The frequently asked questions (FAQs) pages of many companies have been replaced with options for .a. questionnaires b. open-ended questionsc. graphical data d. statistical survey

True.To return the economy to the natural rate of output, the Federal Reserve (Fed) could buy government bonds as part of its monetary policy tools.

When the Fed buys government bonds, it injects money into the economy, increasing the money supply. This action aims to lower interest rates, stimulate borrowing and investment, and ultimately increase aggregate demand and output.

By purchasing government bonds, the Fed influences the supply of money in circulation. When there is more money available, it can encourage businesses and consumers to spend and invest, thereby boosting economic activity.

The Fed uses this tool, among others, to implement monetary policy and address economic conditions. If the economy is operating below its natural rate of output, the Fed can utilize bond purchases to stimulate economic growth and bring it closer to the natural rate.

In conclusion, to return the economy to the natural rate of output, the Fed can indeed buy government bonds. This action increases the money supply, lowers interest rates, and aims to stimulate borrowing, investment, and overall economic activity.

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The stability of the financial system is greatly influenced by the ability of central banks to perform various functions.

Central banks have a significant role in promoting financial stability by regulating the supply of money in the economy and implementing monetary policy.

Through their actions, central banks can influence interest rates, which in turn can impact the level of borrowing and lending in the economy.

Central banks also act as the lender of last resort, providing financial institutions with emergency funds during periods of financial stress.

This function ensures that financial institutions do not become insolvent, thereby preventing a potential systemic crisis.

Moreover, central banks have regulatory and supervisory functions that ensure the safety and soundness of financial institutions.

Through these functions, central banks can detect and mitigate potential systemic risks before they pose a threat to the stability of the financial system.

In summary, the ability of central banks to perform these critical functions is essential in enhancing the stability of the financial system.

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Link’s short-term liquidity has deteriorated considerably but from a high initial base such statementnt best describes how Link's short-term liquidity changed from 2016 to 2017. The correct option is C.

Changes in current assets and current liabilities, which are important elements of liquidity, can be used to examine short-term liquidity.

In 2016:

Current assets in total: $462,593

$44,919 in total current liabilities

In 2017:

Current assets in total: $249,801

$90.558 in total current liabilities

The following can be shown by contrasting the changes in current assets and liabilities:

$462,593 in current assets have decreased by $249,801 to $212,792 (decrease).

Current liabilities changed, dropping from $90,558 to $44,919, or $45,639 (decrease).

We can observe that Link's short-term liquidity has significantly deteriorated from 2016 to 2017 because liquidity typically improves when current assets or current liabilities decrease, and vice versa. It's possible that the corporation will have trouble paying its short-term obligations given the rise in current liabilities and decline in current assets.

Thus, the ideal selection is option C.

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The process of creating new products, ventures, processes, or renewals within large organizations involves identifying opportunities, conducting research and development, testing, launching, and scaling.

The process of innovation in large organizations begins with identifying opportunities that align with the organization's goals and values. This involves scanning the external environment for trends, observing customer behavior, and conducting market research. Once an opportunity has been identified, the organization conducts research and development to develop new products, ventures, or processes. This often involves cross-functional teams working together to brainstorm and prototype ideas.

Testing is then conducted to ensure the new innovation meets customer needs and is viable. If the innovation is successful, it is launched and scaled, with the organization adapting to changes as necessary. This process requires strong leadership, a culture that values innovation, and a willingness to take risks and learn from failures.

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According to the graph, the demand curve associated with the shutdown point for this perfectly competitive firm is the one where the average variable cost (AVC) curve intersects the marginal cost (MC) curve at the minimum point of the AVC curve.

In a perfectly competitive market, the firm's demand curve is also its marginal revenue (MR) curve. The shutdown point occurs when the MR equals the AVC. At this point, the firm covers its variable costs but not its fixed costs, and if it continues to produce, it will incur losses.

To identify the shutdown point, first locate the minimum point on the AVC curve. Next, find the intersection of the AVC and MC curves at this minimum point. Finally, draw a horizontal line from this intersection to the firm's MR curve. This MR curve is the demand curve associated with the shutdown point for the perfectly competitive firm.

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Based on the Chapter 7 bankruptcy, the main difference in how general unsecured creditors get treated is that they are typically placed at the bottom of the priority list for receiving payment.

The General Unsecured Creditors are creditors who do not have a lien on their debtors' properties which serve as leverage should the debtor default.

Generally, the unsecured creditors will only receive payment if there are sufficient assets to cover all the higher priority claims, such as secured creditors or administrative expenses.

Therefore, general unsecured creditors only get from the remaining assets of the debtors, which will be shared among all the general unsecured creditors on a pro-rata basis, that is it will be based on the percentage of their total claim.

Hence, in this case, it is concluded that the treatment of general unsecured creditors can differ widely based on the distinct situations of the bankruptcy case and the accessible assets for distribution.

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a. The present value of $400 per year for 10 years at 10% is approximately $2,728.23.

b. The present value of $200 per year for 5 years at 5% is approximately $863.84.

c. The present value of $400 per year for 5 years at 0% is $2,000.

d. When payments are made at the beginning of each year (annuity due), the present value is multiplied by (1 + r).

The present value of $400 per year for 10 years at 10% as annuity due is approximately $3,001.05.

The present value of $200 per year for 5 years at 5% as annuity due is approximately $906.03.

The present value of $400 per year for 5 years at 0% as annuity due remains $2,000.

In summary, adjusting for annuity due payments increases the present values of the cash flows compared to ordinary annuity payments, reflecting the additional interest earned by making payments at the beginning of each period.

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True. Battery is defined as intentionally touching or striking someone in a harmful or offensive manner without their consent. In this scenario, Brad intentionally knocked Jordan's hat off his head in order to embarrass him, which can be considered harmful or offensive.

Therefore, Brad has committed a battery against Jordan. True, Brad has committed a battery. In this scenario, Brad doesn't like Jordan and particularly dislikes Jordan's new felt hat. Brad intentionally knocks the hat off Jordan's head with the aim to embarrass him. This action constitutes a battery because it involves an intentional, offensive, and unconsented physical contact. Brad's purposeful act of knocking the hat off demonstrates his intent, and the resulting embarrassment for Jordan indicates the offensive nature of the contact. Since Jordan did not consent to this contact, it fulfills all the elements of battery.

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The best statement that describes the deductibility of real property taxes when a taxpayer sells the real property during a year is taxpayers are allowed to deduct the property taxes allocated to the portion of the year that they owned the property. Option C.

This means that the taxpayer can only deduct the portion of the property taxes that applies to the time they owned the property and not the entire year's worth of property taxes.

The state and local tax (SALT) deduction allows you to deduct up to $10,000 ($5,000 if married and filing separately) for a combination of property taxes and either state and local income taxes or sales taxes. Renters might qualify for a property tax deduction, or a property tax credit, on their state taxes.

Hence, the right answer is option C.

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The net margin ratio is a C. Profitability Ratio.

Profitability ratios assess a company's ability to generate profits in relation to its revenue, expenses, and overall financial performance. The net margin ratio specifically measures the percentage of each dollar of revenue that results in net profit after accounting for all expenses and taxes.

The net margin ratio is calculated by dividing the net profit (or net income) by the net sales (revenue) and multiplying the result by 100 to express it as a percentage. It indicates the company's profitability per dollar of revenue.

By analyzing the net margin ratio, investors, analysts, and stakeholders can assess the efficiency of a company's operations, its cost management, pricing strategies, and overall profitability. A higher net margin ratio generally indicates better profitability, as it reflects a greater portion of revenue retained as profit.

The net margin ratio is not specifically related to stock market analysis (option A), liquidity (option B), or solvency (option D), which are evaluated using different financial ratios.

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FEMA answers management characteristics of chain of command and unity of command means that each individual within the organization knows who their immediate supervisor is and what their role and responsibilities are.

The chain of command is a fundamental principle of management, and it refers to the hierarchy of authority within an organization. In FEMA, the chain of command ensures that each individual knows who their immediate supervisor is, and who they report to in the chain of command. This structure allows for clear communication and decision-making, as each level of management has specific responsibilities and authority.

Unity of command is another management characteristic that FEMA adheres to. This principle states that each individual within the organization should have only one supervisor, to whom they report directly. This ensures that there is no confusion or conflict of authority, and that everyone knows who they are accountable to. The unity of command principle also ensures that each supervisor is responsible for the performance of their subordinates, and that there is a clear line of responsibility and accountability within the organization.

Overall, the management characteristics of chain of command and unity of command are critical components of FEMA's organizational structure. By adhering to these principles, FEMA can ensure effective communication, decision-making, and accountability, which are all essential for successful emergency management.

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Here are a few more specific concerns surrounding mobile devices and QS tracking tools:

1. Data Security: Mobile devices and QS tracking tools often collect and store personal data, including health information, location data, and activity patterns. The security of this data is a significant concern, as it can be vulnerable to hacking, unauthorized access, or data breaches.

2. Data Misuse: There is a risk of personal data collected by mobile devices and QS tracking tools being misused. This can include the data being sold to third parties without consent, used for targeted advertising, or shared with insurance companies, employers, or other entities without the individual's knowledge or approval.

3. Consent and Control: Users may not always have a clear understanding of the data being collected by their mobile devices or QS tracking tools, or how that data is being used. Lack of transparency and control over data collection and sharing practices can erode user trust and raise concerns about informed consent.

4. Tracking and Surveillance: Mobile devices and QS tracking tools can continuously monitor and track various aspects of a person's life, including their location, online activities, health metrics, and daily routines. This constant surveillance raises concerns about personal autonomy, privacy, and the potential for abuse or manipulation of the collected data.

5. Aggregate Data Identification: While individual data may be anonymized, there is a risk of re-identifying individuals through the aggregation and analysis of multiple data points. This can lead to unintended privacy breaches and expose individuals to potential discrimination or harm.

6. Biometric Data Protection: QS tracking tools often collect biometric data, such as heart rate, sleep patterns, or even facial recognition data. Safeguarding this sensitive information is crucial to prevent unauthorized access or misuse.

7. Lack of Regulation: The rapid advancement of mobile devices and QS tracking tools has outpaced regulatory frameworks, resulting in a lack of clear guidelines and oversight. This regulatory gap raises concerns about accountability, data protection standards, and user rights.

Addressing these concerns requires a combination of technological advancements, improved privacy policies and user control mechanisms, and regulatory frameworks that prioritize individual privacy and data protection.

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c. Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe is the country where real GDP per person fell by about 13% from 2000 to 2014. This indicates a significant decline in economic output per person over that period. India and Singapore are not the correct choices as they did not experience such a substantial decrease in real GDP per person during that timeframe.

Therefore, the correct answer is c. Zimbabwe.

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It is best practice for the general contractor to pay the subcontractor: Directly and promptly.

In construction projects, it is generally recommended for the general contractor to pay the subcontractor directly and promptly. This practice helps ensure smooth cash flow and fosters good relationships between the parties involved. By paying the subcontractor directly, the general contractor can maintain control over the payment process and avoid potential delays or complications that may arise from indirect payments or intermediaries. Timely payment is also crucial as it demonstrates the general contractor's commitment to fair and prompt compensation for the subcontractor's work. It helps build trust and encourages subcontractors to deliver quality work and adhere to project schedules. Furthermore, paying subcontractors promptly can help prevent cash flow issues within the subcontractor's own operations, enabling them to meet their financial obligations and sustain their business operations effectively.
Overall, direct and prompt payment from the general contractor to the subcontractor is considered a best practice in the construction industry, promoting transparency, accountability, and healthy working relationships.

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During recessions, one way by which governments try to encourage growth is by increasing unemployment benefits. This is because when the economy is in recession, people tend to lose jobs, and there is a higher demand for government aid.

Providing the unemployed with financial assistance boosts their spending power, which in turn creates a positive economic impact and also stimulates growth.

Governments typically respond to recessions by implementing various economic policies to stimulate economic activity and promote growth. This is done because during a recession, economic activity slows down, businesses cut back on production, and people lose jobs. Therefore, governments have to intervene to provide necessary aid and help the economy recover.In order to encourage growth during a recession, governments tend to use fiscal policy, monetary policy, or a combination of both.

Fiscal policy refers to government spending and taxation, while monetary policy involves controlling the money supply and interest rates. One way by which governments try to encourage growth during a recession is by increasing unemployment benefits. This is because when people lose their jobs, they tend to cut back on spending, which in turn slows down economic activity.

Therefore, by providing financial assistance to the unemployed, the government increases their spending power, which stimulates demand, and thus creates a positive economic impact.

Additionally, governments can also use tax breaks, subsidies, or other incentives to encourage businesses to invest and create jobs. These measures can help promote growth and mitigate the impact of the recession.

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A reduction in government purchases and a reduction in the money supply would be the pair of policies that have inconsistent effects on aggregate demand. Therefore, the correct answer is "none of the above" because the other pairs listed.

When there is a reduction in government purchases, it leads to a decrease in aggregate demand. This is because government purchases are a component of aggregate demand, and a reduction in government spending directly reduces the total spending in the economy.

On the other hand, a reduction in the money supply also decreases aggregate demand. When the money supply decreases, it reduces the availability of funds for spending, leading to a decrease in overall spending in the economy.

Since both policies, a reduction in government purchases and a reduction in the money supply, have a negative impact on aggregate demand, they do not have inconsistent effects. Instead, they have complementary effects that can further decrease overall spending in the economy.

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The two important accounting issues related to self-constructed assets are the allocation of overhead and the treatment of interest charges.

When constructing assets internally, businesses face challenges in accurately allocating the overhead costs incurred during the construction process. Overhead costs include indirect expenses such as utilities, rent, and administrative expenses. Allocating these costs to the self-constructed assets is crucial for determining their true cost and assessing their profitability. Various methods, such as using direct labor hours or machine hours as allocation bases, can be employed to distribute overhead costs fairly.

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The two key accounting issues associated with self-constructed assets are the allocation of overhead and the treatment of interest charges. The former pertains to how indirect costs are spread across different cost objects, while the later refers to how interest costs incurred during the construction process are accounted for.

The two key accounting issues connected with self-constructed assets are the 'allocation of overhead' and the 'treatment of interest charges'. Allocation of overhead refers to how indirect costs are distributed among different cost objects, such as self-constructed assets. It is important to ensure that the allocation is done accurately to reflect the true cost of production.

The treatment of interest charges relates to how interest costs incurred during the construction of an asset are accounted for. In many cases, these costs are capitalized as part of the cost of the asset, rather than being expensed immediately. This reflects the principle that costs should be matched with the revenues they help to generate.

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In the nhl, the exact percentage can vary depending on the season and individual team performances, gate receipts typically account for around 40% to 50% of total revenue.

In the NHL, gate receipts make up a significant portion of the league's revenue, but the exact percentage can vary from year to year. Gate receipts refer to the revenue generated from ticket sales at games, which is one of the main sources of income for teams and the league as a whole.
According to Forbes, the NHL generated a total of $4.54 billion in revenue during the 2019-2020 season. Of that amount, gate receipts accounted for approximately 22% or roughly $1 billion. This means that ticket sales are a crucial component of the NHL's financial success, alongside other sources of revenue such as broadcasting rights, sponsorships, and merchandise sales.
However, it's important to note that the percentage of revenue generated from gate receipts can vary depending on factors such as team performance, location, and arena size. For example, teams in larger markets with bigger arenas may have a higher percentage of revenue coming from ticket sales compared to smaller markets with smaller venues.
Overall, gate receipts remain a significant source of revenue for the NHL, and teams and the league will continue to prioritize ticket sales as an important part of their financial strategies.

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The only country to have completed outright sales of airport property to private owners is the United Kingdom.

In the 1980s, the UK government initiated a privatization program, which led to the sale of many public assets, including airports. In 1987, the government sold off 10 airports, including Heathrow, Gatwick, and Stansted, to the private sector in a process known as the Airports Act.

Since then, private ownership of airports has become common in the UK. Many regional airports, such as Bristol, Birmingham, and Manchester, are now owned by private companies. Private ownership has allowed for greater investment in airport infrastructure, which has led to improvements in passenger experience and increased capacity.

However, the sale of airport property to private owners has not been without controversy. Some critics argue that privatization has led to higher fees and reduced competition, while others believe that it has resulted in a focus on short-term profit rather than long-term investment. Despite these criticisms, the UK government continues to support private ownership of airports, and many other countries have followed the UK's lead in privatizing airport property.

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The part of the balance of payments that records transactions such as migrants' transfers and sales and purchases of nonproduced, nonfinancial assets is the capital account.

The capital account is one of the components of the balance of payments, which is a record of a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world over a specific period. It includes the current account, capital account, and financial account.

The capital account captures transactions related to nonfinancial assets, such as the acquisition and disposal of intangible assets like patents and copyrights, as well as the transfer of ownership rights of nonproduced assets like land and natural resources. It also includes transactions related to migrants' transfers, which refer to the movement of money by individuals who are working or living in a foreign country and send funds back to their home country.

The capital account is important for understanding the overall financial flows and asset transfers between countries, providing insights into investment activities, migration patterns, and the acquisition or disposal of nonproduced assets.

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Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems are the most common form of enterprise-wide information systems found today.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems have become the most prevalent form of enterprise-wide information systems in contemporary business environments. These systems integrate various core business functions, such as finance, human resources, supply chain management, inventory control, and customer relationship management, into a unified software platform. ERP systems streamline and automate processes across departments and enable real-time data sharing, collaboration, and decision-making. With their ability to centralize data and provide a holistic view of an organization's operations, ERP systems have gained popularity across industries. They offer comprehensive solutions to manage and optimize resources, improve efficiency, enhance communication, and facilitate data-driven insights for better business performance.

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A portfolio consists of stocks, bonds, and other investments focused on a particular investment strategy.

What is a portfolio?

A portfolio is a collection of financial investments like stocks, bonds, commodities, cash, and cash equivalents, including closed-end funds and exchange-traded funds (ETFs). People generally believe that stocks, bonds, and cash comprise the core of a portfolio.

What is a well-diversified portfolio example?

Fixed assets, equity (equity investments, equity-linked savings schemes), real estate, commodities (gold, silver, bronze), cash and cash equivalents, derivatives (equity, bonds, debt), and alternative investments such as hedge funds and bitcoins are examples.

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The statement "Depletion expense for a period is only recognized on natural resources that have been extracted and sold during the period" is True.

Depletion expense refers to the allocation of the cost of natural resources over their estimated useful life. It is recognized when the natural resources are extracted and sold, which reflects the decrease in the quantity of resources available. This accounting method ensures that the expense is matched with the revenue generated from the sale of the extracted resources.

Therefore, depletion expense is a way to allocate the cost of natural resources over their useful life, and it is recognized only when those resources have been extracted and sold during the specific period.

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A stock issued by a corporation that has a capitalization between $2 billion and $10 billion is called a(n) mid-cap  stock.

A mid-cap stock is issued by a company with a market capitalization between $2 billion and $10 billion. These companies are typically considered to be more established than small-cap companies but not as large and stable as large-cap companies.

A stock issued by a corporation with a market capitalization between $2 billion and $10 billion is referred to as a mid-cap stock. Market capitalization, or market cap, is the total value of a company's outstanding shares of stock. Mid-cap stocks are considered to have a moderate level of risk and potential for growth compared to large-cap (such as blue-chip) and small-cap stocks.

In conclusion, a stock issued by a corporation with a market capitalization between $2 billion and $10 billion is known as a mid-cap stock.

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True. As of today, online retail constitutes about 20% of the total retail market. It's important to acknowledge that the percentage can vary over time and by region. For a more detailed answer, one could explore the growth of e-commerce, regional differences, and various factors affecting the retail market.

According to a report by Digital Commerce 360, online retailers accounted for approximately 14.3% of total retail sales in 2019. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a significant shift towards online shopping, resulting in a projected increase to 20% of total retail sales by the end of 2020. This trend is expected to continue in the coming years, with online retailers projected to make up an even larger portion of the retail market.
The statement is true.

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Roses and pine trees are both classified as belonging to the Plant Kingdom because they both produce flowers, which is a characteristic feature of plants.

The classification of organisms into different kingdoms is based on various characteristics and traits. The Plant Kingdom, also known as the Kingdom Plantae, encompasses a wide range of plants that share certain fundamental characteristics.

One of the distinguishing features of plants is their ability to produce flowers, which is a reproductive structure involved in the formation of seeds. Flowers are not exclusive to a specific group of plants but are found in various plant families and species. Roses, known for their beautiful and fragrant flowers, belong to the Rosaceae family, while pine trees, which produce cones, also have flowers as part of their reproductive cycle.

Beyond the presence of flowers, plants share other important characteristics such as the presence of chloroplasts and the ability to undergo photosynthesis, which is the process of converting sunlight into energy. Additionally, plants have cell walls made of cellulose and exhibit a multicellular structure.

Despite the vast diversity of plants, their classification into the Plant Kingdom is primarily based on shared features such as the production of flowers, photosynthesis, and the presence of certain cellular and structural characteristics.

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A policy of limited or restricted convertibility is in place in some countries that place restrictions on residents' ability to convert domestic currency into a foreign currency.

Limited convertibility refers to a policy implemented by governments to control the flow of currency across borders. Under this policy, there are restrictions on the ability of residents to convert their domestic currency into foreign currency or vice versa. These restrictions may include limitations on the amount of currency that can be exchanged, specific purposes for which currency can be exchanged, or requirements for obtaining government approval before conducting currency exchanges.

Countries may implement limited convertibility policies to manage their foreign exchange reserves, maintain exchange rate stability, or control capital outflows. These measures are often employed to protect the domestic economy from excessive volatility, speculative activities, or potential financial crises.

By placing restrictions on currency convertibility, countries can exercise control over their monetary policy and ensure the stability of their domestic currency. However, such policies can also limit individuals and businesses' freedom to engage in international transactions and may impact foreign investments and trade activities.

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Both of the options you provided describe aspects of the concept of laissez-faire.

A market system in which the role of government is limited to protecting private property: Laissez-faire economics advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy. In this system, the government's primary role is to protect private property rights and enforce contracts, ensuring a level playing field for market participants. The government's involvement is limited to maintaining law and order and preventing coercion or fraud, while leaving economic decisions largely to individuals and businesses.

A market system in which firms are free to pursue maximum profits: Laissez-faire economics also emphasizes the freedom of businesses to operate without significant government regulation. In a laissez-faire system, firms are generally free to pursue their own self-interest and maximize profits within the bounds of the law. The idea is that unrestricted competition and market forces will lead to optimal outcomes, benefiting both producers and consumers.

It's important to note that the concept of laissez-faire has been subject to various interpretations and debates throughout history, and the extent of government involvement in the economy can vary.

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26 workers would be employed if the wage rate were $20.00 per day and if sandwiches sold for $0.50.

1. Production information: Use the table to determine the number of sandwiches that can be produced per worker.

2. Wage rate: You mentioned that the wage rate is $20.00 per day.

3. Sandwiches sold: You stated that sandwiches are sold for $0.50 each.

To calculate the number of workers employed, you would first need to find out how many sandwiches need to be sold to cover the wage of one worker. To do this, divide the wage rate by the price of a sandwich ($20.00 / $0.50). Then, use the production information table to find out how many workers are required to produce that number of sandwiches.

Based on the production information in the table, if the wage rate were $20.00 per day and sandwiches sold for $0.50, the total cost of production per day would be $520.00 (40 sandwiches produced x $0.50 per sandwich + 10 loaves of bread x $2.00 per loaf + 15 pounds of meat x $4.00 per pound + 20 tomatoes x $0.50 per tomato). To determine how many workers would be employed, we need to divide the total cost of production by the wage rate per worker. Therefore, $520.00 ÷ $20.00 = 26 workers would be employed.

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They hold individual freedom in high regard , the author assumes about his audience.

Option C is correct.

Individualism is based on four fundamental principles: economic liberty, personal responsibility, and the rule of law are all important. Economic individualism is centered on the idea of less government involvement or intervention in the economy.

All four principles embody the overall concept of individualism and help us see the benefits it has for society. Individualism advocates place a high value on economic liberty, private ownership, competition, self-interest, and independence.

Incomplete question:

In the opening sentence, the author assumes which of the following about his audience?

TEXT:

A country founded on the principle of individual freedom—“life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”1—has both a gift and a problem. “No man is an island,” the English poet John Donne wrote in the seventeenth century, but in the late eighteenth century, at least in America, you very nearly could be, at least physically. The continent was so immense, the forests so thick, and the land so fertile, that a man could literally live alone. Strictly speaking, if survival was all that mattered, he did not even need a market to sell to. He had everything he needed in the woods, streams, and fields.

This was how Americans saw themselves, or claimed to see themselves. In his first Farewell Address—the one in 1783, when he resigned his commission as commander in chief of the continental army—General George Washington envisioned his disbanded troops heading out to the “extensive and fertile Regions of the West,” which would “yield a most happy Asylum to those, who, fond of domestic enjoyment are seeking for personal independence.”

This independence was not only geographical, it was psychological, spiritual, political—and legal. With the colonial grants wiped away by revolution, new American landowners could buy and hold land in “fee simple,” just the way the highest-ranking feudal lords had done at the top of Old World society. Every man was his own lord and vassal. He could make whatever money he could, and keep most of it as his own. There would be taxes in the New World, but they were not “direct.” Indeed, for the first century of its existence, Washington derived the bulk of its revenue from global trade—from import tariffs and duties—and from sales of federal land.

The spirit of economic individualism was always with us, and by the middle of the nineteenth century it had become a kind of secular religion in the world of business, even when the aim of big business was to snuff out the very entrepreneurialism that nurtured commerce to begin with. In 1886, at the height of the first Gilded Age, the U.S. Supreme Court declared that the Southern Pacific Railroad—and, by extension, all profit-making corporations—were entitled to be viewed as individual persons in the eyes of the law. We were the first country in the world to view them that way, but it made sense: Individualism was Us, even if Us was a corporate leviathan. Americans have never fully accepted the idea that tax tables should be designed, and revenues disbursed, in a way that makes government the redistributor of wealth and guarantor of income. “Fairness” is one thing, redistribution another.

There was another view—a counterpoint—and much of our history is about the struggle of communal thinking to gain sway in the economic life of America. The question has never been whether Americans would pitch in to help each other—but rather the extent to which government could require them to do so. Observers from Tocqueville onward have commented on our willingness, even eagerness, to join voluntary associations, from civic groups to teaching circles. Americans give more to charity per capita than citizens of any other country. Bill Gates and Warren Buffett2 established the wealthiest charitable foundation in history. We may “bowl alone” more often these days, as author Robert Putnam gloomily puts it in his metaphor for anomie,3 but we also worry about the fact that we do so. Walt Whitman,4 our bard of brotherhood, saw no conflict between his own credo of the individual and his love of all mankind. “[W]hoever walks a furlong without sympathy,” he wrote in “Song of Myself,” “walks to his own funeral drest in a shroud.”

But what is the government’s role in reconciling two age-old American concepts: “There’s no such thing as a free lunch” and “united we stand”?

A)They are familiar with the phrase “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness."

B)They view the phrase “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness” with skepticism.

C)They hold individual freedom in high regard.

D)They view individual freedom as both a gift and a problem.

E)They are probably unfamiliar with the principle of individual freedom.

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