The atomic models after Dalton's time that included ideas about the atomic structure are Rutherford's model, Thomson's model, Bohr's model, and Schrödinger's model.
Thomson's atomic model is missing from this set.
Thomson proposed the atomic model known as the plum pudding model in the year 1904.
The atomic model shows that atoms are made up of negatively charged particles and positively charged particles that are distributed evenly throughout the atom, much like raisins in a plum pudding.
In 1911, Ernest Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus, which is made up of positively charged particles, through his gold foil experiment.
Rutherford proposed an atomic model in which the nucleus was located at the center of the atom, surrounded by negatively charged particles, in the same year.
This model is also known as the planetary model of the atom.
In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed a new atomic model based on Rutherford's planetary model that included electron orbits.
Bohr's atomic model predicted atomic spectra for elements that were consistent with observations.
In 1926, Erwin Schrödinger proposed the quantum mechanical model of the atom, which describes electrons in terms of probability distributions rather than fixed orbits.
The electrons in this model are described as wavefunctions.
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What is the predominant form of ile at ph 6 (assuming the pka of the carboxylate is 3 and the amino group is 9? positive neutral negative
At pH 6, the predominant form of Ile will be the zwitterionic form.
pH of IsoleucineAt pH 6, we need to determine the predominant form of Ile (isoleucine) by comparing the pH to the pKa values of its functional groups. Ile has an amino group (NH2) with a pKa of 9 and a carboxylate group (COOH) with a pKa of 3.
At pH 6:
The pH is higher than the pKa of the carboxylate group (pKa = 3). Therefore, the carboxylate group will be deprotonated (negatively charged) and in its ionized form (COO-).The pH is lower than the pKa of the amino group (pKa = 9). Therefore, the amino group will be protonated (positively charged) and in its neutral form (NH3+).Based on this information, at pH 6, the predominant form of Ile will be the zwitterionic form, where the carboxylate group is negatively charged (COO-) and the amino group is positively charged (NH3+).
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To make an acetate buffer at ph 4.76 starting with 500 ml of 0.1 m sodium acetate (pk acetic acid = 4.76), you could add
To make an acetate buffer at ph 4.76 starting with 500 ml of 0.1 m sodium acetate (pk acetic acid = 4.76), you could add 0.025 mol
How to solve for the molmoles of sodium acetate = 0.1 M × 500 ml = 0.05 moles
volume = moles / concentration
volume = 0.05 moles / 0.1 M
volume = 0.5 L = 500 ml
( 0.1-x ) / x = 1
cross multiply
x = 0.05
x = 0.05 M
Concentration of sodium acetate = 0.1
0.1 - 0.05
= 0.05
= 0.05 M * 0.5L
= 0.025 mol
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The slope of the Beer's law graph for blue dye 1(B) is 172mM −1
. An initial mixture of dye and peroxide has an absorbance of 0.548 and an equilibrium mixture has an absorbance of 0.214. Calculate the equilibrium concentration of C in mM. B(aq)+O 2
H −
(aq)⟺C(aq)
The equilibrium concentration of C in mM is 1000 × (0.00193 / b) = 1.93 / b mM (where b is in cm).
Given information: The slope of the Beer's law graph for blue dye 1(B) is 172 mM⁻¹.
An initial mixture of dye and peroxide has an absorbance of 0.548 and an equilibrium mixture has an absorbance of 0.214.Calculate the equilibrium concentration of C in mM.
B(aq) + O2H−(aq) ⇌ C(aq)
In order to calculate the equilibrium concentration of C in mM, we will use the Beer's law formula.
Beer's Law:
A = εbc
where,A = Absorbance
ε = Molar Absorptivity (or) Molar extinction coefficient
b = Path length of the sample (in cm)
c = Concentration of the solution (in Molarity)
It can be rearranged as;C = A/εbInitially, the mixture of dye and peroxide has an absorbance of 0.548.A1 = 0.548
And, at equilibrium, the mixture of dye and peroxide has an absorbance of 0.214.A2 = 0.214
Absorbance change = A1 - A2
= 0.548 - 0.214
= 0.334
Let the equilibrium concentration of C be x Molarity.
Calculate the concentration of B as follows.
C1 = slope of the Beer's Law graph for blue dye 1(B) = 172 mM⁻¹c1
= Initial concentration of B
= A1/εb
= 0.548/(172 × b)
Molarity
c2 = Equilibrium concentration of
B = A2/εb
= 0.214/(172 × b)
Molarity In the reaction, for every mole of B consumed, one mole of C is produced.Thus, the equilibrium concentration of C is equal to the change in concentration of B.
x = Concentration of B at equilibrium
= c1 - c2
Therefore, the equilibrium concentration of C is;
x = c1 - c2
= (0.548 / (172 × b)) - (0.214 / (172 × b))
= (0.548 - 0.214) / (172 × b) x
= 0.334 / (172 × b) x
= 0.00193 / bM
Therefore, the equilibrium concentration of C in mM is 1000 × (0.00193 / b) = 1.93 / b mM (where b is in cm).
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study the following experimental method: determination of the organophosphate concentration of a horn sample. enzyme solution: alkaline phosphatase in 50mm tris-hcl, ph
According to the mentioned experimental procedure, an enzyme solution of alkaline phosphatase in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer at a particular pH is used to measure the organophosphate content in the horn sample.
The pH of the buffer is altered to maximize enzyme activity. The enzyme solution is incubated with the horn sample, and then enzyme activity is determined using the appropriate technique. The concentration of organophosphates in the horn sample can be determined using a calibration curve or a standard reference based on the detected enzyme activity. The lack of precise information regarding pH, incubation duration, and measurement technique makes it challenging to fully understand and mimic the experimental process.
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Calculate the number of moles of each element in 1. 25 mol glucose (C6H12O6)
In 1.25 mol glucose (C6H12O6), there are 7.5 mol carbon, 15 mol hydrogen, and 7.5 mol oxygen. Calculating the number of moles of each element in 1.25 mol glucose (C6H12O6).
We need to consider the subscripts in the chemical formula. The subscripts indicate the number of atoms of each element in one molecule of glucose.
In glucose (C6H12O6), there are 6 carbon atoms (C), 12 hydrogen atoms (H), and 6 oxygen atoms (O).
To find the number of moles of each element, we can multiply the number of moles of glucose (1.25 mol) by the ratio of atoms of each element to the number of atoms of glucose in one molecule.
The ratio of carbon atoms to glucose molecules is 6:1, so we can multiply 1.25 mol by 6 to find the number of moles of carbon: 1.25 mol x 6 = 7.5 mol carbon.
Similarly, the ratio of hydrogen atoms to glucose molecules is 12:1, so we can multiply 1.25 mol by 12 to find the number of moles of hydrogen: 1.25 mol x 12 = 15 mol hydrogen.
The ratio of oxygen atoms to glucose molecules is 6:1, so we can multiply 1.25 mol by 6 to find the number of moles of oxygen: 1.25 mol x 6 = 7.5 mol oxygen.
To calculate the number of moles of each element, we use the subscripts in the chemical formula. The subscripts indicate the number of atoms of each element in one molecule of glucose. We multiply the number of moles of glucose by the ratio of atoms of each element to the number of atoms of glucose in one molecule. Finally, we find that there are 7.5 mol carbon, 15 mol hydrogen, and 7.5 mol oxygen in 1.25 mol glucose.
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Write the expressions for the equilibrium constants K p
of the following thermal decomposition reactions: a. 2NaHCO 3
( s)≪−⋯Na 2
CO 3
( s)+CO 2
( g)+H 2
O(g) b. 2CaSO 4
( s)<−⋯2CaO(s)+2SO 2
( g)+O 2
( g)
Answer:
ok, here is your answer
Explanation:
a. For the given thermal decomposition reaction:
2NaHCO3(s) ≪−⋯Na2CO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)
The equilibrium constant expression Kp can be defined as:
Kp = (PNa2CO3 x PCO2 x PH2O)² / (PNaHCO3)²
Where,
PNa2CO3, PCO2, PH2O, and PNaHCO3 are the partial pressures of Na2CO3, CO2, H2O, and NaHCO3, respectively.
b. For the given thermal decomposition reaction:
2CaSO4(s) <−⋯2CaO(s) + 2SO2(g) + O2(g)
The equilibrium constant expression Kp can be defined as:
Kp = (PCaO² x PSO2² x PO2) / (PCaSO4)²
Where,
PCaO, PSO2, PO2, and PCaSO4 are the partial pressures of CaO, SO2, O2, and CaSO4, respectively.
Therefore, these are the equilibrium constant expressions for the given thermal decomposition reactions.
mark me as brainliestFor the following reaction, 131 grams of silver nitrate are allowed to react with 27.5 grams of copper. silver nitrate (aq)+copper(s)→copper( II ) nitrate (aq)+silver(s) What is the maximum amount of copper(II) nitrate that can be formed? Mass =g What is the FORMULA for the limiting reactant? What amount of the excess reactant remains after the reaction is complete? Mass = g
Maximum amount of Cu(NO3)2 formed = 81.4 g. Formula of the limiting reactant is Cu. The amount of excess reactant, AgNO3, remaining after the reaction is complete is 0 g and the amount of excess reactant, Cu, remaining after the reaction is complete is 27.5 g.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is;
2AgNO3(aq) + Cu(s) → Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2Ag(s)
The stoichiometric ratio between AgNO3 and Cu is 2:1
So, The number of moles of AgNO3 = 131 g / 169.87 g/mol = 0.771 mol The number of moles of Cu = 27.5 g / 63.55 g/mol = 0.433 mol
From the stoichiometric ratio, the number of moles of Cu required for the complete reaction with 0.771 moles of AgNO3
= 2 * 0.771 = 1.542 mol
Since the number of moles of Cu present is less than the stoichiometric ratio of Cu required for the complete reaction, Cu is the limiting reactant.
Maximum amount of Cu(NO3)2 formed = 0.433 mol * (1 mol Cu(NO3)2/ 1mol Cu) * 187.56 g/mol = 81.4 g Formula of the limiting reactant:
The formula for the limiting reactant is Cu.
The amount of excess reactant remaining after the reaction is complete is calculated as follows;
Amount of AgNO3 reacted = 0.771 mol * (2 mol AgNO3/2mol AgNO3) * 169.87 g/mol = 131g
Amount of AgNO3 in excess = 131 g – 131 g = 0 g (since it's completely reacted)
Amount of Cu reacted = 0.433 mol * (1 mol Cu/ 1mol Cu) * 63.55 g/mol
= 27.5 g
Amount of Cu in excess = 27.5 g – 0 g
= 27.5 g
Therefore, the amount of excess reactant, AgNO3, remaining after the reaction is complete is 0g and the amount of excess reactant, Cu, remaining after the reaction is complete is 27.5g.
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Explain how the second law of thermodynamics can allow fatty acids to segregate into droplets when mixed with water. Include a nano-scale sketch of what is occurring.
The second law of thermodynamics is responsible for fatty acids segregating into droplets when they are mixed with water. This law states that the universe will become more disordered over time.
It means that energy will tend to disperse or dissipate in a way that is less organized.In the case of fatty acids, the second law of thermodynamics means that the system will try to minimize the energy required to maintain a given configuration. Fatty acids are amphiphilic, which means they have both hydrophilic (water-loving) and hydrophobic (water-fearing) parts. The hydrophilic heads are attracted to water, while the hydrophobic tails avoid water. When mixed with water, the hydrophilic heads of the fatty acids interact with the water molecules, and the hydrophobic tails segregate together to avoid contact with water.This segregation is due to the hydrophobic effect, which is the tendency of nonpolar molecules to minimize contact with polar molecules like water. The hydrophobic effect drives the aggregation of the fatty acids into droplets in the water.
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The results of their __________ led to the discovery of a very densely packed bundle of matter with a positive electric charge.
The results of their experiment led to the discovery of a very densely packed bundle of matter with a positive electric charge.
The proton, a subatomic particle, was discovered through this ground-breaking research. Fundamental particles called protons are present in atomic nuclei and have positive electric charges that are equal in magnitude to but opposite in sign from those of electrons.
Through their research, scientists discovered that the atomic nuclei's dense assembly of positively charged protons is what generates the electric forces that hold atoms together. Our grasp of atomic structure was furthered by the discovery of the proton, which also provided the framework for future particle physics research.
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Which of the following molecules or ions CANNOT act as a chelate? Select one: a. phenanthroline (C 12
H 8
N 2
) b. ethylenediamine (H 2
NCH 2
CH 2
NH 2
) c. ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion ((O 2
CCH 2
) 2
NCH 2
CH 2
N(CH 2
CO 2
) 2
4
) d. methylamine (CH 3
NH 2
)
A chelate is a coordination compound that is formed when a ligand forms a ring-like structure around a central metal atom. In order to form a chelate, the ligand must have multiple binding sites. Of the following molecules or ions, methylamine (CH3NH2) CANNOT act as a chelate.the correct option is d.
Chelating agents are molecules that have multiple binding sites, allowing them to bind with metal ions in two or more places. The ligand forms a ring-like structure around the metal ion, which is held in place by coordinate covalent bonds between the ligand's binding sites and the metal ion's electrons. Chelates are more stable than simple coordination compounds because the ligand's ring structure prevents the metal ion from interacting with other molecules or ions.
Therefore, in order to form a chelate, the molecule or ion must have multiple binding sites.Methylamine (CH3NH2) does not have multiple binding sites, so it cannot act as a chelate. Ethylenediamine (H2NCH2CH2NH2) and phenanthroline (C12H8N2) both have two nitrogen atoms that can act as binding sites, making them capable of forming chelates. Ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion ((O2CCH2)2NCH2CH2N(CH2CO2)24-) has four acetate groups, each of which can act as a binding site, allowing it to form a chelate.
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Balance the chemical equation for the teaction of BaCl 2
and Na 2
SO 4
. chemical cquation: BaCl 2
(aq)+Na 2
SO 4
(aq)→BaSO 4
(s)+NaClaq) iniseret? Which type of reaction is this? single replacement combination double replacement decomposition Using the balanced chemical equationt, determine how mamy moles of NaCl will be prodisced, if 0.520 mol of BaCl 2
is allowed to react with an excess of Na 2
SO 4
: moles of NaCl : inerevt Using the moles of NaCl found in the previous question, determine how many grams of NaCl can be produced. combination double replacement decomposition Using the balanced chemical equation, determine how many moles of NaCl will be produced, if 0.520 mol of BaCl 2
is allowed to react with an excess of Na 2
SO 4
. moles of NaCl Using the moles of NaCl found in the previous question, determine how many grams of NaCl can be produced. mass of NaC incorrest Using the moles of NaCl found in a previous question, determine how many formula units of NaCl can be produced. formula unit
The number of formula units of NaCl produced is 6.27 x 1023 formula units.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction of BaCl2 and Na2SO4 is given as follows:BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)It is a double replacement reaction.
Now, we need to find out the number of moles of NaCl that will be produced if 0.520 mol of BaCl2 is allowed to react with an excess of Na2SO4.
From the balanced equation, we can see that one mole of BaCl2 produces 2 moles of NaCl.So, 0.520 mol of BaCl2 will produce
= 0.520 mol × 2
= 1.04 mol of NaCl.
Now, we need to find out the mass of NaCl produced.
The molar mass of NaCl = 58.44 g/mol.
So, the mass of NaCl produced
= 1.04 mol × 58.44 g/mol
= 60.70 g.So, 60.70 g of NaCl can be produced.
Finally, we need to find out the number of formula units of NaCl produced. One mole of NaCl contains 6.022 x 1023 formula units.
So, 1.04 moles of NaCl will contain
= 1.04 mol × 6.022 x 1023 formula units/mol
= 6.27 x 1023 formula units.
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What is an ion? An atom that has more or fewer protons than it "should" An atom that has more or fewer neutrons than it "should" An atom that has more or fewer electrons than it "should" Question 5 refers to a mineral's intensity of reflected light. luster cleavage streak tenacity is defined as a mineral's resistance to scratching. cleavage streak hardness fracture Question 7 5 pts The are the mineral class that accounts for more than 90% of the Earth's crust. sulfates silicates carbonates native elements A rock can be composed of almost entirely one mineral. True False Question 9 All minerals have cleavage. True False Color is a reliable technique for the identification of minerals. True False
True or false: A rock can be composed almost entirely of one mineral.
True. All minerals do not have cleavage.
True or false: Color is a reliable technique for identifying minerals.
False.
What is an ion?
An ion is an atom that has more or fewer electrons than it "should." An atom may gain or lose electrons to become an ion, resulting in a negative or positive charge. A mineral's intensity of reflected light is referred to as luster.
The resistance to scratching is known as hardness. Cleavage is the tendency of minerals to break along planes of weakness. Tenacity refers to the minerals' resistance to deformation, bending, or breaking. The mineral class that accounts for more than 90% of the Earth's crust is silicates.
True or false: A rock can be composed almost entirely of one mineral.
True. All minerals do not have cleavage.
True or false: Color is a reliable technique for identifying minerals.
False.
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An ion is an atom or molecule that has lost or gained electrons, resulting in a net electric charge. The mineral class accounting for more than 90% of Earth's crust are silicates. Not all minerals have cleavage and color isn't reliable for identifying minerals.
Explanation:An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons. The process producing ions is called ionization.
'Luster' refers to a mineral's intensity of reflected light but 'Hardness' is defined as a mineral's resistance to scratching. The mineral class that accounts for more than 90% of the Earth's crust are the silicates.
It is true that a rock can be composed of almost entirely one mineral. However, it is not true that all minerals have cleavage and color is not a reliable technique for the identification of minerals.
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After allowing her sample from Day 1 to dry for a week, Rosalind weighed her dried Pb 2
product in order to determine the percent yield of her reaction. Rosalind determined her percent yield was 88.184%. Given that her theoretical yield was 1.412 g, calculate the actual yield (in grams) of Rosalind's reaction. 1 Pb(NO 3
) 2
(aq)+2KI(aq)→1PbI 2
(s)+2KNO 3
(aq) Note: Do not use scientific notation or units in your response. Sig figs will not be graded in this question, enter your response to four decimal places. Carmen may add or remove digits from your response, your submission will still be graded correctly if this happens.
Rosalind's actual yield of PbI2 product is 1.2455 g.
According to the information given in the question;
Theoretical yield = 1.412g
Percent yield = 88.184%
Actual yield = ?
Let's first write the formula of the reaction:
Pb(NO₃)₂(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI₂(s) + 2KNO₃(aq)
Now we can calculate the actual yield using the following formula:
Actual yield = (Percent yield / 100) x Theoretical yield
Actual yield = (88.184 / 100) x 1.412
Actual yield = 1.2454808 grams
Rosalind's actual yield of PbI2 product is 1.2455 g.
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A+hydrocarbon+(alkane+or+cycloalkane)+is+found+by+combustion+analysis+to+contain+87.17%+carbon+and+12.83%+hydrogen+by+mass.+determine+the+smallest+possible+molecular+formula+for+this+compound:
The molecular formula for the compound, given that it contains 87.17% carbon and 12.83% hydrogen is C₄H₇
How do i determine the molecular formula for the compound?The following data were obtained from the question:
Carbon (C) = 87.17%Hydrogen (H) = 12.83%Molecular formula =?The molecular formula of the compond can be obtain as follow:
Divide by their molar mass
C = 87.17 / 12 = 7.264
H = 12.83 / 1 = 12.83
Divide by the smallest
C = 7.264 / 7.264 = 1
H = 12.83 / 7.264 = 1.766
Multiply by 4 to express in whole number
C = 1 × 4 = 4
H = 1.766 × 4 = 7
Thus, the molecular formula for the compound is C₄H₇
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In general, alcohols ____________ when mixed with water because the __________ in alcohols can
In general, alcohols dissolve when mixed with water because the hydroxyl (-OH) groups in alcohols can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.
Alcohols are organic compounds that contain a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to a carbon atom. Water, on the other hand, is a polar molecule with oxygen being more electronegative than hydrogen, resulting in a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms.
When alcohols are mixed with water, the hydroxyl group (-OH) in alcohols can form hydrogen bonds with the partial positive hydrogen atoms in water molecules. Hydrogen bonding is a strong intermolecular force that allows the alcohol molecules to interact with water molecules, leading to dissolution.
The formation of hydrogen bonds between alcohol and water molecules helps to overcome the intermolecular forces present within the alcohol itself, such as van der Waals forces or dipole-dipole interactions. As a result, alcohols dissolve in water and form homogeneous mixtures.
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calculate the mass of ammonia nh3 that contains a trillion ×1.01012 hydrogen atoms. be sure your answer has a unit symbol if necessary, and round it to 2 significant digits.
Rounded to two significant digits, the mass of ammonia containing a trillion × 1.01012 hydrogen atoms is approximately[tex]$9.5 \times 10^{-12} , \text{{g}}$.[/tex]
To calculate the mass of ammonia (NH₃) containing a trillion (1,000,000,000,000) × 1.01012 hydrogen atoms, we need to determine the number of moles of hydrogen and then use the molar mass of ammonia to find the mass.
The molecular formula of ammonia is NH₃, indicating one nitrogen (N) atom and three hydrogen (H) atoms.
Given:
Number of hydrogen atoms = 1 trillion × 1.01012 = 1.01012 × 10^{12}
To find the number of moles of hydrogen, we divide the number of hydrogen atoms by Avogadro's number [tex]($6.022 \times 10^{23}$ atoms/mol):[/tex]
Moles of hydrogen = [tex]\frac{{\text{{Number of hydrogen atoms}}}}{{\text{{Avogadro's number}}}} = \frac{{1.01012 \times 10^{12}}}{{6.022 \times 10^{23}}} = 1.677 \times 10^{-12} , \text{{mol}}[/tex]
The molar ratio between hydrogen and ammonia is 3:1, meaning that for every three moles of hydrogen, we have one mole of ammonia.
Therefore, the moles of ammonia (NH₃) = [tex]\frac{{1.677 \times 10^{-12}}}{{3}} = 5.59 \times 10^{-13} , \text{{mol}}[/tex]
Now, we can calculate the mass of ammonia using the molar mass of ammonia (17.03 g/mol):
Mass of ammonia =[tex]\text{{Moles of ammonia}} \times \text{{Molar mass of ammonia}} = 5.59 \times 10^{-13} \times 17.03 = 9.53 \times 10^{-12} , \text{{g}}[/tex]
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english chemist william henry studied the amounts of gases absorbed by water at different temperatures and under different pressures. in 1803, he stated a formula, p
The relationship of the given study about the amounts of gases absorbed by water at different temperatures and under different pressures describes a: Scientific law
How to Identify a Scientific Law?Scientific law is also referred to as a natural law. It implies a cause and effect between the observed elements and always applied under the same conditions .
Now, we are told that:
- He studied the amounts of gases absorbed by water at different temperatures and under different pressures.
- He stated a formula, p = kHc, which related the concentration of the dissolved gas at a constant temperature to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid
Now, this would be close to what we know as law of partial pressure by Dalton and as such we can say that the relationship describes a Scientific law
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Complete question is:
English chemist William Henry studied the amounts of gases absorbed by water at different temperatures and under different pressures. In 1803, he stated a formula, p = kHc, which related the concentration of the dissolved gas at a constant temperature to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid. This relationship describes a scientific _____?
what is a safe way to extinguish a grease fire in a sauce pan?
Answer:
The safe way to put out flames is to slide the pan's lid
Explanation:
To put out the flames, get the pan's lid and'slide' it over the highest point of the pan. Alternately, use a sheet of parchment paper and'slide' it on top of the flaming pan. For the hob to cease offering heat, turn it off. Wait until the pan has totally cooled before lifting it or taking off the cover.
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In a laboratory setting, concentrations for solutions are measured in molarity, which is the number of moles per liter (mol/L). Concentrations are often converted to more common units on the labels of household products. For a particular brand of bleach, the concentration of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is reported on the bottle as 7.25% by mass. The following information can thus be used to calculate the molarity of NaClO in the bleach:
• 1L of bleach has a mass of 1,100 grams.
• 7.25% of the mass of bleach is NaClO.
• 1 mol of NaClO has a mass of 74.44 grams.
What is the molarity (mol/L) of NaClO in the bleach?
The molarity of NaClO in the bleach is 0.101 M (mol/L).
Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution.
It is calculated by dividing the number of moles of solute by the volume of the solution in liters.
To find the molarity of NaClO in the bleach, we need to use the following information given in the question:
1L of bleach has a mass of 1,100 grams7.25% of the mass of bleach is NaClO1 mol of NaClO has a mass of 74.44 gramsTo begin the calculation, we need to determine the mass of NaClO in 1L of bleach.
To do this, we can use the fact that 7.25% of the mass of bleach is NaClO:Mass of NaClO in 1L of bleach = 0.0725 x 1,100 g = 79.75 g
Next, we can convert this mass of NaClO to moles using its molar mass:
moles of NaClO = 79.75 g / 74.44 g/mol = 1.07 mol.
Finally, we can use the formula for molarity to calculate the molarity of NaClO in the bleach:
Molarity = moles of solute / volume of solution in litersMolarity = 1.07 mol / 10 L = 0.107 M (mol/L)We can round this answer to three significant figures to get the final answer of 0.101 M (mol/L).
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What is the percent yield of a reaction in which 200. g of phosphorus trichloride reacts with excess water to form 111 g of HCl and aqueous phosphorous acid (H 3
PO 3
) ? % yield
The percentage yield obtained when 200. g of phosphorus trichloride reacts with excess water to form 111 g of HCl is 69.7%
How do i determine the percentage yield?First, we shall obtain the theoretical yield of HCl. Details below:
PCl₃ + 3H₂O => 3HCl + H₃PO₃
Molar mass of PCl₃ = 137.5 g/molMass of PCl₃ from the balanced equation = 1 × 137.5 = 137.5 gMolar mass of HCl = 36.5 g/mol Mass of HCl from the balanced equation = 3 × 36.5 = 109.5 gFrom the balanced equation above,
137.5 g of PCl₃ reacted to produce 109.5 g of HCl
Therefore,
200 g of PCl₃ will react to produce = (200 × 109.5) / 137.5 = 159.3 g of HCl
Thus, the theoretical yield is 159.3 g
Finally, we shall determine the percentage yield for HCl. Details below:
Actual yield of HCl = 111 gTheoretical yield of HCl = 159.3 gPercentage yield of HCl =?Percentage yield of HCl = (Actual /Theoretical) × 100
= (111 / 159.3) × 100
= 69.7%
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A 6.75 g sample of gold (specific heat capacity =0.130 J/g ∘
C ) is heated using 63.75 J of energy. If the original temperature of the gold is 25.0 ∘
C, what is its final temperature? a. 58.4 ∘
C b. 97.6 ∘
C c. 48.4 ∘
C
b. 97.6 °C
Explanation:Heat is the transfer of thermal energy that results in a change in temperature.
Heat Transfer
Heat is defined as the amount of energy that is transferred. So, if know the amount of energy used to heat a specific sample, then we can find the change in temperature. Additionally, since heat is being added to the sample, we know that the temperature will increase, not decrease.
Solving for Temperature
The equation that describes heat transfer is q = mcΔT. In this equation, q is energy, m is the mass of the sample, c is the specific heat capacity, and ΔT is the change in temperature. So, to find a change in temperature, we can plug in the information we were given.
63.75 J = 6.75g * 0.130 J/g·°C * ΔT72.6 °C = ΔTSo, if we add the change in temperature to the initial temperature, we will get the final temperature.
25.0 + 72.6 = 97.6The final temperature of the gold is 97.6°C.
you have a 5.0 ml sample of a protein in 0.5m nacl. you place the protein/salt sample inside dialysis tubing and place the bag in a large beaker of distilled water. your goal is to remove as much nacl from the sample as possible. since you know that the final salt concentration will be the same inside the tubing as out, you can calculate the final concentration of the salt.
Therefore, the final concentration of salt (NaCl) is 25 mM.
The goal in the given scenario is to remove as much NaCl from the protein sample as possible.
It can be achieved by dialysis. Dialysis is a process of separating molecules in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, such as dialysis tubing.
This tubing allows the exchange of small molecules but not larger ones like proteins.
To calculate the final concentration of salt, we need to apply the formula for dilution: C1V1 = C2V2Here, C1 is the initial concentration of NaCl in the sample, which is 0.5M.
V1 is the volume of the sample, which is 5.0 ml.
V2 is the final volume of the sample,
which is the sum of the volume inside the tubing and the volume of distilled water outside the tubing.
Since the tubing is semipermeable, we assume that water will move into the tubing to equalize the concentration.
So, the final volume will be greater than 5.0 ml.
Let's say the final volume is 100 ml.
Then, we can calculate the final concentration of salt (C2) as follows:C1V1 = C2V2 ⇒ (0.5 M) (5.0 ml) = C2 (100 ml)⇒ C2 = 0.025 M or 25 mM
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write the empirical formula for at least four ionic compounds that could be formed from the following ions: , , ,
The empirical formula for an ionic compound comprising at least four ions, including [tex]Fe^{3+}[/tex], [tex]NO^{3-}[/tex], [tex]NH^{4+}[/tex], and [tex]CN^{-}[/tex], are:
[tex]Fe(CN)_6^{3-}[/tex] , [tex]Fe(NO3)_3[/tex] , [tex]NH_4NO_3[/tex] , [tex](NH_4)_2Fe(CN)_6[/tex]
[tex]Fe^{3+}[/tex]: [tex]Fe(CN)_6^{3-}[/tex] is the empirical formula for this ionic compound. It is made up of cyanide ions [tex]CN^{-}[/tex]and iron(III) ions [tex]Fe^{3+}[/tex].
[tex]NO^{3-}[/tex]: The empirical formula for this ionic molecule [tex]Fe(NO3)_3[/tex] is [tex]NO^{3-}[/tex] and [tex]Fe^{3+}[/tex]. It is created when nitrate ions and iron(III) ions [tex]Fe^{3+}[/tex] combine.
[tex]NH^{4+}[/tex] : The empirical formula for this ionic molecule is [tex]NH_4NO_3[/tex]. It is made up of nitrate and ammonium ions.
[tex]CN^{-}[/tex] : This ionic compound, which has the empirical formula [tex](NH_4)_2Fe(CN)_6[/tex], contains the ions ammonium, iron(III) , and cyanide.
The relative ratios of the ions involved in the creation of each compound are shown by these empirical formulas, which give a clear picture of the compounds.
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The complete question is-
Write the empirical formula for at least four ionic compounds that could be formed from the following ions:
[tex]Fe^{3+}[/tex] , [tex]CN^{-}[/tex] , [tex]NO^{3-}[/tex] , [tex]NH^{4+}[/tex].
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all matter is composed of various basic substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary means. these substances are called .
The substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary means are called elements.
Elements are the fundamental building blocks of matter. They are pure substances composed of only one type of atom. Each element is characterized by its unique atomic number, which represents the number of protons in the nucleus of its atoms.
Elements are organized in the periodic table based on their atomic number and grouped according to their similar properties.
There are currently 118 known elements, ranging from hydrogen (the lightest element) to oganesson (the heaviest element). Each element has its own unique set of chemical and physical properties, such as boiling point, melting point, density, and reactivity.
Some elements are naturally abundant, while others are extremely rare and may only exist in trace amounts.
Elements combine with each other to form compounds through chemical reactions. Compounds are composed of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in specific ratios. The combination of different elements and their arrangements give rise to the vast diversity of substances found in the natural world.
Understanding the properties and behavior of elements is crucial in various scientific fields, such as chemistry, physics, and materials science. By studying the elements and their interactions, scientists have been able to unlock the secrets of matter and develop technologies that have revolutionized our world.
In summary, elements are the basic substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary means. They are the foundation of all matter and provide the diversity and complexity observed in the universe.
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determine the density of an object (in g ml-1) that has a mass of 149.8 g and displaces 0.001210 l of water when placed in a graduated cylinder where the final volume is 0.003498 l
The density of the object is 65.447 g/mL.
Density is a physical property of a substance that represents the amount of mass per unit volume. It is a measure of how closely packed the particles or molecules of a substance are. The formula for density is:
Density = Mass / Volume
In this formula, mass refers to the amount of matter in the substance, typically measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg), and volume refers to the amount of space occupied by the substance, typically measured in cubic centimeters (cm³) or liters (L).
Density provides information about the compactness or concentration of a substance. Substances with a higher density have more mass packed into a given volume, while substances with a lower density have less mass packed into the same volume.
Given:
Mass of the object = 149.8 g
Initial volume of water = 0.001210 L
Final volume of water and object = 0.003498 L
Volume of the object = Final volume - Initial volume
Volume of the object = 0.003498 L - 0.001210 L
Volume of the object = 0.002288 L
Density = Mass / Volume
Density = 149.8 g / 0.002288 L
Density = 65.447 g/mL
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the coordination compound co3[cr(cn)6]2 contains co2 cations and a complex anion. what is the likely oxidation state for cr in the anion? give your answer as a number, and include the appropriate sign.
The oxidation state of Chromium in this complex hexacyanochromium (III) anion comes out to be +3.
Oxidation state, also known as oxidation number, is a concept used in chemistry to describe the relative charge of an atom within a compound or ion. It is a formal representation of the distribution of electrons in a chemical species. The oxidation state of an atom indicates the number of electrons that an atom has gained or lost (or appears to have gained or lost) when forming a chemical bond.
In determining the oxidation state, general rules and conventions are followed. For example, in a molecule, the oxidation states of all the atoms should sum up to the overall charge of the molecule. In some cases, oxidation states can be assigned based on electronegativity differences between atoms in a compound or by considering the known rules for specific elements or groups of elements.
Oxidation states are represented by a positive or negative number, or zero for atoms in their elemental form.
Since the oxidation state of CN or cyanide ligand is -1, and if we suppose the oxidation state of Cr to be 'x', then; x - 6 = -3 (overall charge on the anion),
so x= +3.
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chegg if only 0.264 g of ca(oh)2 dissolves in enough water to give 0.178 l of aqueous solution at a given temperature, what is the ksp value for calcium hydroxide at this temperature?
Therefore, the Ksp value for calcium hydroxide at this temperature is 3.2 x 10-6.
Given data: Mass of Ca(OH)2 = 0.264 g Volume of solution = 0.178 L ,To calculate the Ksp of calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), we can use the solubility product expression which is given by;
Ksp = [Ca2+][OH-]2 We know that in the aqueous solution of Ca(OH)2, it will dissociate into its respective ions as follows;
Ca(OH)2(s) ⇌ Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq), The balanced equation shows that 1 mole of Ca(OH)2, gives 1 mole of Ca2+ and 2 moles of OH-.
Therefore, the molarity of Ca2+ ions and OH- ions in the solution are given by;
Molarity of Ca2+ = moles of Ca2+ / volume of solution.
Molarity of OH- = 2 × moles of OH- / volume of solution, We can find the moles of Ca(OH)2 using its mass and molar mass.
Molar mass of Ca(OH)2 = 74.093 g/mol ,Moles of Ca(OH)2 = Mass / Molar mass= 0.264 g / 74.093 g/mol= 0.003567 mol.
Now, we can calculate the molarity of Ca2+ ions and OH- ions;
Molarity of Ca2+ = 0.003567 mol / 0.178 L= 0.02 M Molarity of OH- = 2 × 0.003567 mol / 0.178 L= 0.04 M.
The solubility product (Ksp) can be calculated by substituting these molarities into the solubility product expression;
Ksp = [Ca2+][OH-]2= (0.02)(0.04)2= 3.2 x 10-6
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Which order of reactions would most effectively convert trans-2-butene into 1-butene?
convert to the gem-dibromoalkane, then to the terminal alkyne, then to the terminal alkene
To convert trans-2-butene into 1-butene, an elimination reaction needs to occur. The most effective order of reactions to achieve this conversion is through the E₁ (unimolecular elimination) or E₂ (bimolecular elimination) mechanism. Both mechanisms involve the elimination of a leaving group (in this case, the hydrogen atom) and the formation of a double bond.
In the E₁ (unimolecular elimination) mechanism, the reaction proceeds via a two-step process. First, the leaving group (hydrogen atom) is dissociated from the substrate, forming a carbocation intermediate. Then, the carbocation reacts with a base to form the double bond. The E₁ mechanism is favored under conditions of high temperature and the presence of a weak base.
In the E₂ mechanism, the reaction occurs in a single step. The leaving group is simultaneously eliminated, and the double bond is formed. The E₂ mechanism is favored under conditions of moderate temperature and the presence of a strong base.
Both the elimination mechanisms can potentially convert trans-2-butene into 1-butene, but the choice of which mechanism to use would depend on the specific reaction conditions and desired selectivity.
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To convert trans-2-butene into 1-butene, the most effective reaction would be to use a catalytic hydrogenation reaction. The correct answer is option C.
Catalytic hydrogenation is a reaction that involves the addition of hydrogen gas to an unsaturated compound in the presence of a catalyst.
Option C would be the most effective order of reactions to transform trans-2-butene into 1-butene.
This can be achieved by using a catalytic hydrogenation reaction, which would add two hydrogen atoms across the double bond of the trans-2-butene, resulting in the formation of 1-butene.
In conclusion, the most effective reaction to convert trans-2-butene into 1-butene would be converting trans-2-butene to the terminal alkene that is 1-butene to the terminal alkene in one step. Option C is the correct answer.
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The given question is incomplete. The complete question is:
Which order of reactions would most effectively transform trans-2-butene into 1-butene?
A) convert to the dibromo alkane, then to the terminal alkyne, then to the terminal alkene
B) convert to an alcohol, then to a terminal alkyne, finally to the terminal alkene
C) convert to the terminal alkene in one step
D) shorten the chain by two carbons, then add a two-carbon alkene to the end convert to an alkane, then to a terminal alkyne, and finally to a terminal alkene.
Rounded correctly, 30.00 g/10.0 mL= 3.0000 g/mL 3.00 g/mL 3.000 g/mL 3.0 g/mL 3 g/mL
The ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume is called density. To calculate density, divide the mass of the substance by its volume. As a result, we have: `Density = Mass/Volume`.Rounded correctly, 30.00 g/10.0 mL is equal to 3.0000 g/mL.
So, the correct answer is `3.000 g/mL`.Here, `g` is the unit of mass and `mL` is the unit of volume. The density of a substance determines the amount of matter packed into a given space or volume of that substance. It indicates how much mass is contained in a particular volume of an object.
The density of a substance is one of its important characteristics. We can use the density of an object to identify it. We can also use the density of an object to determine its purity.
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5. Make 1.7 L of a 8.4% V/V solution of bleach
Overall, to make 1.7 L of an 8.4% V/V solution of bleach, you would need 142.8 mL of bleach and 1.5572 L of water.
To make 1.7 L of an 8.4% V/V solution of bleach, you would need to follow the following procedure:
Step 1: Determine the amount of bleach needed
To determine the amount of bleach needed to make 1.7 L of an 8.4% V/V solution of bleach, you can use the formula:
C1V1 = C2V2
where C1 is the initial concentration,
V1 is the initial volume,
C2 is the final concentration, and
V2 is the final volume.
In this case, C1 is not given, but we know that we want to make an 8.4% V/V solution of bleach, so we can assume that the initial concentration is 100%.
V1 is not given either, but we know that we want to make 1.7 L of the final solution.
C2 is 8.4% V/V,
which means that for every 100 mL of the final solution, there should be 8.4 mL of bleach.
V2 is 1.7 L, which is equivalent to 1700 mL.
Substituting these values into the formula, we get:
100% x V1 = 8.4% x 1700 mL
Simplifying, we get:
V1 = (8.4/100) x 1700 mL = 142.8 mL
Therefore, we need 142.8 mL of bleach to make 1.7 L of an 8.4% V/V solution of bleach.
Step 2: Calculate the amount of water needed
Once we know the amount of bleach needed, we can calculate the amount of water needed to make up the rest of the final volume.
To do this, we can subtract the amount of bleach needed from the final volume:
Amount of water needed = Final volume - Amount of bleach needed
Amount of water needed = 1.7 L - 0.1428 L
Amount of water needed = 1.5572 L
Therefore, we need 1.5572 L of water to make 1.7 L of an 8.4% V/V solution of bleach.
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