The value of the risk premium is 11.98%. This represents the additional return that investors demand for bearing the systematic risk associated with the security's beta.
According to the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the expected return on a security can be calculated using the following formula:
Expected Return = Risk-free rate + (Beta × Market Risk Premium)
Given that the risk-free rate is 1%, the expected return is 12.98%, and the beta is 1.52, we can rearrange the formula to calculate the market risk premium:
Market Risk Premium = Expected Return - Risk-free rate / Beta
Market Risk Premium = (12.98% - 1%) / 1.52
Market Risk Premium ≈ 11.98%
Therefore, the value of the risk premium is approximately 11.98%. Hence, the correct option is c. 11.98%.
Based on the given information and the calculation using the CAPM, the value of the risk premium is approximately 11.98%. This represents the additional return that investors demand for bearing the systematic risk associated with the security's beta.
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A government agency is accepting tenders for the construction of a public building. There are n firms with an interest in undertaking the project. Each firm i has a minimum cost Ci that it would incur in construction. (Ci includes the opportunity cost of capital.) The contract will be awarded by having the firms submit sealed bids. Firm i’s bid Bi is the amount of money that it requires to undertake the project. The contract will be awarded to the firm submitting the lowest bid and that firm will be paid an amount of money equal to the second-lowest bid. Prove that a bid of Ci is a dominant strategy for arbitrary firm i.
Bidding lower than ci would result in a lower payoff for firm i.
to prove that a bid of ci is a dominant strategy for firm
i, we need to show that regardless of the bids submitted by other firms, firm i will always maximize its payoff by bidding ci . interactions let's consider the two possible scenarios:
if firm i submits a bid lower than ci:
in this case, firm i may have a chance of winning the contract if its bid is the lowest. however, since the contract will be awarded to the firm with the lowest bid and that firm will be paid the second-lowest bid, firm i's payoff will be less than ci. 2. if firm i submits a bid higher than ci:
if firm i bids higher than ci, it reduces the chances of winning the contract because there may be other firms with lower bids. in this case, firm i will not win the contract and will receive no payoff.
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What is the difference between her gross pay and her spending?
Answer: Gross pay: Gross pay refers to the total amount of income an individual earns before any deductions, such as taxes, insurance premiums, or retirement contributions. It represents the person's total earnings from employment or other sources before any expenses are subtracted.
Spending: Spending refers to the amount of money a person uses or allocates for various expenses, such as bills, rent or mortgage payments, groceries, transportation, entertainment, and other personal expenditures.
The difference between gross pay and spending is often referred to as disposable income or net income, which is the amount of money remaining after subtracting expenses from gross pay. It represents the actual income available for saving, investing, or additional discretionary spending.
Explanation:
In impact evaluation, the group that does not receive the
intervention is called:
A. The control group
B. The experimental group
C. The treatment group
D. The participant group
A. The control group
In impact evaluation, the group that does not receive the intervention is called the control group. control group serves as a reference or comparison group against which the effects of the intervention are measured.
By comparing the outcomes of the control group to the group that receives the intervention (experimental or treatment group), researchers can determine the impact oreffectiveness of the intervention. The control group helps establish a baseline for comparison and helps ensure that any observed changes in the treatment group are a result of the intervention itself rather than external factors.In impact evaluation, the control group is a group of individuals or entities that do not receive the intervention being studied. The purpose of including a control group in impact evaluations is to establish a baseline against which the effects of the intervention can be compared. By comparing the outcomes of the control group to those of the group that receives the intervention (experimental or treatment group), researchers can assess the causal impact of the intervention.
The control group is typically selected through random assignment or other rigorous methods to ensure that it is comparable to the treatment group in terms of relevant characteristics. This helps to minimize confounding variables and increases the validity of the impact evaluation.
The control group provides a counterfactual scenario, representing what would have happened to the treated group had they not received the intervention. By comparing the outcomes between the treatment and control groups, researchers can attribute any observed differences to the intervention itself, rather than external factors or mere chance.
In summary, the control group is an essential component of impact evaluation, allowing researchers to isolate and measure the impact of an intervention by comparing it to a group that does not receive the intervention.
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Select all true statements
Question 2 options:
If more people decide to save, the supply of loans increases, leading to lower rates
As the return of productive opportunities increases, more people and businesses will be willing to save
If more people decide to save, the demand for loans increases, leading to higher rates
As the return of productive opportunities increases, more people and businesses will be willing to borrow
The true statements are: If more people decide to save, the supply of loans increases, leading to lower rates. As the return of productive opportunities increases, more people and businesses will be willing to borrow.
The false statements are: As the return of productive opportunities increases, more people and businesses will be willing to save. If more people decide to save, the demand for loans increases, leading to higher rates.
When more people decide to save, it leads to an increase in the supply of loans. This is because banks and financial institutions have more funds available to lend out. As a result, the increased supply of loans creates competition among lenders, which leads to lower interest rates. Lower rates incentivize borrowing and stimulate economic activity, as businesses and individuals find it more affordable to finance their projects or purchases.
On the other hand, as the return of productive opportunities increases, more people and businesses become willing to borrow. This is because higher returns indicate potentially profitable investments or ventures. When individuals and businesses see attractive investment prospects, they are more likely to seek loans to finance these opportunities and capitalize on the potential returns.
It's important to note that the relationship between saving, borrowing, and interest rates is complex and influenced by various factors, such as market conditions, monetary policy, and overall economic dynamics.
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2. For the cost function below, determine the MC and ATC functions and also calculate MES output.
What is the ATC at MES output? If this firm produces 40 units, what is the index of scale economies?
What is your answer if the firm produces 80 units?
TC = 2q2 + 10q + 5000
Increased automation would change the total costs to:
TC’ = q2 + 5q + 20,000
What is the threshold level of quantity that would cause the firm to switch to increased automation?
The marginal cost (MC) function for the given cost function TC = 2q^2 + 10q + 5000 is MC = 4q + 10. The average total cost (ATC) function can be derived by dividing the total cost (TC) by the quantity (q), resulting in ATC = (2q^2 + 10q + 5000) / q. To calculate the minimum efficient scale (MES) output, we need to find the quantity at which ATC is minimized.
What is the ATC at MES output?To find the MES output, we need to determine the quantity at which ATC is at its minimum. This occurs when the derivative of ATC with respect to q is equal to zero.
Taking the derivative of ATC = (2q^2 + 10q + 5000) / q with respect to q, we get d(ATC)/dq = (-2q^2 - 10q + 5000) / q^2. Setting this equal to zero and solving for q, we find the MES output.
Once we have the MES output, we can substitute it into the ATC function to calculate the ATC at that level of production.
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A company implements Dynamics 365 Sales. Users are unsure how to perform various tasks. You need to recommend features to help the company configure the system. What should you recommend
By implementing these recommended features, the company can configure Dynamics 365 Sales,empower users and maximize benefits of the system for their sales processes.
To help the company configure Dynamics 365 Sales and assist users in performing various tasks, I would recommend the following features:
Customization and Configuration: Dynamics 365 Sales provides extensive customization and configuration options. Users can tailor the system to match their specific business processes and requirements. Recommend utilizing these features to configure the system according to the company's sales processes, data fields, and workflows.
Training and User Adoption: Conduct comprehensive training sessions to educate users about the functionality and capabilities of Dynamics 365 Sales. Offer hands-on training, provide user guides, and conduct regular follow-up sessions to address any queries or concerns. Promote user adoption by highlighting the benefits and advantages of using the system for sales-related tasks.
Dashboards and Reports: Leverage the powerful reporting and analytics capabilities of Dynamics 365 Sales.
Mobile App and Integration: Encourage users to utilize the Dynamics 365 Sales mobile app, which allows them to access critical sales data and perform tasks on-the-go.
Support and Collaboration: Ensure users have access to reliable support channels, such as documentation, help guides, and a dedicated support team. Encourage collaboration and knowledge-sharing among users through features like activity feeds, shared calendars, and team collaboration tools within Dynamics 365 Sales.
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Your company, Zenith Horizons Inc. came up with a 5000 MT/yr plant design capacity for the manufacture of liquid detergent (Sp.Gr. =1.06; sold at P70/litre), which is targeted to operate by 2019. The production process flow chart is depicted in the schematic diagram given below. The company start-up capital is P100M investment of which funds were sourced out from venture capitalists with an interest expense of 14% per annum. The cost of goods sold to produce the product is P15/liter and the conservative target for operating expense is P12M/year. The projected sales from production were targeted at 4M Litres, where the remaining inventory shall be included in the equity; and year-end tax applied is 10% of net sales. Assume straight line depreciation for plant acquisition at P70M for economic life of 25 years (salvage value is 20% of acquisition cost). You are presumed knowledgeable about the process engineering and technology involved in this case study.
Construct your Projected Income Statement at the end of 2019 (or beginning of 2020) and show your estimation and calculation of entries with correct labels.
The Net Profit after Tax (NPAT) for Zenith Horizons Inc. at the end of 2019 or beginning of 2020 is P163,800,000.
Here is the projected income statement for Zenith Horizons Inc. at the end of 2019 or beginning of 2020 with the necessary calculations:
Projected Income Statement for Zenith Horizons Inc. at the end of 2019 or beginning of 2020ParticularsSalesRevenue from sales = (4,000,000 liters x P70/liter)P280,000,000Cost of goods sold
Variable cost = (P15/liter x 4,000,000 liters)P60,000,000
Fixed costP12,000,000
Total cost of goods sold P72,000,000
Gross ProfitP208,000,000
Operating Expense Fixed Operating ExpenseP12,000,000Net Profit before Interest and Tax (PBT)P196,000,000Interest ExpenseP14,000,000Profit Before Tax (PBT)P182,000,000Income Tax (10% of PBT)P18,200,000Net Profit After Tax (NPAT)P163,800,000
Calculation:1. Sales: Sales = 4,000,000 liters x P70/liter = P280,000,0002. Variable cost:
Variable cost = P15/liter x 4,000,000 liters = P60,000,0003. Total cost of goods sold:
Total cost of goods sold = Variable cost + Fixed cost = P60,000,000 + P12,000,000 = P72,000,0004. Gross Profit:
Gross Profit = Sales - Total cost of goods sold = P280,000,000 - P72,000,000 = P208,000,0005.
Operating Expense:
Operating Expense = Fixed Operating Expense = P12,000,0006. Net Profit before Interest and Tax (PBT):PBT = Gross Profit - Operating Expense = P208,000,000 - P12,000,000 = P196,000,0007. Interest Expense:Interest Expense = P100,000,000 x 14% = P14,000,0008.
Profit Before Tax (PBT):PBT = PBT - Interest Expense = P196,000,000 - P14,000,000 = P182,000,0009. Income Tax:Income Tax = 10% of PBT = 10% x P182,000,000 = P18,200,00010. Net Profit After Tax (NPAT):NPAT = PBT - Income Tax = P182,000,000 - P18,200,000 = P163,800,000
Therefore, the Net Profit after Tax (NPAT) for Zenith Horizons Inc. at the end of 2019 or beginning of 2020 is P163,800,000.
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Accumulation of a Future Sum: Assume that you need to save up $500,000 to replace the roof on a building. You expect the roof to be replaced in 15 years from now. How much do you need to deposit annually to accumulate the $500,000 if the savings account earns 3.5% compounded annually? NOTE: Payments that represent a cash outlay must be entered as negatives!
You would need to deposit approximately $27,037.47 annually to accumulate $500,000 in 15 years with a 3.5% annual compounded interest rate.
To calculate the annual deposit needed to accumulate $500,000 in 15 years with a 3.5% annual compounded interest rate, we can use the formula for the future value of an ordinary annuity: A = P * ((1 + r)ⁿ⁻¹) / r,
Where: A = Future value of the annuity ($500,000)
P = Annual deposit
r = Annual interest rate (3.5% or 0.035 as a decimal)
n = Number of years (15)
Substituting the known values into the formula, we can solve for P:
$500,000 = P * ((1 + 0.035)¹⁵ - 1) / 0.035
Multiplying both sides of the equation by 0.035:
$500,000 * 0.035 = P * ((1 + 0.035)¹⁵ - 1)
$17,500 = P * (1.035¹⁵ - 1)
Now, let's calculate the expression in parentheses: (1.035¹⁵ - 1) ≈ 0.6470
Substituting this value back into the equation: $17,500 = P * 0.6470
Dividing both sides of the equation by 0.6470: P ≈ $27,037.47
Therefore, you would need to deposit approximately $27,037.47 annually to accumulate $500,000 in 15 years with a 3.5% annual compounded interest rate.
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A 3.15% coupon bond with 22 years left to maturity can be called in 18 years; The call premium is 1 year of coupon payments; The bond is currently offered for sale at $880.60 (Assume interest payments are semiannual) - What is the bond's yield to maturity?
1.98%
3.97%
4.54%
7.41%
7.95%
4.09%
3.58%
Given that a 3.15% coupon bond with 22 years left to maturity can be called in 18 years and the call premium is 1 year of coupon payments. The bond is currently offered for sale at $880.60 (Assume interest payments are semiannual). We are to determine the bond's yield to maturity.
The yield to maturity (YTM) is the expected rate of return of a bond assuming that it is held until maturity and all payments are made as scheduled. The YTM takes into account not only the interest rate paid on the bond but also the premium or discount of the price paid over the face value, any coupon payments, and the time to maturity. The formula for calculating the yield to maturity of a bond is given as, `YTM = (C + ((F - P) / n)) / ((F + P) / 2)`Where; C = coupon payment F = face value P = price paid for the bond n = number of periods to maturity. Using the formula above, we can calculate the bond's yield to maturity. YTM = (0.0315 + ((1000 - 880.60) / 44)) / ((1000 + 880.60) / 2)YTM = (0.0315 + (119.40 / 44)) / (940.30 / 2)YTM = 0.0795 or 7.95%. Therefore, the bond's yield to maturity is 7.95%. Option E is the correct answer.
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A local landscaping company donates and plants a tree in the community for every new client that uses its landscaping design services. this exhibits the company's?
The local landscaping company's practice of donating and planting a tree for every new client that uses its landscaping design services exhibits the company's commitment to sustainability and environmental stewardship.
The local landscaping company's practice of donating and planting a tree for every new client that utilizes its landscaping design services showcases the company's dedication to sustainability and environmental stewardship. By incorporating this initiative into their business model, the company demonstrates its commitment to creating a positive impact on the environment and the community.
This approach promotes the preservation of green spaces, contributes to the enhancement of air quality, and fosters a sense of environmental responsibility among its clients. Moreover, it highlights the company's recognition of the importance of sustainability in the landscaping industry, setting an example for others to follow. Overall, this practice reflects the company's values and its efforts to make a meaningful difference in the local community's environmental well-being.
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Imagine you get pulled into a meeting in 30 minutes with a cfo of a $5 billion market cap company. what 3 things would you look at beforehand? sample answer
The 3 things we need to look at beforehand are financial statements,annual report,market analysis.
Before the meeting with the CFO of a $5 billion market cap company, there are three important things you should look at:
1. Financial Statements: Review the company's financial statements, including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement. These documents will give you an overview of the company's financial health, performance, and cash flow position.
2. Annual Report: Read the company's annual report, which provides insights into its strategy, goals, and recent achievements. It will also include important information about the company's industry, competition, and future prospects.
3. Market Analysis: Conduct a market analysis to understand the industry trends, market share, and competitive landscape of the company. This will help you gain a better understanding of the company's position in the market and identify potential risks or opportunities.
By reviewing these three key areas, you will be better prepared to engage in meaningful discussions with the CFO and contribute to the meeting.
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d) In July 1944, 44 countries participated in the Bretton Woods Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The set of international laws and IGOs that were agreed to at the conference and later established were collectively known as the "Bretton Woods System". Broadly speaking, there were 5 main elements of the Bretton Woods System: 1) a fixed exchange rate system, 2) the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 3) capital controls, 4) the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and 5) the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (later the World Bank). Briefly explain how each of these elements of the Bretton Woods System have changed since the establishment of the Bretton Woods System in the 1940s. When answering this question, be sure to state the specific ways that each of these elements of the Bretton Woods System has changed and when the changes you note occurred. (Fact) (10 points)
Bretton Woods System, include the fixed exchange rate system, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), capital controls, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) (later the World Bank.
The following are some specific ways in which these elements of the Bretton Woods System have changed:Fixed exchange rate system - The fixed exchange rate system was one of the Bretton Woods System's most important components. It aimed to keep exchange rates between countries stable and predictable.
However, after the system's collapse in 1971, most nations switched to floating exchange rates.GATT - The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was established to promote international trade and eliminate barriers to it. GATT's successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO), has taken over this responsibility.Capital controls - Capital controls were put in place to prevent countries from investing too much of their money in foreign countries. However, since the 1970s, most nations have lifted their capital controls in order to promote foreign investment.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) - The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created to lend money to countries experiencing economic difficulties. Since its inception, the IMF has altered its lending conditions to include structural adjustment policies, which often include privatisation and liberalisation policies, in order to promote market-oriented reforms.
International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), later known as the World Bank, was established to provide long-term investment financing for countries in need. Since its inception, the World Bank has increased its focus on poverty reduction and sustainable development.
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Equipment costs PhP 4,225,713. At the end of its economic life of 332,522 years, its salvage value is PhP 10 . Using SOYD, what will be its book value for the 5 th year? Write your final answer in four decimal places.
Book value for the 5th year using SOYD will be PhP 4,001,201.02.
To calculate the book value using the Sum-of-the-Years'-Digits (SOYD) method, we need to determine the total depreciation over the economic life of the equipment and allocate it over the years.
First, we total depreciation by subtracting the salvage value from the initial cost:
Depreciation = Initial cost - Salvage value
Depreciation = PhP 4,225,713 - PhP 10 = PhP 4,225,703
Next, we calculate the sum of the digits for the economic life:
Sum of digits = (n * (n + 1)) / 2
Sum of digits = (5 * (5 + 1)) / 2 = 15
Now, we can determine the depreciation for each year using the SOYD method:
Year 1: (5/15) * Depreciation = (5/15) * PhP 4,225,703 = PhP 1,408,567.67
Year 2: (4/15) * Depreciation = (4/15) * PhP 4,225,703 = PhP 1,126,854.22
Year 3: (3/15) * Depreciation = (3/15) * PhP 4,225,703 = PhP 845,140.88
Year 4: (2/15) * Depreciation = (2/15) * PhP 4,225,703 = PhP 563,427.53
Year 5: (1/15) * Depreciation = (1/15) * PhP 4,225,703 = PhP 281,714.18
Finally, we subtract the cumulative depreciation of the previous years from the initial cost to get the book value for the 5th year:
Book value for 5th year = Initial cost - Cumulative depreciation
Book value for 5th year = PhP 4,225,713 - (PhP 1,408,567.67 + PhP 1,126,854.22 + PhP 845,140.88 + PhP 563,427.53)
Book value for 5th year ≈ PhP 4,001,201.02 Apologies for the confusion in my previous response. It seems there was an error in the calculation. Let's recalculate the book value for the 5th year using the approach.
In the Sum-of-the-Years'-Digits (SOYD) method, we allocate depreciation expenses based on the ratio of the remaining useful life of the asset to the sum of the digits of the asset's economic life.
First, we calculate the sum of the digits for the economic life of the equipment. Since the economic life is 332,522 years, the sum of digits can be calculated as follows:
Sum of digits = (n * (n + 1)) / 2
Sum of digits = (332,522 * (332,522 + 1)) / 2
Sum of digits = 55,379,646,253
Next, we determine the remaining useful life of the asset, which is the difference between the economic life and the year we are interest in. In this case, we want to find the book value for the 5th year, so the remaining useful life is:
Remaining useful life = Economic life - Year of interest
Remaining useful life = 332,522 - 5
Remaining useful life = 332,517 years
To calculate the depreciation expense for the 5th year, we divide the remaining useful life by the sum of digits and multiply it by the initial cost minus the salvage value:
Depreciation expense for 5th year = (Remaining useful life / Sum of digits) * (Initial cost - Salvage value)
Depreciation expense for 5th year = (332,517 / 55,379,646,253) * (PhP 4,225,713 - PhP 10)
Depreciation expense for 5th year ≈ PhP 20.0456
Finally, we subtract the cumulative depreciation of the previous years (which is the sum of the depreciation expenses from year 1 to year 4) from the initial cost to get the book value for the 5th year:
Book value for 5th year = Initial cost - Cumulative depreciation
Book value for 5th year = PhP 4,225,713 - (PhP 1,408,567.67 + PhP 1,126,854.22 + PhP 845,140.88 + PhP 563,427.53)
Book value for 5th year ≈ PhP 1,281,722.70
Please note that the book value for the 5th year using the SOYD method is approximately PhP 1,281,722.70.
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total non-current liabilities plus total current
liabilities equal total liabilities
True
False
True! Total liabilities represent all amounts of money that a company is legally obligated to pay to another party, such as creditors and customers.
This includes both current liabilities, which are obligations due within the current financial year, and non-current liabilities, which refer to liabilities that are due in future years. The sum of non-current liabilities and current liabilities is equal to total liabilities. This is because when a company reports on its financial position, it accounts for both debts due now, and debts that are not due for some time; the sum of the two is the company’s total liabilities.
Non-current liabilities refer to long-term obligations, such as bonds, mortgages, line of credit, and pension obligations. Current liabilities are the obligations that must be paid in full within a year’s time. Examples of current liabilities are accounts payable, salaries, wages, taxes payable, and other short-term credit arrangements.
A company’s liabilities, expressed as a percentage of total assets, are an indication of the company’s financial health. Generally, the higher the percentage of total liabilities relative to total assets, the riskier the company is considered to be. For this reason, investors and creditors will use the total liabilities to total assets ratio to assess the financial health of a company before investing or lending money. To sum up, total liabilities equal the sum of current and non-current liabilities, and the total liabilities to total assets ratio is a good indicator of a company’s financial health.
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For the following set of cash flows, Year Cash Flow 0 –$9,100 1 5,400 2 4,900 3 3,200 a)what is the NPV at a discount rate of O percent? b)what is the NVP at a discount rate of 12 percent? c)what is the NVP at a discount rate of 17 percent?
NPV = -9,100 + (5,400 / (1 + 0.17)^1) + (4,900 / (1 + 0.17)^2) + (3,200 / (1 + 0.17)^3).
a) To calculate the NPV at a discount rate of 0 percent, you need to discount each cash flow by dividing it by (1 + discount rate) raised to the power of the corresponding year.
In this case, since the discount rate is 0 percent, the formula becomes:
NPV = Cash Flow 0 + (Cash Flow 1 / (1 + 0)^1) + (Cash Flow 2 / (1 + 0)^2) + (Cash Flow 3 / (1 + 0)^3).
Substituting the values from the question,
we get:
NPV = -9,100 + (5,400 / (1 + 0)^1) + (4,900 / (1 + 0)^2) + (3,200 / (1 + 0)^3).
b) To calculate the NPV at a discount rate of 12 percent, you need to use the same formula as in part (a), but substitute the discount rate with 12 percent.
The formula becomes:
NPV = -9,100 + (5,400 / (1 + 0.12)^1) + (4,900 / (1 + 0.12)^2) + (3,200 / (1 + 0.12)^3).
c) To calculate the NPV at a discount rate of 17 percent, use the same formula as in parts (a) and (b), but substitute the discount rate with 17 percent.
The formula becomes:
NPV = -9,100 + (5,400 / (1 + 0.17)^1) + (4,900 / (1 + 0.17)^2) + (3,200 / (1 + 0.17)^3).
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The Microsoft antitrust case covered in youn textbook embodies many of the gray areas in restrictive practices. Antitrust regulators accused Microsoft of numerous offenses. What was the end result? Microsoft appealed a federal court decision to break up the company and reached a settlement with the government that it would end its restrictive practices. Microsoft won and its practices were not classified as restrictive. The federal government regulators finally dropped their case because the case was too complex to prove. The federal government won its case, and Microsoft was broken into several smaller companies. Your textbook covered 4 possible ways to deal with a natural monopoly. Which approach would be best for consumers? Regulators would split the monopolist into two competing firms. Regulators would allow the monopolist to continue with no government regulation. Regulators would force the monopolist to set its price equal to its marginal cost. Let the natural monopoly charge enough to coverits average costs and earn a normal rate of profit. In cost plus regulation, regulators calculated the average cost of production, added in an amount for the normal rate of profit the firm shouid expect to earn, and set the price for consumers accordingly. In price cap regulation, the regulator sets a price that the firm can charge over the next few years. What is the problem of price cap regulation? It will not work if the price regulators set new prices cvery six months. Low level managers will have too much power. It will not work if the price regulators set the price cap unrealistically low. It will cause long term certainty in the market.
In the Microsoft antitrust case, the end result was that Microsoft reached a settlement with the government, agreeing to end its restrictive practices.
The federal government regulators dropped their case due to its complexity and the difficulties in proving the allegations. Therefore, Microsoft's practices were not classified as restrictive, and the company did not face a breakup.
Regarding the approach to dealing with a natural monopoly, the best approach for consumers would be to force the monopolist to set its price equal to its marginal cost. This approach ensures that the monopolist charges a price that reflects the actual cost of production and does not allow for excessive profits. By setting the price equal to the marginal cost, the monopolist operates more efficiently and provides goods or services at a fairer price for consumers.
The problem with price cap regulation is that it will not work if the price regulators set the price cap unrealistically low. If the price cap is set too low, it may lead to underinvestment, reduced quality, or even exit of the firm from the market. Unrealistically low price caps can create financial difficulties for the regulated company and hinder its ability to provide adequate services.
Therefore, setting the price cap at a reasonable level is crucial to ensuring the long-term certainty and sustainability of the market while balancing the interests of both consumers and the regulated firm.
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lection
Edges
Format
Rotation
stic Effects
B
Regional Supermarket is open 355 days per year. Daily use of cash register tape averages 20 rolls. Usage appears normally distributed with a standard deviation of 4 rolls per day. The cost of ordering tape is $1.00, and carrying costs are 44 cents per roll a year. Lead time is 4 days. Use Tablel and Table2
a. What is the EOQ? (Round your answer to the nearest whole number.)
b. What ROP will provide a lead time service level of 51.6 percent? (Round up your answer to the nearest whole number.)
a. The Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) is 40 rolls.
b. The Reorder Point (ROP) for a lead time service level of 51.6% is 9 rolls.
a. calculate the EOQ, we can use the formula:EOQ = √((2 * annual demand * ordering cost) / carrying cost per unit)
Given:- Annual demand = 20 rolls per day * 355 days = 7,100 rolls per year
- Ordering cost = $1.00 per order- Carrying cost per unit = 44 cents per roll per year
Plugging in these values into the formula:EOQ = √((2 * 7,100 * 1.00) / 0.44) ≈ √(32,181.82) ≈ 179.52 ≈ 180 (rounded to the nearest whole number)
b. To determine the Reorder Point (ROP) for a specific service level, we need to consult the appropriate table (Tablel and Table2) that provides the Z-value corresponding to the desired service level. Let's assume the Z-value for a 51.6% service level is -0.19 (hypothetical).
ROP = Lead time demand + Safety stock time demand = average daily demand * lead time
Safety stock = Z-value * √(lead time * standard deviation² + average demand²)Given:
- Average daily demand = 20 rolls- Standard deviation = 4 rolls per day
- Lead time = 4 daysPlugging in these values into the formula:
Lead time demand = 20 rolls * 4 days = 80 rollsSafety stock = -0.19 * √((4 * 4) + (20 * 20)) ≈ -0.19 * √(16 + 400) ≈ -0.19 * √416 ≈ -0.19 * 20.39 ≈ -3.88 ≈ -4 (rounded to the nearest whole number)
ROP = 80 rolls + (-4 rolls) = 76 rolls (rounded up to the nearest whole number) = 77 rolls
Please note that the actual Z-value and calculation may differ depending on the specific table and data available.
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Explain disadvantages of glass in window glazing( 100
to 150 words)
2) suggest polymer than can be used to replce glass in window
glazing and explain the product properties
Disadvantages of glass in window glazing: Glass can have a few disadvantages in window glazing. One of the main disadvantages of glass is that it is fragile and can break easily, leading to safety issues, particularly in public areas where large windows are involved.
Glass also has a high thermal conductivity, which can cause heat loss in buildings, increasing heating costs. It is also less effective than other types of glazing in insulating sound and is less impact resistant than some other materials.Polymer that can replace glass in window glazing: Poly car bonate is a polymer that can be used to replace glass in window glazing. Poly car bonate is a lightweight, shatterproof plastic that is virtually unbreakable, making it a much safer alternative to glass.
It is also a good insulator, which means it can help reduce heat loss and lower energy costs. Poly car bonate is also much more effective than glass in sound insulation, making it a popular choice for noise control in buildings. Lastly, it is impact resistant and can withstand a wide range of temperatures, making it an excellent choice for use in harsh environments.
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Which type of firm is legally required to setup a doubleentry booking system to record its business transactions?
a. limited liability company
b. proprietorship
c. corporation
d. partnership
The type of firm that is legally required to set up a double-entry booking system to record its business transactions is a corporation. The correct answer is option (c) corporation.
A corporation is legally required to set up a double-entry booking system to record its business transactions. This system is essential for accurate and transparent financial reporting. Double-entry bookkeeping is a method where every transaction is recorded in at least two accounts, with one account debited and another credited. It helps ensure that the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Equity) remains balanced and allows for the identification of errors or discrepancies.
Corporations, as separate legal entities, are subject to more stringent regulations and reporting requirements compared to other business structures such as proprietorships, partnerships, or limited liability companies (LLCs). These regulations aim to protect shareholders' interests and ensure transparency in financial reporting. Implementing a double-entry booking system enables corporations to maintain accurate records of their financial transactions, aiding in compliance with legal requirements, financial analysis, and decision-making.
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Individually, please complete the following:
Define Requirements WBS (3 levels)
WBS Dictionary for 10 items
A document explaining your quality management plan
Quality Assurance tests you would complete Quality Control measures you would use to test your quality assurance
Situation: You have been asked to create a software for a bank to manage its accounting entries and submit documents to CRA for tax purposes. The PM that was supposed to lead the project left the company. You have 1 year to complete the project or face a $10,000 penalty per day.
The primary objectives are:
Train all employees on the new software
Focus on daily bank transactions
Reporting to CRA on a weekly basis Encrypt the personal data of customers
Integrate into the bank mobile app
Manage a group of 15 developers, 25 QA and 5 functional staff
HINT: Read the basic concepts of SDLC. You are not expected to know Agile but you should be able to
think about how to run this project in an optimal manner to meet the deadline. Submit 1 document in PDF format.
Requirements WBS (3 levels):WBS Level 1: ProjectWBS Level 2: DeliverablesWBS Level 3: Work PackagesWBS Dictionary for 10 items:WBS ID: 1.0 WBS Name: Software for managing accounting entries Deliverable: Software for managing accounting entries Description: Creation of software for managing accounting entries.
Work Package: Design and build a database for storing accounting entries. Responsible Party: Database developerWBS ID: 1.1 WBS Name: Employee Training Deliverable: Employee Training Description: Training of all bank employees on the new software. Work Package: Create training materials and schedule training sessions. Responsible Party: Training CoordinatorWBS ID: 1.2 WBS Name: Daily Bank Transactions Deliverable: Daily Bank Transactions Description: Focus on daily bank transactions.
Work Package: Develop the software functionality to handle daily bank transactions. Responsible Party: Software DeveloperWBS ID: 1.3 WBS Name: Reporting to CRA Deliverable: Reporting to CRA Description: Reporting to CRA on a weekly basis. Work Package: Develop the software functionality to generate and submit weekly reports to CRA. Responsible Party: Software DeveloperWBS ID: 1.4 WBS Name: Data Encryption Deliverable: Data Encryption Description: Encrypt the personal data of customers. Work Package: Implement data encryption functionality in the software.
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16) As a perfectly competitive firm it produces more units, TR will: I A) Decrease. B) Curve downwards. C) Curve upwards. D) Increase at a steady rate
As a perfectly competitive firm produces more units, its total revenue (TR) will increase at a decreasing rate, resulting in a downward sloping total revenue curve. Therefore, the correct answer is B) Curve downwards.
The total revenue curve of a perfectly competitive firm will curve downwards as it produces more units, resulting in an increasing but decreasing rate of total revenue. This is because the firm's marginal revenue (MR) is equal to its price, which decreases as output increases due to the law of diminishing marginal utility. As a result, the firm must lower its price to sell additional units, which reduces the revenue gained from each additional unit sold. This leads to a downward sloping total revenue curve. However, the firm's total revenue will still increase as it produces more units, as long as its marginal revenue is positive. Once the firm's marginal revenue becomes zero, its total revenue will reach its maximum point, after which any further increase in output will lead to a decrease in total revenue.
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Larissa borrowed $8 million and planned to repay the loan by making equal month-end payments over a period of 10 years. The interest rate on the loan is 4.8%, compounded monthly. a) Determine the size of the monthly payments. b) Of the 72 nd payment, how much are used to repay the principal and the interest payment for the month respectively?
The size of the monthly payments comes out to approximately $87,267.22.
To determine the size of the monthly payments, we can use the formula for the present value of an ordinary annuity. The formula is: PMT = PV / [(1 - (1 + r)^-n) / r] where PMT is the monthly payment, PV is the present value (the loan amount), r is the monthly interest rate, and n is the total number of payments.
To find out how much of the 72nd payment goes towards principal and interest, we can use an amortization schedule. An amortization schedule breaks down each payment into principal and interest portions. However, to calculate this, we need the exact payment date.
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Imagine a store selling anything that you want it to sell, since
it is made up. What elements of CSR would attract you as a
customer? Be specific.
As a customer, I would be attracted to a store that demonstrates a strong commitment to social and environmental responsibility through various corporate social responsibility (CSR) elements.
Some specific elements that would attract me include:
Ethical Sourcing and Fair Trade Practices: I would be drawn to a store that ensures its products are sourced ethically, with fair labor practices and respect for human rights throughout the supply chain. This would involve promoting fair trade partnerships, supporting local artisans, and ensuring sustainable sourcing practices.
Environmental Sustainability: A store that prioritizes environmental sustainability would catch my attention. This can be achieved through initiatives such as using renewable energy, reducing carbon footprint, minimizing waste through recycling and responsible packaging, and promoting sustainable consumption patterns.
Philanthropy and Community Engagement: I would appreciate a store that actively engages in philanthropic activities and supports the local community. This could involve donating a portion of profits to charitable organizations, organizing community events, or supporting initiatives that address social issues such as education, healthcare, or poverty alleviation.
Transparency and Account: A store that values transparency and accountability in its operations would earn my trust. This includes openly sharing information about its CSR practices, conducting regular audits to ensure compliance, and engaging in honest and open communication with customers regarding its social and environmental impact.
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3. If a company is working under a certain lead time schedule what is the reorder point for the following information?
a. Lead Time = 42 hours
b. Demand = 30 per hour
30*42=1,260 units
4. What would the new reorder point be if the company adds a 3 hour safety stock for this item?
The new reorder point, considering a 3-hour safety stock, would be 1,350 units.
3. The reorder point for the given information is 1,260 units. (30 units per hour multiplied by 42 hours)
Explanation: The reorder point is the inventory level at which a new order should be placed to replenish stock. In this case, the lead time is 42 hours, and the demand is 30 units per hour. To calculate the reorder point, we multiply the lead time by the demand rate, which gives us 1,260 units.
4. If the company adds a 3-hour safety stock for this item, the new reorder point would be 1,350 units.
Explanation: Safety stock is additional inventory held as a buffer to account for uncertainties in demand or lead time. Adding a 3-hour safety stock means considering 3 hours of demand as a precautionary measure. To calculate the new reorder point, we add the safety stock (3 hours * 30 units per hour = 90 units) to the previous reorder point of 1,260 units, resulting in a new reorder point of 1,350 units. This ensures the company has enough inventory to cover the expected demand during the lead time, including the safety stock.
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You work for a company that bids on government contracts for business. (a.) If production of the specialized military equipment you produce is given by q=kl with p k
=100 and p l
=50, and the government is asking for q=32 units of equipment, what is the minimum you have to charge to not take a loss? (b.) If the prices for both capital and labor double, do you have to double the minimum break-even price, or does it less or more than double? How do you know? (c.) It turns out the contract needs a quick turnover time, and you do not have time to assemble more capital. You have k=2. How many workers l do you require? How does this change cost?
a. The minimum price you have to charge to not take a loss is $16.
b. Doubling the prices for both capital and labor does not change the minimum break-even price.
c. You would require 16 units of labor when you only have 2 units of capital available.
(a.) To determine the minimum price you have to charge to not take a loss, we need to calculate the cost of production.
Given that q = kl, where k is the price of capital and l is the price of labor, and we know that p_k = 100 and p_l = 50, we can substitute these values into the equation.
Let's plug in the values:
q = 32 (the government is asking for 32 units of equipment)
k = 100 (price of capital)
l = 50 (price of labor)
Substituting these values into the equation q = kl:
32 = 100l
Solving for l, we divide both sides of the equation by 100:
l = 32/100
l = 0.32
So, you would require approximately 0.32 units of labor.
To calculate the minimum price you have to charge, you multiply the price of labor by the number of units required:
Minimum price = l x p_l
Minimum price = 0.32 x 50
Minimum price = 16
Therefore, the minimum price you have to charge to not take a loss is $16.
(b.) If the prices for both capital and labor double, the minimum break-even price would also change. To find out how it changes, we can analyze the relationship between the variables.
Let's consider the new prices:
New price of capital = 2 x 100 = 200
New price of labor = 2 x 50 = 100
The new equation becomes:
q = 200l
Using the same quantity required by the government (q = 32), we can solve for the new number of units of labor required:
32 = 200l
Solving for l:
l = 32/200
l = 0.16
So, with the new prices, you would require approximately 0.16 units of labor.
To calculate the new minimum price, multiply the new price of labor by the new number of units required:
New minimum price = l x (new price of labor)
New minimum price = 0.16 x 100
New minimum price = 16
As you can see, the new minimum break-even price is still $16. Therefore, doubling the prices for both capital and labor does not change the minimum break-even price.
(c.) If you only have k=2 units of capital available, you need to calculate the number of workers (l) required. We can use the same equation q = kl, with the given values:
q = 32 (the government is asking for 32 units of equipment)
k = 2 (the available units of capital)
Substituting these values into the equation:
32 = 2l
Solving for l, we divide both sides of the equation by 2:
l = 32/2
l = 16
Therefore, you would require 16 units of labor when you only have 2 units of capital available.
The cost of production will increase because you need to hire more workers to compensate for the limited capital. The more workers you hire, the higher the cost will be. This is because the cost of labor (p_l) is multiplied by the number of workers required (l) in the cost calculation.
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The ILC Company (ILC) is considering a capital restructuring to allow $500 million in debt. Currently, ILC is an all-equity firm with earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) of $380 million. Assume unlevered firms in the same industry have betas of 0.90. You can assume this would be the beta for ILC too (ILC is also unlevered). Assume the market risk premium is 7% and the risk-free interest rate is 5%. Assume that the corporate tax rate is 35%. You may assume that all earnings are paid out as dividends, and that any future debt will be used to buy stock back. For simplicity, assume that cash flows are perpetual, and debt is perpetual.
a. How would the proposed restructuring change the value of ILC as a whole? (Hint: You may not need to compute the new cost of capital to find the new firm value.)
b. If ILC was considering issuing $2 billion in debt instead of $500 million, would the methodology you used in the previous question be equally appropriate? Why or why not? Please limit your answer to 3 sentences or less.
The proposed restructuring, which introduces $500 million in debt, would change the value of ILC as a whole. b. No, the methodology used in the previous question would not be equally appropriate if ILC was considering issuing $2 billion in debt instead of $500 million
a.The value of the firm can be determined by the formula: Firm Value = EBIT * (1 - Tax Rate) / Cost of Capital. As ILC is an all-equity firm, its current cost of capital is equivalent to the unlevered cost of capital, which is based on the industry beta and the risk-free rate. By plugging in the given values, the new firm value can be calculated.
b. No, the methodology used in the previous question would not be equally appropriate if ILC was considering issuing $2 billion in debt instead of $500 million. The methodology assumes perpetual cash flows and perpetual debt, which may not hold true for such a significant increase in debt. The impact on the firm's risk profile, financial stability, and cost of capital would likely be different with a higher level of debt, necessitating a more comprehensive analysis.
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What considerations does Human Resources have to make with regards to exempt versus non-exempt employee work hours and training? What legal considerations are there? (Ch 13)
Given the workforce changes from the COVID pandemic, what benefits do you feel are most important for organizations to offer in "today's world" and why? (Ch 13)
Why do you believe employees join unions? What is the current trend, toward or away from union organizations? (Ch 14)
Why do employers prefer not to become unionized and what steps do you feel employers can put into place to avoid employees feeling the need to create a union? (Ch 14)
Human Resources considerations regarding exempt versus non-exempt employee work hours and training include evaluating employee positions to determine whether they meet the requirements for being an exempt employee or a non-exempt employee.
HR should also ensure that they have accurate records of employee work hours and are paying non-exempt employees for all hours worked, including overtime.Legal considerations that HR must take into account regarding exempt versus non-exempt employees include compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) and any applicable state and local laws. HR must also ensure that they are complying with anti-discrimination laws when making determinations about employee classifications.
In today's world, some of the most important benefits that organizations can offer to employees include remote work options, flexible scheduling, mental health support, and paid time off for caregiving. These benefits can help organizations attract and retain talent, support employee well-being, and foster a positive company culture.Employees may join unions for various reasons, such as to gain better wages and benefits, improve working conditions, or have a collective voice in decision-making processes.
The trend towards union organizations has been declining in recent years, with fewer employees joining unions. Employers prefer not to become unionized because it can result in higher labor costs, less flexibility in decision-making, and potentially negative impacts on the company's reputation.To avoid employees feeling the need to create a union, employers can put into place steps such as providing competitive compensation and benefits packages, fostering open communication between employees and management, and creating a positive workplace culture that prioritizes employee well-being and job satisfaction.
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A perpetuity will make a sequence of annual payments of 3100,3310,3520,…, with the first payment coming a year from now. If the present value is 155729.16 dollars, what is the effective rate of interest? Answer = percent.
The effective rate of interest for the perpetuity is approximately 1.9913%
To find the effective rate of interest for the perpetuity, we need to use the formula for the present value of perpetuity: PV = C / r, where PV is the present value, C is the annual payment, and r is the interest rate.
Given that the present value is 155,729.16 and the first payment is 3,100, we can plug these values into the formula to solve for the interest rate:
155,729.16 = 3,100 / r
To isolate the interest rate, we can multiply both sides of the equation by r:
155,729.16 * r = 3,100
Now, we can divide both sides of the equation by 155,729.16 to solve for r:
r = 3,100 / 155,729.16
Calculating this, we get r ≈ 0.019913, which is approximately 0.019913 or 1.9913%.
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Projects with risks different from the firm should be evaluated
with the firm's WACC. True or False?
The statement " Projects with risks different from the firm should be evaluated with the firm's WACC." is false.
Projects with risks different from the firm should be evaluated with a discount rate that reflects the specific risk profile of the project, not the firm's weighted average cost of capital (WACC).
The WACC represents the average rate of return required by the firm's investors to compensate for the overall risk of the firm's existing projects and capital structure. It is typically used to evaluate investments that have similar risk characteristics to the firm as a whole.
However, projects with different risk profiles should be evaluated using discount rates that appropriately reflect their individual risks. If a project has higher or lower risk than the firm's overall risk, a discount rate higher or lower than the WACC should be applied to account for the project's specific risk.
Different methods can be used to determine the appropriate discount rate for a project with different risks, such as using the project's cost of capital or applying risk-adjusted discount rates based on factors like beta, market risk premium, and project-specific risks. By using a discount rate that aligns with the project's risk, a more accurate evaluation can be made regarding the project's viability and potential return.
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What are the differences between public and private Companies? 2. List and briefly shareholder actions (hint: derivative action is one of them) 3. List one pro and one con for using a Corporation versus a sole proprietorship? Maximum 200 words total
Public and private companies differ in their ownership structure and level of regulatory requirements. Shareholder actions, such as derivative actions, allow shareholders to take legal action on behalf of the company.
Public companies are those whose shares are traded on a stock exchange and available to the general public. They are subject to stricter regulatory requirements, including financial reporting and disclosure obligations, to protect the interests of shareholders. In contrast, private companies are not publicly traded and typically have a smaller number of shareholders. They have more flexibility in their operations and are subject to fewer regulatory requirements.
Shareholder actions refer to the actions that shareholders can take to protect their rights and interests. One such action is a derivative action, which allows shareholders to file a lawsuit on behalf of the company against a third party, such as a director or officer, for breaching their fiduciary duties.
When comparing corporations to sole proprietorships, one advantage of using a corporation is limited liability. In a corporation, shareholders are generally not personally liable for the company's debts or legal obligations. This means that their personal assets are protected in case of business-related issues. On the other hand, a sole proprietorship offers more control and autonomy to the owner since they have complete decision-making authority. However, the main drawback of a sole proprietorship is unlimited personal liability, where the owner's personal assets are at risk if the business faces financial or legal challenges.
Overall, the choice between a corporation and a sole proprietorship depends on various factors such as the nature of the business, risk tolerance, and long-term goals.
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