The incubation period is the length of time pathogens need to grow and multiply in food or the digestive tract before they can cause illness.
The time it takes for an illness to manifest after a person has been exposed to a disease-causing organism is known as the incubation period (such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi). When the disease's initial signs or symptoms manifest, the incubation period is over. Knowing an infectious disease's incubation period—the amount of time between exposure to the pathogen and the onset of symptoms—can be helpful in predicting an outbreak's timing, especially when infected people would be symptomatic and most likely to spread the disease.
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question mode multiple choice question neurotransmitters function multiple choice question. only to stimulate neurons to fire. neither to stimulate nor inhibit neuron firing. only to inhibit neurons from firing. to stimulate or inhibit neuron firing.
Neurotransmitters have the ability to neither promote nor inhibit neuronal activation.
Option B is correct.
Multiple-choice question: Which neurotransmitter affects how muscles learn and remember things?Acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is the sole member of its class of neurotransmitters. It is the major neurotransmitter linked to motor neurons and can be found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. 14 Along with memory and learning, it affects how muscles move.
How are movements regulated by neurotransmitters?Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that affects how we move and how we stand. Additionally, it modifies mood and is essential for both dependence and reinforcement. Muscle rigidity characteristic of Parkinson's disease is brought on by dopamine depletion in some areas of the brain.
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what was one step congress took during the covid-19 pandemic to lessen the blow to those impacted?
Many steps were taken by congress during the covid-19 pandemic to lessen the blow to those impacted. COVID-19 pandemic has severe and devastating impacts on American society, economy and health sectors compounding public as well as social crisis & economic burdens.
In 2020, COVID-19 pandemic spread worldwide bringing national and global emergency and crisis. However, American were severely effected by the pandemic.
Congress took some immediate and sensible measures to mitigate the effects of the pandemic and also made certain efforts to reduce the impending crisis.
However, the congress provided aid to the social, local, tribal and state governments. The steps take by congress include direct payments to effected individuals, tax incentives, increased benefits for unemployed people with $300 weekly.
Furthermore, 174 billion dollar funds were allocated for public health measures and 170 billion dollar for education at all levels.
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probably the most often misused projection is multiple choice simple conic. goode's homolosine. mercator. gnomonic.
The most misused projection is Mercator
The most recognisable projection was the Mercator. It was a map of the surface of the Earth that depicted the meridian distances as straight lines. The map's inability to typically accurately represent the shape of the earth, however, causes distortions as the marked lines get closer to the poles. This makes it susceptible to errors.
Moreover, the widely used Mercator projection exaggerates the overall size of the landmasses that are close to the poles relative to those that are close to the equator. This then distorts their overall relative sizes. For example: Brazil's region looks to be much smaller on Mercator maps, but this image demonstrates that it is actually almost as big as Canada's.
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Identify the cycle described.
When a researcher examines the consistency of data collected in a study, the researcher is considering which of the following characteristics?
A. reliability
B. validity
C. standard deviation
D. mode
What exactly is a Conceptual Model and why is it used?
Conceptual models are abstract, psychological representations of how tasks should be carried out
A bird species that lives in an environment with constant climate and food resources is most likely to show an evolutionary pattern of.
A bird species that lives in an environment with constant climate and food resources is most likely to show an evolutionary pattern of gradual speciation.
In the field of biology, gradual speciation can be described as the evolutionary process by which changes in a species occur in small steps over a long period of time.
A bird species that have a constant food supply and a constant climate does not need to adapt to any changes in the environment as its requirements are constant. Such species will not change rapidly due to natural selection. Any change in these bird species will be a gradual one occurring over a long period of time.
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a change in bowel habits prompts a 53-year-old woman to see her physician. on physical examination there are no lesions noted on digital rectal examination, but her stool is positive for occult blood. a colonoscopy is performed and reveals a 6 cm friable mass inthe cecum. a biopsy of this mass is performed and microscopic examination shows a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. after resection of the tumor, the oncologist begins treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-fu) combined with other chemotherapeutic agents. 5-fu not only kills tumor cells but also rapidly growing cells of the immune system and intestine. what is the mechanism by which 5-fu selectively kills fast growing cells?
The mechanism by which 5-fu selectively kills fast growing cells is K-RAS mutation in the neoplastic cells.
An abnormal mass of tissue that paperwork whilst cells grow and divide extra than they need to or do no longer die once they have to. Tumors may be benign (not most cancers) or malignant (cancer). Benign tumors may also grow big however do not spread into, or invade, close by tissues or different parts of the frame.
There are three primary styles of tumor:
1) Benign: these tumors are not cancerous. They do no longer invade close by tissue or spread to other parts of the frame. ...
2) Premalignant: In these tumors, the cells aren't but cancerous, however they could doubtlessly end up malignant.
3) Malignant: Malignant tumors are cancerous.
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how can we check if proteins have been successfully transferred from the polyacrylamide gel to nitrocellulose?
It will be challenging for the protein to go from the polyacrylamide gel to the nitrocellulose membrane if it is not completely denatured. Larger proteins transmit less than smaller proteins, which explains this.
Denaturing the protein by using the appropriate amount of the detergent SDS (Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate), which enables the transfer of the protein from the polyacrylamide gel to the nitrocellulose membrane.
We need to add antibodies and run a western blot to see if the transfer went through properly.
What is nitrocellulose?Nucleic acid and protein detection are frequently used in research and diagnostic applications, and nitrocellulose membranes are one of the most significant and ancient cellulose derivatives. Only a few studies, though, have looked into whether they can serve as scaffolds for cell growth.
Based on mixed cellulose esters (MCE), die cut nitrocellulose membrane filters can withstand bases, weak acids, non-polar liquids, and hydrocarbons. They offer higher protein binding than CA membrane filters alone and are made of cellulose nitrate and cellulose acetate (CA).
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in a diploid individual, one chromosome carries f and b genes, and the homologous chromosome carries different forms (alleles) of these same genes, f and b. see the image below for an illustration of the diploid, the original cell at the start of meiosis. if there is no crossover of the non-sister chromatids during the early phases of meiosis, the genotypes of the resulting gametes will be:
The resulting genotype would be fB, fB, Fb, Fb if no crossing over of non-sister chromatids occurs during the early stages of meiosis
Homologous recombination is the genetic outcome of a physical exchange between two aligned identical DNA regions on two distinct chromosomes or on the same chromosome (HR). Numerous markers surround the exchange region, and HR is present on the majority of homologous chromosomes.
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Activation energy (EA) is defined by the following statement(s).
A. EA is the amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur.
B. EA is lowered by the appropriate enzyme.
C. EA is the same between reactants and products.
D. A and B
E A, B, and C
EA is indeed the amount of energy needed for the a reaction to take place, and the right enzyme lowers EA.
The correct answer is A,B
What is the actual meaning of energy?The definition of energy is the capacity for work. Numerous things contain energy, which can also exist in a variety of forms. Kinetic energy, for instance, is the energy of motion, and potential energy is the energy resulting from the location or structure of an object. Although energy can change forms, it never actually disappears.
Why does energy exist?Energy is a phrase used to describe a property of matter and non-matter fields; it is not a substance in and of itself. For instance, it is argued that matter has kinetic energy when it moves quickly. Potential energy can take many different forms.
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striated muscles appear striated or banded under a microscope. striated muscle fibers include which muscle types? select all that apply. smooth muscle cells skeletal muscle cells muscle fibers that close the shells of clams cardiac muscle cells
Striated muscle fibers include the skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.
What are skeletal and cardiac muscles?
These skeletal muscles make up 30-40% of our complete body mass. These muscles are the ones which connect to bones through tendons, allowing us a wide range of mobility and functions. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles; this means we control how they work.
The cardiac muscles are specific to the heart. The thick middle layer of heart is made up of cardiac muscle. It performs rhythmic contractions, which allows the heart to pump blood. Pumping of blood is the most important job of the cardiac muscle, after which flows into the circulatory system.
Hence, striated muscle fibers have both cardiac and skeletal muscles.
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during chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. four limbs with digits 2. notochord 3. true bone 4. lungs or lung derivatives 5. amniotic egg
During chordate evolution the sequence in which the structures arose are paired fins, jaws, limbs/fins with muscle, amniotic egg, and placenta.
An animal belonging to the phylum Chordata is referred to as a chordate, and all chordates have 5 synapomorphies—or predominant characteristics—that set them other than all different species at a while in the course of their larval or grownup stages.
The notochord, dorsal hole nerve cord, endostyle or thyroid, pharyngeal slits, and publish tail are amongst those 5 synapomorphies. The first of those synapomorphies, the notochord, that's important to chordate motion and structure, is in which the call chordate originates. Chordates additionally have a coelom, a circulatory system, are bilaterally symmetric, and show metameric segmentation.
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certain bacteria and viruses are more likely to be spread by fomites than other species of microbes. research pathogens that are commonly transmitted by fomites and provide one bacteria and one virus example. describe how fomite-spread pathogens gain access to the body and the most effective methods for preventing transmission.
Fomites can become infected with a plague through direct contact with bodily fluids, soiled hands, talking, sneezing, coughing, or vomiting, or by being exposed to an airborne virus.
Indirect entails a private coming into contact with a contaminated object. This frequently happens as a result of contaminated objects or environments from dirty hands. This surface still has the microorganism thereon, expecting the subsequent person to touch it and pick it up.
What about bacteria?Some bacteria aid within the digestion of food, assist the body produce necessary vitamins, and eliminate disease-causing cells.Additionally, bacteria are employed to form nutritious foods like yogurt and cheese. But contagious microorganisms offer you a disease.Within your body, they multiply rapidly.Bacteria can feed a spread of ways.The energy that heterotrophic bacteria, often mentioned as heterotrophs, produce comes from eating organic carbon.Most of them take up decaying organic matter like dead meat.These parasitic microorganisms can either aid or harm their host.Actually, the event of germs is simply delayed.Cooking food at 165 degrees or above is the sole technique to destroy microorganisms using temperature.Bacteria also die in extremely acidic environments, such as pickle juice.Bacteria must be killed using water that's 140 degrees Fahrenheit or hotter.This system is used by most restaurants to kill bacteria on food and cooking equipment and to clean surfaces.Bacteria can also be killed by chlorine.Medicines mentioned as antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections in both humans and animals.Learn more about bacteria here:
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a horticulturalist wants to produce geraniums with specific characteristics. she knows that the trait of red flowers is governed by the allele r(rr and rr) and the trait of white flowers is governed by the allele r(rr). the horticulturalist plans to cross a geranium that is true-breeding for red flowers with a geranium that is true-breeding for white flowers. which punnett square best describes this cross?
The one that best describes the Punnett square of this cross is:
R R
r Rr Rr
r Rr Rr
Geraniums that breed for red flowers mean that the allele trait is Homozygous dominant which is denoted by the letter RR. And geraniums that reproduce for white flowers mean that the allele is homozygous recessive, denoted by the letter rr.
Homozygous dominant genes are a combination of two dominant genes from male sex cells and female sex cells. Homozygous dominant genes are symbolized by two capital letters, such as AA and RR.
A recessive homozygous gene is the result of the combination of two recessive genes from two sex cells. The homozygous recessive gene symbol is two lowercase letters, for example, aa and rr.
Heterozygous genes are genes that have different pairs of alleles so that one is dominant and the other is recessive, so it is written with a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, such as Rr.
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from all three sites surveyed what was the total number of tuskless elephants killed
In the early 2000s, more than 2,500 elephants which is reduced to 200 tuskless elephants.
What is the percentage of Tuskless elephants?Whereas the usual level of tusklessness in elephant residents is somewhere between 3 percent and 4 percent, on the report of a Ugandan report, a 1989 survey of Queen Elizabeth National Park discloses tusklessness in the elephant population to be between 9 percent and 25 percent. This find proposes the mutation for tusklessness may kill male elephants, per the New York Times. The team deliberated that 18.5 percent of female elephants did not have tusks before the war began. After the war, 33 percent of 91 female elephants born were naturally tuskless, per Nature.
So we can conclude that In well-protected elephant natives, tusklessness can be as low as 2 percent. Today, half of Gorongosa's females are tuskless.
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true or false base pairs form when nitrogenous bases are connected by hidrogen bonds
Answer: true
Explanation:
i just had that question in class
Look at the DNA samples from Cytochrome b shown above. What do you notice about the sequences for each population?
Answer:
Explanation:
they have lines.
a positive babinski's sign is seen when the lower motor neuron of the pyramidal pathway is damaged. true false
a positive babinski's sign is seen when the lower motor neuron of the pyramidal pathway is damaged. it is a false statement.
What is babinski's sign?A neuro-pathological cue included within the foot's Plantar Reflex is known as Babinski's sign. The typical adult Plantar Reflex is characterised by a downward flexion of the toes in the direction of the stimulus when it is elicited by a blunt stimulus to the sole of the foot. When the Hallux (big toe) extends dorsally in response to the same plantar stimulus, this is known as the Babinski's sign. Despite the fact that the plantar reflex in infants causes a reaction like the sign, Babinski's sign in adults can be an indication of corticospinal tract damage or a lesion, and recognition of the sign is still one of the least invasive ways to confirm a diagnosis of upper motor neuron injury.
The reflex hammer, created by Babinski in 1912 as a prototype, became one of a modern neurologist's indispensable tools as the sign became so ingrained in neurological doctrine. Babinski's sign is still referred to as "the most colourful exam finding in neurology" in current neurological examination texts. All things considered, Babinski's sign and other tests of the plantar reflex (such as the Chaddock sign and Cornell sign) serve as helpful reminders of the value of a thorough physical examination and the fact that, with the right care and attention to detail, a doctor can confidently make diagnoses using simple, concise, and interactive methods.
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which stain would you use if you were interested in studying collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix of bone?
if one was interested in studying collagen fibers in the extracellular matrix of bone Mallory's trichrome stain
To identify collagen, elastic fibres, muscle, mucus, pituitary cells, and reticulum in routinely prepared paraffin-embedded tissue specimens (in vitro), laboratory personnel should employ Mallory's trichrome stain. Collagen fibres, reticulum, mucous, elastic fibres in various hues of blue, alpha and beta cells in various shades of red, and nuclei in various shades of red all exhibit a blue stain.
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ntraspecific competition among planthoppers . intraspecific competition among planthoppers . results in increased development time. occurs via resources rather than interference. results in reduced survivorship. all the above.
'ntraspecific competition among planthoppers. intraspecific competition among planthoppers . results in increased development time. Occurs via resources rather than interference. Results in reduced survivorship. All the above. All of the choices are correct.
At large population densities, intraspecific competition can be fierce and detrimental to fitness. Low survival rates, sluggish growth, diminished fecundity, and decreased reproductive rates are caused by high population density.
What about intraspecific competition?When members of the same species compete against one another, this is known as intraspecific competition. Depending on the type of competition that exists, each individual within the species will be affected differently by it. Competition in a "contest" might be active or passive and have many effects. Members of the same species may compete with one another for food, shelter, water, and mates in intraspecific competition. Members of various species compete with one another across interspecific boundaries. For instance, various species of predators may engage in competition over the same prey. Pertaining to or occurring within a single species. Because the resource requirements of members of the same species are relatively comparable whereas those of different species are less similar, intraspecific rivalry tends to be more powerful than interspecific competition. One common theory is that intraspecific competition for scarce dietary resources is the reason why the egg yield of the individual parasite declines with population density. Many sea urchins may experience changes in growth, reproduction, and morphometry due to intraspecific competition). Similar results from C. rodgersii experiments show a high degree of plasticity in development and morphology in many habitat types. Interspecific competition has a negative overall effect on both participating species (a -/- interaction). In other words, if the other species didn't exist, each one would thrive more.
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During the reaction work up, pentane is used as an organic solvent and there are aqueous extractions. Which layer is most dense?.
Using the theories of alkanes, we got aqueous layer is the most dense when pentane is used as an organic solvent.
Alkanes are the series of compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms with single covalent bonds. These are basically known as saturated hydrocarbons. This group of compounds consists of the carbon and hydrogen atoms with single covalent bonds. Also it comprises a homologous series having a molecular formula of CnH2n+2.
Alkanes are the simplest family of the hydrocarbons. They contain only carbon and hydrogen. Each carbon atom actually forms four bonds and each hydrogen atom forms one bond
Hence, during the reactions, when pentane is used as an organic solvent and there are aqueous extractions, the layer which is most dense is aqueous layer.
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the controlled release of cellular material stored in membrane-bound vesicles to the outside of the cell is an example of: group of answer choices endocytosis.
The controlled release of cellular material stored in membrane-bound vesicles to the outside of the cell is an example of transcytosis.
What are membrane bound vesicles?
Vacuoles and vesicles are membrane-bound sacs with storage and transport capabilities. There is a very slight difference between vesicles and vacuoles besides the fact that vacuoles are slightly larger: vesicle membranes can fuse with either the plasma membrane or other membrane systems within the cell.
What is transcytosis?
Multicellular organisms use transcytosis, the vesicular transport of macromolecules from one side of the cell to the other, to move specific materials between two environments without changing the specific compositions of those environments.
Hence transcytosis is the release of cellular material stored in membrane bound vesicle outside the cell
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dnp is a toxin that destroys the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain. where in the cell does dnp act? a. plasma membrane b. mitochondrial matrix c. inner mitochondrial membrane d. nuclear membrane
The toxin dnp degrades the proton gradient created by the electron transport chain. The location of dnp in the cell is. mitochondrial inner membrane
Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles with phospholipid bilayers and proteins as inner and outer membranes. The inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is of particular interest because it houses the electron transport chain and ATP synthase. As a result, the inner mitochondrial membrane serves as a functional barrier between the cytosol and the matrix, preserving the proton gradient that drives oxidative phosphorylation. The mitochondrial inner membrane, like the cell membrane, is primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer. Various proteins embedded in this bilayer serve to transport electrons.
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while you and your classmate are studying for your biological anthropology midterm, your classmate tells you that the fossil of lucy, a famous australopithecine specimen that dates to about 3.2 mya, was dated based on carbon 14 analysis. why is this incorrect?
Studying the evolution, diversity, and adaptation of people and their extant and fossilized relatives is known as biological anthropology.
What is biological anthropology midterm ?By examining biology (particularly the skeleton), evolutionary theory, inheritance, the fossil record, and contemporary primates, biological anthropology looks into the biological evolution and variation of both human and nonhuman primates. It examines how behavior, ecology, and biology are related to one another.
Biologists study how people adapt to various surroundings, how biological and cultural processes influence growth, development, and behavior, and what factors contribute to illness and early mortality. They are also fascinated with the biological beginnings, evolution, and variation of humans.
What is Fossil ?Any surviving remains, impression, or evidence of a once-living thing from a previous geological epoch is referred to as a fossil. Examples include fossilized bones, shells, exoskeletons, animal or microbe imprints in stone, amber-preserved artifacts, hair, petrified wood, oil, coal, and DNA traces.
If a specimen is more than 10,000 years old, it is typically regarded as a fossil. The oldest fossils date back between 3.48 and 4.1 billion years.
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during exercise, the blood flow to the active skeletal muscles is increased by autoregulation. how does this work? what other controls on blood flow operate?
During exercise the skeletal muscles require more ATP which in turn requires more oxygen. This autoregulation is mediated by the cerebral resistance which causes dilation of arteries. When the demand of excessive oxygen is reduced, neurotransmitters are released that constrict the blood vessels.
Cerebral resistance is the relation between cerebral perfusion pressure and CBF. It functions to mediate a normal blood flow rate to any organ. If the demand of oxygen is more at any organs, it facilitates the dilation of arteries so that the blood flow rate remains nearly constant.
Neurotransmitters are the chemicals that carry the chemical signals from one neuron to another. Thus, they act as messengers.
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alleles are: question 30 options: different versions of a particular gene. different types of deoxyribonucleic acid (dna). defective chromosomes that are missing a few key genes. chemicals or other environmental agents that are known to cause birth defects.
Answer:
Explanation:
alleles is one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location.
suppose prey move out of an area at a rate proportional to the number of predators in the area. how would you modify these systems to take this into account?
If prey moves out of an area at a rate proportional to the number of predators in the area, then the number of prey and predator would be equal leading to static growth.
Predators are living creatures that chase other living beings, called prey, in arrange to nourish and subsist through a vitality exchange within the shape of nourishment. It is an interaction where one life form is profited, whereas the other included is hurt.
The predator can expend prey totally, or as it were take a portion of it, even though it causes significant damage.
Prey moreover have versatile characteristics to guard themselves against predators. Camouflage capacity: much appreciated to which they can go unnoticed in their environment.
The colors can moreover serve as an alarm, with distinctive colors or designs that demonstrate to predators that they may be in peril in case they are hurt.
If you're inquisitive to know more animals that camouflage themselves, here you'll be able to discover more than 20 creatures that camouflage themselves.
Without predators, populace x develops over time without bounds. But with predators, it'll diminish relative to the number of predators y increased by the number of prey x, since of the number of intelligent between the two species.
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The birth of the study of human relations within business organizations can be traced to?.
The birth of study of human relations within business organizations can be traced to the Hawthorne studies from1924 to 1932.
What is human relation within business?The human relations movement was born from the Hawthorne studies which was conducted by Elton Mayo and Fritz Roethlisberger from year 1924 to 1932.
The ability to interact in a healthy manner with others and build a strong relationships is known as Human relations. It is the process of creating systems and communication channels to enable group employee relationships and also one-on-one relationships.
The human relations theory of management began developing in the early 1920s and now, it is important to every business. Understanding the involved skills and theories is key for the success of employees.
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in order to keep a resting membrane potential, the active transport of the sodium and potassium pump must function to keep:
The active transport of the sodium and potassium pump must work to maintain: A high concentration of sodium outside the cell and a high concentration of potassium inside the cytosol in order to maintain a resting membrane potential.
Active transport in cellular biology refers to the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient from a location of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. Cellular energy is needed for active transport to achieve this movement.
The electrical potential differential across the plasma membrane of a cell during its non-excited condition is referred to as the resting membrane potential of the cell. The value of the electrical potential difference inside a cell compared to the extracellular environment is often used to indicate the difference across a cell membrane.
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