The procedures for posting to a subsidiary ledger from a sales journal include daily updating of the customer account in the subsidiary ledger and then putting a checkmark in the PR column of the journal to indicate the customer account was updated.
AccountingRegistration of the monetary value of the commercial operations of a company. Its objective is to provide information on the net worth of a company in a given period of time. These are the following operations that must be posted:
Purchases and expensesSales and incomeAcquisitions and sales of assetsSalaries and social securityFor more about accounting here https://brainly.com/question/1033546
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Theresa, a cash basis taxpayer, purchased a bond on July 1, 2011, for $10,000, plus $400 of accrued interest. The bond paid $800 of interest each December 31. On March 31, 2015, she sold the bond for $9,800, which included $200 of accrued interest.
a. Theresa has $200 interest income and a $400 loss from the bond in 2015.
b. Theresa has $200 interest income and a $200 gain from the bond in 2015.
c. Theresa has a $100 loss from the sale of the bond and no interest income.
d. Theresa's loss on the sale of the bond is $600.
e. None of these.
The cost of the bond was $10,000 and the proceeds from the sale were $9,600 ($9,800 - $200 accrued interest). Therefore, Theresa had a $400 ($9,600 - $10,000) loss from the sale, and $200 of interest income.
What is income?Income is the consumption and savings opportunity that a business captures within a specific time frame, usually expressed in money. Income is difficult to define conceptually and definitions vary by region.Income is money received by an individual or business in exchange for providing work, producing goods or services, or investing capital. While individuals usually earn their income through wages or salaries, businesses generate income from the sale of goods or services that exceed their production costs.Business income may include income from the sale of products or services.For example, the fees a person receives from normal professional practice are income from business operations.The rent received by a person who runs a real estate business is business income.To learn more about income from the given link :
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the exchange rate is 1.5 bosnian markas per u.s. dollar. the price of a refrigerator in bosnia is 1,200 markas while in the u.s. it is $1,000. the real exchange rate is
Dollars are exchanged at a rate of 1.5 Bosnian marks. In Bosnia, a refrigerator costs 1,200 markas, compared to $1,000 in the United States. 5/4 is the true exchange rate.
What is an exchange rate?A currency's exchange rate, or "exchange rate," in finance refers to the price at which it will be substituted for another currency. Most often, currencies are national ones, but they can also be supra-national ones like the euro or sub-national ones like Hong Kong.
The valuation of one country's currency with respect to another currency is also thought of as the exchange rate. Each nation chooses the regime of exchange rates that will be used for its respective currency. Governments have the authority to set restrictions and limits on currency rates.
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g production and purchases budgets at the beginning of october, comfy cushions had 2,600 cushions and 15,500 pounds of raw materials on hand. budgeted sales for the next three months are:
At the beginning of October, cozy cushions had a budget for both production and purchases. They had 2,600 pillows and 15,500 pounds of raw materials on hand.
The following are the three-month budgeted sales: The following are the three-month sales projections: Month 13,000 in October 2,600 pillows and 15,500 pounds of raw materials were available from Comfy Cushions.
The production budget indicates that 50,000 units should be sold. 52,000 production units are needed. the starting point and the final products that are desired. The production budget indicates that 100,000 units should be sold. 104,000 production units are needed.
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if a company issued 100 shares of stock for 2$ par, then bought back 50 shares for 1$ each, what amount of gain or loss would the company recognize
The gain or loss that the company would recognize on the shares that it bought back would be a gain of $ 50.
How to find the gain or loss?The gain or loss on the stock purchased by the company can be found be subtracting the selling cost from the buying cost of the shares.
The shares were sold at a value of $ 2 per share and then bought back at $1 so the gain or loss would be:
= ( 50 shares x 2) - ( 50 shares x 1 )
= 100 - 50
= $50
The company would recognize a gain of $50.
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when a bond is purchased for an investment, the purchase price, minus the brokerage commission, plus any accrued interest is recorded. true false
The answer is true. Investments are financial commitments made to acquire assets in the hopes that their value would rise over time. Investment necessitates the loss of a current resource, such as time, money, or effort.
In the world of finance, investing is done in order to profit from the asset being put to use. A gain (profit) or loss realised through the sale of a home or investment, unrealized capital value (or loss), investment income like dividends, interest, or rental income, or a mix of capital gain and income may all be included in the return. The return may also include foreign exchange profits or losses.
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assume that you manage a bond portfolio. the dollar duration of the portfolio is -8,574,000. an instrument is traded with dollar duration equal to -810. to make the portfolio duration neutral you need to trade this many units of the hedging instrument. answer approximate to the closest integer. use the negative sign for short sell (example: -2550) and just the integer for buy (example: 2550).
The approximate number of units needed to trade to make the portfolio duration neutral is equal to 10,585.
Given information:
The entire dollar length of the portfolio has to be zero in order to be duration neutral. If you purchase N units of the hedged item, the following conditions must be met for the investment to be duration neutral:
-8,574,000 + N * (-810) = 0
--8,574,000 = 810N
N = -10,585
According to the definition of a portfolio, it is a mixture of different assets that investors own. The aforementioned group of capital instruments could also include valuable items like equities, funds, derivatives, cash accounts, bonds, etc. People invest their money in these assets in order to make money while preserving the initial ownership of an asset or capital.
Depending upon the level of investment knowledge, people can either manage their portfolios alone or engage the services of qualified financial advisors. Diversification is indeed a key idea for portfolio management, as according to specialists in finance.
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businesses that focus on the creation and delivery of high-value value propositions, to include those that may be customized to the customer segments' preferences, are typically described as:
Value-driven products are often ones that can be tailored to the desires of the customer segment.
What does the word "customer" actually mean?An individual or company that purchases goods or solutions from another company is known as a customer. Customers are vital since they bring in money. In their absence, businesses would cease to exist. Companies frequently claim that they serve a wide range of clients when we inquire who their customer is. Internal and outside customers, distributors, purchasers, influencers, and workers are included in this perception of customers.
What exactly are customer characteristics?These include elements like the situation, the desired benefit, the user's status, the user rate, the level of preparation, and the attitude of the customer. They consist of price, loyalty, frequency of purchases, quantity spent, season, time spent making a decision, and location of the customer's purchase.
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DeAngelo is in charge of hiring for a large construction company. He reviews many job applications each day and is subject to various biases when he does so. Identify the scenarios in which he is less likely to rely on stereotypes.
Correct Answer(s)
Applicant C grew up in DeAngelo's neighborhood, although they don't know one another personally.
Applicant A is reviewed immediately after DeAngelo completes a seminar about workplace discrimination.
Incorrect Answer(s)
Applicant B is reviewed first thing in the morning, after DeAngelo has slept very poorly and before he has had any coffee.
Applicant D is a qualified woman applying for a job that women rarely do.
Although they are strangers, applicant C grew up in DeAngelo's neighborhood. Immediately following DeAngelo's completion of a lecture on employment discrimination, applicant A is evaluated.
A stereotype is a preconceived idea or set of characteristics that many people believe to be representative of a particular type of person or thing. Business success has always been associated with stereotypes. Many men feel that their physical characteristics don't conform to the conception of the ideal man.
For instance, women are viewed favorably as warm but adversely as weak; Asian Americans are viewed positively as competent but negatively as cold, and Black Americans are viewed positively as athletic but poorly.
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The number of cargo ships entering the united states in february 2020 dropped from more than 30,000 at the beginning of the month to under 3,000 by the end of the month. Companies waiting for raw materials and parts to arrive were affected in the __________ part of their supply chain.
Analyzing the statement, we can say that the companies that were waiting for the arrival of raw materials and parts were affected in the upstream part of their supply chain.
What is the supply chain?It corresponds to the series of interconnected processes that involve the entire system of an organization, from its origin to distribution and delivery to the final consumer.
The importance of integrating each process in the life cycle of an asset ensures that each stage of the supply chain occurs at the right time, with the correct quality and quantity, helping the company to be organized and structured in the market.
Therefore, if there is any negative situation that affects a supply chain process, it will consequently impact the entire chain, causing delays, a drop in profitability, etc.
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tara sells her organic carrots in a perfectly competitive market for a price that is just higher than her minimum average variable cost of production, but lower than her minimum average total cost of production. which of the following statements is then true?
Tara sells her organic carrots in a perfectly competitive market for a price that is just higher than her minimum average variable cost of production, but lower than her minimum average total cost of production. She is incurring a loss, because price is less than ATC.
What is market ?A market refers to as the aggregate of all buyers and sellers in the region or regions under consideration.A region can be a globe, country, region, state, or city. The value, cost, and price of traded items are governed by the forces of supply and demand in the market. A market place is a means by which the exchange of goods and services takes place, either by contacting buyers and sellers directly or through intermediaries or institutions. Markets matter. Markets are the ways through which a company shares are bought and sold, providing companies with access to cash.Markets are very crucial in pricing, liquidity transformation, and enabling businesses to meet customer needs.To learn more about market from the given link :
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What is a good sentence for customer?.
A good sentence for customer: "I appreciate your loyalty as a customer and look forward to continuing to serve you in the future."
What is customer?
An individual as well as business that purchases goods or services from another company is known as a customer. Customers are crucial to businesses because they generate revenue; without them, they would cease to exist. All businesses compete with one another to draw clients, whether through aggressive product promotion, price reductions to increase clientele, or the creation of distinctive goods and experiences that clients adore. Companies frequently abide by the proverb "the customer has always been right" because satisfied customers are more likely to give those businesses their repeat business. As a result, many businesses closely monitor one‘s customer relationships in order to get feedback on how to improve their product lines. Customers can be divided into a variety of groups. Customers are typically divided into internal and external categories.
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An amount of $12,000 is invested at a simple interest rate of 2. 15% for 3 years. What is the total investment after 3 years?.
The total value of the investment after 3 years given the amount invested is $12,774.
The total value of the investment is the sum of the amount invested and the interest earned.
The total value of the investment = amount invested + simple interest earned
$12,0000 + (principal x time x interest rate)
$12,000 + (12,000 x 0.0215 x 3) = $12,774
Investment is the dedication of cash to buy of an asset to obtain an boom in fee over a time period. funding calls for a sacrifice of a few gift asset, including time, cash, or attempt. In finance, the purpose of making an investment is to generate a return from the invested asset.
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which one of the following statements most accurately describes the state of banking in the united states? a) a large number of large ban and e smallnumber of small banks; b) a large number of large and small banks; c) a small number of ferge and small banks; d) a large number of amell banks and e small number of large bank
the state of banking in the united states is A large number of small banks and a small number of large banks.
A financial institution with exclusive authority over the creation and distribution of money and credit for a country or a group of countries is known as the central bank. In contemporary economies, the central bank is typically in charge of monetary policy formulation and member bank regulation.
Inherently non-market-based or even anti-competitive institutions are central banks. Many central banks, despite the fact that some have been nationalized, are not part of the government and are therefore frequently hailed as being politically independent. However, even though a central bank isn't technically the government's property, its rights are still created and safeguarded by the law.
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Events that occur between the first and second measurement period but are not part of the manipulation are called _____ effects.
Events that occur between the first and second measurement period but are not part of the manipulation are history effects.
the impact of outside circumstances or events on an important outcome variable. In order to rule out any confounds to a hypothesized or apparent relationship between two variables, quasi-experimental research frequently makes an effort to take history effects into account. An illustration would be the occurrence of a real earthquake when a field study was being conducted to examine the impact of training in earthquake preparedness; this would probably boost news coverage of earthquakes, leading to more information being shared outside of the training program.
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You invested $100 at 8. 2% which is compounded annually for 7 years. How much will your $100. Be worth in 7 years?.
The amount after compounding and including interest will be $173.6
In the question, it is stated that a principal amount of $100 was invested. This was invested such that it gains interest with a rate of 8.2% and the amount is compounded annually. We have to calculate the amount after 7 years of investment.
We know the formula for calculating Compound Interest is:
[tex]A = P(1+\frac{r}{n})^{nt}[/tex], where A is the amount, P is the Principal amount, r is the rate of interest, n is the number of interest applied to the principal in a year, and t is the time period of investment.
It is given that, P = 100, r = 8.2%, n = 1, t = 7.
Calculating,
=> [tex]A = 100(1+\frac{0.082}{1})^{7*1}[/tex]
=> [tex]A = 100(1.082)^{7}[/tex]
=> [tex]A = 100(1.736)[/tex]
=> [tex]A = 173.6[/tex]
Hence, the compounded amount will be $173.6
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jeremy (unmarried) earned $100,000 in salary and $6,000 in interest income during the year. jeremy's employer withheld $10,000 of federal income taxes from jeremy's paychecks during the year. jeremy has one qualifying dependent child (age 14) who lives with him. jeremy qualifies to file as head of household and has $23,000 in itemized deductions, including $2,000 of charitable contributions to his church. (use the tax rate schedules.)
The standard deduction is determined by the government, as is its amount.Unless they choose to itemize their deductions, this deduction is available to all tax filers.
How do I figure my standard deduction for income tax?One of the ways to lower taxable income is to use a tax deduction.A standard deduction is one deduction made at a set amount.The use of itemized deductions is common among higher-income tax payers who frequently have large amounts of deductible expenses, such as state and local taxes paid, mortgage interest, and charitable contributions.(1)Gross income $106,000
(2)For AGI deductions 0
(3)Adjusted gross income
=100,000+6000 =$106,000
(4)Standard deduction 18,350
(5)Itemized deductions 23,000
(6)Greater of standard deduction or itemized deductions (23,000).
(7)Taxable income $83,000
(8)Income tax liability $(12,698)
(9)Child tax credit 2,000
(10)Tax withholding 11,000
TAX REFUND $(302)
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one potential problem with the addition of assistant trainers in the rbt certification process is the assistant trainer could be a(n)
One potential problem with the addition of assistant trainers in the RBT certification process is the assistant trainer could be an RBT.
What is an RBT?The RBT is largely in charge of carrying out treatment plans that involve skill development and behavior modification directly. RBTs also gather information and offer assistance as required.
If someone desires to work in motivational interviewing, RBT employment is a great location to begin their career. The possibility that assistance training in the RBT commencement is a concern with the inclusion of assistance trainers.
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denise compares her management policies to those of fitness unlimited, a competitor. fitness unlimited wants to recruit the best employees available. for this reason, it is a wage leader. its management made this to intentionally pay more than average to attract high-quality employees.
Management made this wage-level decision to intentionally pay more than average to attract high-quality employees.
Management is the coordination and management of obligations to attain a goal. Such management sports consist of setting the agency's approach and coordinating the efforts of staff to accomplish those goals via the software of available resources.
Control consists of the activities of setting the approach of a business enterprise and coordinating the efforts of its employees (or of volunteers) to accomplish its objectives thru the software of available assets, consisting of monetary, natural, technological, and human assets.
At the maximum fundamental degree, management is a subject that consists of a set of five popular functions: making plans, organizing, staffing, main, and controlling.
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many multinational companies roll out standard is applications for all to use. however, standard applications often don't account for all the differences among business partners and employees operating in other parts of the world. which of the following is a frequent modification required for standard software?
To facilitate the successful adoption of a new IS, software may need to be created with local language interfaces. Customization may also be required to properly handle date data. To make systems work properly, users can also need to adopt manual procedures and overrides. ( all of the above)
What is a software ?Software is a collection of computer programs along with supporting files and information. Hardware, on the other hand, is what the system is made of and what actually does the work.
Software is a collection of instructions, data, or computer programs that are used to run machines and carry out particular activities. It is the antithesis of hardware, which refers to a computer's external components. A device's running programs, scripts, and applications are collectively referred to as "software" in this context.
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Matt, a manager in New York City, has been transferred by his company to Japan for six months to study their operations as well as to negotiate a supplier contract. Matt is having some problems understanding how to do business in Japan. He wants to get down to business and get things done, but he senses that his Japanese coworkers want to get to know and trust him before focusing on doing business. The problem could be the fact that Matt is from a(n) and believes building personal relationships is a waste of time that diverts attention away from the task at hand Multiple Choice: (A) informal culture (B) high-context culture (C) company that does not encourage communication (D) low-context culture
Low-context culture, It refers to civilizations where people frequently form numerous connections, albeit ones that are more fleeting or held for a particular purpose. To ensure that newcomers entering these communities know how to behave, it may be necessary to openly state cultural behavior and beliefs.
What is low-context culture?High-context cultures and low-context cultures are at opposite ends of a spectrum that measures how explicit cultural messages are and how significant context is in communication. The continuum depicts how people interact with others using a variety of communication techniques, including verbal, non-verbal, gestures, relationships, body language, and relations. Language groups, nations, or local communities are often referred to as "high-" and "low-" context cultures. However, the idea might also be used in settings including online and offline communication, corporations, professions, and other cultural groups. High-context cultures frequently use subtle nonverbal cues and less overt vocal expressions to communicate, adding additional meaning to these communications.To learn more about low-context culture, refer to
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consider the following information and then calculate the required rate of return for the universal investment fund, which holds 4 stocks. the market's required rate of return is 13.25%, the risk-free rate is 7.00%, and the fund's assets are as follows: beta a 150000
As per the concept of CAPM, the required rate of return for the universal investment fund, which holds 4 stocks is $19,875.07
CAPM:
In economics, CAPM or the capital asset pricing model gives us the required return on the basis of the risk factors and it is given as the risk free rate plus the total of the market risk premium multiplied by the beta.
Given,
Here we have the market's required rate of return is 13.25%, the risk-free rate is 7.00%.
Now, we need to find the required rate of return for the universal investment fund, which holds 4 stocks.
Based on the CAPM, the required return of the portfolio is calculated as,
=> Risk free rate + (Market Risk Premium x Portfolio Beta)
Apply the value of the formula, then we get,
=> 7.00% + (150000 x 13.25%)
=> 0.07 + (150000 x 0.1325)
=> 19875.07
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discuss the extent to which technological and economic change were the result of government policy.
To the great extent, government policy has made a significant change in technological and economic changes.
How does technological change improves the situation of economic growth?The most significant element affecting the rate of economic growth is technological change. It is more significant than capital formation. The ability to maintain raising output per person is a result of technical advancement. As a result, it is the main driver of economic expansion. Technological advancement or change is the finding of new and more effective production techniques. Natural resource supplies can sometimes grow as a result of technology advancements. As a result of technological advancement, it is now possible to produce the same amount of output with less resource or more output with the same resource.
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the technical agenda overview is a useful resource as it is a real-time snapshot of all of the board's current projects provided in a simple 3-page and easy to print format. true or false
It is a real-time snapshot of all of the board's current projects provided in a simple 3-page and easy to print format Cluster analysis utilising location quotients provide a forecast of future employment in a single industry," according to the statement.The correct answer is True.
Cluster analysis is a technique for categorising occurrences so that they are more similar to one another than to specific categories or clusters within the same organisation (called a cluster).When performing a cluster analysis, the objective is to group entities or clusters that the data suggests are not pre-defined such that objects within the same cluster appear to be similar to one another in some ways and objects inside separate clusters appear to be distinct in other ways.gives a summary of the facts and procedure for the classIn software engineering, class diagrams are used to represent: classes, attributes, and methods.
- the connection between classes
In object oriented design, it offers a representation of the application's static layout. Details on how the method is implemented are not given. In reality, with the right UML tools, code skeleton can be created automatically from class diagrams.
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when carrying costs are expressed as a percentage of price, what happens to carrying costs as the quantity discount increases?
Carrying prices area unit forever expressed as a proportion of the whole worth of inventory. Carrying prices area unit forever expressed as a proportion of the whole worth of inventory.
They are adequate; the inventory holding is divided by the whole worth of inventory, then increased by one hundred. Inventory opportunity cost is the total of all expenses associated with storing unsold products. The whole includes intangibles like depreciation and lost cost also as repositing prices. A business' inventory carrying prices can usually total 2 hundredths to half-hour of its total inventory worth.
The inventory cost includes the value of purchased merchandise, fewer discounts on units taken, and any duties and transportation prices paid by the client.
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Voluntary costs refer to: - prevention and appraisal costs. - prevention and internal failure...Question:Voluntary costs refer to:- prevention and appraisal costs.- prevention and internal failure costs.- appraisal and external failure costs.- internal failure costs and external failure costs.
The terms "voluntary costs" and "appraisal costs" are synonymous. To make sure that its goods and services meet the standards of its clients, the business, and legal requirements.
One subset of quality control expenses is the cost of appraisals. To make sure that their products and services meet consumer expectations and legal requirements, businesses invest in appraisal costs as part of the business quality control process. Costs for field tests and inspections may be appraisal costs among these expenses.
For businesses aiming to keep up high standards of client and regulatory satisfaction, appraisal expenses can be a major outlay. This includes business payments for secret shopper salaries, manufacturing floor inspectors, appraisal costs and technical screening tools. Large expenditures on appraisal charges by businesses indicate that they care about their reputations.
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which statement best reflects the improvements in agriculture as depicted in this image? a-fewer laborers were needed to work in the fields, making it possible for more people to work in the trades. b-women participated more in farm work as the new harness and three field system made the work less backbreaking c-food supplies became more reliable year-round, while crop yields increased overall d- with reconfiguring fields and a new way to harness draft animals, it was finally possible to use animal power to work the land
The simplest way to summarize the advancements in agriculture as seen in this figure is that food supply were more dependable throughout the year and crop yields generally rose.
The agriculture industry has changed significantly over the last 50 years. Because of technologies, farm machinery has been bigger, faster, and more productive, enabling the more efficient cultivation of vast areas. Fertilizers, irrigation, and seed have all significantly improved harvests for farmers. The current revolution in agriculture is being fueled by connectivity and data, and it is still in its early phases. Emerging technologies like artificial intelligence, analytics, networked sensors, and others could increase yields even further, improve the efficiency of water and other inputs, and promote resilience and sustainability in cattle rearing as well as agricultural output. Studies indicate that if connectivity is properly implemented in the agricultural sector, it may increase the world gross domestic product by $500 billion by the year 2030.
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If a u. S. Company buys an electrical generator made in japan by a japanese firm, and the japanese firm uses the payment to buy stocks issued by a u. S. Company then.
If a U. S. Company buys an electrical generator made in japan by a japanese firm, and the japanese firm uses the payment to buy stocks issued by a u. S. Company then Imports to the United States rise but not exports.
Sales of goods manufactured outside of our country's borders. Had been using sales. Illegal goods as well as services sales.
The collective value including all final goods and services at current market prices is referred to as nominal GDP, meanwhile the aggregate worth of all finished goods as well as services at constant prices was referred to as real GDP.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
If a u. S. Company buys an electrical generator made in japan by a japanese firm, and the japanese firm uses the payment to buy stocks issued by a u. S. Company then_______.
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match the unethical negotiation tactic in the left column with the correct explanation from the right column.QualityTransparency Responsibilitydecisions follow more logically from available knowledge the reasoning behind a decision is available for scrutiny it discourages decisions based on personal or bureaucratic considerations
The unethical negotiation tactic with the correct explanation is as follows:
Quality-> decisions follow more logically from available knowledge
Transparency-> the reasoning behind a decision is available for scrutiny
Responsibility-> it discourages decisions based on personal or bureaucratic considerations.
Unethical negotiation tactics are those intended to deceive or harm others with no overarching individual or societal benefit that outweighs the harm of deception.
A tactic may be ethically ambiguous rather than purely unethical. That is, depending on an individual's ethical reasoning and circumstances, the tactic may or may not be inappropriate.
For example, an action could be illegal, but the individual does not consider it unethical. In contrast, an action may be legal but unethical.
Unethical behavior can influence or cause a negotiator to change her: positions, interests, priorities and preferences, BATNAs, reservation prices, or key facts.
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A manager is trying to decide which vendor she should use to manage social media promotion. Which of the following is an example of how she would compare selection criteria? More than one answer may be correct.
She would determine which vendor has previously gotten companies a lot of buzz on social media platforms.
She would determine which vendor has prices that fit with in her social media budget.
She would determine which vendor is offering more content generation than the others.
She should ask her coworkers which vendors they like best.
The example of how the manager would compare selection criteria is that She should ask her coworkers which vendors they like best. Option D is correct.
What is the significance of social media promotion?Marketers can connect and engage potential clients wherever they are on social media. Marketers can engage their audience with a solid social media strategy and the ability to develop interesting content.
As an example of how the manager may compare selection criteria, she could ask her employees which vendors they prefer.
Therefore, option C is correct.
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why is taxation of individuals less important in government revenues of latin american countries compared to other countries in the world?
The architecture of the tax systems in these nations has been relatively little influenced by economic theory, particularly the research on optimal taxation.
What is taxation?In practically every nation on the planet, governments impose taxes as mandatory levies on people or things. Taxation is primarily used to generate money for government spending, though it can also be used for other things. A tax is a mandatory financial charge or other sort of levy that is placed on a taxpayer by a governmental entity in order to pay for public services and other expenses. Taxes are essential because governments use the money they raise from them to fund social programmes. Government investments in the healthcare industry would not be possible without taxes. Health services including social healthcare, medical research, social security, etc. are paid for by taxes.
Hence, The architecture of the tax systems in these nations has been relatively little influenced by economic theory, particularly the research on optimal taxation.
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