External respiration refers to the exchange of gases between the external environment and the lungs. The correct answer is option(c).
External respiration, also known as breathing, includes two together leading air into the alveoli (inhalation) and leaking air into the air (breath). During respiration, oxygen and colorless odorless gas are replaced betwixt the containers and blood bowls.
External respiration happens in the bronchi where oxygen diffuse into the ancestry and colorless odorless gas diffuses into the alveolar air. The main function of the lungs is the process of smoke exchange named breathing (or alive). In respiration, oxygen from arriving air enters the ancestry, and colorless odorless gas, a waste smoke from the metabolism, leaves the ancestry. A diminished body part function method that the ability of body parts to exchange smoke is discounted.
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which of the following is true of meiosis i but not in meiosis ii? select all that apply.
Meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 are both reduction divisions. The number of haploid cells is not same in is true of meiosis i but not in meiosis ii.
What is the status of chromosomes in meiosis ?The chromosomes number gets halved in the meiosis.
There are two divisions in meiosis; where the first division is meiosis I and the number of is doubled the number of chromosomes is not.
This results in 1/2 as many chromosomes per cell. The second division is meiosis 2: this division is like mitosis; the number of chromosomes does not get reduced.
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For both period graft, the rate of kin, cancer cae ha increaed teadily for men and women
For both period graft, the rate of skin, cancer have increased steadily for men and women as A pores and skin graft is a skinny sheet of pores and skin that your health practitioner eliminates from every other a part of your body.
They use it to cowl the region of pores and skin they cast off. The donor commonly comes from someplace now no longer too obvious, inclusive of your internal thigh. You have a pores and skin graft for the duration of the operation to cast off your cancer.
The rates of skin cancer have immensely increased in males ad females both as both are tremendously affected by the uv light .
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how does a virus differ from a bacterium? select all that apply. how does a virus differ from a bacterium?select all that apply. a virus, unlike a bacterium, lacks a genome. viruses, unlike bacteria, lack metabolic enzymes. viruses are two-dimensional, whereas bacteria are three-dimensional.
Viruses differ from bacteria in that they lack metabolic enzymes.
What is a virus?Viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents that can replicate only within the living cells of an organism. They infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, even bacteria and archaea. They are unique in that they can live and reproduce only within the cells of other organisms. The cells in which they reproduce are called host cells.
The virus has:
A genetic material core, either DNA or RNAIt is surrounded by a protective shell made of proteins called capsids.The capsid may be surrounded by an additional spiny coat called the envelope.Viruses can attach to and enter host cells.T o know more about viruses, visit:
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How will you relate ATP to a rechargeable battery as food molecules convert to energy?.
ATP is compared to a rechargeable battery because it is like a package of energy that provides power to the electronic device and when the battery gets worn-out it can be charged with the help of a charger.
Through the process of cell respiration, the energy present in the food is converted energy that can be used by the cell. This process converts glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water, and energy is transferred in the form of ATP.
ATP meaning Adenosine Triphosphate is used up by the cell by breaking ATP into ADP, full formed as Adenosine Diphosphate and phosphate P₍i₎.
ATP → ADP + P₍i₎
This used up or worn out ATP can be recharged by attaching new phosphate to ADP, hence rebuilding ATP.
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Which of the following statements is true concerning membrane fluidity? decreased fatty acid side chain length and decreased temperature decrease membrane fluidity increased fatty acid side chain length and decreased temperature decrease membrane fluidity increased fatty acid side chain length and increased temperature decrease membrane fluidity decreased fatty acid side chain length and increased temperature decrease membrane fluidity
The statement increased fatty acid side chain length and decreased temperature decrease membrane fluidity is true concerning membrane fluidity (Option B).
What is membrane fluidity?Membrane fluidity refers to all types of factors that increase the movement of components inside one layer of the plasma membrane, which is mainly associated with the temperature of the surrounding cell media and also with the length of the fatty acids that form lipids.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that membrane fluidity is affected by the temperature and length of the fatty acids that compose the phospholipids.
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How does denaturation change the reaction rate (speed)?
The process of denaturation in proteins changes the reaction rate because it leads to the modification of the tridimensional structure of the enzyme, thereby altering its physicochemical properties to bind a substrate.
What is the process of denaturation in proteins?The process of denaturation in proteins refers to modification in the conditions of the environment such as an increase in temperature which leads to a conformational change in the molecular structure of the protein and its folding.
This phenomenon (denaturation in proteins) may lead to a decrease in the reaction rate of an enzyme since it may modify its active site which the enzyme uses to bind to a given substrate.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the process of denaturation in proteins may lead to a decrease in the reaction rate due to modification in the ability of the enzyme to bind a substrate.
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which of the following are principles of the chromosome theory of inheritance? multiple select question. the nucleus of a diploid cell contains homologous pairs of chromosomes. the dna in chromosomes is wound around proteins to form nucleosomes, which are further coiled and compacted. during meiosis, the homologous pairs segregate independently and haploid gametes are produced. genes are found in the chromosomes. gametes are haploid cells that combine to form a diploid cell during fertilization. chromosomes are replicated and passed from parent to offspring and from cell to cell. need help? review these concept resources.
Mendel's rules are supported by the chromosomal theory of inheritance. The homologous chromosome pairs travel apart from other pairs of chromosomes during the cell division process known as meiosis.
Chromosomes, a structure like a thread made of nucleic acids and proteins and found inside the nucleus of live cells, are primarily responsible for transporting genetic material in the form of genes. Boeri and Sutton presented the chromosomal hypothesis of inheritance in the early 1900s. It is the underlying concept of genetics.It is the underlying concept of genetics. This hypothesis contends that genes, which are located in chromosomes, are the basic building blocks of inheritance. Long after Mendelian genetics, the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance emerged.
Long after Mendelian genetics, the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance emerged. The society at the time of Mendel's experiments was resistant to such radical shifts in its scientific beliefs. Given their belief in the ongoing changes resulting in evolution, they could not accept the presence of such discrete components as genes that would segregate without mixing. Additionally, there were inadequate communication tools available at the time, which prevented the general public from receiving the information. Additionally, Mendel's use of mathematics to demonstrate biological laws was improper.To know more about chromosomal theory
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Answer:
- Genes are found in the chromosomes.
- The nucleus of a diploid cell contains homologous pairs of chromosomes.
- Chromosomes are replicated and passed from parent to offspring and from cell to cell.
- Gametes are haploid cells that combine to form a diploid cell during fertilization.
- During meiosis, the homologous pairs segregate independently and haploid gametes are produced.
Explanation:
I did le assignment, Have a wonderful day :)
Relate the concept of gross and net production to the concept of energy conversion.
Why do you think evolution genetics and biochemistry are considered as unifying themes in biology.
Evolution occurs through natural selection or adaptation in organisms.
Genetics deals with the scientific study of how genes control such traits of organisms. It is related in some way to biochemistry because it deals with the chemistry of living organisms and how they react to the chemistry of their environment.
It connects biological subjects because they share similar cellular structures and processes. Both branches deal with adaptations. It explains that all living species are the result of billions of years of adaptation to their ecosystems, habitats, environments, or the Earth itself.
Biochemistry combines biology and chemistry to study living things. Promote scientific and medical discovery in fields such as pharmacy, forensics and nutrition. Biochemistry studies chemical reactions at the molecular level to better understand the world and develop new ways of using it.
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Which of the choices below correctly describes how an action potential generated at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is converted to excitation in the muscle fiber?
An action potential in the motor neuron causes ACh to be released into the synaptic cleft. Binding of ACh to sarcolemma receptors initiates graded potentials.
When an action potential is conveyed to the axon terminus, depolarization causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open and conduct an influx of calcium, allowing the vesicles carrying acetylcholine to be released into the synaptic cleft with a chemical transmitter(ACh)
Acetylcholine (ACh), a chemical transmitter, is released into the synaptic cleft as a result of the action potential. ACh diffuses through the post synaptic or postjunctional membrane and binds to specific receptors there. A membrane channel particularly undergoes a conformational change upon ACh binding to its receptors.
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ACh is activated cleft in response to with an action potential inside the motor neuron.
Voltage-gated calcium channels open and transmit an influx of calcium when an action potential is sent to the axon terminus neuron, allowing synaptic vesicle carrying acetylcholine to be discharged into the synaptic gap with such a chemical transmitter (ACh).The action potential cleft causes the chemical transmitter acetylcholine (ACh) to be released into to the synaptic cleft. ACh is activated cleft in response to with an action potential inside the motor neuron transmitter.ACh binds to certain receptors in the idea of this approach or postjunctional membrane after diffusing through it. When ACh binds to a membrane channel's receptors, the channel changes conformation.
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n order for a cloud to form, which of following is/are necessary? the temperature must equal the dewpoint the rh must be 100% the winds must be calm both a and b all of the above
In order to form clouds the temperature must equal the dewpoint.
A visible collection of tiny water or ice droplets, or a combination of both, floating in the open air, is referred to as a cloud. The droplets are so minute that even at -30 °C, they can continue to exist as liquids. Then they are referred to as supercooled droplets.
Ice crystals make up clouds at higher and very cold altitudes in the atmosphere.
When airborne water vapor condenses into observable water droplets or ice crystals, clouds are created. The parcel of air must be saturated for this to occur, meaning it must be unable to hold all the water it contains in vapor form before starting to condense into a liquid or solid state.
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if an mrna encoded a protein with 40 amino acids and there were 15 amino acids in the growing polypeptide chain, which end of the mrna would the ribosome be nearer?
In the given mRNA sequence there are 15 nucleotides. An amino acid encodes a triplet of three nucleotides. So, after the addition of the adenosine residue, the total number of nucleotides is 16. So, the mRNA sequence will code for five amino acids.
The three-letter nature of codons means that the four nucleotides found in the mRNA (A, U, G, and C) can produce a total of 64 different combinations. Of these 64 codons, 61 represent amino acids and the remaining three represent stop signals, which trigger the end of protein synthesis.
In the given mRNA sequence there are 15 nucleotides. An amino acid encodes a triplet of three nucleotides. So after adding the adenosine residue, the total number of nucleotides is 16. So the mRNA sequence will code for five amino acids.
The $n^{th}$ term of an A.P. is given by $a_n= a+(n-1)d$. To determine the 15th term of the given arithmetic sequence, we relate the given numbers to the general sequence of A.P. and using the n^{th}$ term formula, we find the 15th term in the sequence A.P. Dadaist.
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identify the skeletal muscles on the anatomical model. drag the appropriate labels to their respective tar
Skeletal muscles of a human comprises 30-40% of the total body mass. By connecting to the bones they facilitates the body movement and functions.
What is a Skeletal Muscle?These muscles are the voluntary muscles which means you can control when and how they will move. The signals to make these muscles move are send by the nerves from somatic nervous system.
Purpose of the skeletal muscles are:These skeletal muscles are present in human body as the vital part of the musculoskeletal system.
They perform swallowing, chewing, expanding and contracting chest cavity, etc.
Movements of the bones of different parts of the body.
Hence, shoulder muscles, hamstring muscles and abdominal muscles are the example of some important skeletal muscles.
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There are a variety of mechanisms by which enzyme activity can be controlled. Match each example of enzyme regulation with the associated mechanism. Control by modulators Control by covalent modification Genetic control Answer Bank allosteric regulation phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase enzyme induction (synthesis) zymogen activation lactose stimulation of bacterial B-galactosidase feedback inhibition regulation of chymotrypsin
Each example of enzyme regulation with the associated mechanism is controlled by modulators for allosteric regulation and feedback inhibition.
Other substances that boost or lower an enzyme's activity can control the activity of an enzyme. The term "inhibitor" refers to a molecule that works to reduce an enzyme's activity while the term "activator" refers to a substance that works to raise it.
Analogs of substrates and those of transition states can approximately be used to categorize enzyme inhibitors. Both kinds of analogs do not interact with the enzyme, but instead, work to block it by battling it out for binding to the enzyme's active site with the substrate.
Thermostats, activators, pH levels, and inhibitors are only a few of the many variables that can control enzyme activity.
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At least ________ ml of urine is usually needed for testing, depending on the test ordered.
Urine drug tests generally require a minimum of 30 mL of urine (depending on kit type) collected in a private bathroom. In the authors' experience, sample collection often goes unnoticed in clinical practice.
Collect at least 10 mL of urine. We tried to standardize the volume of urine used for urinalysis. This is impossible to do if collecting samples ranging from 0.5ml (too little to do anything useful) to 100ml. Also, we need a minimum of 10 ml of urine for electrophoresis. To perform a urine culture, at least 3 ml is required. Twenty milliliters is needed for routine urine studies. The nurse has instructed a patient on the procedure for obtaining a midstream urine sample. The normal range for 24-hour urine volume is 800 to 2,000 milliliters per day (with a normal fluid intake of approximately 2 liters per day). The examples above are common measures for the results of these tests. Normal value ranges may vary slightly between different laboratories.
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these type of membrane proteins are shaped like tubes snd form a channel through their the cell membrane.
a.transport proteins
b.receptor proteins
c.marker proteins
Answer:transport
Explanation:
The membrane proteins that are shaped like tubes and form a channel through the cell membrane are: (a) transport proteins.
Cell membrane is the outer layer of the cell that protects it and separates from the outer environment. The plasma membrane is a quasi-fluid structure that is made up of lipid bilayer along with proteins, cholesterol and also carbohydrates.
Transport proteins are the transmembrane proteins that function to mediate the movement of molecules from one side of the cell to another. These proteins can either be passive or active. Also they might be open throughout or may open upon receiving some form of stimulus.
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What is the importance of cilia?.
when the atp breaks down, one of the phosphate groups splits away from the atp molecule and releases energy for cells. this leaves a molecule with just adenosine and phosphate groups.
When a cell needs to expend energy to perform a task, an ATP molecule cleaves off one of its three phosphates, becoming ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + phosphate. The energy held by this phosphate molecule is released and made available to the cell.
What do you mean by ATP and its function?Adenosine triphosphate, abbreviated ATP, is an important "energy molecule" found in all life forms. Specifically, it is a coenzyme that works with enzymes such as ATP Triphosphatase to transfer energy to the cell by releasing a phosphate group. Normally only the outer phosphate is removed from ATP to yield energy. When this happens, ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). This is the form of nucleotide with only two phosphates.ATP can power cellular processes by transferring a phosphate group to another molecule, a process called phosphorylation.What products are formed when ATP is hydrolyzed?ATP hydrolysis is an exergonic process in which, ADP (adenosine diphosphate), Pi (inorganic phosphate) and energy are produced. In some cases, ADP undergoes further hydrolysis to produce AMP (adenosine monophosphate) and Pi.
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the reason why some individuals who inherit polydactyly (having an extra digit on the hand or feet) do not express the trait is due to
Incomplete penetrance is the cause of some inheritors of polydactyly failing to express the trait.
Polydactyly: What is it?A baby who has polydactyly is born with one or more extra fingers. The condition is widespread and frequently runs in families. Typically, the extra fingers are small and have abnormal growth patterns. Among the most prevalent hand abnormalities that are congenitally present at birth is polydactyly.
Having extra fingers or toes is referred to medically as polydactyly. The term "hyperdactyly" may also be used to describe it. The hands and feet of newborns are among the most typical areas affected by birth defects. Congenital hand differences include polydactyly, which results in additional fingers developing on your child's hand.
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Help me! Pretty please with a cherry on top?!
How do membrane bound organelles like mitochondria interact with the cytoskeleton?
Answer: They form dynamic contacts with each other to exchange molecules and regulate organelle division and positioning in coordination with the cytoskeleton
Explanation: I hope this helps!!!!
Organelles that are membrane-bound create dynamic interactions with one another to exchange molecules and control organelle placement and division in concert with the cytoskeleton.
What is a cytoskeleton?It is generally known that mitochondrial-cytoskeletal interactions play a part in mitochondrial mobility. Recent research suggests that these interactions control the equilibrium of mitochondrial fission/fusion, mitochondrial turnover, and mitochondrial inheritance during cell division.
The cytoskeleton's protein filaments act as "tracks," allowing organelles to move about the cell.
In multicellular organisms, the cytoskeleton can move the entire cell by moving itself in addition to aiding intracellular organelle movement.
Therefore, by creating dynamic interactions with one another mitochondria interact with the cytoskeleton.
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How do you find the solution on a graph?.
The steps to solve the graph is defined below.
Graph:
Graph is the pictorial representation of data.
Given,
Here we need to define the steps to solve the graph.
In order to solve the graph, we have to perform the following steps,
For example, if we draw the graph for the line equation, then we have to do the following,
Step 1: Find the slope and the y-intercept of the line using the given points
Step 2: Label the Graph and plot the intercept
Step 3: Now, find another point on the line using the slope.
Step 4: Draw a line that passes through the points And label it for the reference
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In selecting recombinant bacteria, cells are chosen that are resistant to a specific antibiotic. How are the bacteria made resistant?.
Answer:
The donor insert contains the antibiotic resistance gene's encoding. On the basis of this, they are already chosen for the trial.
Explanation:
Bacterial cells can develop antibiotic resistance in two different ways. One way is by way of mutations that take place in the cell's DNA during replication. Through horizontal gene transfer, bacteria can also develop resistance.
How does DNA Replication work?The first step in DNA replication is to ‘unzip’ the double helix structure of the DNA molecule. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the complementary bases of DNA together (A with T, C with G). The separation of the two single strands of DNA creates a ‘Y’ shape called a replication ‘fork’. The two separated strands will act as templates for making the new strands of DNA. One oriented in the 3’ to 5’ direction, is the leading strand. The other oriented in the 5’ to 3’ direction is the lagging strand.
DNA polymerase binds to the leading strand and then ‘walks’ along it, adding new complementary nucleotide bases (A, C, G and T) to the strand of DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Once all of the bases are matched up (A with T, C with G), an enzyme called exonuclease strips away the primer(s). The gaps where the primer(s) were are then filled by yet more complementary nucleotides. The new strand is proofread to make sure there are no mistakes in the new DNA sequence.
Finally, an enzyme called DNA ligase seals up the sequence of DNA into two continuous double strands.
Thanks.
when tropic hormone concentrations are low, the target gland will hyposecrete in a condition called . when a gland is producing low levels of hormone because of a faulty enzyme needed to produce that hormone, the gland will hyposecrete in a condition called .\
When tropic hormone concentrations are low, the target gland will hyposecretion in a condition called secondary hyposecretion.
A disease known as primary hyposecretion occurs when a gland produces low quantities of a hormone due to a defective enzyme required to make that hormone.
Secondary hypersecretion is the result of a gland being overstimulated by its tropic hormone while primary hypersecretion is the overproduction of hormones by the gland itself.
The loss of the gland's hormone-secreting cells frequently causes the hyposecretion of an endocrine gland. Inadequate levels of the hormone are consequently secreted. An example of this is type 1 diabetes, in which the immune system of the body attacks and kills insulin-secreting pancreatic cells.
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evidence indicating that orrorin tugenensis was bipedal comes mainly from which part of the skeleton? group of answer choices femur (thigh bone) skull foot pelvis
The most significant relic of this species is an upper femur that reveals indications of bone development characteristic of a biped, indicating that Orrorin tugenensis individuals likely walked erect on two legs while simultaneously climbing trees.
Australopiths were completely upright bipeds with femur bones that show indications of selection for walking on two feet on the ground. They also lacked traits found in other biped primates that would femur have helped them climb trees, such a grasping foot .
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2. what is the inheritance pattern of familial hypercholesterolemia? remember to cite your sources using apa style.
Inheritance. Familial hypercholesterolemia resulting from mutations in the LDLR, APOB, or PCSK9 gene have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance means one copy of an altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.
The connection between two variants of a gene is described as dominant. Every gene has two different variations, or alleles, that an individual inherits from each parent. One allele will be expressed when there are different alleles of a gene; this allele is the dominant gene. The influence of the other allele, known as the recessive one, is concealed. Inheritance is the term used to describe the possessions that a person leaves their loved ones after passing away. An inheritance might include money, securities like stocks or bonds, and other things including jewelry, cars, works of art, antiques, and real estate.
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Multicellular organisms generally utilize more complex gene regulation than unicellular organisms via mechanisms that include?.
Transcriptional repression and epigenetic modification.
Histones and DNA are both covalently modified during development, which helps define and maintain cell identity. It is believed that repressive alterations stabilize cell type-specific gene expression patterns, decreasing the chance of the reactivation of genes with no relation to the cell's lineage.
In this study, we examine the most current research to identify the processes behind Polycomb and H3K9 methylation-mediated repression and discuss how these mechanisms interact to activate H3K4 methylation.
The antagonizing effects of various epigenetic regulators, such as histone methyltransferases (HMTs) and histone demethylases, are summarized here in light of new results that show a strong link between the GC density of promoter regions, transcription factor binding, and these factors (HDMs).
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g how is atp produced in mammalian cells under aerobic conditions?1. photophosphorylation 2. oxidative phosphorylation 3. substrate-level phosphorylation 4. phosphorolysis i. 2, 3 and 4 ii. 2 and 3 iii. 1 iv. 1 and 2 v.
Atp produced in mammalian cells under aerobic conditions of option 2 and 3 which are oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation
Electrons from NADH and FADH2 combine with O2 during oxidative phosphorylation, and the energy released from these oxidation/reduction reactions is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP. Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolic reaction that produces ATP or GTP by directly transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP or GDP. Transferring energy from a higher energy product (whether or not a phosphate group is attached) to a lower energy product.
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What did feminist literary criticism focus on?.
The criticism is focused on relationship between women and men.
Feminist criticism focuses on how women and relationships between women and men have been portrayed in literature, highlighting the ways in which women have been marginalized and denied a voice in much of canonical literature as well as the ways in which literature reflects society's prevailing ideological presumptions about gender and power.
Reading like a literary critic is the most essential prerequisite for literary criticism. You must read carefully to ensure that you comprehend the subject and the material, as well as to spot any literary devices and try to decipher the author's intentions and motivations behind each line. Despite the fact that taking notes while you read is a challenging habit to develop, it is beneficial.
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Does Claire have low enzyme production?.
Enzyme production in Claire was low because the amino acid side groups are usually responsible for the pH dependence.
What are the symptoms of enzyme deficiency in dogs?Symptoms of Digestive Enzyme Deficiency in Dogs are: chronic diarrhea; Inability to digest food properly; Malabsorption; Weight loss despite increased appetite; Pale, loose, sticky, or foul-smelling stools, Coprophagia (eating feces); pica (non-food consumption).
What Causes Decreased Enzyme Production in Dogs?Causes can be congenital (present from birth), hereditary (hereditary), or acquired as a result of infection, inflammation, or damage to the pancreas. The condition is more common in Chow Chows, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Rough Coated Collies, and German Shepherds.
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if a cell were to contain 100% non-functional mitochondria, what would be the net atp yield that would be produced from 1 mole of glucose?
The net ATP yield that would be produced from 1 mole of glucose when the cell contains 100% non-functional mitochondria is -2mole ATP.
The majority of the chemical energy required to drive a cell's metabolic operations is produced by mitochondria, which are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a tiny molecule, serves as a storage container for the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria using glucose as a fuel during respiration.
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