The buffer system in blood plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's acid-base balance and preventing the harmful effects of pH imbalances.
The buffer system in blood typically uses the bicarbonate (HCO3-) chemical to maintain its pH within a narrow range. The equation for this buffer system is:
CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3 ↔ H+ + HCO3-
If the blood is too acidic, the buffer system will work to remove excess hydrogen ions (H+) by converting them to H2O and CO2. This helps to raise the blood pH back to a normal level.
If the blood is too basic, the buffer system will work to increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) by converting HCO3- to H2CO3, which then dissociates into H+ and HCO3-. This helps to lower the blood pH back to a normal level.
Overall, the buffer system in blood plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's acid-base balance and preventing the harmful effects of pH imbalances.
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Analysis of an equilibrium mixture of nitrogen, hydrogen, and ammonia contained in a 1.0 L flask gives the following results at equilibrium:
hydrogen: 0.15 mol
nitrogen: 0.25 mol
ammonia: 0.10 mol
Calculate K for N2(g) + 3H2(g) ↔ 2NH3(g)
The equilibrium constant (K) for the reaction is 2.22 when their is a mixture of nitrogen, hydrogen, and ammonia contained in a 1.0 L flask.
What is equilibrium constant ?
The equilibrium constant (K) is a value that describes the extent of a chemical reaction at equilibrium. It is defined as the ratio of the product concentrations (raised to their stoichiometric coefficients) to the reactant concentrations (also raised to their stoichiometric coefficients), each concentration raised to a power equal to its stoichiometric coefficient in the balanced chemical equation. The equilibrium constant is temperature-dependent and is a characteristic property of a given reaction.
The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:
[tex]N_2[/tex](g) + [tex]3H_2[/tex](g) ↔ [tex]2NH_3[/tex](g)
The equilibrium constant expression for the reaction is:
[tex]K_c = [NH_3]^2 / ([N_2][H_2]^3)[/tex]
Substituting the equilibrium concentrations into the expression gives:
[tex]K_c = (0.10 mol/L)^2 / ((0.25 mol/L)(0.15 mol/L)^3) = 2.22[/tex]
Therefore, the equilibrium constant (K) for the reaction is 2.22.
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classify HCl, MGBr2, Sucrose and CH4 as electrolytes are nonelectrolyes
HCl and MGBr₂ are electrolytes, while Sucrose and CH₄ are nonelectrolytes.
Electrolytes are substances that dissociate into ions in water, whereas nonelectrolytes do not dissociate into ions.
HCl (hydrogen chloride) is a strong acid and dissociates completely into H+ and Cl- ions in water, making it an electrolyte.
MGBr₂ (magnesium bromide) is an ionic compound that dissociates into Mg₂+ and 2Br- ions in water, making it an electrolyte.
Sucrose is a molecular compound that does not dissociate into ions in water and, therefore, is a nonelectrolyte.
CH₄ (methane) is also a molecular compound that does not dissociate into ions in water and, therefore, is a nonelectrolyte.
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What must products equal in a chemical equation?
O atoms
O molecules
O reactants
O elements
Answer: The answer is reactants
Explanation:
1.80g of an unknown gas at STP fills at 500. mL flask. What is the molar mass of the gas?
Answer:
0.0401 (3 s.f.)
Explanation:
Assuming that the gas is a perfect gas and obeys the ideal gas law,
pV = nRT.
In the above gas law, p stands for pressure, V stands for volume, n stands for the number of moles and T stands for pressure. I will use the R (universal gas constant) value of 0.08206 L·atm/K·mol in the working below.
At Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP), the pressure is at 1 atm and the temperature is at 273.15 K.
pV = nRT
Substitute p= 1 atm, V= 0.5 L, T= 273.15,
1(0.5)= n(0.08206)(273.15)
Solve for n:
n= 44.829378
Number of moles× mw= mass
∴ mw= mass ÷ number of moles
Given that the mass is 1.80 g,
Molar mass of gas
= 1.80 ÷44.829378
= 0.0401 (3 s.f.)
list the amount of protons, neutrons, and Electrons in a cation of Beryllium with a +1 charge.
A. Protons=4 ,Neutrons=4. electrons=4
B.Protons=4 ,Neutrons=4. electrons=3
C.Protons=3 ,Neutrons=5. electrons=4
D. Protons=4 ,Neutrons=5. electrons=3
In a cation of Beryllium with a +1 charge, there Protons=4, Neutrons=4, Electrons=3, hence, option B is correct.
When Beryllium loses one electron to form a cation with a +1 charge, it becomes Be+1. The number of neutrons remains the same as in the neutral atom, which is 4. Option B is the right answer since protons equal 4, neutrons equal 4, and electrons equal 3.
The electron configuration of an ion, such as the +1 charge Beryllium cation, determines its characteristics, which impact its reactivity and chemical behavior.
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if 3.45 grams of copper wire reacted with 30 ml of aqueuous silver nitrate solution, calculate the number of grams of silver produced in the reaction
If the 3.45 grams of the copper wire reacted with the 30 ml of aqueous silver nitrate solution, the number of the grams of the silver produced in the reaction is 5.82 g.
The chemical equation is :
Cu(s) + AgNO₃(aq) → Ag(s) + CuNO₃(aq)
The mass of the Cu = 3.45 g
The volume of the AgNO₃ = 30 mL
Th moles of the Cu = mass / molar mass
The moles of the Cu = 3.45 / 63.5
The moles of the Cu = 0.054 mol
The 1 moles of the Cu produces the 1 moles of the Ag
The moles of the Ag = 0.054 mol
The mass of the Ag = moles × molar mass
The mass of the Ag = 0.054 × 107.8
The mass of the Ag = 5.82 g
The mass of the silver, Ag is 5.82 g.
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Calculate the pH of a solution that is 0.111 M in sodium formate (NaHCO2) and in formic acid (HCO2H). The Ka of formic acid is 1.77 × 10^-4.
A) 3.387
B) 4.103
C) 14.36
D) 10.61
E) 5.296
The pH of a solution that is 0.111 M in sodium formate (NaHCO2) and formic acid (HCO2H), with a Ka of formic acid of 1.77 × 10^-4, can be calculated using the following these steps:
1. Recognize that this is a buffer solution, as it contains both a weak acid (formic acid) and its conjugate base (sodium formate).
2. Use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for buffer solutions: pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]), where [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base (sodium formate) and [HA] is the concentration of the weak acid (formic acid).
3. Calculate the pKa: pKa = -log(Ka) = -log(1.77 × 10^-4) ≈ 3.75
4. Substitute the values into the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = 3.75 + log(0.111/0.111)
5. Simplify: pH = 3.75 + log(1) = 3.75 + 0 = 3.75
The pH of the solution is approximately 3.75, which is not one of the given options. However, considering the given options, the closest answer is A) 3.387.
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Determine the molar mass of an atom with a face-centered cubic unit structure and the mass of one unit cell is 1.38 × 10−21 g.
The molar mass of the atom with a face-centered cubic unit structure is approximately 207.6 g/mol.
How to calculate molar mass?To determine the molar mass of an atom with a face-centered cubic (FCC) unit structure, we need to first find the number of atoms in the unit cell and then convert the mass of the unit cell into molar mass.
In a face-centered cubic unit cell, there are 4 atoms per unit cell.
This is because each of the 8 corner atoms contributes 1/8 of an atom, and each of the 6 face-centered atoms contributes 1/2 of an atom:
(8 corner atoms × 1/8) + (6 face-centered atoms × 1/2) = 4 atoms
Next, we can use the given mass of the unit cell to calculate the mass of one atom:
(1.38 × 10⁻²¹ g) / 4 atoms = 3.45 × 10⁻²² g/atom
Now, to determine the molar mass, we will use Avogadro's number (6.022 × 10²³ atoms/mol):
(3.45 × 10⁻²² g/atom) × (6.022 × 10²³ atoms/mol) = 207.6 g/mol
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Amino acids are ________________ meaning that they can either accept a proton or donate a proton depending on the pH in their environment
Amino acids are amphoteric, meaning that they can act as both acids and bases.
What is amino acid?The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, which are the chemical compounds that come together to make proteins. These biomolecules are essential for human growth and development and are engaged in a number of biological and chemical processes in the body. In nature, there are around 300 amino acids.
Amino acids are amphoteric, meaning that they can act as both acids and bases. They have both an acidic carboxyl group (-COOH) and a basic amino group (-NH₂) in their structure. In a low pH environment, the amino acid will donate a proton from the amino group, becoming positively charged. In a high pH environment, the carboxyl group will lose a proton, becoming negatively charged. At a certain pH, called the isoelectric point, the amino acid will have no net charge because the acidic and basic groups will be equally protonated and deprotonated.
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What are the spectator ions when Co(OH)3 reacts with H2SO4?
a) none b) H+ and OH- c) Co+3 and SO4-2 d) SO4-2 e) Co+3
When the molecular reaction between sodium silicate and copper(II) nitrite is balanced correctly the stoichiometric coefficient for sodium nitrite is _____.
a) 1 b) 2 c) 4 d) 8 e) 3
When Co(OH)₃ reacts with H₂SO₄, the reaction produces H⁺ ions and OH-⁻ions as spectator ions.
When a reaction between sodium silicate and copper(II) nitrite is balanced correctly, the stoichiometric coefficient for sodium nitrite is 2.
This means that for every 2 molecules of sodium silicate that react, 1 molecule of sodium nitrite is produced. The balanced equation for the reaction is: 2Na₂SiO₃ + Cu(NO₂)₂ → 2NaNO₂ + CuSiO₃. In this equation, 2 moles of sodium silicate are reacted with 1 mole of copper(II) nitrite to produce 2 moles of sodium nitrite and 1 mole of copper silicate.
This equation is an example of a redox reaction, where the oxidation number of the copper (from +2 to 0) and the oxidation number of the nitrogen (from +4 to +2) are both changed. The reaction also produces water and heat, as can be seen from the equation.
Therefore, correct option is B in both questions.
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a 4.0- l vessel containing n2 at stp and a 2.0- l vessel containing h2 at stp are connected by a valve. if the valve is opened allowing the two gases to mix, what is the mole fraction of hydrogen in the mixture?
The mole fraction of hydrogen in the mixture is 0.333 or approximately 0.33.
To find the mole fraction of hydrogen in the mixture, we first need to determine the number of moles of each gas in the separate vessels. For N2 in the 4.0 L vessel at STP, we can use the ideal gas law:
PV = nRT
where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature. At STP, the pressure is 1 atm and the temperature is 273 K.
Rearranging the equation, we get:
n = PV/RT = (1 atm x 4.0 L)/(0.0821 L atm/mol K x 273 K) = 0.163 mol
Similarly, for H2 in the 2.0 L vessel at STP, we get:
n = PV/RT = (1 atm x 2.0 L)/(0.0821 L atm/mol K x 273 K) = 0.0815 mol
When the valve is opened and the gases mix, the total volume of the mixture is 6.0 L. The mole fraction of hydrogen in the mixture is the number of moles of hydrogen divided by the total number of moles:
X(H2) = 0.0815 mol / (0.163 mol + 0.0815 mol) = 0.333
As a result, the mole fraction of hydrogen in the combination is 0.333, or around 0.33.
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a racemic mixture is a mix of both + and - enantiomers. How would you go about separating these?
For separating racemic mixtures, we can use chiral resolving agents, separation techniques like crystallization, filtration or chromatography.
How to separate racemic mixtures?
To separate a racemic mixture, which is a mix of both + and - enantiomers, you would typically follow these steps:
1. Convert the enantiomers into diastereomers: You can do this by reacting the racemic mixture with a chiral resolving agent. This creates diastereomeric salts, which are a pair of compounds with different physical and chemical properties.
2. Separate the diastereomers: Utilize a separation technique, such as crystallization, filtration, or chromatography, to separate the diastereomers based on their different properties. For example, one diastereomer may crystallize out of the solution while the other remains dissolved, allowing for easy separation.
3. Recover the original enantiomers: Once the diastereomers are separated, you can remove the chiral resolving agent to recover the original enantiomers in their pure forms.
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you break down each of the following, how many differe ould you be able to recover? Mercury Sodium chloride
Answer:
When the term "break down" is used in reference to substances, it typically means to chemically decompose or separate a compound into its individual elements or molecules. In the case of Mercury and Sodium chloride, the number of different substances that can be recovered from the breakdown would depend on the method of breaking down or separation used.
Mercury is a chemical element with the atomic number 80, and it is typically found as a liquid at standard conditions for temperature and pressure. Mercury can be broken down into its individual atoms through a process called electrolysis, which uses an electrical current to split the mercury atoms into their component elements. Therefore, if mercury were broken down through electrolysis, the only substance that could be recovered would be individual mercury atoms.
Sodium chloride, on the other hand, is an ionic compound consisting of sodium cations (Na+) and chloride anions (Cl-). It is commonly known as table salt and is a crystalline solid at room temperature. Sodium chloride can be broken down into its individual ions through a process called electrolysis, similar to the breakdown of mercury. Therefore, if sodium chloride were broken down through electrolysis, two different substances could be recovered: sodium ions and chloride ions.
In addition, sodium chloride can also be broken down into its individual elements using a more traditional chemical reaction known as a decomposition reaction. This involves heating sodium chloride to high temperatures to break the ionic bond between sodium and chlorine. In this case, two different substances could also be recovered: metallic sodium and chlorine gas.
In summary, the number of different substances that could be recovered from the breakdown of Mercury and Sodium chloride would depend on the method of breaking down or separation used. In the case of electrolysis, only individual atoms or ions could be recovered, while in the case of decomposition or heating, unique elements or gases could be retrieved.
what volume of water will you need to add 50. ml of 12m hydrochloric acid to in order to dilute the solution to 2.0m?
The needed volume of water with Molarity 12 M for the dilution of solution of 12 M hydrochloric acid is equals to the 250 mL.
Initial Volume of hydrochloric acid, HCl = 50 mL
Molarity or initial concentration of hydrochloric acid= 12 M
Final concentration of solution = 2.0M
We have to determine the water will you need for dilution. Molarity is a chemistry term, which used to measure the quantity. According to dilution law, [tex]C_1V_1 = C_2V_2 [/tex]
Here, C₁ = 12 M , V₁ = 50 mL, C₂ = 2.0M, V₂ = final volume
Substitute all known values in above equation, 12 M × 50 mL = 2.0 M × V₂
=> V₂ = 600/2 mL
=> V₂ = 300 mL
So, final volume of solution is 300 mL.
Now, the needed volume of water = final volume - initial volume = 300 mL - 50 mL
= 250 mL. Hence, required value of volume is 250 mL.
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HEAT EQUATION CALCULATION PRACTICE: Show all work, including units.
1) How much heat is released if 100.0 grams of water is cooled from 100.0°C to a final temperature of 70.0°C?
Answer:
12,552 j of heat released
Explanation:
This is the final answer
What one reagent is used to reduce carboxylic acids/ aldehydes to primary alcohols, esters to pair of alcohols, ketones to secondary alcohols and amides to amines?
The one reagent used to reduce carboxylic acids/aldehydes to primary alcohols, esters to a pair of alcohols, ketones to secondary alcohols, and amides to amines is lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).
This versatile reagent or reducing agent is widely used in organic chemistry for the reduction of various functional groups, including carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, esters, and amides.
Spontaneous reactions need to be discovered first. Also, if reagents are transferred to the other cups used in the tests, it could contaminate them, leading to different colors being seen and the test results being invalid. Doing the reagent tests last ensure that the cups and reagents are only used on the substances that they are intended to.
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Describe the process of extraction to separate a product. Describe the term "immiscible" and how it applies to this process/
Hi! I'm happy to help you with your question about extraction and immiscibility.
Extraction is a process used to separate a product from a mixture by selectively dissolving it in a suitable solvent. The term "immiscible" refers to two liquids that do not mix together or form a homogeneous solution, such as oil and water. Immiscibility plays a crucial role in the extraction process by allowing the target compound to be separated from other components in the mixture.
To perform an extraction, you would follow these steps:
1. Choose an immiscible solvent that selectively dissolves the product you want to separate.
2. Mix the solvent with the mixture containing the product.
3. Allow the two immiscible liquids to form distinct layers, with the product dissolved in one of the layers.
4. Carefully separate the two layers using a technique such as decantation or using a separatory funnel.
5. Collect the layer containing the dissolved product.
6. Remove the solvent through evaporation or another suitable method to obtain the purified product.
In summary, extraction is a process that separates a product from a mixture by dissolving it in an immiscible solvent. Immiscibility ensures that the solvent forms distinct layers with the mixture, making it possible to isolate the target compound effectively.
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the bond angle in cl2o is expected to be approximately
The expected bond angle in Cl₂O is approximately 109.5 degrees.
This is due to the fact that Cl₂O is a trigonal planar molecule, meaning that three atoms are arranged in a flat triangle shape. In this type of structure, the bond angles are all equal and measure 109.5 degrees. This is known as the tetrahedral angle, which is the angle produced when four points are connected to form a tetrahedron.
The Cl₂O molecule consists of two chlorine atoms and one oxygen atom. Each chlorine atom is covalently bonded to the oxygen atom, while the two chlorine atoms are connected by a single covalent bond. The Cl₂O molecule is non-polar, meaning the electrons are shared equally between the atoms, and the molecule has no overall charge.
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Determine the concentration of CO2−3− ions in a 0.18 M H2CO3 solution. Carbonic acid is a diprotic acid whose Ka1=4.3×10^−7and Ka2=5.6×10−11
The concentration of [tex]CO3^{2-}[/tex]ions in a 0.18 M H2CO3 solution is [tex]1.1 * 10^{-13} M.[/tex]
Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is a diprotic acid, which means it can donate two protons (H+) in solution. The first dissociation constant, Ka1, describes the extent to which H2CO3 donates the first proton to form the HCO3- ion, while the second dissociation constant, Ka2, describes the extent to which HCO3- donates the second proton to form the CO3^2- ion.To find the concentration of [tex]CO3^{2-}[/tex] ions in a 0.18 M H2CO3 solution, we first need to determine the concentration of HCO3- ions using the first dissociation constant, Ka1:Ka1 = [HCO3-][H+]/[H2CO3][tex]4.3 * 10^{-7} = [HCO3-][H+]/(0.18 M)[/tex]Assuming that the concentration of H+ ions is small compared to the concentration of H2CO3 and HCO3-, we can simplify this expression to:[HCO3-] = sqrt(Ka1[H2CO3])[tex][HCO3-] = sqrt(4.3 * 10^{-7} * 0.18 M) = 0.0020 M[/tex]Next, we can use the second dissociation constant, Ka2, to determine the concentration of CO3^2- ions:[tex]Ka2 = [CO3^{2-]}[H+]/[HCO3-][/tex][tex]5.6 * 10^{-11} = [CO3^{2-}][H+]/0.0020 M[/tex]Assuming that the concentration of H+ ions is small compared to the concentration of HCO3- and CO3^2-, we can simplify this expression to:[tex][CO3^{2-}] = Ka2[HCO3-] = 5.6 * 10^[-11} * 0.0020 M = 1.1 * 10^{-13} M[/tex]Therefore, the concentration of [tex]CO3^{2- }[/tex]ions in a 0.18 M H2CO3 solution is [tex]1.1 * 10^{-13}[/tex] M.For more such question on concentration
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the initial concentration of base b in solution is 0.770 m. if the ph of the solution at equilibrium is 13.310, what is the percent ionization of the base?remember to use correct significant figures in your answer (round your answer to the nearest tenth).
The initial concentration of the base b in the solution is 0.770 M. if the pH of the solution at the equilibrium is 13.310, the percent ionization of the base 25.9 %.
The initial concentration = 0.770 M
The pH = 13.310
The expression for the pOH is as :
pOH = 14 - pH
pOH = 14 = 13.310
pOH = 0.69
pOH = -log(OH⁻)
OH⁻ = 0.20
The concentration of the hydroxide ion = 0.20 M
The percent ionization of the base = (0.20 / 0.770 ) × 100 %
The percent ionization of the base = 25.9 %
The percent ionization of the base is 25.9 % with the initial concentration of base is 0.770 M.
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One mole of ethanol releases 326.7 Calories of energy during combustion. How many kilojoules are released?
Answer:
To convert Calories to kilojoules, we need to multiply the value by 4.184. Therefore:
326.7 Calories * 4.184 kJ/Calorie = 1367.3 kJ
So one mole of ethanol releases 1367.3 kJ of energy during combustion.
Consider the
solubility curve at
right. Which gas
has the greatest
solubility at 90 °C?
A. Substance A
C. Substance D
100
90
80
70
Solute per 100 g of H₂O (g),
60
50
40
A
B
B. Substance C
D. Substance B
O
.30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature (°C)
C
The substance that will have the greatest solubility at 90 degrees is substance C
Solubility of a gas and temperature
Temperature has a big impact on how soluble gases are in liquids. In general, the solubility of gases in liquids decreases as temperature increases.
This is done so that when the temperature rises and the gas molecules' kinetic energy increases, they can move more quickly and more easily exit from the liquid. It is more challenging for a gas to dissolve in a liquid at higher temperatures because the molecules of a gas and a liquid have less attraction to one another.
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do atoms get bigger or smaller when they ionize to form cations?
Answer:
Smaller.
Explanation:
A cation has a smaller radius than its neutral atom because it loses valence electrons. The “new” valence shell is held closer to the nucleus, resulting in a smaller radius for the cation. An anion has a larger radius than the neutral atom because it gains valence electrons.
When atoms ionize to form cations, they generally become smaller.
An atom loses one or more electrons from its outermost energy level, known as the valence shell, to form a positively charged ion (cation). The loss of electrons results in a decrease in the overall size of the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus, causing the cation to be smaller than the neutral atom.
As the number of protons in the nucleus remains unchanged, the positive charge on the nucleus now attracts the remaining electrons more strongly, causing them to move closer to the nucleus. This effect is known as increased effective nuclear charge. Consequently, the remaining electron cloud contracts, further reducing the size of the ion.
In summary, when atoms ionize to form cations, they lose electrons from their valence shells, leading to a contracted electron cloud and increased effective nuclear charge. These factors contribute to the smaller size of cations compared to their neutral counterparts.
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explain why the solution goes cloudy.
Answer:
Explanation:
A precipitation reaction occurs upon the mixing of two solutions of ionic compounds when the ions present together in the mixture can form an insoluble compound. In such cases, the solution turns visibly cloudy, a phenomenon known as precipitation.
6 molecules of carbon monoxide (co) react with 12 molecules of hydrogen (h2) to produce some amount of methanol (ch4o). H:
C:
O:
How do I easily solve this? Quick and easy
The chemical reaction, [tex]CO + H_2 → CH_4O[/tex], where 6 molecules of carbon monoxide and 12 molecules of hydrogen ([tex]H_2 [/tex]) are reactants and [tex]CH_4 O[/tex] is product.
Chemical reaction is defined as a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to one or more different substances, the products.
We have to complete a reaction between 6 molecules of carbon monoxide (CO) react with 12 molecules of hydrogen (H2) to produce some amount of methanol
[tex]CH_4 O[/tex], that is the reactants of this reaction are Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen. Product of reaction is methanol. Now, reaction is written as [tex]CO + H_2 → CH_4O[/tex]
As we see it is not a balanced equation, because the atoms of reactants and product are not same. So, first we balanced it. Here only H atoms are not same in count. Add 2 in prefix of Hydrogen gas molecule. So, balanced chemical reaction is [tex]CO + 2H_2 → CH_4O[/tex]. Hence, required reaction is [tex]CO + H_2 → CH_4O[/tex].
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Order the potential energies for anti staggered, eclipsed, totally eclipsed and gauche isomers. Is conformation interconversion more likely at high temperatures or low temperatures
The order of potential energies for the isomers is staggered < anti < gauche < eclipsed < totally eclipsed. Conformation interconversion is more likely at high temperatures due to increased molecular motion and therefore a greater chance for the molecule to adopt a different conformation.
What factors affect the potential energy of different isomers?The order the potential energies for the different isomers, we have:
1. Anti-staggered: This conformation has the lowest potential energy because it has the least amount of steric strain and torsional strain. The groups are positioned farthest apart from each other, minimizing repulsion.
2. Gauche: This conformation has a higher potential energy than anti-staggered due to the increased torsional strain caused by closer proximity of the groups.
3. Eclipsed: The potential energy in this conformation is higher than gauche because the groups are directly adjacent to each other, causing greater torsional strain and some steric strain.
4. Totally eclipsed: This conformation has the highest potential energy as the groups are directly aligned with each other, causing maximum torsional strain and steric strain.
Regarding conformational interconversion, it is more likely at high temperatures because the increased thermal energy allows for molecules to overcome energy barriers between different conformations more easily.
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Define molecule. are they formed from elements of similar of different electronegativities?
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded together. The electronegativity of the atoms in a molecule can vary; some molecules may be composed of atoms with similar electronegativities, while others may be composed of atoms with different electronegativities.
A molecule is defined as a group of two or more atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. These atoms can be of the same element, such as two oxygen atoms forming an O2 molecule, or they can be of different elements, such as a water molecule which is made up of one oxygen atom and two hydrogen atoms.
Molecules can be formed from elements with similar or different electronegativities. When elements with similar electronegativities bond, they typically form covalent bonds, where electrons are shared between the atoms. When elements with different electronegativities bond, they usually form ionic bonds, where electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of oppositely charged ions that are attracted to each other.
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Which cations are found in higher concentration in the icf?
The cations found in higher concentration in the ICF (intracellular fluid) are potassium (K+) and magnesium (Mg2+).
This is due to the fact that the cell membrane contains pumps and channels that selectively regulate the movement of ions, allowing for the accumulation of these cations inside the cell. On the other hand, sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+) are found in higher concentrations in the extracellular fluid (ECF) outside the cell.Water movement across the plasma membrane of cells occurs through a class of integral membrane proteins called aquaporins (AQPs). Although water can cross the membrane through other transporters (e.g., an Na+-glucose symporter).
the movement of ions across cell membranes is more variable from cell to cell and depends on the presence of specific membrane transport proteins. Consequently, as a first approximation, fluid exchange between the ICF and ECF under pathophysiologic conditions can be analyzed by assuming that appreciable shifts of ions between the compartments do not occur.
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What chemical will be used to make the bacterial cells competent?
calcium chloride
calcium bicarbonate
ammonium chloride
calcium hypochlorite
To make bacterial cells competent, the chemical used is calcium chloride.
This treatment increases the efficiency of DNA uptake by the cells, allowing them to take up exogenous DNA more effectively. The bacterial cells that can take up the foreign DNA from the surroundings by a process called transformation are known as competent cells. Griffith first reported it in Streptococcus pneumoniae. E.coli cells are more likely to uptake the DNA if their cell walls are altered. The cells can be made competent by calcium chloride and heat shock treatment. The cells growing rapidly can be made competent more easily than those in other stages of growth.
The cells might express the acquired genetic information after transformation. The process is largely used to introduce recombinant plasmid DNA into competent bacterial cells. This process does not require a donor cell, but only a DNA in the surrounding environment.
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Calculate the pH for an aqueous solution of pyridine that contains 2.15 x 10^-4 hydroxide ion.
A) 4.65 × 10^-11
B) 2.15 × 10^-4
C) 3.67
D) 10.33
The pH for an aqueous solution of pyridine is D) 10.33.
Kw = [H3O+][OH-]
where Kw is the ion product constant for water (1.0 x 10^-14), [H3O+] is the concentration of hydronium ion, and [OH-] is the concentration of hydroxide ion.
Rearranging this equation, we get:
[H3O+] = Kw/[OH-]
Plugging in the given value for [OH-], we get:
[H3O+] = (1.0 x 10^-14)/(2.15 x 10^-4)
[H3O+] = 4.65 x 10^-11
Now that we know the concentration of the hydronium ion, we can calculate the pH of aqueous solution using the equation:
pH = -log[H3O+]
Plugging in the calculated value for [H3O+], we get:
pH = -log(4.65 x 10^-11)
pH = 10.33
Therefore, the answer is D) 10.33.
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