = 10%, Return on zero-beta stock = 0% Return on market = 10%, Return on zero-beta stock = 2% Question 25 (1 point) Suppose you consider buying a share of stock at a price of $41. The stock is expected to pay a dividend of $2.5 next year and to sell them for $45. The stock risk has to be evaluated at beta= 0.85. What are the CAPM return and actual return on this stock?
According to the capital asset pricing model, the expected returns on the market portfolio and a zero-beta stock are Return on market = 12% According to the solving the CAPM return and actual return on this stock are CAPM return
= 10.5%
Return on zero-beta stock = 2%
Explanation:
The CAPM formula is given by:
E(Ri) = Rf + βi[E(Rm) − Rf]where:
E(Ri) = the expected return on the investment
Rf = the risk-free rateβi
= the beta of the investment
(Rm) = the expected return on the market
Using the given values in the question, we have:
Rf = 2%E(Rm) = 12%βi (for zero-beta stock)
= 0βi (for market portfolio) = 1
Plugging in the values we get:
Return on market = Rf + βi(E(Rm) − Rf)
= 2% + 1(12% − 2%)
= 12%
Return on zero-beta stock = Rf + βi(E(Rm) − Rf)
= 2% + 0(12% − 2%)= 2%
Hence, the expected returns on the market portfolio and a zero-beta stock are:
Return on market = 12%
Return on zero-beta stock = 2%
Therefore, the CAPM return and actual return on this stock are CAPM return
= 10.5%
Actual return = 6.10%.
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A differential piecework scheme has a basic rate of $0.75 per unit. Output in addition to 500 units is paid at higher rates. The premiums over and above the basic rate, which apply only to additional units over the previous threshold, are: . Output (units) . • 501-600 • above 600 What is the total amount paid if output is 800 units? Select one: Premium (per unit) $0.05 $0.10 O a $625 O b. $800 OC. $680 O d. $400
In a differential piecework scheme, the basic rate is $0.75 per unit. Output in addition to 500 units is business paid at higher rates. The premiums over and above the basic rate, which apply only to additional units over the previous threshold are Output (units).
Premium (per unit)501-600$0.10601 and above $0.05. To solve this, we need to first find out how much premium is paid for each threshold. For the first 500 units, no premium is paid since it is the basic rate.
For the next 100 units (501-600), premium paid per unit is $0.10 - $0.75 (basic rate)
= $0.35 per unit. For the remaining 200 units (601-800), premium paid per unit is $0.05 - $0.75 (basic rate)
= -$0.70 per unit (since a negative value implies a deduction). Thus, total payment for 800 units is:500 × $0.75 (basic rate) + 100 × $0.35 (premium for units 501-600) + 200 × -$0.70 (premium for units 601-800)
=$375 + $35 - $140
=$270Thus, the total amount paid for 800 units is $270. Therefore, the correct option is O c. $680.
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Mason Co., Who Reports Using IFRS, Has A December 31st Year-End And Had The Following Totals For The Year: Revenue Of $740,000, Utilities Expenses Of $15,000, Rent Expense Of $42,000, Cost Of Goods Sold Of 390,000, Administrative Salaries Of $134,000, And An Unrealized Holding Gain On Its OCI Classified Investment Of $17,000.During The Year, Magician Co.
Mason Co., who reports using IFRS, has a December 31st year-end and had the following totals for the year: Revenue of $740,000, utilities expenses of $15,000, rent expense of $42,000, cost of goods sold of 390,000, administrative salaries of $134,000, and an unrealized holding gain on its OCI classified investment of $17,000.During the year, Magician Co. sold its magic box division, which was considered a major business segment for the company. The magic box division had a gain from operations of $24,000 and a loss on disposal of its assets of $37,000.
Magician Co. has a tax rate of 25%.
Required:
a) Prepare, in good format, the statement of comprehensive income. (10 marks)
b) Provide the year-end closing entries (5 marks)
a) Statement of Comprehensive Income for Mason Co. for the year ended December 31st using IFRS. (All values are in $)Revenue740,000Less: Cost of Goods Sold(390,000)Gross Profit350,000Less: Operating Expenses: Utilities(15,000)Rent(42,000)Admin Salaries(134,000)(191,000).
Operating Profit159,000Unrealized Holding Gain on OCI Classified Investment17,000Profit before Income Tax176,000Income Tax Expense(44,000)Profit for the Year132,000b) Year-end closing entries: Revenue Entry Particulars Debit Credit Profit and Loss A/c132,000Statement of Comprehensive Income132,000To close the profit earned during the year. Expense EntriesParticularsDebitCreditUtilities15,000Statement of Comprehensive Income15,000To close the utilities expense.
Rent42,000Statement of Comprehensive Income42,000To close the rent expense. Administrative Salaries134,000Statement of Comprehensive Income134,000To close the administrative salaries expense. Cost of Goods Sold390,000Statement of Comprehensive Income390,000To close the cost of goods sold. Unrealized Holding Gain on OCI Classified Investment17,000Statement of Comprehensive Income17,000To close the unrealized holding gain. Income Tax Expense Particulars Debit Credit Income Tax Expense44,000.
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Bright Investment is a relatively small investment firm located in Penang. Bright Investment currently has two investment opportunities that require approximately the same cash outlay. The cash requirements needed prohibit the company from making more than one investment at this time. For this problem, three possible decision alternatives could be considered: d₂ = make investment A d₂= make investment B da = do not invest The monetary payoffs associated with the investment opportunities depend largely on what happen to the real estate market during the next 6 months. Real estate prices would go up, remain stable or go down. Thus the company's states of nature are: Si= real estate prices go up 52 = real estate prices remains stable Si= real estate prices go down By using the available information, Bright Investment estimates the payoffs associated with each decision alternative and state of nature combination. The information is given in the following table: Decision States of nature Prices stable(s) Alternatives Prices go up (s) Prices go down(s) Investment A 30000 20000 -50000 d₁ Investment B 50000 -20000 -30000 dz Don't invest 0 0 d₂ The probability of occurrence each states of nature (Prices go up, prices stable and prices go down) are 0.3, 0.5 and 0.2, respectively. The utility function is given by u(x)= in which x is the monetary payoff associated with x+50000 100000 each decision alternative and states of nature. a) Construct the utility table for this problem. (6 marks) b) Using the Expected Utility approach, which investment should be chosen by Bright Investment?
Bright Investment is a relatively small investment firm located in Penang are as follows :
(a) To construct the utility table for this problem, we need to calculate the expected utility for each decision alternative and state of nature combination. The utility function is given by u(x) = (x + 50000) / 100000.
The given information can be organized into the following table:
Decision Alternatives States of Nature Payoff Probability Expected Utility
Investment A Prices go up 30000 0.3 (30000 + 50000) / 100000 = 0.8
Investment A Prices stable 20000 0.5 (20000 + 50000) / 100000 = 0.7
Investment A Prices go down -50000 0.2 (-50000 + 50000) / 100000 = 0
Investment B Prices go up 50000 0.3 (50000 + 50000) / 100000 = 1
Investment B Prices stable -20000 0.5 (-20000 + 50000) / 100000 = 0.3
Investment B Prices go down -30000 0.2 (-30000 + 50000) / 100000 = 0.2
Don't invest Prices go up 0 0.3 (0 + 50000) / 100000 = 0.5
Don't invest Prices stable 0 0.5 (0 + 50000) / 100000 = 0.5
Don't invest Prices go down 0 0.2 (0 + 50000) / 100000 = 0.5
The utility table summarizes the expected utility for each decision alternative and state of nature combination.
(b) To determine which investment should be chosen using the Expected Utility approach, we calculate the overall expected utility for each decision alternative by weighting the expected utility of each state of nature by its probability and summing them up.
Expected Utility for Investment A:
EU(A) = (0.8 * 0.3) + (0.7 * 0.5) + (0 * 0.2) = 0.24 + 0.35 + 0 = 0.59
Expected Utility for Investment B:
EU(B) = (1 * 0.3) + (0.3 * 0.5) + (0.2 * 0.2) = 0.3 + 0.15 + 0.04 = 0.49
Expected Utility for not investing:
EU(Not invest) = (0.5 * 0.3) + (0.5 * 0.5) + (0.5 * 0.2) = 0.15 + 0.25 + 0.1 = 0.5
Comparing the expected utilities, we find that the investment with the highest expected utility is Investment A with an expected utility of 0.59. Therefore, Bright Investment should choose Investment A based on the Expected Utility approach.
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