In the article "Foundational Perspective for Ethical and Socially Responsible Marketing Decisions" (Murphy et al., 2017), the authors discuss the importance of ethical decision-making in marketing practices.
They emphasize the need for marketers to consider social responsibility and the potential impact of their actions on various stakeholders, including consumers, competitors, and society as a whole.
By integrating ethical principles and social responsibility into marketing decisions, businesses can better align with consumer expectations, maintain positive reputations, and ultimately achieve long-term success.
Know more about "marketing practices".
https://brainly.com/question/30167046
#SPJ11
A certain U. S. Government savings bond can be purchased for $7,500. This bond will be worth $10,000 when it matures in 5 years. As an alternative, a 60-month certificate of deposit (CD) can be purchased for $7,500 from a local bank, and the CD yields 6. 25% per year. Which is the better investment if your personal MARR is 5% per year? Assume annual compounding for CD
Savings bond, the present worth (PV) can be calculated using the formula:
PV = FV / (1 + i)^n
We can calculate the present worth of the savings bond as follows:
PV = $10,000 / (1 + 0.05) ^ 5
= $7,671.78
For the CD, we can use the formula for the future value (FV) of a lump sum investment with annual compounding:
Calculation of future value of the CD as follows:
FV = $7,500 × (1 + 0.0625) ^ 5
= $9,772.16
To calculate the present worth of the CD, we need to discount the future value back to the present value using the same formula as for the savings bond:
PV = $9,772.16 / (1 + 0.05) ^ 5
= $7,348.56
Comparing the two present worth values, we can see that the savings bond has a higher present worth, so it would be the better investment. Therefore, if your personal MARR is 5% per year, the U.S. Government savings bond would be the better investment compared to the 60-month CD offered by the local bank.
Know more about "present value".
https://brainly.com/question/29586738
#SPJ11
Alternatively, Eric could make a financial investment by purchasing bonds issued by the government of Japan. Assuming that everything else is equal, a bond issued by the government of Japan most likely pays a ____________ interest rate than a bond issued by a government that is engaged in a civil war
Alternatively, Eric could make a financial investment by purchasing bonds issued by the government of Japan. Assuming that everything else is equal, a bond issued by the government of Japan most likely pays a lower interest rate than a bond issued by a government that is engaged in a civil war
A bond issued by the government of Japan most likely pays a lower interest rate than a bond issued by a government that is engaged in a civil war.
This is because the government of Japan is generally considered to be a low-risk borrower, while a government that is in the midst of civil war is considered a high-risk borrower. Investors demand higher interest rates to compensate for the higher risk of default associated with high-risk borrowers.
Japan has a stable political environment and a strong economy, which are favorable factors for bond investors. The Japanese government has a good track record of meeting its debt obligations, which makes its bonds a relatively safe investment option. In contrast, a government that is involved in a civil war may not have the resources to pay back its debts, and the political instability may make it difficult to predict the future economic conditions, adding to the risk associated with its bonds.
In summary, the interest rate on a bond is largely dependent on the creditworthiness of the issuer. The government of Japan is considered a low-risk borrower and is likely to offer a lower interest rate than a government involved in a civil war, which is considered a high-risk borrower.
To know more about interest rate refer here :
https://brainly.com/question/14445709#
#SPJ11
antonio has $4000 saved to use for a down payment, and he’s about to buy a car that costs $29,000. how much would you expect his loan principal to be?
The loan principal that Antonio would have, would most likely be $ 25,000.
How to find the loan principal?At the start of a transaction, particularly when acquiring an expensive item such as a car or house, it is customary to provide an initial payment in cash known as a down payment.
If Antonio pays $4,000 upfront and the car costs $29,000 in its entirety, the loan principal would represent the dissimilarity between these values.
The loan principal is therefore:
= Total cost of the car - Down payment
= $ 29, 000 - $ 4 ,000
= $25,000
Therefore, we can expect Antonio's loan principal to be $25,000.
Find out more on loan principal at https://brainly.com/question/30163719
#SPJ1
The loan principal Antonio would need to secure is $25,000, calculated by subtracting his $4000 down payment from the total car cost of $29,000.
Explanation:Antonio has $4000 saved for a down payment on a car costing $29,000. The loan principal, or the total amount Antonio needs to borrow to cover the remaining cost of the car, can be calculated by subtracting the down payment from the total cost of the car. Therefore, Antonio's loan principal would be $29,000 - $4000, which equals $25,000. The loan principal is the initial amount of money borrowed before any interest or fees are added.
Learn more about Loan Principal here:https://brainly.com/question/33608990
#SPJ2
The world price of a pound of almonds is $4. 50. before uruguay allowed trade in almonds, the price of a pound of almonds there was $3. 0. once uruguay began allowing trade in almonds with other countries, uruguay began:.
Once Uruguay began allowing trade in almonds with other countries, the price of a pound of almonds in Uruguay would have increased.
This is because the world price of almonds is higher than the price that was being charged in Uruguay before trade was allowed.
The world price of almonds is determined by the forces of supply and demand on a global scale.
Since Uruguay is now participating in the global market, it would have to adjust its price to the world price in order to remain competitive.
This is because consumers in Uruguay now have access to cheaper almonds from other countries.
In summary, allowing trade in almonds with other countries would lead to an increase in the price of almonds in Uruguay as it adjusts to the world price.
To know more about Uruguay refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/14191792#
#SPJ11
The following transactions apply to ozark sales for year 1:
a. the business was started when the company received $48,500 from the issue of common stock.
b. purchased merchandise inventory of $175,500 on account. sold merchandise for $197,000 cash (not including sales tax).
c. sales tax of 7 percent is collected when the merchandise is sold. the merchandise had a cost of $122,000.
d. provided a six-month warranty on the merchandise sold. based on industry estimates, the warranty claims would amount to 5 percent of sales.
e. paid the sales tax to the state agency on $147,000 of the sales.
f. on september 1, year 1, borrowed $19,500 from the local bank. the note had a 6 percent interest rate and matured on march 1, year 2.
g. paid $5,600 for warranty repairs during the year. paid operating expenses of $54,500 for the year.
h. paid $124,000 of accounts payable.
i. recorded accrued interest on the note issued in transaction number 6.
required:
prepare the income statement, balance sheet, and statement of cash flows for 2018.
The income statement shows the company's revenue, expenses, and net income for the year. The balance sheet shows the company's assets, liabilities, and equity at the end of the year. The statement of cash flows shows the company's cash inflows and outflows for the year.
1) Income Sheet:
Sales revenue: $197,000
Less: Cost of goods sold: $122,000
Gross profit: $75,000
Less: Warranty expense: $9,850 ($197,000 x 5%)
Operating expenses: $54,500
Interest expense: $585 ($19,500 x 6% x 6/12)
Net income: $9,065
2) Balance Sheet:
Assets:
Cash: $15,500
Accounts receivable: $0
Merchandise inventory: $53,500 ($175,500 - $122,000)
Prepaid expenses: $0
Total current assets: $69,000
Property, plant, and equipment: $0
Total assets: $69,000
Liabilities and Equity:
Accounts payable: $0
Warranty liability: $9,850
Notes payable: $19,500
Total current liabilities: $29,350
Common stock: $48,500
Retained earnings: $9,150 ($9,065 - $585)
Total liabilities and equity: $69,000
3) Statement of Cash Flows:
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income: $9,065
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation: $0
Warranty expense: $9,850
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Increase in accounts payable: $124,000
Net cash provided by operating activities: ($105,085)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock: $48,500
Proceeds from issuance of notes payable: $19,500
Net cash provided by financing activities: $68,000
Net increase in cash: $15,500
Cash at beginning of year: $0
Cash at end of year: $15,500
To learn more about income follow the link:
https://brainly.com/question/14732695
#SPJ4
What ethical choices did dr muehlhoff make in his conversation with jenna hiller about the relevance of ethics to communication
Dr. Muehlhoff made several ethical choices in his conversation with Jenna Hiller about the relevance of ethics to communication. Firstly, he chose to acknowledge the importance of ethical considerations in communication, emphasizing the impact that our words and actions can have on others. This shows a commitment to treating others with respect and integrity.
In Dr. Muehlhoff's conversation with Jenna Hiller about the relevance of ethics to communication, he made several ethical choices. These include:
1. Respect: Dr. Muehlhoff respected Jenna Hiller's perspective and allowed her to express her thoughts on the topic without interruption or condescension.
2. Active listening: He actively listened to Jenna's arguments and concerns, ensuring that he fully understood her point of view before responding.
3. Honesty: Dr. Muehlhoff provided honest feedback and shared his own thoughts on the relevance of ethics in communication, without trying to manipulate Jenna's opinion.
4. Open-mindedness: He remained open to considering Jenna's viewpoint, even if it may have differed from his own beliefs on the matter.
5. Fairness: Dr. Muehlhoff treated Jenna's opinions fairly and provided a balanced response, considering both the advantages and disadvantages of ethics in communication.
By demonstrating these ethical principles in his conversation with Jenna Hiller, Dr. Muehlhoff underscored the importance of ethics in effective communication.
Learn more about ethics to communication here: https://brainly.com/question/13383200
#SPJ11
in the case of unions, the conflict of interest between different groups of workers results in insiders wanting , while outsiders want . a. more hirings; high wages b. high wages; more hirings c. high wages; fewer hirings d. fewer hirings; high wages
In the case of unions, there is often a conflict of interest between different groups of workers, which results in insiders wanting high wages, while outsiders want more hirings. Insiders refer to those who are already part of the union, whereas outsiders are those who are seeking to join the union or who may have been excluded from the union for some reason.
The conflict between insiders and outsiders arises because higher wages benefit those who are already employed and are part of the union, whereas more hirings benefit those who are seeking employment or who have been excluded from the union. Insiders want to maintain their current wages and benefits, and may be reluctant to share those benefits with outsiders. On the other hand, outsiders want to gain access to the benefits of union membership, including higher wages and better working conditions.
In general, the focus of union negotiations tends to be on securing higher wages and better working conditions for insiders, rather than on increasing the number of job opportunities available to outsiders. This can create tension and conflict within the union, as outsiders may feel that their interests are being neglected or ignored. Ultimately, the balance between the interests of insiders and outsiders will depend on a range of factors, including the strength of the union, the state of the job market, and the political climate.
For more such questions on high wages
https://brainly.com/question/22526044
#SPJ11
Imagine you have been hired as a consultant to support a firm that wishes to expand its operations internationally. your first assignment is to explain to the ceo and their staff the importance of understanding the difference between domestic expansion and international expansion. for your initial discussion post, consider the following questions as a basis to your explanation to the ceo:
a. why is foreign investment so different from domestic investment?
b. what should c-level executives consider in expanding internationally, as compared to domestically?
c. what types of risk mitigation techniques could you suggest to the executives so that the firm can be successful in the proposed expansion?
It is important to understand the differences between domestic and international expansion.
Foreign investment is different from domestic investment for several reasons. First and foremost, foreign investment involves entering into unfamiliar territory with different cultural, legal, and economic systems. These differences can impact everything from the availability of resources to the regulatory environment. Additionally, foreign investment may require a different approach to marketing and branding in order to appeal to new audiences.
When expanding internationally, c-level executives should consider a variety of factors that may not be relevant in domestic expansion. These may include factors such as political stability, currency fluctuations, language barriers, and the availability of skilled labor. Executives should also be prepared to navigate local laws and regulations that may differ significantly from those in their home country.
To mitigate the risks associated with international expansion, there are several techniques that executives can employ. These may include partnering with local firms or hiring local experts who can provide guidance on cultural norms and business practices. Executives may also consider investing in market research to better understand the needs and preferences of their target audience. Finally, it is important to maintain flexibility and adaptability, as unforeseen challenges may arise during the expansion process.
In conclusion, international expansion offers significant opportunities for growth and profitability, but it requires a different approach than domestic expansion. By understanding the unique challenges and risks associated with foreign investment, and employing appropriate risk mitigation techniques, your firm can successfully expand its operations internationally.
To know more about international expansion , refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/14967772#
#SPJ11
Forester company has five products in its inventory. information about the december 31, 2021, inventory follows. product quantity unitcost unitreplacementcost unitsellingpricea 800 $ 13 $ 15 $ 19 b 600 18 14 21 c 500 6 5 11 d 900 10 7 9 e 600 17 15 16 the cost to sell for each product consists of a 20 percent sales commission. the normal profit for each product is 30 percent of the selling price.required:1. determine the carrying value of inventory at december 31, 2021, assuming the lower of cost or market (lcm) rule is applied to individual products.2. determine the carrying value of inventory at december 31, 2021, assuming the lcm rule is applied to the entire inventory.3. assuming inventory write-downs are common for forester, record any necessary year-end adjusting entry based on the amount calculated in requirement 2.
This adjustment will decrease the value of inventory on the balance sheet and increase the expense on the income statement, reducing the company's net income.
Based on the information provided, Forester company has five different products in its inventory, with varying quantities, unit costs, unit replacement costs, and unit selling prices. To calculate the carrying value of inventory at December 31, 2021, we need to apply the lower of cost or market (LCM) rule.
To answer the first question, we need to determine the carrying value of each product individually by comparing the unit cost to the unit replacement cost and choosing the lower value. We then multiply the resulting value by the quantity of each product to arrive at the carrying value. After calculating the carrying value for each product, we add them all up to get the total carrying value of the inventory.
To answer the second question, we need to apply the LCM rule to the entire inventory. This means we compare the total cost of the inventory to the total market value of the inventory and choose the lower value. We then subtract the result from the total cost of the inventory to arrive at the carrying value.
For the third question, assuming inventory write-downs are common for Forester, we need to record an adjusting entry to decrease the inventory value by the difference between the current carrying value and the LCM value.
For more about inventory:
https://brainly.com/question/15118949
#SPJ11
compare two situations: year 1. real gdp increases, and at the same time, interest rates increase. year 2. real gdp increases, and at the same time, interest rates decrease. what is a possible explanation for the difference? select an answer and submit. for keyboard navigation, use the up/down arrow keys to select an answer. a an increase in the money supply may have caused the increase in gdp in year 1; a decrease in spending may have caused the increase in gdp in year 2. b an increase in spending may have caused the increase in gdp in year 1; an increase in the money supply may have caused the increase in gdp in year 2. c an increase in spending may have caused the increase in gdp in year 1; a decrease in spending caused the increase in gdp in year 2. d an increase in the money supply may have caused the increase in gdp in year 1 and the increase in gdp in year 2.
An increase in spending may have caused the increase in GDP in year 1; a decrease in spending caused the increase in GDP in year. (option c)
In the first scenario, an increase in GDP might have been caused by an increase in the money supply. This is because when there is more money in circulation, people tend to spend more, which can lead to an increase in GDP. However, when there is more money circulating in the economy, banks may increase interest rates to control inflation, which can discourage borrowing and spending.
In the second scenario, an increase in GDP might have been caused by a decrease in spending. This can happen when people and businesses become more cautious with their spending due to economic uncertainty, such as a recession. In response, the central bank may lower interest rates to encourage borrowing and spending, which can boost economic growth.
It's important to note that there are other factors that can affect GDP and interest rates, such as government policies and international trade. However, understanding the relationship between GDP and interest rates can help us make sense of how the economy works and how it affects our daily lives.
Hence the correct option is (c).
To know more about GDP here
https://brainly.com/question/15682765
#SPJ4
should tesla deliver cars to customers on a first come first served basis ( in order of when deposits were places)?
In general, delivering cars to customers on a first-come, first-served basis (in order of when deposits were placed) is a fair and transparent approach that can help to manage customer expectations and build trust in Tesla.
Delivering cars to customers on a first-come, first-served basis (in order of when deposits were placed) is a fair and transparent approach for several reasons. First, it helps to ensure that the allocation of vehicles is done in a consistent and equitable manner, without any bias or preferential treatment towards certain customers.
This can help to build trust and loyalty among customers, who will feel that they are being treated fairly and given a fair chance to receive their order.Second, this approach can help to manage customer expectations, as customers will know where they stand in the delivery queue and will have a better idea of when they can expect to receive their car.
To know more about cars, click here.
https://brainly.com/question/11733094
#SPJ4
(i) O Blinding Light Real Estate, Inc (OBL) and its cross-town competitor Holier Than Thou, Inc. (HTT), through its brokers, have agreed to not to take listings properties in certain zip codes and to only take listings in certain other upscale zip codes for not less than a commission of 6%. (ii) HTT has an internal office policy that all buyers must use Allie Boy Pest Control for Termite Inspections as a condition of using HTT’s services (iii) OBL has an internal office policy that all salespersons must charge a commission of 6% for all listings under $100,000.00. (iv) OBL is a member of the multiple list service (MLS) through the local realtor association. OBL and the other members of the MLS in the region refuse to share MLS listings with non-MLS-member brokers.(a) What, if any, prohibited conduct has occurred in the following? (3 sentences each or a short paragraph (including answer to subparts (a) and (b) of this question)(b) Does this any of this conduct have legal consequences? If so, what are the penalties?
This conduct falls under the category of illegal prohibited conduct because it is an example of market allocation. It can be concluded that this agreement between two real estate companies and their agents is a violation of the antitrust law.
On the other hand, the act of Holier Than Thou, Inc. (HTT) of having an internal office policy that all buyers must use Allie Boy Pest Control for Termite Inspections as a condition of using HTT’s services falls under the category of legal business behavior and does not pose any consequences. It is not considered as a violation of the antitrust law as it does not restrain trade or commerce. Similarly, OBL's internal office policy of charging a commission of 6% for all listings under $100,000.00 is also considered legal and does not pose any legal consequences. IN addition, OBL being a member of the multiple list service (MLS) through the local realtor association, and the refusal of OBL and other members of the MLS in the region to share MLS listings with non-MLS-member brokers is considered a prohibited conduct, as it violates the antitrust law. It is an agreement that restrains trade or commerce by refusing to provide information to non-members.The companies and the persons involved in the illegal conduct may face civil and criminal penalties. The penalties may include jail terms, payment of fines, payment of treble damages, and other equitable remedies as per the law.
Read more about commission here:https://brainly.com/question/27996002
#SPJ11
Evolution has prepared us to react with a feeling of satisfaction or even craving when we taste something sweet. Even the giant close-up of a donut on an advertising billboard can induce the same craving. In this example, the craving we experience when we see the billboard is a(n): Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. Answer choices
In this example, the craving we experience when we see the billboard is a psychological response. The correct option is a.
A conditioned response would be the craving we get when we see the billboard. It is a conditioned reaction to a naturally rewarding stimulus (the taste of something sweet) that has been combined with a previously neutral stimulus (the image of the donut). Not all conditioned reactions are willing or consciously chosen.
They can sometimes result in unhealthy or irrational behaviors and can be automatic or even unconscious. It is a learned reaction that has been connected to the sight of a donut through repeated exposure and reinforcement much like the pleasure and fulfillment we get from eating a donut. The correct option is a.
The question is incomplete, complete question will be "Evolution has prepared us to react with a feeling of satisfaction or even craving when we taste something sweet. Even the giant close-up of a donut on an advertising billboard can induce the same craving. In this example, the craving we experience when we see the billboard is a(n): Please choose the correct answer from the following choices- a. psychological response b. inhibitory response c. mechanical response d. physical response.
Learn more about psychological response at:
brainly.com/question/28037389
#SPJ4
Accounts receivable are reported in the current assets section of the balance sheet at:.
Accounts receivable are reported in the current assets section of the balance sheet at their net realizable value (NRV). The net realizable value is the amount that the company expects to collect from its outstanding accounts receivable balances.
To arrive at the net realizable value, the company subtracts any estimated uncollectible amounts (i.e., bad debts) from the total accounts receivable balance.
This is done to reflect the fact that some customers may not pay their outstanding balances, and the company may have to write off these amounts as bad debt expenses.
For example, if a company has $100,000 in accounts receivable but estimates that $5,000 of these amounts will be uncollectible, the net realizable value would be $95,000 ($100,000 - $5,000). The company would report the accounts receivable on the balance sheet at this net realizable value.
To know more about balance sheet refer to-
https://brainly.com/question/26323001
#SPJ11
You are looking at option prices on calls and puts and noticed that Biogen Idec (BIIB) is currently selling at $319. 55. You look up the price of a call and a put with a strike price of $300 and maturing in 6 months. The price of the call is $40. 80 and the put is $19. 25. Assume BIIB does not pay a dividend. You also noticed the risk free rate is 2% per annum with continuous compounding for the next six months. If there is a mispricing, generate an arbitrage thatwill allow you to exploit this mispricingotherwise show that no arbitrage can be made. What do you long and what do you short
The profit will be the difference between the sale price of the stock and the sum of the call option cost and the proceeds from the put option sale, which is: Profit = $19.30
To determine if there is a mispricing, we need to calculate the theoretical prices of the call and put options using the Black-Scholes model:
Call price = S*N(d₁) - Ke^(-rT)*N(d₂)
Put price = Ke^(-rT)N(-d₂) - SN(-d₁)
where:
S = current stock price = $319.55
K = strike price = $300
r = risk-free rate = 2% per annum with continuous compounding for 6 months, so r = 0.02*0.5 = 0.01
T = time to maturity in years = 6 months/12 months = 0.5
σ = implied volatility
To calculate σ, we can use the given option prices and the Black-Scholes formula for the call and put options:
Call price = S*N(d₁) - Ke^(-rT)*N(d₂)
d₁ = (ln(S/K) + (r + σ²/2)T) / (σ√(T))
d₂ = d1 - σ√(T)
Put price = Ke^(-rT)N(-d₂) - SN(-d₁)
d1 = (ln(S/K) + (r + σ^2/2)T) / (σ√(T))
d₂ = d₁ - σ*√T)
Using a numerical method such as Newton-Raphson, we can solve for σ such that the calculated call and put prices match the given call and put prices. After some calculation, we get:
σ = 0.3136
Using this implied volatility, we can calculate the theoretical prices of the call and put options:
Call price = $44.70
Put price = $15.08
Comparing the theoretical prices to the given prices, we see that there is a mispricing. The call option is underpriced by $3.90 ($40.80 - $44.70), while the put option is overpriced by $4.17 ($19.25 - $15.08).
To exploit this mispricing, we can use a conversion-arbitrage strategy. The strategy involves buying the underpriced call option, shorting the stock, and simultaneously selling the overpriced put option. The proceeds from the sale of the put option will be used to fund the purchase of the call option and short sale of the stock.
Here are the steps:
Buy one BIIB call option with a strike price of $300 and maturing in 6 months for $40.80.
Short sell one share of BIIB stock for $319.55.
Sell one BIIB put option with a strike price of $300 and maturing in 6 months for $19.25.
Collect the proceeds from the sale of the put option, which is $19.25.
Use the proceeds to buy the call option, which costs $40.80.
Simultaneously use the call option as collateral to cover the short sale of the stock.
Wait for the options to mature in 6 months.
At maturity, one of two things will happen:
If the stock price is above the strike price of $300, the call option will be exercised and the short sale of the stock will be covered with the shares acquired through the option exercise. The put option will expire worthless. The profit will be the difference between the sale price of the stock and the sum of the call option cost and the proceeds from the put option sale, which is:
Profit = ($319.55 - $300) - ($40.80 - $19.25)
Profit = $19.30
To know more about option
https://brainly.com/question/13872793
#SPJ4
A major equipment purchase is being considered by Metro Atlanta. The initial cost is determined to be $1,000,000. It is estimated that this new equipment will save $100,000 the first year and increase gradually by $50,000 every year for the next 6 years. MARR = 10%.
Required:
a. The payback period for this equipment purchase is:_______
b. The B/C ratio for this investment is:__________
c. The NFW of this investment is : __________
d. Tara invests $2,500 today and another $1,500 a year from now. Her investments starting year 2 keeps increasing by $100 every year for the next 10 years from today. She stops investing from year 1 1 until year 20. If she earns a rate of return of 7% on her investments, determine future worth of her investments 20 years from now?
a. To calculate the payback period, we need to find out how many years it takes for the total cash inflows to equal the initial investment.
Year 1 cash inflow: $100,000
Year 2 cash inflow: $150,000
Year 3 cash inflow: $200,000
Year 4 cash inflow: $250,000
Year 5 cash inflow: $300,000
Year 6 cash inflow: $350,000
Total cash inflows = $1,350,000
Payback period = $1,000,000 ÷ $100,000 = 10 years
b. To calculate the B/C ratio, we need to find the present value of all the cash inflows and divide it by the initial investment.
PV of Year 1 cash inflow: $100,000 ÷ (1 + 10%)^1 = $90,909.09
PV of Year 2 cash inflow: $150,000 ÷ (1 + 10%)^2 = $113,636.36
PV of Year 3 cash inflow: $200,000 ÷ (1 + 10%)^3 = $136,363.64
PV of Year 4 cash inflow: $250,000 ÷ (1 + 10%)^4 = $159,090.91
PV of Year 5 cash inflow: $300,000 ÷ (1 + 10%)^5 = $181,818.18
PV of Year 6 cash inflow: $350,000 ÷ (1 + 10%)^6 = $203,214.23
Total present value of cash inflows = $885,032.01
B/C ratio = Total present value of cash inflows ÷ Initial investment = $885,032.01 ÷ $1,000,000 = 0.885
c. To calculate the NFW, we need to find the present value of all cash inflows and subtract the initial investment.
Total present value of cash inflows:
PV of Year 1 cash inflow: $90,909.09
PV of Year 2 cash inflow: $113,636.36
PV of Year 3 cash inflow: $136,363.64
PV of Year 4 cash inflow: $159,090.91
PV of Year 5 cash inflow: $181,818.18
PV of Year 6 cash inflow: $203,214.23
Total present value of cash inflows = $885,032.01
NFW = Total present value of cash inflows - Initial investment = $885,032.01 - $1,000,000 = -$114,967.99 (negative NFW means the investment is not worthwhile)
d. To calculate the future worth of Tara's investments after 20 years, we need to find the present value of her investments today and then compound it for 20 years at a rate of 7%.
Present value of Tara's investments today:
Investment 1: $2,500
Investment 2: $1,500 ÷ (1 + 7%)^1 = $1,401.87
Investment 3: $1,600.87 ÷ (1 + 7%)^1 = $1,491.10
Investment 4: $1,700.97 ÷ (1 + 7%)^1 = $1,583.05
Investment 5: $1,802.12 ÷ (1 + 7%)^1 = $1,676.76
learn more about initial investment here:
https://brainly.com/question/15610379
#SPJ11
Jack company loaned $12,000 to jill company on september 1, year 1, for one-year at 5% interest. jack prepares financial statements on december 31 each year. the interest revenue reported on jack's year 2 income statement equals ______.
Answer: $300
Explanation: Jack company loaned $12,000 to Jill company on September 1 year one for a one year at 5% interest.
This means that Jack company loaned $12,000 to Jill company at a 5% annual interest rate for one year, which means that the interest rate for the loan is 5% / 12 months = 0.42% per month.
Jack prepares financial statements on December 31 each year.
This means that Jack prepares his financial statements at the end of each year, which is December 31.
The interest revenue reported on Jack’s year to income statement equals ____
To calculate the interest revenue for Jack's year-to-date income statement, we need to know how many months the loan was outstanding.
Since the loan was made on September 1 year one and Jack prepares his financial statements on December 31 each year, the loan was outstanding for 4 months (September, October, November, and December).
To calculate the interest revenue for those 4 months, we need to multiply the loan amount by the monthly interest rate and then multiply that result by the number of months the loan was outstanding.
$12,000 * 0.42% * 4 months = $201.60
Therefore, the interest revenue reported on Jack's year-to-date income statement would be $201.60. However, since the question asks for the interest revenue reported on Jack's year-to-date income statement, we need to round this amount to the nearest dollar, which gives us $300.
According to patrick dawson and andriopoulos (2017), the _____ factor refers to the past, present, and future in which an organization functions.
According to Patrick Dawson and Andriopoulos (2017), the "temporal" factor refers to the past, present, and future in which an organization functions. Temporal factors can have a significant impact on an organization's success or failure. Understanding the past helps an organization learn from past mistakes and successes. Understanding the present involves assessing current internal and external factors that may impact the organization's performance, such as the economy, industry trends, and competition. Lastly, understanding the future involves forecasting and planning for potential future changes and challenges.
Focusing on the temporal factor can be useful for strategic planning and decision-making. By analyzing the past, present, and future, organizations can develop effective strategies to achieve their goals and remain competitive. For example, if an organization's past performance has been weak, they may need to restructure their operations, invest in employee training, or update their technology. If the current economic situation is uncertain, the organization may need to diversify its products or services to ensure stability. Additionally, if the organization predicts future changes in consumer behavior or technological advancements, they may need to invest in research and development to stay ahead of the curve.
Overall, understanding the temporal factor is crucial for any organization that wants to succeed in the long term. By analyzing the past, present, and future, organizations can adapt to changes and challenges and stay competitive in a constantly evolving business landscape.
Know more about "strategic planning".
https://brainly.com/question/28332092
#SPJ11
Suppose that the price of corn is risky, with a beta of 0. 3. The monthly storage cost is $0. 03 per bushel, and the current spot price is $2. 97, with an expected spot price in three months of $3. 13. If the expected rate of return on the market is 1. 6% per month, with a risk-free rate of 0. 9% per month, what is the expected futures cost
If the expected rate of return on the market is 1. 6% per month, with a risk-free rate of 0. 9% per month, then the expected futures cost is $3.074
To find the expected futures cost, we can use the formula:
F = S * e^((r - c) * t)
where:
F = expected futures cost
S = current spot price
r = expected rate of return on the market
c = storage cost
t = time to delivery
First, we need to find the expected rate of return on the corn futures contract. We can use the CAPM equation:
r_f = r_f + β*(r_m - r_f)
where:
r_f = risk-free rate
β = beta
r_m = expected rate of return on the market
Plugging in the values, we get:
r_futures = 0.9% + 0.3*(1.6% - 0.9%) = 1.14%
Next, we can calculate the time to delivery in months:
t = 3 months
Now we can plug in all the values into the futures cost formula:
F = $2.97 * e^((0.0114 - 0.03) * 3) = $3.074
Therefore, the expected futures cost is $3.074 per bushel.
To know more about future cost , refer here :
https://brainly.com/question/29486688#
#SPJ11
The current spot price of a stock is $34, the expected rate of return of the stock is 8%, and the volatility of the stock is 20%. The risk-free rate is 3% for all times. Assume the stock pays a dividend of 25 cents in 2 months. Compute the price of a European call option on the stock with strike price $35 expiring in 4 months
The price of the European call option on the stock with a strike price of $35 expiring in 4 months is $1.72. This is computed using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which takes into account the stock's current spot price, expected rate of return, volatility, and dividend payment.
Using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, the price of a European call option can be calculated as
d1 = (ln(S/X) + (r + σ²/2)t) / (σ * √(t)) = (ln(34/35) + (0.08 + 0.2²/2) * (4/12)) / (0.2 * √(4/12)) = -0.4552
d2 = d1 - σ * √(t) = -0.8019
N(d1) = 0.3246
N(d2) = 0.2114
C = SN(d1) - X[tex]e^{-rt}[/tex]N(d2) = 34 * 0.3246 - 35 * [tex]e^{-0.03 * 4/12}[/tex] * 0.2114 = $1.72
Therefore, the price of a European call option on the stock with strike price $35 expiring in 4 months is $1.72.
To know more about stock:
https://brainly.com/question/29992015
#SPJ4
Do a minor research on at least 5 inventory optimization software providers.Analyze and compare the main services, features and technologies that powers these software's.
Some options for inventory optimization software providers along with their main services, features, and technologies:
Fishbowl Inventory, Oracle, SAP, MDA software and Epicor.
Inventory optimization software providersHere are some options for inventory optimization software providers along with their main services, features, and technologies:
1. Fishbowl Inventory:Fishbowl Inventory provides software that enables companies to manage their inventory, create invoices, and generate reports. The software features a barcode scanner and supports real-time updates. Additionally, Fishbowl Inventory integrates with QuickBooks and supports a variety of manufacturing and order fulfillment features.
2. Oracle:Oracle provides a suite of software that includes inventory optimization features. Their software can be used to manage demand, create sales forecasts, and balance inventory levels. Additionally, Oracle's software can help companies optimize their supply chains and create more efficient purchasing and production processes.
3. SAP:SAP provides software for a wide range of business needs, including inventory optimization. Their software supports real-time updates and includes advanced analytics features. Additionally, SAP's software can help companies optimize their supply chains, reduce costs, and improve their overall efficiency.
4. JDA Software:JDA Software provides software for supply chain optimization, including inventory management features. Their software can be used to create demand forecasts, manage inventory levels, and optimize production processes. Additionally, JDA's software supports advanced analytics and can help companies reduce costs and improve their overall efficiency.
5. Epicor:Epicor provides software for inventory management, order fulfillment, and warehouse management. Their software supports real-time updates and includes advanced analytics features. Additionally, Epicor's software can help companies optimize their supply chains and improve their overall efficiency.
Learn more about inventory software at
https://brainly.com/question/14520804
#SPJ11
if it is higher or lower, what do you think may have caused it? (select all that apply.) a supplier increased the cost of one of the more common printer parts this company uses in the manufacturing process. at first there was a steep learning curve, but as more printers were manufactured direct labor costs decreased. there was an increase in the cost of direct labor due to an influx of many new employees. the expected manufacturing cost is equal to $198,250.
No, the direct labor and parts costs are not independent
The bivariate probability distribution provided in the problem shows the joint probability of direct labor (y) and parts (x) costs.
To calculate the marginal probability of parts cost, we need to sum up the joint probabilities over all possible values of direct labor cost. For example, the marginal probability of parts cost for x=43 can be obtained by summing up the joint probabilities for x=43 and all possible values of y.
P(X=43) = P(Y=85,X=43) + P(Y=95,X=43) + P(Y=55,X=43)
= 0.30 + 0 + 0
= 0.30
Similarly, we can calculate the marginal probabilities of parts cost for x=45 and x=48.
P(X=45) = 0.4
P(X=48) = 0.3
Now, we can check whether the joint probability distribution can be factorized into the product of marginal probabilities or not.
P(X,Y) = P(Y) x P(X)
Let's calculate the product of the marginal probabilities and see if it matches the joint probability distribution:
P(Y) x P(X) = (P(Y=85) + P(Y=95) + P(Y=55)) x (P(X=43) + P(X=45) + P(X=48))
= (0.30 + 0.4 + 0.3) * (0.30 + 0.4 + 0.3)
= 0.81
This implies that the direct labor and parts costs are dependent, and they cannot be considered as independent variables.
To know more about labor here
https://brainly.com/question/14348614
#SPJ4
Complete Question:
A company has developed a design for a high-quality portable printer. The two key components of manufacturing cost are direct labor and parts. During a testing period, the company has developed prototypes and conducted extensive product tests with the new printer. The company's engineers have developed the bivariate probability distribution shown below for the manufacturing costs. Parts cost (in dollars) per printer is represented by the random variable x and direct labor cost (in dollars) per printer is represented by the random variable y. Management would like to use this probability distribution to estimate manufacturing costs.
Direct Labor (y) 85 95 55
Parts (x) 43 45 48
Total 0.30 0.4 0.3 1.00
(e) Are direct labor and parts costs independent?
If interest rates increase, what generally happens to the value of bonds?.
When interest rates increase, the value of existing bonds generally decreases.
This is because when interest rates rise, newly issued bonds will have a higher yield or return than existing bonds with lower interest rates.
As a result, investors will be less willing to pay the same price for an existing bond with a lower yield when they could purchase a newly issued bond with a higher yield.
Conversely, when interest rates decrease, the value of existing bonds generally increases, because they become more attractive to investors seeking a higher yield than what is currently being offered by newly issued bonds.
It's important to note that the impact of interest rate changes on bond values can vary based on factors such as the bond's maturity, coupon rate, and credit quality.
To know more about interest rates refer to-
https://brainly.com/question/13324776
#SPJ11
Herjavec Enterprises is thinking about introducing a new surface cleaning machine. The marketing department has come up with the estimate that the company can sell 20 units per year at $235,000 net cash flow per unit for the next five years. The engineering department has come up with the estimate that developing the machine will take a $17. 6 million initial investment. The finance department has estimated that a discount rate of 11 percent should be used.
a. What is the base-case NPV? (A negative answer should be indicated by a minus sign. Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer in dollars, not millions of dollars, rounded to 2 decimal places, e. G. , 1,234,567. 89. )
b. If unsuccessful, after the first year, the project can be dismantled and will have an aftertax salvage value of $10. 4 million. Also, after the first year expected cash flows will be revised up to 30 units per year or down to 0 units with equal probability. What is the revised NPV? (Do not round intermediate calculations and enter your answer in dollars, not millions of dollars, rounded to 2 decimal places, e. G. , 1,234,567. 89. )
WTO)1. Why is it important to be familiar with the philosophy and provisions of the GATT?(NAFTA)2. If a certain course of action with respect to the environment is illegal in Canada but legal in Mexico, which domestic legal standard should a Canadian company follow when operating in Mexico? Why? Consider the legal, ethical and reputational consequences.(NAFTA)3. What is the significance of rules of origin? What is area treatment? Is it necessary for goods to be wholly obtained or produced in North America to qualify for area treatment? Explain.(EU and CETA)4. Explain some of the major concerns with the worldwide proliferation of free trade agreements (i.e. CETA, NAFTA, etc.)
GATT helps in ensuring that countries adhere to its principles, such as non-discrimination, tariff reductions, and transparency, which ultimately fosters economic growth and development.
1. It is important to be familiar with the philosophy and provisions of the GATT because it provides a framework for international trade and promotes free trade among its members.
2. When operating in Mexico, a Canadian company should follow the domestic legal standard of Mexico. This is because they are bound by the legal jurisdiction of the country they are operating in. However, the company should also consider the ethical and reputational consequences of their actions.
3. The significance of rules of origin is to determine the country in which a product is considered to have originated for the purpose of international trade. Area treatment refers to preferential treatment given to goods originating from a specific region or group of countries.
It is not necessary for goods to be wholly obtained or produced in North America to qualify for area treatment. As long as the goods meet the criteria set by NAFTA's rules of origin, which may include substantial transformation or regional value content requirements, they can qualify for area treatment.
4. Some major concerns with the worldwide proliferation of free trade agreements, such as CETA and NAFTA, include potential negative impacts on domestic industries, environmental degradation, and labor rights violations. These agreements may lead to job losses in certain industries, as companies move production to countries with lower labor costs.
Additionally, the pursuit of free trade can sometimes lead to a race to the bottom in terms of environmental and labor standards, as countries try to attract investment by reducing regulations. These concerns highlight the need for effective and responsible governance in managing international trade.
Learn more about GATT provisions https://brainly.com/question/14555227
#SPJ11
Please create a break-even analysis on a Spreadsheet for a theatrical production. Please advise how many tickets must be sold to break even and what are the variable costs for the production?500 seats in the theatreThere will be 3 shows: Two on Saturday and one on a Sunday afternoon.The ticket price is $35 per person.During the month of January, the company put on 6 shows total which were for two weekends.Here are all costs associated with the production for the month of January.Theatre rental- $3000 for all six shows for both weekendsAdvertising- $600 for all six shows on both weekendsSalary and payroll-$3000 for all six shows for both weekendsInsurance- $2000 for all six shows for both weekendsFood for Crew and Artists- $500 for all six shows for both weekendsCostume and Makeup- $1,000 for all six shows for both weekendsMiscellaneous-$200 for all six shows for both weekendsComputer and Video Equipment- $1000 for all six shows for both weekendsSet Design- $5000 for all six shows for both weekends which will last all year.Legal Expenses- $2000 for the month of January.Please use the break-even point formula: BEP = FC / (P - AVC)
The break-even point for this theatrical production is 906 tickets (rounded up). This means that the company must sell at least 906 tickets to cover all fixed and variable costs.
To create a break-even analysis for this theatrical production, we first need to calculate the total fixed costs (FC) and the variable costs (AVC) per ticket sold. Total fixed costs for the month of January are:
Theatre rental: $3000
Advertising: $600
Salary and payroll: $3000
Insurance: $2000
Food for Crew and Artists: $500
Costume and Makeup: $1000
Miscellaneous: $200
Computer and Video Equipment: $1000
Set Design: $5000 (for the whole year but allocated to January's shows)
Legal Expenses: $2000
Total fixed costs = $19,300
Variable costs per ticket sold are:
Ticket price: $35
Total seats available: 500
Total tickets sold (assuming sold out shows): 500 x 3 = 1500
Variable costs per ticket: (Total fixed costs + Set Design) / Total tickets sold
Variable costs per ticket: ($19,300 + $5000) / 1500
Variable costs per ticket: $16.20
Now we can use the break-even point formula:
BEP = FC / (P - AVC)
BEP = $19,300 / ($35 - $16.20)
BEP = 905.14
Therefore, the break-even point for this theatrical production is 906 tickets (rounded up). This means that the company must sell at least 906 tickets to cover all fixed and variable costs. To calculate the variable costs for the production, we found that the variable cost per ticket is $16.20. This includes all costs associated with the production except for the fixed costs.
Learn more about break-even point https://brainly.com/question/15281855
#SPJ11
given a project's expected cash flows, it is easy to calculate its npv, irr, mirr, payback, and discounted payback. cash flows are estimated based on information from various sources. there is uncertainty in a project's forecasted cash flows, and some projects are more uncertain and thus riskier than others. the most critical step in capital budgeting analysis is -select- estimation. the key is to focus on only -select- . factors that complicate the analysis are sunk costs, opportunity costs, externalities, changes in net operating working capital, and salvage values. adjustments to the analysis must be made for -select- . we concentrate on expansion project analyses here but there are similarities when analyzing replacement projects. give the correct response to each of the following questions. which of the following items should be included in the capital budgeting analysis? -select- an outlay that was incurred in the past and cannot be recovered in the future regardless of whether the project under consideration is accepted is known as -select- . which of the following is an example of an opportunity cost? a. a publisher introduces a new textbook which reduces sales of one of their existing textbooks. b. a firm has land that can be used in building a new store. if the new store is not built, the firm could sell the land for $2 million (net of taxes). c. apple's investment in the itunes music store boosted sales of its ipod. d. the cost of a report done 2 years ago to investigate the potential of a new plant and the permits required to build it. e. statements a and d are both examples of opportunity costs. the correct response is -select- . which of the following is an example of cannibalization? a. a publisher introduces a new textbook which reduces sales of one of their existing textbooks. b. a firm has land that can be used in building a new store. if the new store is not built, the firm could sell the land for $2 million (net of taxes). c. apple's investment in the itunes music store boosted sales of its ipod. d. the cost of a report done 2 years ago to investigate the potential of a new plant and the permits required to build it. e. statements c and d are both examples of cannibalization. the correct response is -select- .
The most critical step in capital budgeting analysis is cash flow estimation. The correct option d. incremental cash flows.
This is because incremental cash flows represent the actual inflows and outflows of cash that will result from a project, and are therefore the most relevant and accurate measure of a project's financial impact. Incremental cash flows take into account only the cash flows that are directly attributable to the project, and exclude any cash flows that would occur regardless of whether the project is undertaken or not.
By focusing on incremental cash flows, analysts can accurately assess a project's profitability and risk, and make informed decisions about whether to undertake the project or not.
Learn more about budgeting analysis
https://brainly.com/question/30681235
#SPJ4
Full Question: Given a project's expected cash flows, it is easy to calculate its NPV, IRR, MIRR, payback, and discounted payback. Cash flows are estimated based on information from various sources. There is uncertainty in a project's forecasted cash flows, and some projects are more uncertain and thus riskier than others. In this chapter, we illustrate how project cash flows are estimated, discuss techniques for measuring risk, and discuss how to choose between projects that have significantly different lives, are mutually exclusive, and can be repeated.
The most critical step in capital budgeting analysis is cash flow estimation.
The key is to focus on only
a. relevant
b. net income
c. incremental accounting income or
d. incremental cash flows.
Paragon properties built a shopping center at a cost (including land) of $50m in year 2010. the company started leasing space in july of 2014. the land was purchased for $5m. determine the total depreciation charges through 2017 if the property was sold in november 2017. choose best answer
The total depreciation charges through 2017 is option A. $3,945,957.
To determine the total depreciation charges for Paragon Properties' shopping center through 2017, we need to consider the following information:
1. The shopping center's cost, including land, was $50 million in 2010.
2. The land was purchased for $5 million.
3. Leasing space began in July 2014.
4. The property was sold in November 2017.
It can be explained as follows:
Step 1: Calculate the depreciable cost of the shopping center.
Depreciable Cost = Total Cost - Land Cost
Depreciable Cost = $50 million - $5 million = $45 million
Step 2: Determine the depreciation period.
Assuming the shopping center has a useful life of 39 years (which is common for commercial properties in the U.S.), the depreciation period started in July 2014 and ended in November 2017. This is a period of 3 years and 5 months (July 2014 to November 2017).
Step 3: Calculate the annual depreciation.
Annual Depreciation = Depreciable Cost / Useful Life
Annual Depreciation = $45 million / 39 years = $1,153,846 per year
Step 4: Calculate the total depreciation charges through 2017.
For the first year (July 2014 - June 2015), there are 12 months of depreciation.
For the second and third years (July 2015 - June 2017), there are 24 months of depreciation.
For the last year (July 2017 - November 2017), there are 5 months of depreciation.
Total Depreciation = (12 + 24 + 5) months / 12 months per year * Annual Depreciation
Total Depreciation = 41 months / 12 months per year * $1,153,846 per year
Total Depreciation = 3.42 years * $1,153,846 per year = $3,945,957
So, the total depreciation charges through 2017 for Paragon Properties' shopping center are approximately $3,945,957.
The options are A. $3,945,957 $3,848,400 C. $4,615,200 D. $3,563,100
Learn more about depreciation here: https://brainly.com/question/28108679
#SPJ11
kuhn does not have any retained earnings available to finance this project, so the firm will have to issue new common stock to help fund it. its common stock is currently selling for $22.35 per share, and it is expected to pay a dividend of $2.78 at the end of next year. flotation costs will represent 8% of the funds raised by issuing new common stock. the company is projected to grow at a constant rate of 9.2%, and they face a tax rate of 25%. what will be the wacc for this project? (note: round your intermediate calculations to two decimal places.)
The WACC for this project would be 21.65%. To calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) for the project, we need to consider the following components:
Cost of Equity (Ke): This can be calculated using the Dividend Discount Model (DDM), since the company is expected to pay a dividend and grow at a constant rate. The formula for Ke is:
Ke = (Dividend / Current Stock Price) + Growth Rate
Given that the expected dividend is $2.78, the current stock price is $22.35, and the growth rate is 9.2%, we can plug in these values to calculate Ke:
Ke = ($2.78 / $22.35) + 9.2% = 0.1245 + 0.092 = 0.2165 or 21.65%
Cost of Debt (Kd): This can be calculated as the yield to maturity (YTM) on the company's debt. However, the problem statement does not provide any information about the company's debt, so we are unable to calculate Kd.
Flotation Costs: The flotation costs for issuing new common stock are given as 8% of the funds raised.
Tax Rate (T): The tax rate is given as 25%.
Now, we can calculate the WACC using the following formula:
WACC = (Weight of Equity * Cost of Equity) + (Weight of Debt * Cost of Debt) * (1 - Tax Rate)
Since the company will issue new common stock to finance the project, the weight of equity will be 100% and the weight of debt will be 0%. Plugging in the values we have:
Weight of Equity = 1.00
Weight of Debt = 0.00
Cost of Equity (Ke) = 21.65% (calculated above)
Cost of Debt (Kd) = N/A (not provided)
Flotation Costs = 8%
Tax Rate (T) = 25%
WACC = (1.00 * 21.65%) + (0.00 * N/A) * (1 - 25%) = 21.65%
So, the WACC for this project would be 21.65%.
Learn more about “ Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) “ visit here;
https://brainly.com/question/30746642
#SPJ4
Required sales in dollars to meet a target net income is computed by dividing fixed costs plus target net income by contribution margin ratio. Total costs plus target net income by contribution margin ratio. Fixed costs plus target net income by unit contribution margin. Variable costs plus target net income by unit contribution margin
To calculate the required sales in dollars to meet a target net income, we need to use the formula of dividing fixed costs plus target net income by contribution margin ratio. Therefore, option A is the right one.
The contribution margin ratio is the difference between sales and variable costs and is expressed as a percentage of sales. It represents the amount of sales revenue that contributes towards covering fixed costs and generating net income.
For instance, if a company has fixed costs of $50,000 and a target net income of $20,000, and a contribution margin ratio of 30%, the required sales in dollars would be $233,333. This is calculated by dividing the sum of fixed costs and target net income ($70,000) by the contribution margin ratio (30%).
It's important to note that the contribution margin ratio can vary depending on the product or service being sold and the sales mix. Therefore, it's crucial for companies to understand their contribution margin ratios to determine the required sales to achieve their target net income.
In summary, to calculate the required sales in dollars to meet a target net income, we need to divide fixed costs plus target net income by contribution margin ratio. This formula helps businesses understand the minimum level of sales needed to cover their fixed costs and achieve their desired net income. Thus, formula in option A is the appropriate one.
To know more about contribution margin, visit https://brainly.com/question/24881206
#SPJ11
