Yes, many companies and teams use Agile methodologies to manage their software development projects. Some popular Agile methodologies include Scrum, Kanban, and Extreme Programming (XP).
Regarding requirements gathering techniques, Agile methodologies typically focus on collaboration and iterative development. One commonly used technique is user stories, which are short descriptions of a feature or functionality from the user's perspective. Another technique is prototyping, where a basic version of the software is created to get feedback from users and stakeholders.
Agile teams also often use techniques such as daily stand-up meetings, sprint reviews, and retrospectives to ensure continuous improvement and alignment with project goals. Overall, Agile methodologies provide a flexible and collaborative approach to software development that can help teams deliver high-quality products more efficiently.
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company currently has contribution margin of $1,800 and operating income of $1,000. Recent events have caused management to think that the company's brand is gaining traction and that sales may increase next year. If management is correct and revenues increase 24% next year, what will the company's income be? Round all calculations to 2 decimals.
The company's income will be $2,240.
To calculate the company's income for the next year, we need to consider the increase in revenues and the relationship between contribution margin and operating income.
Given that the current contribution margin is $1,800 and the operating income is $1,000, we can determine the contribution margin ratio. The contribution margin ratio is calculated by dividing the contribution margin by the revenues. In this case, the contribution margin ratio is $1,800 divided by the current revenue.
Next, we can estimate the increase in revenues by multiplying the current revenue by the projected increase of 24%.
With the estimated increase in revenues, we can calculate the new contribution margin using the contribution margin ratio. Multiplying the new revenue by the contribution margin ratio will give us the new contribution margin.
Finally, we add the new contribution margin to the current operating income to calculate the company's income for the next year.
Therefore, the company's income will be $2,240.
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A mechanic shop services cars at two stages. At the first station, 2 trainees conduct a vehicle evaluation, while at the second station, 3 mechanics handle the repairs to the vehicles. Customers arrive every 10 minutes on average with a CV of 1.2. The trainee station has an effective process time of 16 minutes with a CV of 0.8. The repair station takes 22 minutes of effective process time with a CV of 1.5.
1. What are the arrival rate and arrival CV to the mechanics station (2nd station)?
2. What is the T and T of each station?
The arrival rate to the mechanics station is 0.1 customers per minute with a Coefficient of Variation of 1.2.
The T (throughput) for the trainee station is 0.0625 vehicles per minute, and for the repair station, it is 0.0455 vehicles per minute.
The T (flow time) for the trainee station is 16 minutes, and for the repair station, it is 22 + (0.1 * W), where W is the average waiting time.
1. To calculate the arrival rate to the mechanics station, we need to find the reciprocal of the average interarrival time. Since customers arrive every 10 minutes on average, the arrival rate is 1/10 = 0.1 customers per minute. The arrival coefficient of variation (CV) is given as 1.2, indicating the variability of interarrival times relative to the average.
2. The T (throughput) of each station is the number of units processed per unit of time. For the trainee station, the T is 1/16 = 0.0625 vehicles per minute. For the repair station, the T is 1/22 = 0.0455 vehicles per minute.
3. The T (flow time) of each station represents the time a unit spends in the station, including both processing time and waiting time. For the trainee station, T is equal to the effective process time, which is 16 minutes. For the repair station, T is equal to the effective process time plus the average waiting time, which can be calculated using Little's Law: T = W/L, where W is the average waiting time and L is the arrival rate. Substituting the values, T = 22 + (0.1 * W).
In summary, the arrival rate to the mechanics station is 0.1 customers per minute with a CV of 1.2. The T (throughput) for the trainee station is 0.0625 vehicles per minute, and for the repair station, it is 0.0455 vehicles per minute. The T (flow time) for the trainee station is 16 minutes, and for the repair station, it is 22 + (0.1 * W), where W is the average waiting time.
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GoSnow sells $nowboards. Each snowboard requires direct materiais of $148, direct labor of $54, variable overhead of $64, and variable seliing. general, and administratlve costs of $29. The company has fixed overhead costs of $284.000 and fixed selling. general, and administrative costs of $354,000. The company has a target profit of $542,000. It expects to produce and sell 10,000 snowboards. Compute the selling price per unit using the variable cost method. (Round your intermediate calculations and final answer to neares whole dollar amounts.)
The correct answer is the selling price per unit using the variable cost method is $118.
GoSnow sells snowboards. The cost details for each snowboard are given below:
Direct materials cost $148
Direct labour cost: $54
Variable overhead cost: $64
Variable selling, general, and administrative costs: $29
Fixed overhead costs: $284,000
Fixed selling, general, and administrative costs: $354,000
Target profit: $542,000
Number of snowboards expected to be produced and sold: 10,000
We have to calculate the selling price per unit using the variable cost method.
The formula for the variable cost method is: Selling price per unit = Total variable costs per unit + (Total fixed costs ÷ Number of units sold)
Total variable costs per unit = Direct materials cost + Direct labour cost + Variable overhead cost + Variable selling, general, and administrative costs= $148 + $54 + $64 + $29= $295
Total fixed costs = Fixed overhead costs + Fixed selling, general, and administrative costs= $284,000 + $354,000= $638,000Number of units sold = 10,000
Target profit = Selling price per unit × Number of units sold − Total fixed costs + Target profit= Selling price per unit × 10,000 − $638,000 + $542,000= Selling price per unit × 10,000 − $96,000
Selling price per unit = (Target profit + Total fixed costs) ÷ Number of units sold + Total variable costs per unit= ($542,000 + $638,000) ÷ 10,000 + $295= $118
The selling price per unit using the variable cost method is $118.
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Suppose that we are considering the AEF, which is made up of desired C,G,I, and NX.As in lecture, we will assume that both C and NX respond to prices (p) in the economy. I and G do not. All four are given by: C=40(10−p)+0.85YI=200G=300NX=20(10−p)−0.1Y 1. What is the expression for the AEF here? Simplify your answer as much as you can. [3 points] 2. What is the equilibrium Y∗ if (i) p=4, and if (ii) p=7 ? [2 points] 3. What is the equilibrium value of Y for any given level of p ? (in other words, you do not know what p is, but you can solve for Y∗ as a function of p.) [3 points] 4. Use your answer from part c to draw the Aggregate Demand Curve, with Aggregate Demand for Y on the x-axis and the price level on the y-axis. Label both the x-intercept and y-intercept for the AD curve. [2 points] Suppose instead that the price level affected the marginal propensity to consume and the Marginal propensity to import, such that: (note the numbers are different from your previous AEF) AEF=900+0.7Y−100pY 5. In this case, what would be the expression for the AD curve as a function of prices? What does this AD curve look like? Sketch a picture of it with Aggregate Demand for Y on the x-axis and the price level on the y-axis [4 points]
1. The expression for the Aggregate Expenditure Function (AEF) is:
AEF = C + I + G + NX
= 40(10 - p) + 0.85Y + 200 + 300 + 20(10 - p) - 0.1Y
= 60 - 60p + 0.75Y
2. (i) If p = 4:
AEF = 60 - 60(4) + 0.75Y
= -120 + 0.75Y
Equilibrium Y* is the value of Y where AEF equals Y, so we solve for Y:
Y* = -120 + 0.75Y*
Y* = 480
(ii) If p = 7:
AEF = 60 - 60(7) + 0.75Y
= -360 + 0.75Y
Equilibrium Y*:
Y* = -360 + 0.75Y*
Y* = 1440
3. To find the equilibrium value of Y for any given level of p, we set AEF equal to Y:
AEF = 60 - 60p + 0.75Y
Y* = 60 - 60p + 0.75Y*
0.25Y* = 60 - 60p
Y* = 240 - 240p
4. The Aggregate Demand (AD) curve is obtained by plotting the equilibrium values of Y* for different price levels. The x-intercept of the AD curve is the value of Y* when p is zero, and the y-intercept is the value of AEF when p is zero. The specific values would depend on the calculations in part 3.
5. The expression for the AD curve in this case is:
AD = AEF - Y
= 900 + 0.7Y - 100pY - Y
= 900 - 0.3Y - 100pY
The AD curve in this case would have a negative slope due to the negative coefficient of Y. The exact shape of the curve would depend on the specific values of Y and p. Please note that a sketch cannot be provided without specific values.
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Question 17 ( 8 points) Weather Inc. manufactures single room sized air conditioners. The cost accounting system estimates manufacturing costs to be $190 per air conditioner, consisting of 75% variable costs and 25% fixed costs. The company has surplus capacity available. It is Weather Inc's policy to add a 30% markup to full costs. Weather Inc, is invited to bid on a one-time-only special order to supply 100 air conditioners. What is the lowest price Weather Inc. should bid for 100 units of air conditioners on this special order? Example of Answer: 4000 (No space, comma, decimal point, or $ sign)
The lowest price Weather Inc. should bid for 100 units of single room sized air conditioners on this special order is $19,057.
Given that the manufacturing cost per air conditioner is $190, and it consists of 75% variable costs and 25% fixed costs, which are estimated to be $142.50 and $47.50 respectively for one unit.
Manufacturing costs per air conditioner = $190
Variable costs = 75% of $190 = $142.50
Fixed costs = 25% of $190 = $47.50
Markup price = 30% of $190 = $57
Special order: 100 air conditioners
Total cost of manufacturing 100 air conditioners = 100 × $190 = $19,000
Total variable cost of manufacturing 100 air conditioners = 100 × $142.50 = $14,250
Total fixed cost of manufacturing 100 air conditioners = 100 × $47.50 = $4,750
Total cost of 100 air conditioners with markup = Total cost of manufacturing + Markup price
= $19,000 + $57
= $19,057
So, the lowest price Weather Inc. should bid for 100 units of air conditioners on this special order is $19,057.
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A company uses machine hours as its cost driver. The following information is provided. For the current period, was manufacturing overhead over or under applied? By what arnount did this company over or under apply overhead? Overhead is underapplied by $5,980 Overhead is underapplied by $4,062 Overhead is overapplied by $4,062 Overhead is overapplied by $5,980 None of the above
The correct option is 4. Overhead is overapplied by $5,980. Overhead refers to indirect expenses incurred by a business that are not directly attributable to the production of goods or services.
we can calculate the predetermined overhead rate as follows:
Predetermined overhead rate = Budgeted manufacturing overhead / Budgeted machine hours
= $74,390 / 4,300
= $17.30 per machine hour
Next, we can calculate the amount of overhead applied based on the actual machine hours incurred:
Applied overhead = Actual machine hours incurred x Predetermined overhead rate
= 4,600 x $17.30
= $79,580
We can then determine whether overhead was over or under applied by comparing the applied overhead with the actual manufacturing overhead incurred:
Overhead applied - Actual overhead incurred = $79,580 - $73,600 = $5,980
Therefore, the correct answer is Overhead is overapplied by $5,980.
The complete question is
A company uses machine hours as its cost driver. The following information is provided. Budgeted manufacturing overhead = $74,390 Budgeted machine hours =4,300 Actual manufacturing overhead incurred= $73,600 Actual machine hour incurred=4600 For the current period, was manufacturing overhead over or under applied? By what amount did this company over or under apply overhead? 1.Overhead is underapplied by $5,980 (2). Overhead is underapplied by $4,062 (3).Overhead is overapplied by $4,062 (5). Overhead is overapplied by $5,980 (6).None of the above
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This type of small business exists in all industries, is fast growing, and innovative. Also kilown as gazelles these businesses aie outstanding job creators a. Corporations b. Main street
c. Non-employee businesses
d. Suppliers e. High growth
High-growth businesses, or gazelles, are innovative small enterprises found in all industries. They rapidly expand, create jobs, and drive industry innovation and economic growth.
e. High growth
High-growth businesses, also known as gazelles, are a remarkable type of small business that exists in all industries, displaying rapid expansion and a penchant for innovation. These enterprises possess the unique ability to scale quickly, often outperforming their competitors and creating a substantial number of jobs. Unlike large corporations, high-growth businesses are agile and flexible, enabling them to swiftly adapt to changing market demands. They thrive on their innovative approaches, leveraging disruptive technologies and embracing an entrepreneurial spirit.
With their significant contribution to job creation and economic growth, these high-growth businesses play a vital role in driving industry innovation and revitalizing local economies across a wide range of sectors. Their dynamic nature and ability to consistently innovate make them a force to be reckoned with in the business landscape.
Therefore, High-growth businesses, or gazelles, are innovative small enterprises found in all industries. They rapidly expand, create jobs, and drive industry innovation and economic growth.
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The information below (in italics) provides information on a
grocery food chain based in Ghana. Use the data to tabulate the
SWOT position of the company.:
A weakening economy, Forms strategic allianc
To tabulate the SWOT position of the grocery food chain based in Ghana, we need to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats based on the provided information. Here's a table summarizing the SWOT position.
It is important to note that this SWOT analysis is based on the provided information and may not capture all factors relevant to the grocery food chain in Ghana. Conducting a comprehensive analysis involving further research and market assessment would provide a more accurate and detailed SWOT position.
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help please and thank you
Cash Victoria Lee Company Adjusted Trial Balance For the Month Ended June 30, 2022 Account Titles Accounts Receivable Supplies Accounts Payable Unearned Service Revenue Owner's Capital Owner's Drawing
The adjusted trial balance includes the accounts receivable, supplies, accounts payable, unearned service revenue, owner's capital, and owner's drawing.
Explanation:
The adjusted trial balance is a statement that lists all the accounts and their balances after adjusting entries have been made at the end of an accounting period. It serves as a basis for preparing financial statements. The accounts included in the adjusted trial balance provide a snapshot of the company's financial position and performance.
In this case, the accounts included in the adjusted trial balance for Victoria Lee Company are as follows:
Accounts Receivable: This account represents the amount of money owed to the company by its customers for goods or services provided on credit.
Supplies: This account represents the value of the supplies or inventory items held by the company for use in its operations.
Accounts Payable: This account represents the amount of money owed by the company to its suppliers or creditors for goods or services purchased on credit.
Unearned Service Revenue: This account represents the amount of revenue received in advance from customers for services that have not yet been provided by the company.
Owner's Capital: This account represents the owner's investment in the business, including the initial investment and any additional contributions made by the owner.
Owner's Drawing: This account represents the amount of money or assets withdrawn by the owner from the business for personal use.
By including these accounts in the adjusted trial balance, Victoria Lee Company can ensure that all the relevant financial information is properly recorded and summarized for further analysis and reporting.
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Companies are developing new technologies, products, and services. These include broadband networks, mobile commerce, wireless connectivity, and smartphones. For example, South Korea currently boasts the world's fastest average internet speed, and some other countries are responding to this by improving their broadband networks. Why? Broadband offers multiple marketing opportunities for all global companies. Cloud computing, smartphones, mobile advertising, mobile commerce, music, mobile gaming, e-sports, mobile payments, and streaming video and electronic books are also powerful tools for advertisers.
Companies are investing in new technologies, products, and services such as broadband networks, mobile commerce, wireless connectivity, and smartphones.
One notable example is South Korea, which currently holds the title for the world's fastest average internet speed. Other countries are taking note of this and striving to enhance their broadband networks in response.
The reason behind this focus on broadband networks is the multitude of marketing opportunities they offer to global companies. Broadband enables faster and more reliable internet connections, which in turn opens up avenues for various marketing strategies. These strategies include cloud computing, smartphones, mobile advertising, mobile commerce, music streaming, mobile gaming, e-sports, mobile payments, and streaming video and electronic books. All these tools provide powerful platforms for advertisers to reach their target audiences effectively.
By leveraging these technologies and services, companies can engage with consumers on multiple digital fronts, connect with them through various channels, and deliver content in engaging and personalized ways. This helps companies stay competitive in the rapidly evolving digital landscape and meet the changing demands and preferences of their customers.
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1) What is your opinion of the blend of Hip-Hop with Traditional Musical Theater? Does it work? Is it unwarranted? (1 Paragraph, 6-7 sentences)
2) Miranda and the cast do extensive research about the subject matter of the founding fathers. Being actors of color- they have a very different view of America and American history. Based on this documentary (albeit subjective, I know) do you think they are approaching the musical HAMILTON from a fair and balanced view point? Are they politicizing history? or shedding a new artistic light on the subject matter? (1-2 Paragraphs, Give examples)
3) What are your views of Musical Theater before and after this lecture and then viewing this documentary? Have your views or preferences changed? Are you more open to seeing or not seeing a Musical performance? (4-5 sentences)
4) After watching both the Vice News spot This Guy Hates Hamilton So Much He Made a Play to Roast Lin Manuel-Miranda and the PBS Hamilton's America what is your opinion about the Musical's impact on American audiences? After looking at some of the criticism's mentioned above, is it good that a dialog has been created about Race, Politics, Performance, and Accuracy in Theater? or do we loose integrity when historical content is misused (even with positive intentions)? Give me your opinions about Hamilton and it's criticisms. (1-2 paragraphs).
My opinion of the blend of Hip-Hop with Traditional Musical TheaterHip-hop is a popular genre that was born in the 1970s in the United States, whereas traditional musical theater has been around for centuries.
Hip-hop may seem like a modern genre to some, but it has roots that go back to the music of Africa, the Caribbean, and other parts of the world, and it has influenced music around the world. When it comes to blending hip-hop with traditional musical theater, I believe it can work well, but it depends on how it's done. Some productions may use hip-hop beats or rhymes simply to be trendy, which can be unwarranted if it doesn't add to the story or character development.
On the other hand, if the blend is well-executed, it can bring a fresh perspective to the art form and help connect with younger audiences.
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Harlen Industries has a simple forecasting model: Take the actual demand for the same month last year and divide that by the number of fractional weeks in that month. This gives the average weekly demand for that month. This weekly average is used as the weekly forecast for the same month this year. This technique was used to forecast eight weeks for this year, which are shown below along with the actual demand that occurred.
The following eight weeks show the forecast (based on last year) and the demand that actually occurred:
WEEK FORECAST
DEMAND ACTUAL
DEMAND
1 135 132
2 135 128
3 142 147
4 140 157
5 142 177
6 152 167
7 145 184
8 147 204
The forecasting model used by Harlen Industries relies on historical data from the same month in the previous year to forecast the average weekly demand for the current year.
However, the actual demand that occurred in the current year differs from the forecasted values, indicating a deviation between the model's predictions and the real demand. The discrepancies between the forecasted and actual demands raise concerns about the accuracy and reliability of the forecasting model. It suggests that the model may not adequately capture the factors influencing demand fluctuations or fail to account for any changes in market conditions or customer behavior.
To improve the forecasting accuracy, Harlen Industries should consider incorporating additional variables into their model that can better reflect the underlying demand drivers. Factors such as seasonality, market trends, promotional activities, or changes in customer preferences could significantly impact demand and should be taken into account.
Additionally, the company should evaluate the forecasting model's performance over a longer time period to determine if the discrepancies observed in these eight weeks are consistent or isolated incidents. This analysis will help identify any systematic errors in the model and guide adjustments to enhance its predictive capabilities.
Continuous monitoring and refinement of the forecasting model are essential to ensure that the company can make informed decisions regarding production, inventory management, and resource allocation based on reliable demand forecasts.
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The UQ Union is weighing up two expenditure options. It can either buy 20,000 ice-creams (each costing $1.50) to distribute to UQ students or it can construct a skate park costing $50,000 for students to freely use. There are approximately 50,000 students at UQ and each student values an ice-cream and a skate park each at $1.50. Which of the following statements are true? The total summed MB for the skate park is $125,000. The total summed MB for the skate park is $75,000 when considering all students. The total summed MB for ice-creams is $75,000 and, as the cost is $50,000, this option will result in a surplus. If 20,000 ice-creams are provided and consumed, then the total summed MB will exceed the total expenditure on ice-creams.
Providing 20,000 ice-creams would be the more economically efficient option for UQ Union as the total marginal benefit of distributing ice-creams is $30,000, which equals the cost. In contrast, the total marginal benefit of constructing a skate park is $75,000, which is less than the cost of $50,000.
The true statement is: If 20,000 ice-creams are provided and consumed, then the total summed MB will exceed the total expenditure on ice-creams.
Each of the 50,000 students values an ice-cream and a skate park at $1.50, so the total marginal benefit of providing 20,000 ice-creams is:
20,000 * $1.50 = $30,000
Since the cost of providing the ice-creams is $1.50 x 20,000 = $30,000, this option will result in no surplus or deficit, but instead will break even.
In contrast, the total marginal benefit of constructing a skate park is:
50,000 x $1.50 = $75,000
This is less than the cost of constructing the skate park, which is $50,000. Therefore, the UQ Union would experience a deficit if it chose to construct the skate park.
Thus, providing ice-creams would be the more economically efficient option, and if 20,000 ice-creams are provided and consumed, then the total summed MB will exceed the total expenditure on ice-creams.
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"Question 2
Identify the grammatical subject of this sentence:
Because the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog, it
made sure to get away before trouble happened .
It
Trouble
Fox"
Dog
The grammatical subject of this sentence "Because the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog, it made sure to get away before trouble happened " is IT ,
Therefore the correct option is A.
In English grammar, the grammatical subject is the actor or doer of the action in a sentence. It usually comes before the verb and answers the question "who or what is doing the action?" For example, in the sentence "John eats breakfast every morning," "John" is the grammatical subject because he is doing the action of eating breakfast.
The subject can be a noun, pronoun, or even a gerund, but it must always agree with the verb in number. Identifying the grammatical subject is essential for constructing sentences with proper syntax and conveying meaning clearly.
Hence the correct option is A
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In the given sentence 'Because the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog, it made sure to get away before trouble happened', the grammatical subject is 'it' because it is the doer of the action in the main clause.
Explanation:In the sentence 'Because the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog, it made sure to get away before trouble happened', the grammatical subject is 'it'. 'It' refers back to 'the quick brown fox' as it does the action in the main clause of the sentence which is 'made sure to get away before trouble happened'. So, in the context of this sentence, 'it' is the pronoun that represents 'the quick brown fox' and is the doer of the action, hence the subject.
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How do you, personally, try to restore equity when you perceive you have been treated unfairly? Please give specific examples.
Please use a minimum of 700 words
Restoring equity means to balance the scales, to rectify the inequitable treatment that you might have been subjected to. Restoring equity is not easy, and there is no one-size-fits-all solution to it, but there are a few things that I, personally, try to do when I perceive that I have been treated unfairly.
Some of these things include:Communication: Talking to the person or people who have been responsible for the perceived inequitable treatment, in a calm and respectful manner. It is essential to let them know how you feel and try to come up with a mutually agreeable solution.
Collaboration: When possible, working together with the person or people who have been responsible for the inequitable treatment can help restore equity. Cooperation with the other party involved can make a big difference, and it can lead to finding common ground that can be beneficial for both parties.
Documentation: Keeping records of the perceived inequitable treatment, such as emails, notes, and other forms of communication, can be helpful in presenting a case for equity. This can help to make it easier to communicate what the issue is, and it can also serve as evidence if the issue is taken further.
Examples of restoring equity could be asking for a meeting with your boss to discuss why you are not being paid the same as someone with the same experience and qualification or explaining to someone why their comment was not okay.
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Bonds Issued at a Premium (Effective Interest) Haley Industries issued $160,000 of 15%, 7-year bonds on January 1, 2024, with a $6,861 premium. Interest is paid annually on December 31. The market rate of interest is 14%. Required: Prepare the amortization table using the effective interest rate method. If an amount box does not require an entry, leave it blank. If the answer is zero, enter 0. When required, round your answers to the nearest whole dollar. And, round final year to complete the amortization.
Year Beginning Balance Interest Expense (10%) Annual Coupon Payment Ending Balance1 166,861 16,686 24,000 158,5472 158,547 15,855 24,000 149,4023 149,402 14,940 24,000 138,3424 138,342 13,834 24,000 125,1755 125,175 12,518 24,000 109,6936 109,693 10,969 24,000 91,6627 91,662 9,166 24,000 70,828We will round the final year to complete the amortization. Therefore, the ending balance for the seventh year is $70,828.
Bonds are debt securities issued by firms and government entities to investors. It is generally a long-term security with a fixed interest rate. Bonds Issued at a Premium (Effective Interest)Haley Industries issued $160,000 of 15%, 7-year bonds on January 1, 2024, with a $6,861 premium. Interest is paid annually on December 31. The market rate of interest is 14%.To get started, we will first calculate the proceeds received from issuing the bonds:Proceeds = Face Value + Premium= $160,000 + $6,861= $166,861To prepare an amortization table using the effective interest rate method, we need to calculate the effective interest rate first. We can calculate the annual interest on the bonds as follows:Annual Interest = Face Value × Coupon Rate= $160,000 × 15%= $24,000Therefore, the effective interest rate will be the rate that discounts the future cash flows of the bond to equal the proceeds received from issuing the bond.Using the following formula, we can calculate the effective interest rate:i = [Annual Interest – Premium] ÷ [Face Value – Premium]= [$24,000 – $6,861] ÷ [$160,000 – $6,861]= 10%Now, we can use this effective interest rate to calculate the interest expense and the bond balance for each year using the following table: **Year Beginning Balance Interest Expense (10%) Annual Coupon Payment Ending Balance1 166,861 16,686 24,000 158,5472 158,547 15,855 24,000 149,4023 149,402 14,940 24,000 138,3424 138,342 13,834 24,000 125,1755 125,175 12,518 24,000 109,6936 109,693 10,969 24,000 91,6627 91,662 9,166 24,000 70,828We will round the final year to complete the amortization. Therefore, the ending balance for the seventh year is $70,828.
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"KKK" was started in 2013 by Julia and her friend Julie. It provided services for business. Its primary service was jewelry designs. Many jewelers and high-end accessory retailers have their designs appear on their advertisements, promotions, and exhibitions. KKK, since inception, KKK put together a strong design and business team, raised a healthy fund of 2 million dollars and managed through friends and professional network to operate in three countries, further it secured contracts to design for several major jewelry brands. The company had revenue and happy customers almost from day one. It scored a major hire about two-thirds of the way through its existence. KKK hired a Sales Director to manage Sales in all locations, then the business hired the company’s first 15 salespeople and acquired their first high end accessory shop. Sadly, in 2017 KKK, however ceased operations.
KKK’s expertise was jewelry design, and by all objective measures it was very good. In fact, Julia has won several awards during her college year. Her passion for designs and her skills were obvious. She declined a highly paid job offer just to start KKK. She was encouraged by the good economic condition in that year and the potential of rapid exposure of her designs that is enabled by advancement in technology. Most important to her, she knew that most jewelers and jewelry retailor are continuously looking for new designs, their competitive advantage rely on their ability to dazzle jewelry lovers with a new design for every major occasion in their lives. She also knows that, in this industry one design could represent her for life.
In 2015’ jewelry exhibition, KKK designs was displayed on video monitors scattered throughout various hall of the exhibition. These monitors created a lot of conversation among customers who would see designs they had not seen before, which further generated an abundance of enquiries.
In 2019, when Julia was asked what went wrong, she said I love what I was doing it was amazing start up. But KKK just could not grow fast enough. When our firm closed, it was bringing in about $14000 a month and our expenses were $15000 per month. That is normal for start-ups. Many start-ups take considerable amount of time to reach breakeven and then start making money. But in KKK’s case revenue growth was painfully slow and unpredictable. The Co-founder Julie said that KKK was in a terrible possible place. When things work out, we know what to do, but when things move in the other direction, it is hard, but again its clear what to do. KKK found itself struggling neither failing nor succeeding. A decision had to be made no matter how painful it could be.
In her memoir, Julie elaborated on some of the challenges KKK encountered. First, competition is hard with multiple agencies offering similar service. Also selling to jewelers is not easy, it is not a high-volume sale industry. Jewelers are approached all times by junior designers trying to enter the market. Employing an army to try to sell their service also did not help. Before taking the tough decision to seize operation, Julia and Julie discussed possible alternatives. They still had investor money in the bank, so the situation was not horrible. They can continue to operate or partner with a specific jeweler for a percentage, explore other industries or close.
The decision eventually was to shut down. In a meeting with KKK investors and revealing the decision it was interesting how the investors reacted. When KKK closed, the company had in $ 2.2 million in the bank. The investors told them to keep the funds to start another start up.
Q: If you were assigned to develop a business model for the above business, what are the major components? Develop a summarized business model based on the information in the case above.
The major components of KKK's business model include providing high-quality jewelry designs to jewelers and high-end accessory retailers, targeting a niche market, generating revenue through contracts and sales, utilizing a talented team and network, facing challenges in a competitive industry, and ultimately deciding to shut down with investor support for future endeavors.
The business model for KKK revolves around delivering valuable jewelry design services to jewelers and high-end accessory retailers. The target market is focused on those seeking new and captivating designs to enhance their competitive advantage. The revenue streams primarily come from contracts with major jewelry brands, sales of designs, and revenue generated through exhibitions and promotions.
The key activities involve jewelry design, sales management, acquisition of accessory shops, participation in exhibitions, and effective marketing strategies. The key resources include a talented team, strong networks, significant funding, and leveraging technology for exposure. The cost structure entails various expenses to sustain operations and growth.
KKK's competitive advantage lies in its expertise in jewelry design, the founder's accolades, and the ability to spark conversations and generate customer interest. However, the business faced challenges such as intense competition, slow revenue growth, and difficulties in selling to jewelers. Ultimately, the decision to close was made, with investors encouraging the founders to utilize the remaining funds for future ventures.
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In a reorder point inventory problem, the standard deviation of the annual demand is 158 units, and the supply lead time is 13. What is the lead time standard deviation? (1 year=365 days).
The lead time standard deviation in the reorder point inventory problem is 13.
To find the lead time standard deviation in a reorder point inventory problem, we need to use the following formula:
Lead Time Standard Deviation = Standard Deviation of Annual Demand / Square Root of Lead Time
Given information:
Standard Deviation of Annual Demand = 158 units
Supply Lead Time = 13
1: Calculate the square root of the lead time.
Square Root of Lead Time = Square Root of 13 = 3.6056 (rounded to four decimal places)
2: Divide the standard deviation of annual demand by the square root of the lead time.
Lead Time Standard Deviation = 158 units / 3.6056 = 43.77 units (rounded to two decimal places)
Therefore, the lead time standard deviation in the reorder point inventory problem is 13 units.
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In a reorder point inventory problem, the lead time standard deviation can be calculated using the formula Lead Time Standard Deviation = Standard Deviation of Annual Demand / Square Root of Lead Time. In this case, the lead time standard deviation is approximately 43.54 units.
Explanation:The lead time standard deviation in a reorder point inventory problem can be calculated using the following formula:
Lead Time Standard Deviation = Standard Deviation of Annual Demand / Square Root of Lead Time
In this case, the standard deviation of the annual demand is 158 units, and the supply lead time is 13. So, using the formula:
Lead Time Standard Deviation = 158 / √13 ≈ 43.54 units
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Oriole Inc. management expects the following cash flow stream over the next five years. They discount all cash flows using a 20 percent discount rate. What is the present value of this cash flow stream? (Round answer to 2 decimal places, e.g. 15.25. Enter negative amount using either a negative sign e.g. -15.25 or parentheses e.g. (15.25). Do not round factor values) 1 2 3 4 5 Year $273,700 $870,300 $1,849,000 $1,103,000 $974,000 Present value $
The present value of the cash flow stream is -$2,401,593.91.
To calculate the present value of a cash flow stream, we need to discount each cash flow to its present value and then sum up the present values. The discount rate is given as 20 percent, which is equivalent to 0.20 when expressed as a decimal.
Using the formula for calculating the present value of a cash flow, which is:
PV = CF / (1 + r)^n
Where:
- PV is the present value
- CF is the cash flow
- r is the discount rate
- n is the time period
We can calculate the present value of each cash flow and then sum them up:
Present Value = $273,700 / (1 + 0.20)^1 + $870,300 / (1 + 0.20)^2 + $1,849,000 / (1 + 0.20)^3 + $1,103,000 / (1 + 0.20)^4 + $974,000 / (1 + 0.20)^5
After performing the calculations, we find that the present value of the cash flow stream is approximately -$2,401,593.91.
Therefore, the present value of the cash flow stream, when discounted at a 20 percent rate, is -$2,401,593.91. The negative sign indicates that the net present value of the cash flow stream is negative, indicating that the cash flows are not sufficient to cover the initial investment or do not meet the required rate of return. This implies that the investment may not be financially viable or attractive under the given discount rate of 20 percent.
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Howell Company is based in Southern California. It manufactures snow skis, ski equipment, and surfboards. It has contracted with a major consulting firm to review the controls over its information technology area. Which of the following controls might Howell have reasonably implemented? 1. Input controls that require that certain key data be validated. II. Input and processing controls that require that batch totals be maintained and verified for all transactions that are processed in batches. III. Output controls that require that all reports be printed and distributed to remote end users by UPS or FedEx delivery. Oll only is correct. O I, II, and III are correct. O III only is correct. O I and II only are correct.
Howell Company, based in Southern California, manufactures snow skis, ski equipment, and surfboards. It has contracted with a major consulting firm to review the controls over its information technology area. Which of the following controls might Howell have reasonably implemented? I, II, and III are correct.
Input controls that require that certain key data be validated. Input and processing controls that require that batch totals be maintained and verified for all transactions that are processed in batches. Output controls that require that all reports be printed and distributed to remote end-users by UPS or FedEx delivery. Input controls that require that certain key data be validated: This control is used to check the validity of certain critical data.
This is to ensure that data that is inputted into the system is correct and accurate. Input and processing controls that require that batch totals be maintained and verified for all transactions that are processed in batches: This control requires that batch totals be maintained and verified for all transactions that are processed in batches This will ensure that all end-users have access to the reports they need.
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Explain how each of the following would change the supply for organically grown broccoli. a. Government imposes a 10-cent tax on every pound of broccoli sent to market. b. An increase in the price of organically grown carrots and cauliflower. c. An increase in the price of pesticides necessary to reduce crop damage. d. An improvement in technology that allows broccoli to be harvested at a lower cost. e. An increase in the number of sellers. f. An increase in the price of broccoli (caused by a change in demand). g. An expectation that the price of broccoli will be higher next week. 8. Use the information below to graph the supply and demand curves for broccoli. What is the equilibrium price and quantity in this market?
A government-imposed tax, an increase in the price of related goods, an increase in input costs, technological advancements, changes in the number of sellers.
a. A government tax on broccoli would increase the cost of production and decrease the profitability for suppliers, leading to a decrease in supply.
b. An increase in the price of organically grown carrots and cauliflower may incentivize producers to allocate more resources towards growing those goods instead of broccoli, resulting in a decrease in broccoli supply.
c. If the price of pesticides increases, it raises input costs for broccoli farmers, reducing their profitability and leading to a decrease in supply.
d. Technological improvements in harvesting lower the cost of production for broccoli, which would increase supply as it becomes more profitable to produce.
e. An increase in the number of sellers expands the total supply available in the market, shifting the supply curve to the right.
f. An increase in the price of broccoli due to higher demand would likely encourage suppliers to produce more, resulting in an increase in supply.
g. Expectations of a higher price in the future may incentivize suppliers to reduce current supply and hold onto their stock, leading to a decrease in supply.
To determine the equilibrium price and quantity, a graph of the supply and demand curves for broccoli is needed. Without the specific information on the supply and demand schedules or equations, it is not possible to provide the equilibrium price and quantity.
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A government-imposed tax, an increase in the price of related goods, an increase in input costs, technological advancements, changes in the number of sellers.
a. A government tax on broccoli would increase the cost of production and decrease the profitability for suppliers, leading to a decrease in supply.
b. An increase in the price of organically grown carrots and cauliflower may incentivize producers to allocate more resources towards growing those goods instead of broccoli, resulting in a decrease in broccoli supply.
c. If the price of pesticides increases, it raises input costs for broccoli farmers, reducing their profitability and leading to a decrease in supply.
d. Technological improvements in harvesting lower the cost of production for broccoli, which would increase supply as it becomes more profitable to produce.
e. An increase in the number of sellers expands the total supply available in the market, shifting the supply curve to the right.
f. An increase in the price of broccoli due to higher demand would likely encourage suppliers to produce more, resulting in an increase in supply.
g. Expectations of a higher price in the future may incentivize suppliers to reduce current supply and hold onto their stock, leading to a decrease in supply.
To determine the equilibrium price and quantity, a graph of the supply and demand curves for broccoli is needed. Without the specific information on the supply and demand schedules or equations, it is not possible to provide the equilibrium price and quantity.
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Maggie is a neighbor of yours who lives with her parents. She is 20 years old and has a one-year-old child. You know that Maggie was a full-time student until she quit college at the end of September of the tax year. Maggie gives you her tax documents and tells you that her mother said to claim herself and to claim her child for EITC. To meet the ETC due diligence knowledge requirement, you: a. Cannot ignore the facts about Maggie living with her mother for nine months of the year when she was a full-time student b. Can disregard information obtained through a personal relationship, c. Cannot complete Maggie's return under any circumstances. d. Can complete Maggie's return filing her as a single non dependent with EITC for her child
To meet the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) due diligence knowledge requirement, you cannot ignore the facts about Maggie living with her mother for nine months of the year when she was a full-time student. The correct option is a.
Maggie lived with her mother for nine months of the tax year while she was a full-time student. This information is crucial in determining her eligibility for certain tax benefits, such as claiming herself and claiming her child for EITC.
The due diligence requirement for EITC mandates that tax preparers must have a reasonable belief that the information provided by the taxpayer is accurate and complete.
In this case, disregarding the fact that Maggie lived with her mother for a significant portion of the year would not meet this requirement. Therefore, it is important to consider all relevant facts and circumstances when preparing Maggie's tax return. The correct option is a.
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At the beginning of the year, you buy 100 shares of stock for $64 each. During the year you receive $3 per share in dividends, and then sell the stock for $66 per share at the end of the year. What is your holding period return? Enter answer in percents, accurate to two decimal places.
The holding period return for this investment is 7.81%.
The holding period return is a measure of the return on an investment over a specific period of time. To calculate the holding period return, you need to consider both the dividends received and the capital gains or losses from selling the stock.
In this case, you bought 100 shares of stock for $64 each, so your initial investment was $6,400. During the year, you received $3 per share in dividends, which amounts to $300 in total ($3 per share x 100 shares). At the end of the year, you sold the stock for $66 per share, resulting in proceeds of $6,600 ($66 per share x 100 shares).
To calculate the holding period return, you need to determine the total return and divide it by the initial investment. The total return is the sum of dividends received and the capital gain or loss from selling the stock.
Dividends received: $300
Capital gain/loss: ($6,600 - $6,400) = $200
Total return: $300 + $200 = $500
Holding period return: ($500 / $6,400) x 100 = 7.81%
Therefore, the holding period return for this investment is 7.81%.
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Based on the criteria and characteristics of the classification of the macro processes of an organization from a process approach, you must classify and design the process map of the clothing company Punto y Cadeneta Ltda., an entity that distributes uniforms to 120 high schools. five Colombian cities. Before designing the process map, define the mission of the company and the strategic objectives that are related to it.
Macro processes to classify
• Selection of human resources.
•Budgeting and allocation of resources.
•Investigation of new markets.
•Distribution of orders.
•Purchase of raw materials.
• Preparation of uniforms.
•Care providers.
•Service to distributors.
•Transformation of culture.
•Audit of the quality management system.
•Networks and information support.
•Payment to suppliers.
•Strategic direction.
•Uniform design.
•Financial management.
a. Prepare a synoptic table explaining the classification of processes taking into account their scope and their relationship with the organization's mission and vision.
b. After organizing the processes, what proposal regarding the organizational structure do you suggest?
c. Create a relationship diagram that describes how the value chain and process management interact.
managerial processes key processes Support processes
a. Synoptic Table:
Key Processes: Investigation of New Markets, Distribution of Orders, Service to Distributors, Uniform Design
Support Processes: Selection of Human Resources, Budgeting and Allocation of Resources, Purchase of Raw Materials, Care Providers.
Managerial Processes: Strategic Direction, Financial Management
b. Proposed Organizational Structure: Functional Structure
c. Relationship Diagram: Value Chain - Key Processes - Support Processes - Managerial Processes
a. Synoptic Table: Classification of Processes
Macro Process Scope Relationship to Mission/Vision
Selection of Human Resources HR Management Support Process
Budgeting and Allocation of Resources Financial Management Support Process
Investigation of New Markets Market Research Key Process
Distribution of Orders Supply Chain Management Key Process
Purchase of Raw Materials Procurement Support Process
Preparation of Uniforms Production Key Process
Care Providers Customer Service Support Process
Service to Distributors Distribution Key Process
Transformation of Culture Organizational Culture Support Process
Audit of the Quality Management System Quality Assurance Support Process
Networks and Information Support IT Management Support Process
Payment to Suppliers Accounts Payable Support Process
Strategic Direction Strategic Management Managerial Process
Uniform Design Product Design Key Process
Financial Management Financial Control Managerial Process
b. Organizational Structure Proposal:
Based on the identified processes, a suitable organizational structure for Punto y Cadeneta Ltda. would be a functional structure. This structure groups employees by the functions or departments they belong to, allowing for specialization and efficiency. The proposed departments could include:
Human Resources Department
Finance Department
Marketing Department
Supply Chain Department
Production Department
Customer Service Department
Quality Assurance Department
IT Department
Accounts Payable Department
Strategic Management Department
Design Department
c. Relationship Diagram: Value Chain and Process Management Interaction
Value Chain
|
Key Processes
|
Support Processes
|
Managerial Processes
The value chain represents the sequence of activities that create value for the organization, starting from the procurement of raw materials to the distribution of the final product. Key processes are the core activities directly involved in delivering the product or service to customers. Support processes provide necessary support and resources to the key processes. Managerial processes are responsible for the overall management and coordination of the organization. The diagram illustrates the interaction and interdependence between these components.
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Sam is a person who loves to spend his time in outdoor activities. Also, one of Sam's strengths is that he is very good at giving speeches and talk to people. Sam has__________
a.
An extroverted personaality
b.
An introverted personality
c.
A sensing personality
d.
A business man's personality
Sam is a person who loves to spend his time in outdoor activities. He is a sociable person who enjoys spending time with people and likes to share his thoughts and ideas with them. Sam has an extroverted personality
Sam has an extroverted personality, which means that he gains his energy by being around people and socializing. Additionally, Sam is very good at giving speeches and talking to people, which is one of his strengths.People with an extroverted personality often enjoy working in teams, collaborating with others, and leading group discussions. They also tend to be good at public speaking, as they are comfortable speaking in front of large groups of people and have excellent communication skills. Moreover, they are usually assertive and confident, which allows them to take risks and try new things.
In conclusion, Sam has an extroverted personality and is excellent at public speaking. He enjoys spending time with people, socializing, and sharing his thoughts and ideas with others.
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Absolute PPP states that an exchange rate can be reduced to a ratio of the: Real Incomes Monetary Aggregates Price Levels Velocities QUESTION 2 Relative PPP alters Absolute PPP to state exchange rates as a relationship between: a depreciation rate and the inflation differential an appreciation rate and the monetary ratio real GDP growth and the inflation differential inflation expectations and the unemployment rate QUESTION 3 The one variable presumed constant in the monetary approach is: Money Real Output Depreciation Liquidity
The monetary approach assumes the constant of the money supply. These concepts help us understand the relationship between exchange rates and various economic factors.
The concept of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is used to explain the relationship between exchange rates and the prices of goods and services in different countries.
There are two main types of PPP: Absolute PPP and Relative PPP.
Absolute PPP states that the exchange rate between two currencies can be determined by comparing the price levels of goods and services in each country.
In other words, the exchange rate can be reduced to a ratio of the price levels. For example, if the price level in Country A is twice as high as in Country B, then the exchange rate between the two currencies would be 2:1.
Relative PPP alters Absolute PPP by considering other factors, such as inflation differentials, in addition to price levels.
It states that exchange rates can be determined by the relationship between the appreciation or depreciation rate of a currency and the inflation differential between two countries.
For instance, if Country A has a higher inflation rate than Country B, the exchange rate between their currencies would reflect the depreciation of Country A's currency.
In the monetary approach, one variable is presumed constant, and that is the money supply or monetary aggregates. This approach assumes that changes in the money supply have a direct impact on the exchange rate.
Other variables such as real output, depreciation, and liquidity may vary, but the money supply is considered constant in this context.
To summarize, Absolute PPP states that the exchange rate is determined by comparing the price levels of goods and services in different countries, while Relative PPP takes into account factors like inflation differentials.
The monetary approach assumes the constant of the money supply. These concepts help us understand the relationship between exchange rates and various economic factors.
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If Mrs A worked at a jewellery store and her employer gave her a sales bonus of a diamond ring valued at $10,000 how would you treat this for taxation purposes? The answer is required to briefly explain WITH reference to any relevant case law.
It's important to seek professional tax advice in order to determine the most appropriate treatment of bonuses for taxation purposes.
If Mrs A worked at a jewelry store and her employer gave her a sales bonus of a diamond ring valued at $10,000, this would be treated as income for taxation purposes and would be included in Mrs A's assessable income for the income year in which she received the ring.The treatment of bonuses as income for taxation purposes is discussed in FCT v Dixon (1952) 10 ATD 82.
According to this case law, any benefit that an employee receives that is in addition to their regular salary or wages, whether in cash or otherwise, is considered to be income and is therefore subject to income tax. This includes bonuses, which are generally treated as income in the year in which they are received.However, it's important to note that there are certain exemptions and concessions available for some types of bonuses.
For example, if Mrs A received the diamond ring as a result of her performance in a long-term incentive plan, she may be eligible for concessional tax treatment under the employee share scheme rules. Similarly, if the ring was given as a non-cash benefit in accordance with a salary sacrifice arrangement, it may be subject to different tax rules altogether.
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1. If you want to compare companies total assets/equity levels to their total debt levels you would use:
a. profitability ratios
b. liquidity ratios
c. cover ratios
d. debt ratios
2. Breakeven ______
a. the minimum profit point
b. is the point where total cost equals net income
c. is total fixed costs divided by contribution margin per unit
d. (a), (b) & (c)
e. (a) , (b) but not (c)
1. To compare companies' total assets/equity levels to their total debt levels, you would use debt ratios (option d).
2. Breakeven refers to the point where total cost equals net income. Therefore, the correct answer is option b.
1. When comparing companies' total assets/equity levels to their total debt levels, you would use debt ratios. Debt ratios provide insights into the company's leverage and its ability to meet its financial obligations. They measure the proportion of a company's total debt to its total assets or equity. By analyzing debt ratios, investors and analysts can assess the financial risk associated with a company's debt levels.
2. Breakeven refers to the point at which total cost equals net income, indicating that the company is neither making a profit nor incurring a loss. It is the point where the company covers all its expenses but does not generate any additional profit. Therefore, the correct answer is option b, which states that breakeven is the point where total cost equals net income. Options a and c do not accurately describe the concept of breakeven.
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With The Use Of Cases And/Or Examples, Explain FOUR (4) Of The Following Terms As Used In Company Law: Fixed Charges Preference Shares Registration Of Charges Iv. No Par Value V. Capital Maintenance
With the use of cases and/or examples, explain FOUR (4) of the following terms as used in company law:
Fixed charges
Preference shares
Registration of charges
iv. No par value
v. Capital maintenance
1)Fixed Charges: Fixed charges refer to a specific type of security interest or claim over a company's assets.
2) Registration of Charges: Registration of charges refers to the process of recording and filing charges created by a company over its assets with the appropriate regulatory authority.
3) Preference Shares: Preference shares are a class of shares in a company that hold certain preferential rights compared to ordinary shares.
4) No Par Value:No par value refers to shares issued by a company without a specified face or nominal value. In the past, shares were commonly issued with a fixed par value, which represented their stated value per share.
Fixed Charges:
Fixed charges refer to a specific type of security interest or claim over a company's assets. These charges provide a lender or creditor with priority in recovering their debt from the specified assets in the event of the company's insolvency. The assets subject to fixed charges are typically tangible and identifiable, such as land, buildings, or machinery. For example, a bank may provide a loan to a company and take a fixed charge over its factory premises. In case of default, the bank can sell the factory to recover its debt before other creditors.
Preference Shares:
Preference shares are a class of shares in a company that hold certain preferential rights compared to ordinary shares. These rights often include a fixed dividend payment, which must be paid to preference shareholders before any dividend is distributed to ordinary shareholders. In the event of the company's liquidation, preference shareholders have a higher claim on the company's assets compared to ordinary shareholders. However, they usually have limited or no voting rights. Preference shares are commonly issued to investors who seek a more stable income stream and priority in the distribution of assets.
Registration of Charges:
Registration of charges refers to the process of recording and filing charges created by a company over its assets with the appropriate regulatory authority. This process aims to provide public notice of the charges and establish their priority. In many jurisdictions, companies are required to register charges within a specified timeframe to ensure transparency and protect the interests of creditors. Failure to register charges may result in them being void against liquidators, creditors, or subsequent purchasers. For example, if a company grants a mortgage over its property to secure a loan, the mortgage should be registered with the relevant authority to establish its validity and priority.
No Par Value:
No par value refers to shares issued by a company without a specified face or nominal value. In the past, shares were commonly issued with a fixed par value, which represented their stated value per share. However, in many jurisdictions, companies now have the option to issue shares without a par value. Instead of a par value, these shares may have a stated value or no specific value assigned. The advantage of no par value shares is that they provide flexibility in determining the issue price and allow companies to avoid certain legal restrictions associated with issuing shares below par value. It should be noted that the absence of a par value does not mean the shares have no value; rather, their value is determined by market forces and the perception of investors.
Fixed charges create a specific security interest over identified assets, granting priority to the lender in recovering debt.
Preference shares provide holders with preferential rights, such as fixed dividends and higher claim in liquidation.
Registration of charges involves filing charges with the appropriate authority to establish their validity and priority.
No par value shares do not have a fixed nominal value, providing flexibility in determining the share price and avoiding legal restrictions associated with par value.
Understanding these terms in company law is crucial for investors, creditors, and companies themselves. Fixed charges and registration of charges relate to the security interests held by lenders, while preference shares represent a specific class of shares with preferential rights. No par value shares offer flexibility in determining share prices, and capital maintenance rules ensure the protection of a company's capital base. It is important to consult legal professionals and familiarize oneself with the specific laws and regulations governing these concepts in the relevant jurisdiction.
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Consider the following information:
State of Probability of State Rate of Return if State Occurs
Economy of Economy Stock A Stock B Stock C
Boom .68 .11 .05 .36
Bust .32 .25 .31 – .16
a. What is the expected return on an equally weighted portfolio of these three stocks? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places, e.g., 32.16.)
Expected return: %
b. What is the variance of a portfolio invested 23 percent each in A and B and 54 percent in C? (Do not round intermediate calculations and round your answer to 5 decimal places, e.g., 32.16161.)
Variance of a portfolio:
a.Expected return = (0.68)(0.11 + 0.05 + 0.36)/3 + (0.32)(0.25 + 0.31 – 0.16)/3 = 9.7%.b. The variance of a portfolio invested 23 percent each in A and B and 54 percent in C is 0.00137.
a. The expected return on an equally weighted portfolio of these three stocks is 9.7%.The expected return is calculated by taking the weighted sum of the returns. For an equally weighted portfolio, the weight of each stock is 1/3. Hence the expected return of an equally weighted portfolio is:Expected return = (0.68)(0.11 + 0.05 + 0.36)/3 + (0.32)(0.25 + 0.31 – 0.16)/3 = 9.7%
b. The variance of a portfolio invested 23 percent each in A and B and 54 percent in C is 0.00137.
The formula for calculating the variance of a portfolio consisting of n securities is:σ²p = ∑∑wijσiσjρijwhereσ²p is the variance of the portfoliowi is the proportion of the portfolio invested in security iσi is the standard deviation of security iρij is the correlation coefficient between securities i and jσiσjρij is the covariance between securities i and jGiven that the proportion of the portfolio invested in A and B is 23% each and that in C is 54%, the weights are:wA = 0.23, wB = 0.23, wC = 0.54.
The expected return and standard deviation of each stock are:E(RA) = 11%, σA = 20%E(RB) = 5%, σB = 10%E(RC) = 36%, σC = 25%The correlation coefficients are:pAB = 0.4, pAC = -0.2, pBC = 0.3Therefore, the covariance between A and B, A and C, and B and C are:COVAB = pABσAσB = 0.4(20%)(10%) = 0.08COVAC = pACσAσC = -0.2(20%)(25%) = -0.10COVBC = pBCσBσC = 0.3(10%)(25%) = 0.075Using the formula above, the variance of the portfolio is:σ²p = [0.23²(0.20²) + 0.23²(0.10²) + 0.54²(0.25²) + 2(0.23)(0.23)(0.08) + 2(0.23)(0.54)(-0.10) + 2(0.23)(0.54)(0.075)] = 0.00137Thus, the variance of the portfolio is 0.00137 (rounded to 5 decimal places).
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