the process of makes an rna copy from a dna template. the rna is made by the enzyme which makes the rna from (3 or 5)' to (3 or 5)'. the process of makes a protein from an mrna. the protein is made by the which catalyzes the peptide bond between each amino acid. in bacterial cells these two processes occur in the cytoplasm. however, in eukaryotes the process occurs in the nucleus and the process occurs in the

Viruses differ from bacteria in that they lack metabolic enzymes.

Viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents that can replicate only within the living cells of an organism. They infect all life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, even bacteria and archaea. They are unique in that they can live and reproduce only within the cells of other organisms. The cells in which they reproduce are called host cells.

The virus has:

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Skeletal muscles of a human comprises 30-40% of the total body mass. By connecting to the bones they facilitates the body movement and functions.

These muscles are the voluntary muscles which means you can control when and how they will move. The signals to make these muscles move are send by the nerves from somatic nervous system.

These skeletal muscles are present in human body as the vital part of the musculoskeletal system.

They perform swallowing, chewing, expanding and contracting chest cavity, etc.

Movements of the bones of different parts of the body.

Hence, shoulder muscles, hamstring muscles and abdominal muscles are the example of some important skeletal muscles.

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Answer:

The donor insert contains the antibiotic resistance gene's encoding. On the basis of this, they are already chosen for the trial.

Explanation:

Bacterial cells can develop antibiotic resistance in two different ways. One way is by way of mutations that take place in the cell's DNA during replication. Through horizontal gene transfer, bacteria can also develop resistance.

The first step in DNA replication is to ‘unzip’ the double helix structure of the DNA molecule. Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the complementary bases of DNA together (A with T, C with G). The separation of the two single strands of DNA creates a ‘Y’ shape called a replication ‘fork’. The two separated strands will act as templates for making the new strands of DNA. One oriented in the 3’ to 5’ direction, is the leading strand. The other oriented in the 5’ to 3’ direction is the lagging strand.

DNA polymerase binds to the leading strand and then ‘walks’ along it, adding new complementary nucleotide bases (A, C, G and T) to the strand of DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Once all of the bases are matched up (A with T, C with G), an enzyme called exonuclease strips away the primer(s). The gaps where the primer(s) were are then filled by yet more complementary nucleotides. The new strand is proofread to make sure there are no mistakes in the new DNA sequence.

Finally, an enzyme called DNA ligase seals up the sequence of DNA into two continuous double strands.

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Urine drug tests generally require a minimum of 30 mL of urine (depending on kit type) collected in a private bathroom. In the authors' experience, sample collection often goes unnoticed in clinical practice.

Collect at least 10 mL of urine. We tried to standardize the volume of urine used for urinalysis. This is impossible to do if collecting samples ranging from 0.5ml (too little to do anything useful) to 100ml. Also, we need a minimum of 10 ml of urine for electrophoresis. To perform a urine culture, at least 3 ml is required. Twenty milliliters is needed for routine urine studies. The nurse has instructed a patient on the procedure for obtaining a midstream urine sample. The normal range for 24-hour urine volume is 800 to 2,000 milliliters per day (with a normal fluid intake of approximately 2 liters per day). The examples above are common measures for the results of these tests. Normal value ranges may vary slightly between different laboratories.

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In general, the skeleton of modern homo sapiens is more gracile than archaic homo sapiens.

Both during the Pleistocene era and the time of the earliest humans, archaic homo sapiens lived. Compared to modern homo sapiens, they had a different body type and shape. Compared to the homo sapiens of the past, modern homo sapiens have softer bones. Compared to modern homo sapiens, the skeleton of the archaic homo sapiens is more durable. Because they were designed to survive in more extreme conditions, their structures are harder and wider. Archaic Homo sapiens had larger skulls than modern Homo sapiens; in addition, their shoulders, limb structures, and legs were all built differently from those of modern Homo sapiens.

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Incomplete penetrance is the cause of some inheritors of polydactyly failing to express the trait.

A baby who has polydactyly is born with one or more extra fingers. The condition is widespread and frequently runs in families. Typically, the extra fingers are small and have abnormal growth patterns. Among the most prevalent hand abnormalities that are congenitally present at birth is polydactyly.

Having extra fingers or toes is referred to medically as polydactyly. The term "hyperdactyly" may also be used to describe it. The hands and feet of newborns are among the most typical areas affected by birth defects. Congenital hand differences include polydactyly, which results in additional fingers developing on your child's hand.

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The unfolded protein response involves increased synthesis of chaperones. So option (b) is the correct answer.

Chaperones are a group of functionally related proteins that support intracellular protein folding under physiological and stress conditions. They share the ability to recognize and bind non-natural proteins, preventing non-specific aggregation.

Chaperones are a family of proteins that play an important role in stabilizing unfolded proteins. This stabilization aids in many processes such as translocation, disassembly and folding.

When a male examiner performs an intimate examination or procedure on a female patient, a chaperone is most often needed or required, but the appointment of a chaperone indicates whether they are participating in the procedure or playing a supportive role. Whether or not they play depends on the role expected of them. that's all.

Complete question:

The unfolded protein response involves

a. translation of most proteins.

b. increased synthesis of chaperones.

c. decreased proteasome activity.

d. all of the above.

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Atp produced in mammalian cells under aerobic conditions of option 2 and 3 which are oxidative phosphorylation and substrate-level phosphorylation

Electrons from NADH and FADH2 combine with O2 during oxidative phosphorylation, and the energy released from these oxidation/reduction reactions is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP. Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolic reaction that produces ATP or GTP by directly transferring a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP or GDP. Transferring energy from a higher energy product (whether or not a phosphate group is attached) to a lower energy product.

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The statement increased fatty acid side chain length and decreased temperature decrease membrane fluidity is true concerning membrane fluidity (Option B).

Membrane fluidity refers to all types of factors that increase the movement of components inside one layer of the plasma membrane, which is mainly associated with the temperature of the surrounding cell media and also with the length of the fatty acids that form lipids.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that membrane fluidity is affected by the temperature and length of the fatty acids that compose the phospholipids.

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The net ATP yield that would be produced from 1 mole of glucose when the cell  contains 100% non-functional mitochondria is -2mole ATP.

The majority of the chemical energy required to drive a cell's metabolic operations is produced by mitochondria, which are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a tiny molecule, serves as a storage container for the chemical energy generated by the mitochondria using glucose as a fuel during respiration.

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When tropic hormone concentrations are low, the target gland will hyposecretion in a condition called secondary hyposecretion.

A disease known as primary hyposecretion occurs when a gland produces low quantities of a hormone due to a defective enzyme required to make that hormone.

Secondary hypersecretion is the result of a gland being overstimulated by its tropic hormone while primary hypersecretion is the overproduction of hormones by the gland itself.

The loss of the gland's hormone-secreting cells frequently causes the hyposecretion of an endocrine gland. Inadequate levels of the hormone are consequently secreted. An example of this is type 1 diabetes, in which the immune system of the body attacks and kills insulin-secreting pancreatic cells.

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The process of denaturation in proteins changes the reaction rate because it leads to the modification of the tridimensional structure of the enzyme, thereby altering its physicochemical properties to bind a substrate.

The process of denaturation in proteins refers to modification in the conditions of the environment such as an increase in temperature which leads to a conformational change in the molecular structure of the protein and its folding.

This phenomenon (denaturation in proteins) may lead to a decrease in the reaction rate of an enzyme since it may modify its active site which the enzyme uses to bind to a given substrate.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that the process of denaturation in proteins may lead to a decrease in the reaction rate due to modification in the ability of the enzyme to bind a substrate.

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The steps to solve the graph is defined below.

Graph:

Graph is the pictorial representation of data.

Given,

Here we need to define the steps to solve the graph.

In order to solve the graph, we have to perform the following steps,

For example, if we draw the graph for the line equation, then we have to do the following,

Step 1:  Find the slope and the y-intercept of the line using the given points

Step 2: Label the Graph and plot the intercept

Step 3: Now, find another point on the line using the slope.

Step 4: Draw a line that passes through the points And label it for the reference

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Mendel's rules are supported by the chromosomal theory of inheritance. The homologous chromosome pairs travel apart from other pairs of chromosomes during the cell division process known as meiosis.

It is the underlying concept of genetics. This hypothesis contends that genes, which are located in chromosomes, are the basic building blocks of inheritance. Long after Mendelian genetics, the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance emerged.

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Answer:

- Genes are found in the chromosomes.

- The nucleus of a diploid cell contains homologous pairs of chromosomes.

- Chromosomes are replicated and passed from parent to offspring and from cell to cell.

- Gametes are haploid cells that combine to form a diploid cell during fertilization.

- During meiosis, the homologous pairs segregate independently and haploid gametes are produced.

Explanation:

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The criticism is focused on relationship between women and men.

Feminist criticism focuses on how women and relationships between women and men have been portrayed in literature, highlighting the ways in which women have been marginalized and denied a voice in much of canonical literature as well as the ways in which literature reflects society's prevailing ideological presumptions about gender and power.

Reading like a literary critic is the most essential prerequisite for literary criticism. You must read carefully to ensure that you comprehend the subject and the material, as well as to spot any literary devices and try to decipher the author's intentions and motivations behind each line. Despite the fact that taking notes while you read is a challenging habit to develop, it is beneficial.

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Answer:  They form dynamic contacts with each other to exchange molecules and regulate organelle division and positioning in coordination with the cytoskeleton

Explanation: I hope this helps!!!!

Organelles that are membrane-bound create dynamic interactions with one another to exchange molecules and control organelle placement and division in concert with the cytoskeleton.

It is generally known that mitochondrial-cytoskeletal interactions play a part in mitochondrial mobility. Recent research suggests that these interactions control the equilibrium of mitochondrial fission/fusion, mitochondrial turnover, and mitochondrial inheritance during cell division.

The cytoskeleton's protein filaments act as "tracks," allowing organelles to move about the cell.

In multicellular organisms, the cytoskeleton can move the entire cell by moving itself in addition to aiding intracellular organelle movement.

Therefore, by creating dynamic interactions with one another mitochondria interact with the cytoskeleton.

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As we know the flow energy from trophic levels is only 10% of the net energy transferred from one trophic level to another. So, if a snail has 358 calories, then the plant stores energy of 3580 kilocalories or about 3500 calories.

Plants are the main producers in trophic levels. This means that plants produce and synthesize their food. Snails at the trophic level are the main consumers. Hence, slugs are at the second trophic level.

We know that only 10% of the net energy is transferred from one tropic level to another. So, if the amount of energy possessed by a snail is 358 kilocalories.

So, 10% of (plant energy) = 358 kilocalories

Plant energy = 358 kilocalories*100/10 = 3580 kilocalories or about 3500 kilocalories.

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Inheritance. Familial hypercholesterolemia resulting from mutations in the LDLR, APOB, or PCSK9 gene have an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Autosomal dominant inheritance means one copy of an altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.

The connection between two variants of a gene is described as dominant. Every gene has two different variations, or alleles, that an individual inherits from each parent. One allele will be expressed when there are different alleles of a gene; this allele is the dominant gene. The influence of the other allele, known as the recessive one, is concealed. Inheritance is the term used to describe the possessions that a person leaves their loved ones after passing away. An inheritance might include money, securities like stocks or bonds, and other things including jewelry, cars, works of art, antiques, and real estate.

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Evolution occurs through natural selection or adaptation in organisms.

Genetics deals with the scientific study of how genes control such traits of organisms. It is related in some way to biochemistry because it deals with the chemistry of living organisms and how they react to the chemistry of their environment.

It connects biological subjects because they share similar cellular structures and processes. Both branches deal with adaptations. It explains that all living species are the result of billions of years of adaptation to their ecosystems, habitats, environments, or the Earth itself.

Biochemistry combines biology and chemistry to study living things. Promote scientific and medical discovery in fields such as pharmacy, forensics and nutrition. Biochemistry studies chemical reactions at the molecular level to better understand the world and develop new ways of using it.

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Answer: a

Explanation:

Each example of enzyme regulation with the associated mechanism is controlled by modulators for allosteric regulation and feedback inhibition.

Other substances that boost or lower an enzyme's activity can control the activity of an enzyme. The term "inhibitor" refers to a molecule that works to reduce an enzyme's activity while the term "activator" refers to a substance that works to raise it.

Analogs of substrates and those of transition states can approximately be used to categorize enzyme inhibitors. Both kinds of analogs do not interact with the enzyme, but instead, work to block it by battling it out for binding to the enzyme's active site with the substrate.

Thermostats, activators, pH levels, and inhibitors are only a few of the many variables that can control enzyme activity.

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The ecosystem-based fishery management approach differs because it

-acknowledges uncertainties in the system

-acknowledges diverse societal uses of fish stocks, including fishing, recreation, and tourism.

The ecosystem-based fishery management is a strategy that emphasizes a comprehensive approach to fishery management in a way that benefits humans in many ways, such as fishing for food or recreation or for breeding new fish stocks.

This strategy is crucial for monitoring the effects of human involvement in the fisheries environment and for figuring out how to establish a stable balance between the two without endangering the latter.

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Enzyme production in Claire was low because the amino acid side groups are usually responsible for the pH dependence.

Symptoms of Digestive Enzyme Deficiency in Dogs are: chronic diarrhea; Inability to digest food properly; Malabsorption; Weight loss despite increased appetite; Pale, loose, sticky, or foul-smelling stools, Coprophagia (eating feces); pica (non-food consumption).

Causes can be congenital (present from birth), hereditary (hereditary), or acquired as a result of infection, inflammation, or damage to the pancreas. The condition is more common in Chow Chows, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Rough Coated Collies, and German Shepherds.

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Answer:transport

Explanation:

The membrane proteins that are shaped like tubes and form a channel through the cell membrane are: (a) transport proteins.

Cell membrane is the outer layer of the cell that protects it and separates from the outer environment. The plasma membrane is a quasi-fluid structure that is made up of lipid bilayer along with proteins, cholesterol and also carbohydrates.

Transport proteins are the transmembrane proteins that function to mediate the movement of molecules from one side of the cell to another. These proteins can either be passive or active. Also they might be open throughout or may open upon receiving some form of stimulus.

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Portal circulation is a unique form of circulation that occurs at a few locations across the body when veins instead of arteries provide blood to the capillary bed.

Micro circulation is the movement of blood over a capillary bed from an arteriole to a venule. To allow for the exchange of nutrients and other biological components between the blood through circulation and the surrounding tissue, blood flow in the capillaries slows down. Only a single red blood cell may get through without deforming.

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The most significant relic of this species is an upper femur that reveals indications of bone development characteristic of a biped, indicating that Orrorin tugenensis individuals likely walked erect on two legs while simultaneously climbing trees.

Australopiths were completely upright bipeds with femur bones that show indications of selection for walking on two feet on the ground. They also lacked traits found in other biped primates that would femur have helped them climb trees, such a grasping foot .

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When a cell needs to expend energy to perform a task, an ATP molecule cleaves off one of its three phosphates, becoming ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + phosphate. The energy held by this phosphate molecule is released and made available to the cell.

ATP hydrolysis is an exergonic process in which, ADP (adenosine diphosphate), Pi (inorganic phosphate) and energy are produced. In some cases, ADP undergoes further hydrolysis to produce AMP (adenosine monophosphate) and Pi.

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Six distinct genotypes are conceivable because there are three different alleles.

Even though there are three alleles in a population, each person only receives two of them from their parents. The genotypes and phenotypes shown below are the outcome of this. Consider that there are six different genotypes when three alleles are present.

There are, however, some situations in the population when there are more than two choices (alleles) present. These situations, where several variants of the same gene occur in the population, are known as "multiple alleles."

Multiple alleles are these three or more variations for the same gene.

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