Entropy changes are most likely to be favorable during a plant's growth from a seed.
What process experiences a positive change in entropy?The entropy of the universe increases as all spontaneous change takes place. A spontaneous process requires that the total entropy change for the system and its surroundings be positive (+).Free energy must be negative for a process to be spontaneous. This is because free energy changes are linked to enthalpy and entropy changes. A process must always have a positive change in entropy if it is spontaneous.Entropy changes are most likely to be favorable during a plant's growth from a seed.To learn more about Entropy refer to:
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Silver tarnishes as silver metal reacts with hydrogen sulfide, h2s, in the air. In this reaction, dark silver sulfide, au2s, covers the surface of silver. When silver is polished, this coating of silver sulfide can be removed from the surface. This makes the silver shiny again. Enter the coefficients that balance the tarnishing reaction equation. (type 1 for no coefficient. ).
The balanced equation with correct coefficients is represented as follows:
2Ag(s) + 1H₂S(g) → 1Ag₂S(s) + 1H₂(g)
The chemical reaction taking place between silver and hydrogen sulfide is represented as follows:
2Ag(s) + 1H₂S(g) → 1Ag₂S(s) + 1H₂(g)
When silver metal reacts with hydrogen disulfide gas, it yields silver sulfide and hydrogen gas is liberated along with it.
This reaction is termed as single displacement or replacement reaction.
The coefficients in an order are 2,1,1 and 1.
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which of the following are spontaneous processes? 1. ice melting at 1atm and 298 k (assume only ice is initially present). 2. heat flowing from a hot object to a cold object. 3. an iron bar rusting.
The following are spontaneous processes are : 1. ice melting at 1atm and 298 k (assume only ice is initially present). 2. heat flowing from a hot object to a cold object. 3. an iron bar rusting.
The spontaneous process is the process which occur without the outside source and within the system. so, the spontaneous process is that occurs by its own without any external source of energy from the out side . the given process are :
ice melting at 1atm and 298 k (assume only ice is initially present) heat flowing from a hot object to a cold objectan iron bar rustingThus, These all given process are the spontaneous process. which occurs by its own without any external source.
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Write short note on conductors and insulators
Explanation:
A conductor allows current to flow easily through it. Insulators don't allow current to flow through it. Electric charges are absent in insulator. Conductors are used in making electrical equipment.A conductor is that which easily allows the passage of current through it.
Example: Aluminium or any metal. An insulator is that which does not allow the passage of current through it.
Example: Rubber.
hope this helps you
Conductors are materials that allow electricity to flow freely through them. They are typically made of metals such as copper, aluminum, and gold. On the other hand, insulators are materials that do not allow electricity to flow through them easily. Examples of insulators include rubber, glass, and plastic. Conductors are often used in electrical wiring, while insulators are used to protect people and buildings from electrical currents. It is important to use the appropriate materials for conducting or insulating electricity to ensure safety and efficiency.
Which of the following solutions do they have the maximum osmotic pressure and why?
1) 0.1 m ( molal conc.) glucose
2) 0.1 m sucrose
3) 0.5 m glucose
4) 0.2 m sucrose
Since NaCl produces the most ions, it will exhibit the highest osmotic pressure.
Osmotic pressure: What is it?
The osmotic pressure is the least amount of pressure that must be given to a solution in order to block the passage of the solution's pure solvent through a semipermeable membrane.
How is osmotic pressure determined?
Temperature and concentration both have an impact on osmotic pressure. Temperature and solute concentration both have an impact on how much pressure is generated when water moves through a membrane. Osmotic pressure rises with temperature and concentration.
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if 11.65 ml of 0.595 m koh is required to titrate the unknown acid to the equivalence point, what is the concentration of the unknown acid?
The concentration of the unknown acid is 6.93175 divided by the volume of the unknown acid in mL and the unit is M (mole/liter)
The formula for volumetric analysis can be given as follows;
[tex]\frac{C_{a}V_{a} }{C_{b}V_{b} } = \frac{N_{a} }{N_{b} }[/tex]
At the equivalence point, [tex]N_{a} = N_{b}[/tex]
Therefore, [tex]C_{a} V_{a} = C_{b} V_{b}[/tex]
[tex]C_{a}[/tex] (concentration of unknown acid) = [tex]\frac{C_{b}V_{b} }{V_{a} }[/tex]
[tex]C_{a}[/tex] represents the concentration of unknown acid in mL
[tex]C_{b}[/tex] (concentration of KOH) = 0.595M
[tex]V_{b}[/tex] (volume of KOH) = 11.65 mL
[tex]C_{a}[/tex] = 11.65 × 0.595 / [tex]V_{a}[/tex] = (6.93175 / [tex]V_{a}[/tex]) M
Hence, the concentration of the unknown acid is calculated to be 6.93175 divided by the volume of the unknown acid in mL if 11.65 ml of 0.595 KOH is required for titration.
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the changing of a substance from a liquid into a vapor or gas is called
Answer: Boiling and Evaporation: Evaporation is the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas. Boiling is the change of a liquid to a vapor, or gas, throughout the liquid.
Explanation: Boiling and Evaporation: Evaporation is the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas. Boiling is the change of a liquid to a vapor, or gas, throughout the liquid.
a buffer solution contains 0.432 m c6h5nh3br and 0.373 m c6h5nh2 (aniline). determine the ph change when 0.106 mol koh is added to 1.00 l of the buffer.
The pH change when 0.106 mol KOH is added to 1.00 l of the buffer is 0.238
given that :
molarity of C₆H₅NH₃Br = 0.432 M
molarity of C₆H₅NH₂ = 0.373 M
pOH = pkb + log [acid] / [base]
pOH = 9.366 + log (0.432) / (0.373)
pOH = 9.366 + 0.0718
pOH = 9.437
pH = 14 - 9.437
pH = 4.563
after 0.106 mol of KOH is added to 1 L
[C₆H₅NH₃Br] = 0.432 - 0.106 = 0.326
[C₆H₅NH₂ ] = 0.373 + 0.106 = 0.479
pOH = pkb + log [salt] / [acid]
pOH = 9.366 + log (0.326) / 0.479)
pOH = 9.366 - 0.167
pOH = 9.199
pH = 14 - 0.199
pH = 4.801
the pH change is = 4.801 - 4.563
= 0.238
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If molecules of hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chlorine have the same kinetic energy which molecule will be moving the fastest?
Hydrogen molecules will move the fastest if their kinetic energies are equal to those of nitrogen, oxygen, and chlorine molecules.
Which element—oxygen or hydrogen—has more kinetic energy?Boltzmann and Maxwell have also examined the dispersion of gas speed, although this is outside the purview of this course. You may have noticed that for oxygen and hydrogen gas to share the same average kinetic at the same temperature, their average speeds must be 4 times greater than each other.
What molecules will travel more quickly?As the temperature increases, the particles amass kinetic energy and accelerate.. Both their mass and the temperature affect the particles' real average speed; heavier particles move slower than
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if the planet in question is the earth, at what temperature does the average translational kinetic energy of a nitrogen molecule (molar mass 28.0 g/mol ) equal that required to escape? use the radius of the earth is rp
If a planet is the earth, a nitrogen molecule's average translational kinetic energy, equivalent to the energy needed to escape, is 1.402*105K.
Nitrogen gas makes up about 80% of the Earth's atmosphere. An perfect gas's molecules have an average translational kinetic energy of 641. 7 × 10 − 23 J. the average translational kinetic energy of a molecule at 1000 K, where the vapours act optimally. Due to atomic nitrogen molecule's have high level of reactivity, elemental nitrogen typically exists as the molecular N 2, dinitrogen. Nitrogen is the seventh element on the periodic table between carbon and oxygen. It plays a significant role in amino acids. Nitrogen gas makes up about 80% of the Earth's atmosphere.
Conversions of kinetic energy
3/2*K*T = 1/2*m*V^2
T = 2*Mg*Rp/3NaK
T = 2*28*10^-3*9.8*6371*1000/3*8.31
T = 1.402*10^5k
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QUESTION 27 The major chemical structures of hormones include
O polysaccharides, esters, and steroids. 2 points only molecules containing amine groups.
O steroids, amino acid derivatives, and esters.
O steroids, polypeptides, and anino acid derivatives. only steroids.
Answer will be fourth option : steroids, polypeptides and amino acid derivatives.
What are steroids?
Steroids, also called corticosteroids, are anti-inflammatory drugs used to treat a variety of conditions.
These are different from anabolic steroids, which are used illegally to increase muscle mass. Unpleasant side effects such as increased appetite, mood swings, and sleep disturbances may occur. This is most common with steroid tablets.
Side effects usually go away when treatment is stopped, but do not stop taking the medicine without talking to your doctor. Stopping prescribed medications can cause other unpleasant side effects (withdrawal symptoms).
Therefore, answer will be fourth option : steroids, polypeptides and amino acid derivatives.
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Indicate how many stereoisomers are possible for each compound.
square planar [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]
tetrahedral [NiCl2Br2]^2-
octahedral [PtCl4Br2]^2-
There are six stereoisomers of PtCl4Br2. They are PtCl4Br2, PtCl4Br3, PtCl4Br4, PtCl4Br5, and PtCl4Br6.
What is stereoisomers ?In stereochemistry, stereoisomerism, also known as spatial isomerism, is a type of isomerism in which molecules with the identical molecular structure and atom-bonding order (constitution) change in the three-dimensional spatial orientations of their atoms. When compared to structural isomers, which have the same chemical formula but have different bond arrangements or bond connections, this is not the case. Stereoisomers of one another's molecules are said to be the same structural isomer by definition.
Stereoisomers are isomers with the same composition but different orientations of those parts in space, according to a general definition. Enantiomers and diastereomers are the two types of stereoisomers that exist. When compared to diastereomers, which are everything else, enantiomers are mirror images, much like one's hands. Timescale and energy are crucial, though, as was already mentioned.
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Which option describes a situation in which reduction occurs?(1 point)S2– becoming S
a. Cl2 becoming Cl–
b. Al becoming Al3+
c. Xe2+ becoming Xe6+
In that reaction, reduction has taken place when the oxidation number is reduced, resulting in Cl2 becoming Cl.
How does oxidation work?Oxidation is the process in which a reactant oxidises during a reaction. Reduction is the term used to describe a reaction in which a reactant picks up electrons. This happens frequently when acid and metals interact. Oxidation is the process in which a reactant oxidises during a reaction.
Who or what causes the oxidation?Oxidation occurs when an element, peptide, other ion loses one or maybe more electrons during one chemical reaction. While oxidation is happening, the oxidation status of the chemical species rises. Oxygen is not always required for oxidation to occur. The expression was first used to describe how oxygen caused significant ion transfer during a process.
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Draw the electron configuration for neutral atom of vanadium.
Vanadium has the following electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3.
Which element has a 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3 electrical configuration?Vanadium (V), if you're thinking about a neutral atom, has that specific arrangement of electrons. The atomic mass of Vanadium, a transition metal in the fourth row, group 5 of the periodic table, is 23, which is the same as the atomic mass of the atom you're looking for, with which it shares a similarity.
What is the atomic structure of vanadium?The atomic radius of vanadium is 0.134 nm, and its electronic configuration is (Ar)(3d)3(4s)2. Vanadium has a body-centred cubic crystal structure with one atom per lattice point at ambient temperature. 0.303 nm is the lattice parameter.
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what is the N2H2 polarity?
The N2H2 polarity is non. it is a non - polar compound present in the globe.
A molecule or its chemical groups have an electric dipole moment with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end when they are polarity, which in chemistry is the separation of electric charge. Because the bonded atoms' electronegativity differs, polar compounds must have one or more polar bonds. If the bond dipoles cancel one other out via symmetry, molecules with polar bonds are not polar. Dipole-dipole intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonding are how polar molecules communicate with one another. Many physical characteristics, including as surface tension, solubility, and melting and boiling points, are based on polarity. The force with which an atom pulls an electron is not constant. The electronegativity of an atom refers to the strength of the "pull" it applies to its electrons. Fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms, as well as those with high electronegativities, pull on electrons more strongly than do alkali metals and alkaline earth metals and atoms with low electronegativities. This causes an unequal distribution of electrons among the atoms in a bond because electrons are attracted to the atom with the higher electronegativity.
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Question 2 Consider the Lewis structure of RnCl2: What is its electron geometry? What is its molecular geometry?
The Electron geometry is trigonal bipyramid. molecular geometry is Liner
3orbitals are used to keep loan pairs on Rn
2 orbital are used to form two pi bonds in the chlorine
Total hybridized orbital needed = 5
i.e. S,3p,1s
Hybridization = Sp^3d.
Electron geometry = trigonal bipyramid
molecular geometry = Liner
We need to understand the Lewis electron dot structure in order to identify the forms of molecules. The Lewis hypothesis is the initial step in predicting molecular shapes, even though it does not itself specify how molecules would look. We can distinguish between bond pairs and lone pairs with the aid of the Lewis structure. We next use the Lewis structure to determine the molecular geometry and the electron-group geometry using the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion (VSPER) theory.
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100 ml of a 0.300 m solution of agno3 reacts with 100 ml of a 0.300 m solution of hcl in a coffee-cup calorimeter and the temperature rises from 21.80 °c to 23.20 °c. assuming the density and specific heat of the resulting solution is 1.00 g/ml and 4.18 j/g ∙ °c, what is the mass of the reaction solution?
Mass of the reaction solution ΔH°rxn = 39013.33 J/mol = 39.013 kJ/mol.
Q = m.c.ΔT,
m is the mass of the solution (m of the solution = density of the solution x volume of the solution = (1.0 g/mL)(200 mL) = 200 g.
c is the specific heat capacity of the solution (c = 4.18 J/g∙°C).
ΔT is the difference in the T (ΔT = final temperature - initial temperature = 23.20 °C - 21.80 °C = 1.4 °C).
Q = m.c.ΔT = (200 g)(4.18 J/g∙°C)(1.4 °C) = 1170.4 J.
ΔH°rxn = Qrxn/(no. of moles of AgNO₃).
Molarity (M) is defined as the no. of moles of solute dissolved in a 1.0 L of the solution.
M = (no. of moles of AgNO₃)/(Volume of the solution (L)).
no. of moles of AgNO₃ = (M)(Volume of the solution (L)) = (0.3 M)(0.1 L) = 0.03 mol.
ΔH°rxn = Qrxn/(no. of moles of AgNO₃) = (1170.4 J)/(0.03 mol) = 39013.33 J/mol = 39.013 kJ/mol.
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Why noble gases are non-reactive?
Noble gases are non-reactive due to having a valence outermost shell.
In the field of chemistry, noble gases can be described as gases that are present in group 8 of the periodic table of elements.
All noble gases have their outermost shell that is full. This means that the outermost shell has valence electrons in its outermost shells and their valency is complete. Hence, noble gases do not take or lose electrons.
As there is no exchange of electrons for noble gases due to their achieved valency of outermost shells, hence noble gases are non-reactive. No other group of elements in the periodic table has outermost valence electrons and hence shows some kind of reactivity.
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well, the astronaut finally wakes up because he hears two distinct alarms. one for high co2 and another for low pressure, but the suit has way too much oxygen. as he stumbles to the hab, he is facing both high co2 and high o2, but a lowered atmospheric pressure. if the atmospheric pressure inside the suit is now 0.5 atm (equivalent to an altitude on earth of 5500 m above sea level), then what low pressure symptoms could he be experiencing? this is separate from just the co2 and o2 levels.
The low atmospheric pressure symptoms could he be experiencing the headache, nausea, dizziness, loss of coordination.
The force exerted the surface by the air lies above the surface due to gravity is called as the atmospheric pressure. The air around you has some of the weight and the pressure against it is called as the atmospheric pressure. as he stumbles to the hab, he is facing both high CO₂ and high O₂, but a lowered atmospheric pressure. if the atmospheric pressure inside the suit is now 0.5 atm (equivalent to an altitude on earth of 5500 m above sea level), then low pressure symptoms could he be experiencing are :
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draw the product of the reaction between 1-pentyne and li in liquid nh3, then ch2i2/zn(cu).
The product of the reaction between 1-pentyne and li in liquid nh3, then ch2i2/zn(cu) results in the formation of 1-penetene.
Alkenes having the chemical formula C 5H are pentene. Each molecule's molecular structure consists of one double bond. There are six different compounds in this class, and they are distinguished from one another by the shape of the double bond and whether the carbon atoms are linked linearly or in a branching arrangement. Alpha-olefins include 1-pentene. Most frequently, 1-pentene is produced as a byproduct of the catalytic or thermal cracking of petroleum, or during the thermal cracking of hydrocarbon fractions to produce ethylene and propylene. Sasol Ltd. is the sole producer of 1-pentene on a commercial scale, and it uses the Fischer-Tropsch technique to extract it from petroleum. Cis-2-pentene and trans-2-pentene are the two geometric isomers of 2-pentene. Olefin metathesis uses cis-2-pentene. Two-methylbut-1-ene, three-methylbut-1-ene (isopentene), and two-methylbut-2-ene are the branching isomers (isoamylene). One of the three primary byproducts of deep catalytic cracking (DCC), which operates very similarly to fluid catalytic cracking, is isoamylene (FCC). Vacuum gas oil (VGO) is the main feedstock used by the DCC to create propylene, isobutylene, and isoamylene. The growth of the DCC, which is run very similarly to the FCC, has been driven by the increase in demand for polypropylene.
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Draw the Lewis structure for sulfur monoxide (SO) molecule
The Lewis structure is attached below:
What is the Lewis structure?Lewis structures also called electron dot structures, or Lewis electron dot structures, are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule, as well as the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule.
The Lewis rule states that Hydrogen atoms form only single bonds and they are always at the ends of a sequence of atoms. Hydrogen often is bonded to carbon, nitrogen or oxygen. Oxygen atoms usually do not bond to each other, except for O2, O3, superoxides and peroxides.
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a mixture of ideal gases having a total mass of 28.3 g is placed in a 8 l vessel at 275.0 k. the equilibrium pressure is measured to be 1.8 bar. calculate the average molar mass of the gas mixture.
average molar mass of the gas mixture is 45.09 g/mol
Calculation :
We have ,
Total mass = 28.3 g , volume = 8L
Temperature = 275 k , pressure = 1.8 bar
first we have to find mole (Total) of gases .
PV =NRT
(1.77)*(8) = N(total)*(0.082057)*(275K)
N(total) = 0.6276 mole
Now, we know,
(mole) n = mass/molar mass
n (total)= Total mass/average molar mass
Average molar mass = Total mass/n total
= 28.3 g/0.6276 mole
Average molar mass = 45.09 g/mol
In chemistry, the molar mass of a chemical compound is defined as the mass of a sample of that compound divided by the amount of substance. The amount of a substance is the number of moles of that sample measured in moles. Molar mass is mass, not a molecular property of a substance. Molar mass is the average of many instances of a compound, which often differ in mass due to the presence of isotopes. Most commonly, molar mass is calculated from standard atomic masses, so it is a global average and a function of the relative isotopic abundances of constituent atoms on Earth. Molar mass is useful for converting between the mass of a substance and the quantity of a bulk substance.
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how many protons would the element with the atomic number 10 contain?responses
The same as 10, since its number of protons of an element is defined by the amount of protons that make up its atom.
What is the name for protons?Protons are really a type of particle with only a positive ions. The strong nuclear interaction holds protons together in the nucleus of an atom. The atom known as a neutron has no charge, making it neutral.
Three things to know about protons is?In the atom's nucleus, protons are negatively charged ions. Each element, whether created in a lab or in nature, has at most one proton. Protons and neutrons both have the same mass, however a proton is 1840 times heavier than an electron. The negatively charged particles known as electrons revolve along the outside of the nucleus.
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hydrated cobalt chloride consists of pink crystals. When it is heated in a test tube, it turns blue, and drops of liquid are seen at the top of the test tube. This reaction is reversible.
Suggest the identity of the drops of liquids and a way to test your answer.
The compound that is in the liquid is water.
What is the drop of liquid?We know that the compound cobalt chloride can be used to test for the presence of water. The reason why we can be able to use the compound to test for the presence of water is the fact that the color of the anhydrous and the hydrates salt is not the same.
The anhydrous salt is blue in color and that is why the heating of the hydrated salt would make it to turn blue while the hydrtaed compound is foud to be pink in color. Addition of water an removal of water is able to change the color of cobalt chloride.
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What is the average atomic mass of gold if half of the gold found in nature has a mass of 197 amu and half has a mass of 198 amu?
The average atomic mass of gold if half of the gold found in nature has a mass of 197 AMU and half has a mass of 198 AMU is 197.5 AMU.
Atomic mass is the mass of an atom measured in atomic mass units (AMU). It is calculated by taking the average of the masses of all the isotopes of an element. Gold has two naturally occurring isotopes: gold-197 (Au-197) and gold-198 (Au-198). Gold-197 has a mass of 197 AMU, and gold-198 has a mass of 198 AMU.
To calculate the average atomic mass of gold, we need to take the weighted average of the masses of the two isotopes. We can do this by multiplying the mass of each isotope by its relative abundance in nature, and then adding the products together:
Average atomic mass of gold = (197 x 0.5) + (198 x 0.5)
The average atomic mass of gold = 197.5 AMU
Therefore, the average atomic mass of gold if half of the gold found in nature has a mass of 197 AMU and half has a mass of 198 AMU is 197.5 AMU.
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A good definition of chemistry is: A. the science that seeks to understand what living organisms do by studying the molecules that make up the organism. B. the science that seeks to understand what the universe does by studying interactions of molecules with atoms. C. the science that seeks to understand the interactions of molecules for the sake of advancing human control over nature. D. none of the above E. the science that seeks to understand what matter does by studying what atoms and molecules do. The key to success in chemistry is: commitment practice all of the above curiosity mathematical skills
Option C) provides a useful definition of chemistry.
The science that strives to comprehend how molecules interact in order to improve human control over nature is a solid way to define chemistry. the branch of science that examines how molecules interact with atoms to provide insight into the workings of the cosmos.
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How does a quantity differ from a unit? Use two examples to explain the difference.
A crowd is something that has size, size, or quantity, and units are a kind of measure.
Give examples?
Example 1: The quantity represented by a teaspoon of volume, teaspoon is a unit and volume is a quantity.
Example 2: If there are 236 kg, the 236 is the quantity while kg is the units.
What is a unit?
A unit is a single complete part of something, like a building block. In math classes, you may take a unit of algebra before taking another unit of geometry. There are also units of measurement such as inches and miles.
The word unity comes from mathematics, but has branched out to refer to a single thing that is part of a larger one. Each apartment in the building is a unit. A unit can also be a small group that fits into a larger social organization, such as a military unit or a family unit. In both cases the units are part of a larger whole.
Therefore, A crowd is something that has size, size, or quantity, and units are a kind of measure.
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Why is balancing chemical equations important?
Answer:
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Explanation:
This is because it tells about the number of moles reacting and producing. Also, it tells the amount of electrons transferred from one compound to another. Balancing/ balanced equation also tells about the energy changes that take place.
what atomic or hybrid orbitals make up the bond between c1 and c2 in propylene, ch2chch3?
The triple bond between C1 and C2 is formed by the hybrid orbitals spsp s p s p.
What is the molecular shape VSEPR theory, often known as the valence-shell electron-pair repulsion theory?
The fundamental idea in molecular structures is known as valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR). It basically says that electron pairs are attracted to one another and want to keep as far away as possible because they are made up of negatively charged particles.
What are the three fundamental assumptions of the VSEPR theory?
Since electron pairs are negatively charged, they will go as far apart as they can. Instead of bound electron pairs, lone pairs use up space. In comparison to single bonds, double bonds
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in calorimetry experiments we are able to determine the amount of heat exchanged in a chemical reaction or process by measuring the amount of heat lost or gained in the surroundings.
The heat generated by an exothermic process in liquid in a calorimeter is absorbed at the surface, raising the solution's temperature.
What is measured by a calorimetry experiment?Calorimetry is a technique used to gauge how much heat is produced or chemical adsorption.It is possible to tell whether a process is exothermic (helps release heat) or endothermic by detecting the changes in heat.
How is heat measured using calorimetry?Any time a liquid loses or receives energy, the temperature of the liquid changes.To quantify the number of energy change, the calorimeter monitors the mass of water as well as the temperature change.
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a) (3 pts) Draw the Lewis structures of ICN, I, and CN_ b) (2 pts) Which of these particles obey the octet rule and which do not? c) (6 pts) The decomposition occurred under the action of light with the wavelength 306 nm. A single pulse of such light had a duration of 350 fs and energy of 150 QU. How many photons were present in the pulse? Report the answer to two significant figures: d) (4 pts) If this laser kept working continuously for 1.0 minute; how many Joules of energy would it deliver? e) (2 pts) After the laser flash, the atoms and CN radicals quickly react with each other in the dark yielding a mixture of the original ICN and also some Iz and (CN)z: Draw the Lewis structures of Iz and (CN)z:
Octet rule is obeyed by I and CN and ICN don't follow the rule. 350 Joules of energy would the laser light deliver.
The octet rule, a chemical guideline, is based on the idea that main-group elements normally bind so that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electrical configuration as a noble gas. The rule is particularly applicable to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and halogens, while it is more generally applicable to the s-block and p-block of the periodic table. The 18-electron rule for transition metals or the duplet rule for hydrogen and helium, for instance, apply to other elements. The valence electrons can be counted using a Lewis electron dot diagram, like the one for carbon dioxide on the right. The two shared electrons in a covalent link are counted twice, one for each atom. Four electrons are shared by each oxygen atom in carbon dioxide, two from the oxygen itself (shown in red) and two from the carbon. It can be claimed that both the carbon octet and the oxygen octet follow the octet rule because they both count all four of these electrons.
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