The visceral sensory division functional division of the nervous system transmits information from the viscera to the central nervous system.
The visceral (or autonomic) motor system controls involuntary functions mediated by the activity of smooth muscle fibers, cardiac muscle fibers, and glands.
The nervous system that regulates the visceral system is carried out by the autonomic nervous system whose neuron cell bodies are in the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and innervate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. This visceral motor system is regulated by a feedback system via the dorsal ganglia of the spinal cord and sensory ganglia of the cranial nerves which make local reflex connections in the spinal cord and brainstem.
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rates of evolutionary change measured overshort time intervals are often very high. however, rates of evolutionary change measured over long time intervals are generally much lower. for example, see the discussion of body mass in mammals. should we expect this pattern to hold true for most characters? does this pattern imply that the evolution of major new characters, such as the wings of bats, should occur very rapidly?
Evolutionary histories are rife having alternate, stasis, and reversals.
The sample described is usually visible invarious organisms and could apply to many organismal capabilities. Comparisons of two points of a lineage may additionally show a exchange, but in between there will without a doubt additionally be intervals of stasis. The evolution of novel characteristics might arise unexpectedly. a new trait that provides a advantage.
Mammals are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the beauty Mammalia, characterised through way of the presence of mammary glands which in girls produce milk for feeding their more youthful, a neocortex, fur or hair, and 3 center ear bones.
Mammals actually play an vital function in ecosystems through supplying crucial services consisting of seed dispersal, pollination and regulating insect populations, and reducing sickness transmission and there's a few evidence that some corporations act as signs of sizable environment health.
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after nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ach in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction? question 28 options: acetylcholinesterase destroying the ach the action potential stops going down the overloaded t tubules calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved
After nervous stimulation stops, following prevents Ach in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction : a)acetylcholinesterase destroying the ach.
What is acetylcholinesterase?Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme which will degrade acetylcholine and prevent constant stimulation of the receptors on the target cell.
The key role of AChE is to terminate neuronal transmission and signaling between the synapses to prevent ACh dispersal and activation of the nearby receptors. AChE is inhibited by organophosphates and is also an important component of pesticides and nerve agents.
Acetylcholinesterase is present in the synapse between nerve cells and muscle cells. It springs into action soon after a signal is passed, breaking down the acetylcholine into its two component parts, acetic acid and choline.
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uv light, like that given off in tanning beds and from welders, causes damage to dna. this is why activities like using tanning beds and welding without protective gear are known to cause aggressive forms of deadly skin cancer. what kind of repair mechanism does your body use to try and fix the errors imposed by activities like tanning and unprotected welding?
Indirect DNA damage is caused by UVA (and UVB) radiation when photons are absorbed by chromophores that are not DNA. As a result, reactive oxygen species are produced, including singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, which damage DNA bases and result in mutations.
DNA damages caused by UV radiation fall into two categories: 6-4 photoproducts and cyclobutene pyrimidine dimers . Both of these lesions cause bends or kinks in the DNA's structure, which prevents transcription and replication.DNA is frequently damaged by UV-A radiation in an oxygen-dependent process called photosensitization. As a result, a free radical is created, which interacts with DNA bases and causes them to oxidize. When these oxidized bases couple incorrectly during replication, mutations occur.To know about UVA (and UVB) radiation
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the irish potato famine was caused by a pathogen that quickly and successfully infected and killed millions of potato plants in ireland. based on the speed and ability of the pathogen to infect the plants, what kind of farming technique was likely implemented by the irish?
Monoculture is the farming technique was likely implemented by the Irish.
In agriculture, monoculture is the exercise of developing one crop species in a discipline at a time. Monoculture is broadly utilized in extensive farming and in natural farming: each a 1,000-acre cornfield and a 10-hectare discipline of natural kale are monocultures
Therefore, the correct option is a).
Complete question is
The Irish potato famine was caused by a pathogen that quickly and successfully infected and killed millions of potato plants in Ireland. based on the speed and ability of the pathogen to infect the plants, what kind of farming technique was likely implemented by the Irish?
a) monoculture
b) organic
c) sustainable
d) intercropping
e) strip cropping
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Select all the differences between DNA and RNA.
a
RNA contains one strand of nucleotides, and DNA has two.
b
DNA contains two strands of nucleotides, and RNA has four.
c
In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil.
d
DNA is contained only within the nucleus and RNA is not.
e
RNA is more complex than is DNA because of its multiple forms.
f
In DNA, guanine is replaced by uracil.
Answer:
In RNA thymine is replaced by uracil
what was a crucial advantage of the daguerreotype method? group of answer choices no darkroom required shorter exposure times it allowed multiple copies to be made from a single negative it resulted in sharper images than the competition
Crucial advantage of the daguerreotype method is that it resulted in sharper images than the competition.
Daguerreotypes was an early photographs method on a light-sensitive metal plate coated in crystals. A daguerreotype just needed just twenty minutes exposure. Daguerreotype, produced an opaque original positive that could be duplicated only by copying it with a camera.
There are advantages of the daguerreotype they produce crystal clear images , It was the first commercially successful photography method in photography history . other disadvantage includes it has a long exposure time, it is expensive, and the cameras are very large.
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Energy efficient appliances can greatly reduce the amount of energy used in a household, saving money and conserving resources. Should appliance manufacturers be required by law to only build energy efficient appliances?
Our electricity costs make up about 30% of our monthly expenses, and some families spend even more. It is difficult to produce electricity, and there are significant environmental risks involved. Because of this, groups and the government are promoting people to produce and buy energy-saving and tools and practices.
benefit of energy efficient appliances
It saves money; as a result, the majority of appliance manufacturers are now producing energy-efficient equipment. These appliances used to be a little pricey, but they are now more reasonable. However, some people find it difficult to use energy-saving gadgets. Your home's energy bills are strongly correlated with how much energy you use at home or in your business. The amount of energy consumed in your home will drastically decrease if you utilize energy-efficient appliances
It also saves energy; the energy consumption in your home will be greatly decreased when you utilize energy-efficient equipment, which will result in lower energy costs. Energy-efficient gadgets have the noticeable quality of using little energy when operating. This implies that you will save a lot of energy using these appliances, and you can use that energy to complete other jobs around the house.
In conclusion, energy-saving bulbs, solar water heaters, and booster water heaters are a few common examples of energy-efficient appliances. These appliances' construction permits them to function at low energy and temperature settings, which enables them to continue working until their tasks are finished.
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in an actively contracting skeletal muscle cell, what would cause a decrease in the rate of glucose diffusion into the cell?
Hexokinase would cause a decrease in the rate of glucose diffusion into the cell in an actively contracting skeletal muscle cell.
What is the Hexokinase?Hexokinase is a glycolytic enzyme that is able to decrease the rate of glucose diffusion into the cell because catalyzes the generation of glucose 6 phosphate from glucose, and therefore it decreases its level in the cell.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the rate of glucose diffusion into the cell can be influenced by the Hexokinase enzyme which uses glucose to generate glucose 6 phosphate.
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which of the following statements about the monomers and polymers found in living organisms is false? question 6 options: the monomers used to make polymers are essentially universal. monomers serve as building blocks for polymers. monomers are joined together by the process of dehydration / condensation. monomers are joined together by the process of hydrolysis
False statement is option D: monomers are joined together by the process of hydrolysis.
The majority of macromolecules are constructed from single monomers, often known as building blocks. Covalent bonds allow the monomers to join to create polymers, which are bigger molecules. Consequently, monomers produce water molecules. Dehydration synthesis, which literally translates as "to bring together while losing water," is the name for this kind of reaction. Hydrolysis on the contrary means to break down polymers into monomers by putting up water.
Monomers are thus building blocked of polymers joined together by covalent bonds. While hydrolysis reactions typically release energy by breaking bonds, dehydration reactions typically require an energy investment for the formation of new bonds.
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slight increase in numbers of lymphocytes: a.lymphopoiesis b.lymphocytosis c.lymphedema d.lymphoid e.lymphocytopenia
A slight increase in the number of lymphocytes is called Option B. Lymphocytosis.
A lymphocyte is a form of white blood cell within the immune system of most vertebrates. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells. they're the primary form of cell observed in lymph, which triggered the call "lymphocyte". Lymphocytes make up 18% and 42% of circulating white blood cells.
A form of immune mobile that is made within the bone marrow and is observed within the blood and in lymph tissue. the two main varieties of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes make antibodies, and T lymphocytes assist kill tumor cells and assist control immune responses.
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which pair is mismatched? a.opsonization: can involve the adaptive immune system b.interferon type 1: can make a cell resistant to viral infection c.macrophage: immune system cells that carry out phagocytosis d.fever: induced by the presence of pyrogens e.alternative complement pathway: complement activated by antibodies
The adaptive immune system may be involved in osonization.
Option A is accurate.
What are the adaptive immune response's four defining traits?Antigenic specificity, variety, immunologic memory, and the capacity to distinguish between the self and the non-self are the four features of adaptive immunity. Lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells) and antigen-presenting cells participate in an immune response (macrophages, B-cells, and dendritic cells).
Interferons play a role in the adaptive system, right?IFNs are a class of pleiotropic cytokines that were first identified for their capacity to prevent virus replication. But it is now known that these cytokines are crucial in controlling both innate and adaptive immunity.
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juan studies for his biology class each day. he generally reviews material covered previously as well as the new material. he does this instead of cramming the night before the test and finds he has better retention and does better on the exams. which technique is juan using?
Juan is using Ebbinghaus' retention curve technique.
The reduction in memory retention over time is predicted by the forgetting curve, also known as Ebbinghaus' retention curve. This curve illustrates how information deteriorates over time when no effort is made to keep it. The strength of memory is a related idea that describes how long memory traces last in the brain. It demonstrates how learnt knowledge gradually fades from our minds unless we take steps to keep it there. For instance, if your company has 10 customers at the beginning of the year and loses two of them, your retention rate is 80%.
Three different methods—recall, recognition, and relearning—are used by researchers to gauge forgetting and retention.
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dcpip (2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol), a blue dye, can act as an electron acceptor and becomes colorless when reduced. a suspension of chloroplasts is prepared, and dcpip is added to the suspension. the sample is split into two test tubes. one test tube is exposed to light and the other is wrapped in foil (dark control). what would you observe over time comparing the light exposed and the dark control test tubes?
The light exposed test tubes will become colorless while dark test tubes will remain blue.
During the light reaction, the photolysis of water occurs. The breakdown releases hydrogen ion and electrons which are further used for reduction of NADP. The reduced NADPH contributes to the ATP generation.
Now, DCPIP also accepts the electron. So, during the light reaction in test tube exposed to light, the photolysis of water will occur followed by reduction of DCPIP. Thus, it will become colourless. Dark test tube wil not have the same reaction and hence DCPIP will remain blue in colour.
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This is the last question for this assignment, please help.
Answer: Nitrogen fixation is on the left going into the ground and denitrification is the release on the right side.
Explanation:
when observing the reactions within eukaryotic transcription you find there is a greater energy expenditure and several more enzymes and transcription factors than within prokaryotic transcription. the best explanation for this is that
The best explanation for when we observe the reactions within eukaryotic transcription as there is a greater energy expenditure and several more enzymes and transcription factors than within prokaryotic transcription.
Transcriptional elements in eukaryotes can be found far from the transcription start site because DNA is complex with chromatin in these organisms. Because transcription and translation occur at different physical locations, eukaryotic gene expression is more complex than that of prokaryotes. Eukaryotic cells can control the expression of genes at a variety of levels.
Translation starts off while the mRNA is still being created in a prokaryotic cell because transcription and translation are coupled. Although eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus, prokaryotes and eukaryotes carry out transcription in essentially the same way.
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given what you know about glycolysis and regulation of metabolism by this enzyme, what is the mechanism by which phosphofructokinase activity differs depending on atp concentration?
ADP and ATP both inhibit and activate the allosteric enzyme .
How does the enzyme phosphofructokinase control glycolysis?The ability of to control glycolysis through allosteric inhibition enables the cell to alter the rate of glycolysis in response to its need for energy. For instance, and glycolysis will be inhibited by a high ATP to ADP ratio.
The glycolytic pathway has three main enzymatic control sites. These transitions include the hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase enzymes.
This widespread is mostly due to the fact that catalyses a process that is out of equilibrium and that it displays an in tricate and sophisticated regulatory behaviour that indicates its capacity to integrate signals from several pathways.
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which of the following correctly describes one of the muscle types? a. cardiac muscle includes the heart and all of the muscles that the heart has an effect on. b. smooth muscle is the type of muscle that allows us to flex our limbs. c. hard muscle is the type of muscle responsible for contracting and extending. d. skeletal muscle is the type of muscle most people are most familiar with. submit
The sort of muscle that most people are most accustomed to is skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscles make up 30–40% of your body's overall mass.
What is the main function of skeletal muscle?Skeletal muscles are used by humans to move around and perform daily activities. They are essential to breathing mechanics and help maintain balance and posture. Additionally, they protect the vital organs of the body.
What is the composition of skeletal muscle?A single skeletal muscle might be made up of hundreds and even thousands of muscle fibers that have been bundled together and wrapped in connective tissue. Each muscle is covered by the epimysium, a sheath of connective tissue. Fascia, a connective tissue, surrounds and separates the muscles outside of the epimysium.
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What is a non-example of chloroplasts in real life term?
Answer:
Mitochondria is a non-example of chloroplasts.
Explanation:
Chloroplasts are only found within Plant Matter.
Determine the energy of 1.20 mol of photons for each of the following kinds of light. (assume three significant figures.)
The energy content of infrared radiation is 12.4 * 1020 J.
What does the term "photon" actually mean?In physics, a photons is a package of electrical radiation. It is the basic building block of all light. The photon is frequently referred to as a "quantum" of electromagnetic energy. Particles really aren't thought to also be made of smaller atoms. They are fundamental elements of nature, or elemental particles.
Do photons exist in light?The constituent parts of light are photons, bundles of the magnetic wave that carry a specific amount of energy. With sensitive enough tests, you can quantify photons or even measure a single photon. Researchers have frozen even light.
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What is a temperature inversion in the atmosphere?
Which layers of the atmosphere do the major temperature inversions occur?
What causes the major temperature inversions in the atmosphere?
The answers include the following:
Temperature inversion is referred to as a layer in the atmosphere in which air temperature increases with height. The stratosphere is the layers of the atmosphere in which the major temperature inversions occur.The major cause of temperature inversions in the atmosphere is when air associated with the shallow air mass is colder than the air aloft which creates an inversion.What is Atmosphere?This is referred to as an envelope of gases which surrounds the planet and examples of such gases include oxygen, carbon dioxide etc.
Temperature inversion occurs in the part of the atmosphere known as the stratosphere and it is caused when the air associated with the shallow air mass is colder than the air aloft which creates an inversion.
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a microbiologist wants to estimate the concentration of a certain type of bacterium in a waste-water sample. she puts a 0.5 ml sample of the wastewater on a microscope slide and counts 39 bacteria. estimate the concentration of bacteria, per ml, in this wastewater, and find the uncertainty in the estimate.
The uncertainty of getting bacterial concentration in wastewater is pretty low as wastewater contains more bacteria and number of bacteria in per ml is 7.8
Estimating the microbial concentration in a sample is determined by various methods like - pour plating, spread plating and serial dilution. In estimation of microbial concentration, we need nutrient broth and an inoculum (a sample from where the sample will be taken and inoculated).
In the given condition we have 0.5 ml of sample and the microscopic counts of 39 bacteria at a time.
Therefore, for the number of bacteria = 39 and
solution = 0.5ml.
39/0.5 = 7.8
Therefore, the number of bacteria per ml of solution is 7.8
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when the spinal cord is damaged, the region of the spinal cord affected determines the region of the body that is impaired. which feature does not contribute to this connection?
rganization of ganglia within the brain.
A column of nerve tissue that runs from the base of the skull down the center of the returned. It is blanketed via three thin layers of shielding tissue referred to as membranes. The spinal twine and membranes are surrounded by means of the vertebrae (back bones). The spinal cord and the mind make up the primary anxious device (CNS).
The spinal cord is a long, skinny, tubular structure made up of fearful tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata within the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (spine). The spine encloses the primary canal of the spinal cord, which incorporates cerebrospinal fluid.
Like the brain, the spinal twine includes grey and white rely. The butterfly-formed middle of the wire includes grey remember.
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A bacterial cell makes binary fission many times and 16 calls are produced during two hours.What is the time taken by one binary fission? a)30 minutes
b)60 minutes
c)45 minutes
d)20 minutes
Answer:
A) 30 minutes
Explanation:
First we will calculate number of division times it will be 16 log/2log =4
then we will divide total time by number of division 120÷4=30
what is the energy required for seaweed and tubeworms ?
Answer:
Plants absorb energy from sunlight, take in carbon dioxide from the air through their leaves, take up water through their roots, and produce glucose and oxygen.
Explanation:
Seaweeds get their food through the process of photosynthesis, which uses energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules, and produces the by-product oxygen. “Seaweed” is the common name for countless species of marine algae that grow in the sea. They produce oxygen by photosynthesizing energy from the sun, just like plants do on land.They are a bit like photosynthetic plants, but instead of using energy from light (like plants do to make food from carbon dioxide), they use energy from chemicals present in the cold seeps and hydrothermal vents. Tubeworms use hydrogen sulfide as an energy source, which is the same chemical emitted by a rotten egg. They are one of the few creatures on Earth that do not need to rely on the Sun for energy. Tubeworms take up sulphide from the sediments through root-like structures, which are at least as long as the tube projecting above the ocean floor.NEED ANSWER PLS DUE SOON
Red blood cells in seawater would shrivel up because there is more salt concentration than human blood cells can handle.
Sorry I can't answer for 3 but the thyroid gland is the main organ for hormones so it definitely has something to do with that
which of the following is inconsistent with the punctuated equilibrium model? multiple choice it is difficult to determine when speciation occurred. transitional fossils are less likely to be found. speciation often occurs rapidly. there is a period of no change interrupted by speciation. it often involves an isolated subpopulation.
Many of the theory's detractors said that punctuated equilibrium has never adequately explained how the significant changes depicted in the fossil record could have occurred in such a brief period of time.
Does punctuated equilibrium remain steady and reliable?Environmental conditions are thought to be constant in punctuated equilibrium. The ecosystem can, however, potentially alter as a result of climatic changes or the arrival of new predators. Additionally, it may highlight recent changes in a population that inhabits that area.
What is an illustration of a punctuated equilibrium?Punctuated equilibrium develops as a result of faster genetic variation transmission, which speeds up speciation and evolution. Examples of punctuated equilibrium can be found in the fossils of tyrannosaurids and mollusks in the Turkana Basin.
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you have discovered an organism that lives inside the gastrointestinal tract and does not contain a nucleus. based on what you know of cellular respiration, how does it obtain its energy?
an organism that lives inside the gastrointestinal tract and does not contain a nucleus. Based on cellular respiration, it obtains its energy through glycolysis.
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that converts glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, each with three carbons. Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that has been around for a very long time and is used by the great majority of living things on the earth today.
In living things, the process of cellular respiration begins with glycolysis. However, since glycolysis doesn't require oxygen, a lot of anaerobic organisms—organisms that don't use oxygen—also have this pathway.
The complete question is:
You have discovered an organism that lives inside the gastrointestinal tract and does not contain a nucleus. Based on what you know of cellular respiration, how does it obtain its energy?
a. glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
b. photosynthesis and the citric acid cycle
c. glycolysis
d. photosynthesis
e. glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain
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nicotine acts in the brain by 1. enhancing gaba's inhibitory effects. 2. increasing serotonin reuptake. 3. first stimulating and then blocking cholinergic receptors. 4. reducing blood flow to the cerebral cortex.
Nicotine mainly shows its action through specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptors located in the brain. It stimulates presynaptic acetylcholine receptors thereby enhancing Ach release and metabolism.
The dopaminergic system is also stimulated by it and thus increasing the concentration of dopamine in nuclear accumbens. Nicotine induces GABA release by binding to excitatory nACh receptors located on presynaptic GABA neurons.
The serotonergic system may be involved in smoking behaviour because nicotine increases the brain's serotonin secretion, nicotine withdrawal decreases serotonin levels and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antagonises the response to nicotine.
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1. signaling in microbes has much in common with processes in multicellular organisms. what does this suggest about its evolutionary origin?
Signaling in microbe suggest the evolutionary origin of signaling mechanism.
What is signaling mechanism?
The signaling process is chemical in nature (i.e., paracrine) and includes the capacity of the ENS for intelligent interpretation of antigen-evoked mast cell signals in addition to the specialized antigen sensing functions of intestinal mast cells.
What is signaling in microbes?
Through the secretion of quorum sensing, electrodes produce mature and durable biofilm (QS).Microbial electrochemical technique (MET) with QS assistance for energy recovery is listed.Recovery of values with comprehensive wastewater treatment via METs is explained.Quorum quenching (QQ) modulation in MET is claimed to cause anti-membrane biofouling.Therefore, bacterial QS and QQ control can help create self-sustaining MET.Therefore, signaling in microbes shows the evolutionary origin of signaling mechanism.
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The diagram below shows how a nerve impulse passing along a relay neurone causes an impulse to be sent along another type of neurone, neurone X.
What type of neurone is neurone X?
The type of neuron that is the X neuron is that it is a motor neuron.
What is a motor neuron?It is a type of neuron located in the peripheral nervous system which will project its axon towards a muscle or towards a gland, therefore it is part of the efferent system. So there are somatic, special visceral and general visceral types.
Motor neurons have as their function the mobility of the tissues to which they go in order to generate different functions. It will carry the information that comes from the descending pathways of the spinal cord.
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