Substrate level phosphorylation is seen in both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
What is Phosphorylation?
Phosphorylation is a biochemical process in which a phosphate group is added to a molecule, usually a protein or other organic molecule. This process is important in many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, metabolism, and gene expression. Phosphorylation typically occurs when a protein is activated or deactivated by a specific chemical signal, such as a hormone.
What is the Krebs cycle?
The Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a series of chemical reactions that takes place in the mitochondria of cells. It is the central metabolic pathway of cellular respiration, where energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is converted into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules, the primary energy source of the cell. The Krebs cycle involves the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide and the reduction of NAD+ to NADH.
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what is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis is a sort of simple diffusion in which water molecules move from regions of high water concentration to regions of lower water concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
What membrane has selective permeation?Protein and fat are found in extremely small quantities in the cell membrane.A partially permeable membrane is one that only permits specific chemicals to pass through it.
What sort of membrane uses selective permeability?A phospholipid bilayer innermost layer which envelops each cell in our body is the most typical illustration.Its interior membranes of the an egg are another illustration of a membrane that permeates selectively.A phospholipid bilayer covers every cell in our body.
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which of the following is true of logistic growth? which of the following is true of logistic growth? logistic growth may start in a way that resembles exponential growth but slows and stabilizes. logistic growth is plotted as a j-shaped curve. logistic growth occurs when predators are very limited in population size. logistic growth describes the growth of a population in an environment with an unlimited carrying capacity.
Although it may begin in a style that resembles exponential development, logistic growth eventually slows and stabilizes.
The population grows through time but levels off once it reaches its carrying capacity, which is when logistic growth begins. The carrying capacity of a population is a set quantity that represents how many people it can support. Therefore, "a fixed carrying capacity" is the appropriate response.
When the population is constrained by a limiting factor, logistic growth occurs.
With exponential growth, a population's growth rate per capita (per person) remains constant regardless of population size, causing the population to expand exponentially as it grows larger.
In nature, populations may expand exponentially for a while, but ultimately, their growth will be constrained by the availability of resources.
In logistic growth, a population's rate of per capita growth declines as it approaches the carrying capacity, a limit imposed by the environment's limited resources (K).
A J-shaped curve is produced by exponential growth, whereas an S-shaped curve is produced by logistic growth.
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click and drag the appropriate label on the left to identify the anatomical components of the parasympathetic nervous system.
The brain stem and sacral spinal cord are the sources of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which innervates the heart, digestive system, eyes, and other organs.
Which of the following anatomical descriptions best describes the sympathetic ganglia of the autonomic nervous system?Which of the following anatomical descriptions of the sympathetic ganglia of the autonomic nervous system. Its spinal cord's thoracic region is where the majority of its innervation comes from.
What are the parasympathetic nervous system's five functions?It might be referred to as your "automatic" nervous system because it controls many processes that you don't need to think about. Among other things, this can include managing your heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, urination, and perspiration.
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which statement best explains why crossing-over during meiosis causes variation in genes in a population?
Answer:
Crossing Over
Explanation:
Crossing over is a cellular process that happens during meiosis when chromosomes of the same type are lined up.
imagine that in 100,000 years from now, you resample these same populations. what is your hypothesis for how the slope of this mean heterozygosity vs. km from addis ababa relationship will look then?
The existence of two distinct alleles at a locus—a need for studying genetic diversity in populations—is crucial. In fact, Mendel's original research focused on determining how the two alleles present in heterozygosity individuals at certain loci or combinations of loci are passed down to progeny. addis ababa relationship will look different
The study of genetic variation in populations depends on heterozygosity, the state of possessing two distinct alleles at a location. In fact, Mendel's original research focused on determining how the two alleles present in heterozygous individuals at certain loci or combinations of loci are passed down to progeny. Our knowledge of the roles of mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and migration in sustaining heterozygosity in populations was developed by Sewall Wright's groundbreaking theoretical work beginning in the 1920s (see Maintenance of Heterozygosity). Heterozygosity in natural populations was difficult for early empirical population geneticists to identify and quantify. Since all living things share the same basic molecular biology, population geneticists have been able to detect heterozygosity in all organisms since the 1960s thanks to the advent of biochemical tools.
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14. A dieback, or population crash, often occurs after a species ________ its environmental carrying capacity. A. meetsB.overshootsC. undershootsD. oscillates aroundE. decreases
A dieback, or population crash, often occurs after a species overshoots its environmental carrying capacity.
What is a population crash?
Human depopulation (also called underpopulation, depopulation, or population collapse) is the reduction in the size of the human population. In the long term, from prehistoric times to the present, the total population of the planet continues to grow. However, current projections suggest that this long-term trend of steady population growth may come to an end.
The world's population grew very slowly until the industrial revolution began. After about 1800, growth peaked at 2.09% per annum in 1967-1969, but then declined to 1.05% by 2020 due to the global collapse in the total fertility rate. Absolute global growth accelerated after peaking at 92.9 million in 1988, but will drop to 81.3 million in 2020 and reach zero in the 21st century. Examples of this emerging trend include Japan, whose population is currently (2015-2020) declining at an annual rate of 0.2%, and China, whose population may begin to decline in 2027 or earlier. By 2050, Europe's population is expected to decline by 0.3% each year.
Therefore, A dieback, or population crash, often occurs after a species overshoots its environmental carrying capacity.
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Which one of the following statements describes the relationship between genes, chromosomes, and DNA?
a) genes, the basic unit of heredity, are located on chromosomes, which consist of strands of DNA.
b) genes are composed of chromosomes and DNA.
c) chromosomes, the basic unit of heredity, direct the genes and the DNA.
d) DNA houses both genes and chromosomes in its rod-shaped structures.
a) genes, the basic unit of heredity, are located on chromosomes, which consist of strands of DNA.
What connection exists between DNA and chromosomal genes?Your chromosomes, genes, and DNA all contribute to who you are.In cells, chromosomes transport DNA.Your human anatomy is created and maintained by your DNA.
What connection exists between DNA, proteins, and genes?Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) segments called genes are responsible for carrying out specified protein functions in one or even more types of bodily cells.
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Discuss the function of melanin, other than providing color to the skin.
Melanin is a sort of pigment that gives both people's and animals' hair, skin, and eyes their distinctive colors. In addition to giving cells color, melanin also absorbs damaging UV rays and guards against cellular damage from UV light exposure.
Skin chromophores red (oxyhemoglobin), blue (deoxygenated hemoglobin), yellow-orange (carotene, an exogenous pigment), and brown combine to form skin color (melanin). Melanin is the main factor in human skin color. Additionally, it can be discovered in hair, the pigmented tissue that makes up the iris of the eye, and the stria vascularis of the inner ear. Your skin, eyes, and hair are pigmented thanks to melanin. Additionally, the material absorbs damaging UV (ultraviolet) rays, shielding your cells from sun damage.
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What are the chemical subunits that make up proteins? (1 point)
-lipids
-saccharides
-carbohydrates
-amino acids
Answer:
Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains.
Proteins are made by long chain of amino acids.
What are proteins?
Large, intricate molecules known as proteins play a variety of vital functions in the body. They are crucial for the structure, operation, and control of the body's tissues and organs and carry out the majority of their job inside cells.
Numerous thousands of amino acids, which are smaller building blocks of proteins, are linked together in lengthy chains to form proteins. To create a protein, 20 distinct kinds of amino acids can be mixed.
Each protein's precise function and distinctive 3-dimensional structure are determined by the order of the amino acids. Combinations of three DNA building units (nucleotides), which are dictated by the order of genes, are used to code for amino acids.
Therefore, Proteins are made by long chain of amino acids.
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in eukaryotes, the very important instructions for cell survival and growth are held in this organelle
The most noticeable organelle in a eukaryotic cell is the nucleus. It is where practically all DNA replication occurs and where the cell's chromosomes are located.
Why are organelles essential to eukaryotic species' survival?Nearly all eukaryotic cells contain core organelles. They perform vital tasks that are required for cells to survive, including as gathering energy, producing new proteins, getting rid of waste, and other activities. The nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and several other organelles are examples of core organelles.
What role do the mitochondria play in eukaryotic cells?In eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are essential for the production of metabolic energy. They produce the majority of the usable energy acquired from the breakdown.
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Question:
What is the most important organelle in a eukaryotic cell? Why are organelles necessary for the survival of eukaryotic organisms?
Bones grow in length due to activity in the ________. a. epiphyseal plate b. perichondrium c. periosteum d. medullary cavity
Option A: The epiphyseal plate's activity causes bones to lengthen.
The growth plate sometimes referred to as the epiphyseal plate, is found at the tip of long bones in between the metaphyses and epiphyses.
In the developing bodies of youngsters and adolescents, the hyaline cartilage that makes up the epiphyseal plate ossifies to form new bone. After puberty, the epiphyseal growth plate shuts.
This often happens around the ages of 13 and 15 for girls and between 15 and 17 for boys. A person who sustains an injury to their growth plates while the long bone is still forming runs the risk of experiencing issues with that bone's growth and development, including the possibility that the wounded bone will cease growing.
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genetic variation among humans is relatively small when compared to other species. where in the human genome does most of the diversity occur? a. in the mitochondrial DNA
b. in single nucleotide-polymorphisms
c. in sequences that code for tRNA
d. in the homeotic genes
According to the research, the correct answer is Option C. In the human genome, most of the diversity occurs in sequences that code for tRNA.
What is genetic variation?It is the changes that are registered in the genes of a species or a population where in the transfer RNA (tRNA), the molecules recognize genetic information.
In this sense, it can be produced by the combination of genes or by mutation in a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, genetic variability is a consequence of the process of natural selection of a gene that codes for tRNA; then this tRNA carries a mutation.
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What are the interests and conflicts that you see between the Lacks family, Johns Hopkins, the biotech firms selling HeLa, and the general scientific community? Given what you have read so far, how would you resolve those conflicts?
Answer:
There are several interests and conflicts that can be identified between the Lacks family, Johns Hopkins, the biotech firms selling HeLa, and the general scientific community.
The Lacks family has a strong interest in protecting the privacy and dignity of Henrietta Lacks, and in ensuring that her cells are not used for commercial or other purposes without their consent.
Johns Hopkins has an interest in protecting its reputation and in ensuring that it adheres to ethical standards in its research practices.
The biotech firms selling HeLa have an interest in maximizing their profits and in protecting their intellectual property rights.
The general scientific community has an interest in advancing knowledge and in ensuring that research is conducted ethically and in accordance with best practices.
One possible way to resolve these conflicts would be to establish a clear framework for informed consent and benefit sharing, in which research institutions, biotech firms, and other stakeholders involved in the use of HeLa cells are required to obtain explicit consent from the Lacks family, and to share a portion of the benefits arising from the use of these cells with the family. This could be done through the establishment of a trust or other legal mechanism, which could be overseen by an independent body or group of experts.
Additionally, efforts could be made to increase transparency and dialogue between the different parties involved, including through the establishment of regular meetings and communication channels, and through the development of education and outreach programs to raise awareness about the ethical issues surrounding the use of HeLa cells
Explanation:
in most eukaryotes, only about 1.5% of the genome codes for proteins. what types of seuqences make up the rest of the genome
The remaining portion of the genome consists of genes for tRNA sequence types.
What is Eukaryotes?
Any cell or creature that has a distinct nucleus is called a eukaryote. The nucleus, which houses the clearly defined chromosomes (bodies containing the hereditary material), is surrounded by a nuclear membrane in eukaryotic cells.
As other organelles, eukaryotic cells also have mitochondria (cellular energy exchangers), a Golgi apparatus (secretory device), an endoplasmic reticulum (a canal-like system of membranes within the cell), and lysosomes (digestive apparatus within many cell types). However, there are a few exceptions to this rule, including red blood cells, which do not include mitochondria or a nucleus, and the species of oxymonad known as Monocercomonoides, which do not have mitochondria.
In the past 1.7 to 1.9 billion years, eukaryotes are considered to have evolved. According to current knowledge, eukaryotic microfossils first appeared around 1.8 billion years ago.
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in the last question, you calculated the frequency of the deleterious allele in the population. how many individuals in the village would be carriers for this disease?
The assertion indicates that 32% of the village's residents would be infected with this disease.
What are examples and alleles?For instance, the same trait, eye color, is defined by two alleles that stand for black eyes or brown eyes, etc. All of an organism's alleles together make up its genotype. If a set of alleles are similar to one another, the genotyping of an individual is known as homozygous.
Briefing:We determined the prevalence of the harmful allele in the sample for the final question.
We must now determine the approximate number of disease carriers in the village.
A healthy individual who carries a single recessive harmful gene will have minimal issue carrying the allele it onto their progeny. Even when there are many detrimental recessive alleles in a large population, they seldom show up, therefore this usually isn't a problem.
Simply dividing the total of duplicates of all the variants at that distinct genetic site in the group by the quantity of times an allele of concern is detected in a population, an allele frequencies can be calculated. Allele frequencies can be expressed as a decimal, a fraction, or a percentage.
Therefore, 32% of the village's residents would be disease carriers.
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a population of rabbits introduced to an island grows rapidly for a few years, and then growth slows and stabilizes. the population becomes stable because:
A population of rabbits introduced to an island grows rapidly for a few years, and then growth slows and stabilizes because D) the carrying capacity has been reached.
An ecosystem's carrying capacity is the greatest number of an organism it can support continuously without diminishing natural resources like food, water, etc.
Therefore, when a species is brought into a new environment, it can continue to expand at its natural pace up until the point where the ecosystem hits its carrying capacity. When the carrying capacity of an area has been reached, the number of individuals in that area will no longer increase and will instead become stable as a result of the opposition they face from their environment. Therefore, the answer that should be stated is as; the population becomes stable because (D) the carrying capacity has been reached.
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In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, gene regulation most commonly occurs at the level of ____initiation.
Prokaryotic transcription and translation take place in the cytoplasm concurrently, and transcription is regulated.
What is the same about prokaryotes and eukaryotes in terms of gene regulation?At any point in the process of gene expression, gene regulation can take place. In other words, gene regulation can take place at any point along the route from DNA to RNA to protein. Numerous genes regulate their expression during the stage of transcription, the DNA to RNA step in the process, in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
What degrees of gene regulation are there?In particular, there are two degrees of control over gene expression. The first way transcription is regulated is by regulating the amount of mRNA that can be generated from a given gene. The translation of mRNA into proteins is regulated by post-transcriptional processes, which constitute the second level of regulation.
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1. List three examples of qualitative data observations that could be obtained from the photograph of the
jackals.
The three examples of qualitative data observations that could be obtained from the photograph of the jackals include:
Jackals have small faces,They have bushy tails, The have long ears that stand straight up.What is qualitative data?The goal of qualitative research is to collect and examine non-numerical data in order to comprehend people's attitudes, beliefs, and motivations in relation to their social reality.
Qualitative information describes traits or qualities. It is gathered through observation, interviews, or questionnaires and frequently takes the form of stories. For instance, it might be responses to an open-ended survey or notes from a focus group on the caliber of the food at Cafe Mac.
While qualitative data is ephemeral and dynamic, quantitative data is static and "universal." For instance, the fact that something weighs 20 kilograms can be regarded as an objective fact. The information given bare based on the diagram of the jackals.
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a. Which type of ecological pyramid is shown? What does the width of the bar for each trophic level of this ecological pyramid represent? What type of producer or consumer would be found in each level, and how do they get their energy? (5 points)
An ecological pyramid in ecology is a graphical representation of the relationship between the different living organisms at different trophic levels.
The pyramids are in the shape of actual pyramids, with the base being the broadest, which is covered by the lowest trophic level, i.e. the producers. The next level is occupied by the next trophic level, i.e. the primary consumers and so on.
The types of ecological pyramids are as follows:
Pyramid of numbersPyramid of energyPyramid of biomassIn the pyramid of numbers, the number of organisms in each trophic level is considered as a level in the pyramid. The pyramid of numbers is usually upright where the width of each bar represents the number of organisms in each trophic level.
Each organism in the trophic level gets their energy by feeding on one another.
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a mutation in a silencer region for gene x leads to a decrease in binding affinity for a negative transcription factor. what is the most likely effect?
A mutation in a silencer region for gene x leads to a decrease in binding affinity for a negative transcription factor. what is the most likely effect reduced.
Mutations can result from mistakes in DNA replication at some point of mobile department, publicity to mutagens or a viral contamination. Germline mutations (that arise in eggs and sperm) may be handed on to offspring, at the same time as somatic mutations (that occur in frame cells) are not exceeded on.
maximum mutations are not dangerous, however some can be. a dangerous mutation can result in a genetic disorder or maybe most cancers. some other type of mutation is a chromosomal mutation. Chromosomes, located inside the mobile nucleus, are tiny threadlike structures that bring genes.
when mutations occur they could cause termination (death) of an organism or they can be in part deadly. which means the organism has difficulty adapting to and surviving in its surroundings. Mutations are normally the motive of many illnesses and defects in an organism's existence.
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cellular respiration releases energy necessary for cellular functions. select the organelle that is involved in cellular respiration.
Answer:
I don't know the options but it should be, Mitochondria
Explanation:
Which of the following is classified as an inorganic compound:
Reason: Some basic carbon compounds are referred described as inorganic.These substances include, among others, carbon monoxide, co2, carbonates, carbides, cyanides, water, cyanates, & thiocyanates.
What is a compound that is considered to be inorganic?As well as those carbon-containing compounds that do not possess carbon - carbon bond, such as cyanides and carbonates, inorganic compounds also include those that are composed of two or more substances other than carbon.The most common way to categorize inorganic compounds is according to the individual elements or groups thereof elements that they include.
Which four inorganic chemicals are they?The four categories of inorganic substances that are crucial to life are examined in the section that follows: water, salts, acid, and bases.
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vaccines against viruses are made from: a. recombinant pathogenic protein. b. purified toxins that have been chemically detoxified without loss of immunogenicity. c. live organisms weakened to produce antigens, which limits controllable infection. d. killed organisms or extracts of antigens.
Vaccines against viruses are made from C. live organisms weakened to produce antigens, which limits controllable infection.
Vaccines are obtained from wild viruses or bacteria. Wild viruses or bacteria are attenuated or weakened in a laboratory, usually by culturing them repeatedly . Example include, the measles virus used as a vaccine today was isolated from a child with measles disease in 1954.
Another example COVID-19.vaccine that contain pieces (proteins) of the virus that causes COVID-19. These virus pieces are the spike protein. The vaccine also has factor like an adjuvant that helps the immune system respond to that spike protein in the future.
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which of the following molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides?
The building blocks of the polypeptides are the amino acids
Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins which are also known as polypeptides. Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life. When proteins are digested or broken down, amino acids are left behind. The human body uses amino acids to make proteins that help the body.
BCAAs are considered essential because, unlike non-essential amino acids, your body cannot manufacture them. Therefore, it is important to get them from your diet. There are three types of BCAAs: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Both have branched molecular structures and are considered essential to the human body.
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when two true-breeding plants that differ in a single character are crossed, the monohybrids display the trait, and the trait is masked.
A monohybrid cross occurs when fertilization takes place between two true-breeding parents that only differ in one trait, and the offspring are monohybrids as a result.
Mendel created each characteristic using seven monohybrid crossings with opposing characters.The phenotypic ratios can also be determined if the mode of inheritance (dominant or recessive) is known.Each parent contributes one kind of allele to a monohybrid cross between two true-breeding parents. There can only be one genotype in this situation. Yellow seeds are present in all YY progeny.All of the F1 hybrid progeny had yellow seeds when true-breeding plants were crossed, when one parent had yellow seeds and the other had green seeds. Because both of the parental pea plants produced gametes with the identical genetic information, they consistently produced genuine offspring in monohybrid.To know more about breeding check the below link:
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what are specialized stinging cells in cnidarians what capsule do these cells contain how do these cells help cnidarians feed
Cnidocytes are specialized stinging cells in cnidarians. These cells surround the mouth and tentacles and are responsible for immobilizing prey with the help of toxins they contain.
With over 11,000 species of aquatic organisms found in both freshwater and marine habitats, primarily the latter, Cnidaria is a phylum within the kingdom Animalia. Cnidocytes, specialised cells that they primarily use for prey capture, are their defining characteristic.
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Use the information in the box below to answer the question: Which DNA sequence will allow the amino acid arginine to be added to a protein?
A. G-C-T
B. C-G-U
C. T-T-T
D. C-G-T
The amino acid arginine can be introduced to a protein by a DNA sequence that reads G-C-T.
How can I open a GCT file?Gene expression data are stored in tab-delimited text files called GCT files . GenePattern provides a description of the GCT file format. Gene expression & RNAi results are also stored in the GCT format.
What is the top stock for DNA sequencing?Illumina With much more over 90% of the worldwide sequencing market and more than 17,000 installed sequencing equipment, Illumina has risen to the top of the industry since its founding in 1998. 3.05 billion base pairs make up human DNA.
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art A Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane? a) any sagittal plane except in the midline b)two cuts dividing the body into left and right halves c) a transverse cut just above the knees c)any cul dividing' the body into anterior and posterior portions Submit Request Answer
Among the following (A) any sagittal plane except in the midline describes a parasagittal plane.
The body is divided into right and left portions by an anatomical plane called the sagittal plane, also referred to as the longitudinal plane. It runs in a direction that is perpendicular to both the transverse and the coronal planes. The axis may be located in the middle of the body, in which case it will split the body into two equal portions, or it may be located further from the midline, so in that case, it will divide the body into sections of different sizes. So option A is the right one.
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agent-induced immunodeficiency does not a.all of the answers are true. be about after radiation treatment. c.accompany transplant treatments. d.lead to an immunosuppressed state. e.get passed on in gametes.
The cancer treatment that has the highest risk of impairing the immune system is chemotherapy. Rapidly dividing cells are the target of chemotherapy drugs.
What does radiation therapy before a transplant accomplish?The regimen will: Ensure that the majority of the remaining sick cells in your body are eliminated. To prevent your body from rejecting the donor cells following a transplant, weaken your immune system.
What additional medical procedures can be used in conjunction with radiation therapy?But the majority of the time, radiation therapy is combined with other cancer treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. To increase the likelihood that the procedure will be successful, radiation therapy may be administered prior to, during, or following these other procedures.
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thinking of the b cell and t cell activation and expansion processes. describe 3 common points and 5 difference between the two processes. (0.5 pt each)
There are millions of these alleles, yet each B or T cell can only detect one antigen per cell. Only activated B and T cells will continue to divide, creating a powerful reservoir of lymphocytes that are specialized to particular pathogens.
In the bone marrow, both types of cells are produced. While T cells travel to the thymus and develop there, B cells develop in the bone marrow. Antigens bind to receptors on the cell surface of B lymphocytes, activating them and causing them to divide and proliferate. MHC class ll molecules, which are expressed on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, present peptide antigens to hyper T cells, activating them.
Antibodies produced and secreted by B cells stimulate the immune system to attack invaders. The primary distinction between T cells and B cells is that whereas B cells can detect the surface antigens of bacteria and viruses, T cells can only recognize viral antigens that are present outside of infected cells.
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