The dominant geologic process in our solar system is impact cratering. Impact craters are caused by the collision of asteroids, comets, and meteoroids with the solid surface of a planet or moon.
These collisions release enormous amounts of energy that excavate a circular pit, ejecting rock fragments outward, and forming a rim of uplifted material. The number and distribution of impact craters provide important clues to the age and history of a planet or moon.
For example, a planet with many impact craters must be relatively old and have a geologically inactive surface that has not been resurfaced by other processes. In contrast, a planet with few craters must be relatively young and have an active surface that is constantly being modified by tectonic, volcanic, or erosional processes.
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