The species that remains after a Bronsted acid has given up a proton is a. weak acid
b. weak base
c. conjugate acid
d. conjugate base

If a substance has a basic anion, it will be more soluble in an acidic solution.

This is because in an acidic solution, the basic anion can react with the hydrogen ions (H+) present in the solution to form a neutral compound, which is more soluble in water.

Additionally, in an acidic solution, the concentration of hydronium ions (H3O+) is higher, which can also increase the solubility of the substance. It is important to note that the opposite is true for substances with acidic cations, which will be more soluble in basic solutions.

In contrast, in a basic solution, the basic anion would be less likely to react with the hydroxide ions (OH-) present in the solution, and therefore would be less soluble.

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A supersaturated solution (C) is one with a higher concentration than the solubility.

In other words, it contains more solute than the solvent can typically dissolve at a given temperature and pressure. Supersaturated solutions are formed by dissolving a solute in a solvent at a high temperature, and then cooling the solution slowly. As the temperature decreases, the solubility of the solute decreases, but the dissolved solute remains in the solution, resulting in a supersaturated state.

It is important to note that a supersaturated solution is not necessarily in contact with undissolved solid (A), nor does it require more than one solute (B). The key characteristic is the higher concentration of solute than the solvent's solubility allows. Additionally, while heating (D) can be part of the process to create a supersaturated solution, the solution itself is not defined by being heated. Lastly, supersaturated solutions do exist in practice and are not only theoretical (E). They can be unstable and may quickly revert to a saturated state upon disturbance or by seeding with a small crystal of the solute.

Hence, the correct answer is option (C) is one with a higher concentration than the solubility.

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Aromatic compounds are named as derivatives of benzene, as they are derived from benzene by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with other groups of atoms. For example, ethylbenzene is a derivative of benzene in which one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by an ethyl group (-CH2CH3).

The nomenclature of aromatic compounds follows the rules set by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). In this system, the parent hydrocarbon is benzene, and the substituents are named as prefixes. The prefix indicates the type and position of the substituent on the benzene ring.

For example, if the substituent is attached to the first carbon atom on the ring, it is named as "ortho." If it is attached to the second carbon atom, it is named as "meta," and if it is attached to the third carbon atom, it is named as "para." For example, 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene is a compound in which the chlorine atom is attached to the first carbon atom, and the nitro group (-NO2) is attached to the second carbon atom.

However, the IUPAC system also retains certain common names for several of the simpler aromatic compounds. For example, toluene is a common name for methylbenzene, and aniline is a common name for aminobenzene.

In summary, aromatic compounds are named as derivatives of benzene in the IUPAC nomenclature system. The system uses prefixes to indicate the type and position of the substituents on the benzene ring. However, the system also retains certain common names for simpler aromatic compounds.

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The dissociation reaction that occurs to the least extent is D) H3PO4 + H2O → H3O+ + H2PO4−.

H3PO4 is a weak acid, meaning it does not completely dissociate in water. It only partially ionizes, so the concentration of H3O+ and H2PO4− ions formed will be lower compared to the other acid dissociation reactions listed.

The other reactions involve strong acids that readily dissociate in water to a greater extent, resulting in higher concentrations of H3O+ and anions formed.Therefore the correct option for this question is D.

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The class of chemical reactions that is not considered to belong to the class of oxidation-reduction reactions is c. Ion exchange.

Oxidation-reduction reactions involve the transfer of electrons between substances, while ion exchange reactions involve the exchange of ions between two compounds. In ion exchange reactions, the overall oxidation states of the elements remain unchanged, unlike in oxidation-reduction reactions where the oxidation states change. Combination, decomposition, and replacement reactions can all involve oxidation-reduction processes, but ion exchange reactions stand apart as they do not involve any electron transfer.

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The difference between ionic and covalent bonding lies in the way the electrons are shared or transferred between atoms, leading to different types of bonding and different properties in the resulting compounds.

Ionic compounds are made up of positively and negatively charged ions that are held together by electrostatic forces.

The bonding in ionic compounds is non-directional because the ions are arranged in a regular pattern and the electrostatic forces act equally in all directions, creating a three-dimensional lattice structure.

This means that the bonding is not limited to specific directions or angles.

On the other hand, covalent bonding in molecules occurs when atoms share electrons to form a bond.

The sharing of electrons creates regions of electron density around the atoms, which can lead to directional bonding.

The electrons tend to be more attracted to one atom than the other, leading to a partial positive or negative charge on each atom.

This can cause the bonding to be directional, meaning that the atoms have a specific orientation or arrangement in the molecule.

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If water is present during the Grignard formation, the possible byproduct that may form is (b) benzophenone.

Grignard reagents are highly reactive organometallic compounds, usually represented by the general formula RMgX, where R is an alkyl or aryl group, and X is a halide (e.g., chloride, bromide, or iodide). They are sensitive to water and other protic solvents.
The presence of water can cause Grignard reagents to react with it, resulting in the formation of unwanted side products. In the case of your question, the water could react with the Grignard reagent to hydrolyze it, leading to the formation of benzophenone. This reaction would involve the Grignard reagent losing its halogen group (such as bromide) and becoming an alkyl or aryl group bonded to magnesium hydroxide, which then breaks down further to form the byproduct.
To ensure the success of a Grignard reaction, it is essential to use anhydrous (water-free) solvents and exclude moisture from the reaction system. By maintaining dry conditions throughout the process, the formation of undesired side products like benzophenone can be avoided, leading to higher yields of the desired product.

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The equilibrium shifts in the direction that consumes or absorbs the excess heat namely heat.

When discussing equilibrium shifts in the context of heat, we can use the terms Le Chatelier's principle and endothermic/exothermic reactions. Here's an answer using these terms:

The equilibrium shifts in the direction that consumes the added component, namely heat. According to Le Chatelier's principle, when a change in temperature occurs in a system at equilibrium, the system will adjust to counteract the change. If heat is added to an endothermic reaction, the equilibrium will shift in the direction that consumes the heat. Conversely, if heat is removed from an exothermic reaction, the equilibrium will also shift in the direction that consumes the heat.

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To synthesize Sudan Red G, the starting amine would be 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid and the phenolic compound would be 2-naphthol.

These two compounds would be coupled together using a diazonium salt to form the azo dye Sudan Red G. Alternatively, to synthesize the commercial azo dye Sudan Red G, you would need to start with the amine compound aniline (C6H5NH2) and the phenolic compound 2-naphthol (C10H7OH). These two compounds undergo a reaction called diazotization and azo coupling to form the azo dye Sudan Red G.

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The expected side reaction of 2-methyl-2-butanol with a strong acid, with or without a nucleophile present, is the formation of a carbocation followed by a rearrangement leading to a more stable carbocation.


1. When 2-methyl-2-butanol reacts with a strong acid, it first loses a water molecule (H2O) to form a carbocation.
2. The initial carbocation formed is a secondary carbocation.
3. Due to the presence of a neighboring methyl group, a 1,2-hydride shift occurs, leading to the formation of a more stable tertiary carbocation.
4. If a nucleophile is present, it will attack the tertiary carbocation to form a new compound. If no nucleophile is present, the reaction will end at the tertiary carbocation stage.

The side reaction of 2-methyl-2-butanol with a strong acid involves the formation and rearrangement of carbocations, and the final product depends on the presence or absence of a nucleophile.

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When two substituents occur on a benzene ring, three isomers are possible. The location of these substituents can be identified by using a system of nomenclature called ortho, meta, and para.

The ortho isomer has the two substituents located on adjacent carbon atoms of the benzene ring. The meta isomer has the two substituents located on carbon atoms that are separated by one carbon atom. Lastly, the para isomer has the two substituents located on opposite sides of the benzene ring, or two carbons apart from each other.

This nomenclature system is essential in organic chemistry since it allows chemists to differentiate between isomers and predict the behavior of the molecules. The location of substituents on a benzene ring can significantly affect the reactivity and properties of the compound. For instance, ortho and para isomers are typically more reactive than the meta isomer because the adjacent positions provide an opportunity for the substituents to interact with each other.

Overall, understanding nomenclature is critical for chemists to communicate effectively and convey accurate information about compounds.

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Four types of quantum numbers and their symbols are Principal quantum number (n), Angular momentum quantum number (l), Magnetic quantum number (m_l), and Spin quantum number (m_s).

1. Principal quantum number (n): This quantum number determines the energy level and size of the electron's orbit around the nucleus. It is denoted by the letter 'n' and can have positive integer values (n = 1, 2, 3...). As 'n' increases, the electron is farther from the nucleus and has higher energy.

2. Angular momentum quantum number (l): This quantum number is related to the shape of the electron's orbital. It is denoted by the letter 'l' and can have integer values ranging from 0 to n-1 (0, 1, 2...n-1). Each value of 'l' corresponds to a specific orbital shape (e.g., 'l' = 0 represents s orbitals, 'l' = 1 represents p orbitals).

3. Magnetic quantum number (m_l): This quantum number determines the orientation of the electron's orbital in space. It is denoted by the letters 'm_l' and can have integer values ranging from -l to +l, including 0 (-l, -l+1,...0,...l-1, l). Different values of 'm_l' represent different orientations of the same orbital shape.

4. Spin quantum number (m_s): This quantum number describes the intrinsic angular momentum, or "spin," of the electron. It is denoted by the letters 'm_s' and can have two possible values: +1/2 (spin-up) or -1/2 (spin-down). The electron's spin is related to its magnetic properties and is important for understanding the behavior of electrons in a magnetic field.

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A large value of k (10⁹ or higher) indicates a strong correlation between two variables, while a small value of k (10 or lower) indicates a weak correlation between two variables.

Correlation is a statistical measure that shows how two variables are related to each other. It is a measure of how much one variable can be predicted from another. It is expressed as a number between -1 and 1, where a correlation of -1 means that there is a perfect negative linear relationship between the two variables, a correlation of 0 means no relationship between the two variables and a correlation of 1 means that there is a perfect positive linear relationship between the two variables. Correlation can be used to measure the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. It is a useful tool for researchers to determine if there is any meaningful relationship between two variables and to make predictions about future outcomes.

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To find the acceleration of the electron, we can use the formula for centripetal acceleration, which is given by a = v^2/r, where v is the speed of the electron and r is the radius of the circle. The acceleration of the electron in this model is 9.00 x 10^22 m/s^2.

Plugging in the values given in the problem, we get:

a = (2.18×10^6 m/s)^2 / (5.28×10^-11 m)
a = 9.03×10^22 m/s^2

Therefore, the acceleration of the electron in this model is 9.03×10^22 m/s^2.

In the given model of the hydrogen atom, an electron orbits a proton in a circle of radius 5.28 x 10^-11 m and has a speed of 2.18 x 10^6 m/s. To find the acceleration of the electron, we can use the centripetal acceleration formula:

Centripetal acceleration (a) = (v^2) / r

where:
v = speed of the electron (2.18 x 10^6 m/s)
r = radius of the orbit (5.28 x 10^-11 m)

Now, let's calculate the acceleration:

a = (2.18 x 10^6 m/s)^2 / (5.28 x 10^-11 m)

a = 4.7524 x 10^12 m^2/s^2 / 5.28 x 10^-11 m

a = 9.00 x 10^22 m/s^2

So, the acceleration of the electron in this model is 9.00 x 10^22 m/s^2.

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1.66×10⁻⁶g  is the mass in grams of  4. 22×10¹⁵ atoms of U. A body's mass is an inherent quality.

A body's mass is an inherent quality. Prior to the discoveries of the atom or particle physics, it was widely considered to be tied to the amount of matter within a physical body. It was discovered that, despite having the same quantity of matter in theory, different atoms and elementary particles have varied masses. There are various conceptions of mass in contemporary physics that are theoretically different but physically equivalent.

moles = 4. 22×10¹⁵/ 6.022×10²³  

        = 7.00×10⁻⁹

mass = 7.00×10⁻⁹× 238.0

         =1.66×10⁻⁶g

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Fritz Haber was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1918 for his work on the synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen.

Fritz Haber developed a process for synthesizing ammonia directly from nitrogen and hydrogen, known as the Haber-Bosch process, which revolutionized the fertilizer industry and had a significant impact on agriculture worldwide.

The process involved compressing nitrogen and hydrogen gas, then passing them over a catalyst at high temperatures and pressures to form ammonia.

Haber's work on the Haber-Bosch process was instrumental in the production of synthetic fertilizers, which allowed for increased crop yields and played a critical role in the Green Revolution of the 20th century.

Despite his groundbreaking work in chemistry, Haber's legacy is complicated by his involvement in the development of chemical warfare during World War I.

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The reaction will continue until the concentrations of all species reach the equilibrium concentrations that correspond to the given Kc value. The container volume does not affect the direction of the reaction, but it will determine the final equilibrium concentrations of the species.

Based on the given equilibrium constant (Kc=0.10) and initial concentrations of reactants and products, we can determine the reaction quotient (Qc) as follows: Qc = [NO]^2 / [N2][O2] Qc = (0.80 mol/L)^2 / (4.0 mol/L)(1.0 mol/L) Qc = 0.04

Since Qc is smaller than Kc, the reaction will proceed in the forward direction to reach equilibrium. This means that more NO will be produced and the concentrations of N2 and O2 will decrease.

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The tendency of ants to take poisoned bait back to the nest involves ants finding and consuming the bait, sharing it with their colony through trophallaxis, and ultimately leading to the colony's collapse.

The tendency of ants to take poisoned bait back to the nest can be described as follows:

1. Ants find the poisoned bait: First, ants come across the poisoned bait, which is usually a combination of an attractive food source and a slow-acting insecticide.

2. Ants consume the bait: Once the ants find the bait, they will consume it, as it mimics their natural food sources.

3. Ants share the bait with the colony: Ants exhibit a behavior called trophallaxis, where they share food with other members of the colony by regurgitating it. This helps spread the poisoned bait throughout the colony.

4. Poisoned bait reaches the queen: Eventually, the poisoned bait is shared with the queen ant, who is responsible for producing new ants for the colony.

5. Colony collapse: As the queen and other ants consume the poisoned bait, they become weakened and eventually die. This leads to the collapse of the entire colony.

In summary, the tendency of ants to take poisoned bait back to the nest involves ants finding and consuming the bait, sharing it with their colony through trophallaxis, and ultimately leading to the colony's collapse.

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The layer of soil that fits this description is known as the "zone of leaching." It is the area in which water and acids move downward through the soil, leaching out nutrients and minerals from the upper horizons and accumulating them in the lower horizons. This process can lead to the development of distinct layers or "zones" within the soil, each with its own unique characteristics and composition.

In agricultural settings, farmers must carefully manage the zone of leaching in order to maintain healthy soil fertility and productivity over time.

The term you're looking for is the B horizon, which is known as the zone of accumulation where water and acids percolate down and accumulate particles from horizons above.

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To determine the molarity of NaOH, we need to use the balanced chemical equation for the neutralization reaction between HCl and NaOH:

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O

From the equation, we know that 1 mole of NaOH reacts with 1 mole of HCl to form 1 mole of NaCl and 1 mole of water. Therefore, the number of moles of NaOH can be calculated from the volume and molarity of HCl and the volume of NaOH used.

First, we need to convert the volume of HCl to moles:

moles of HCl = volume of HCl (in liters) x molarity of HCl

moles of HCl = 150 mL / 1000 mL/L x 1.0 mol/L

moles of HCl = 0.150 mol

Since the balanced equation shows that 1 mole of NaOH reacts with 1 mole of HCl, the number of moles of NaOH can be calculated as:

moles of NaOH = moles of HCl = 0.150 mol

Finally, we can calculate the molarity of NaOH:

molarity of NaOH = moles of NaOH / volume of NaOH (in liters)

molarity of NaOH = 0.150 mol / (25 mL / 1000 mL/L)

molarity of NaOH = 6.0 mol/L

Therefore, the molarity of NaOH is 6.0 mol/L.

For reversible processes, ΔS_universe = 0, and for irreversible processes, ΔS_universe > 0.

In summary, for reversible processes, ΔS_universe equals zero, while for irreversible processes, ΔS_universe is greater than zero.

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The molecule that contains a carbon atom with trigonal planar geometry is CH3Cl.

The molecule that contains a carbon atom with trigonal planar geometry can be identified by looking at the electron geometry around the carbon atom.

In this case, the carbon atom is surrounded by three electron pairs, giving it a trigonal planar geometry.
Out of the given molecules, only one has a carbon atom with trigonal planar geometry, and that is CH3Cl.

This is because the carbon atom in CH3Cl has three bonding pairs and one lone pair of electrons, which gives it a trigonal planar electron geometry.
To determine the polarity of CH3Cl, we can calculate the difference in electronegativity between the carbon and chlorine atoms.

Chlorine is more electronegative than carbon, with an electronegativity difference of 0.7 (3.2 - 2.5).

This means that the bond between carbon and chlorine is polar, with the chlorine atom carrying a partial negative charge and the carbon atom carrying a partial positive charge.

In comparison, CO2 has a linear electron geometry, CH3CHO has a trigonal planar electron geometry but with a bent molecular geometry due to the presence of a lone pair on the oxygen atom, and C2H6 has a tetrahedral electron geometry around the carbon atoms.

None of these molecules have a carbon atom with trigonal planar geometry.
In summary, the molecule that contains a carbon atom with trigonal planar geometry is CH3Cl.

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The given statement "The reactant that has the smallest given mass is the limiting reagent" is False. The limiting reagent is determined by comparing the molar ratios of the reactants in the balanced chemical equation.

The reactant that runs out first and limits the amount of product that can be formed is the limiting reagent. Therefore, it is possible for the reactant with the smallest given mass to be the limiting reagent if its molar ratio with the other reactant is lower. It is important to calculate the moles of each reactant and compare them to determine the limiting reagent accurately.

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The cell cycle is composed of four main phases: G1, S, G2, and M. During the cell cycle, DNA is replicated, and the cell prepares for division. Option D) M (Mitosis) phase is the answer.

During the M phase, DNA repair mechanisms are least active because the cell is focused on the process of dividing its chromosomes and completing cell division. The other phases (G1, S, and G2) are part of the interphase, during which DNA repair mechanisms are more active to ensure the integrity of the DNA before the cell divides in cell cycle.

DNA repair mechanisms are least active in the M (mitotic) phase of the cell cycle. This is thus because, rather than on DNA replication or repair, the cell concentrates on the division of the chromosomes into two daughter cells during mitosis. The M phase, which is the last phase of the cell cycle, involves dividing the cytoplasm and cell membrane into two daughter cells after dividing the replicated chromosomes into two identical sets.

As the cell prepares for mitosis, DNA replication and repair primarily take place during the S (synthesis) and G2 phases of the cell cycle.

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60/10^-3 is bigger than 20/10-6 because 60/10^-3 simplifies to 60000, which is greater than -4, the simplified value of 20/10-6.

The problem asks us to compare two expressions: 20/10 - 6 and 60/10^-3. To determine which expression is bigger, we need to simplify each expression using the order of operations, which is a set of rules that tells us the order in which we should perform mathematical operations.

To compare 20/10-6 and 60/10^-3, we need to convert both fractions to the same denominator. We can do this by multiplying the first fraction by 1000/1000 and the second fraction by 10^3/10^3.

20/10-6 becomes (20*1000)/(10*1000)-6, which simplifies to 2-6 = -4.

60/10^-3 becomes 60*10^3, which simplifies to 60000.

Since -4 is less than 60000, we can conclude that 60/10^-3 is bigger than 20/10-6.
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The correct answer for the question "Demonstrates ferrous iron" is b. Turnbull blue reaction. The Turnbull blue reaction is a method for detecting ferrous iron ions in a solution.

It is based on the reaction of ferrous ions with potassium ferricyanide to form a deep blue precipitate of ferric ferrocyanide. This reaction is specific to ferrous ions and does not occur with ferric ions, which is why it is a suitable method for detecting ferrous iron.
On the other hand, the Prussian blue reaction is also a method for detecting iron, but it is used to detect both ferrous and ferric iron ions. It involves the reaction of iron ions with potassium ferricyanide and ferric chloride to form a blue precipitate of Prussian blue. This reaction is useful for detecting iron in biological samples, including blood and tissues.
Therefore, the correct option is b. Turnbull blue reaction, as it specifically demonstrates the presence of ferrous iron ions in a solution. It is important to use the appropriate method for detecting iron ions to avoid any false positive or false negative results.

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The kind of bond that has an unequal sharing of bonding electrons is a polar covalent bond. In a polar covalent bond, the electrons shared between two atoms are not shared equally, which leads to a partial negative charge on one atom and a partial positive charge on the other atom.

This occurs because the atoms involved have different electronegativities, meaning that one atom has a stronger pull on the electrons than the other. As a result, the electrons spend more time around the electronegative atom, causing it to become partially negative.

This type of bond is different from a pure covalent bond, where electrons are shared equally between two atoms, and an ionic bond, where electrons are transferred from one atom to another to form ions with opposite charges that attract each other. A polar ionic bond, on the other hand, is a type of bond that has characteristics of both polar covalent and ionic bonds. In this bond, electrons are not shared equally, but rather transferred partially from one atom to another, leading to the formation of ions that attract each other.

Overall, the unequal sharing of bonding electrons is characteristic of polar covalent bonds, which are important for many biological and chemical processes. These bonds are essential for the formation of complex molecules, such as DNA and proteins, and play a crucial role in determining the properties of many substances.

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Glycosidic bond is broken when you cleave N-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharides.

N-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of repeating units of N-acetylglucosamine molecules linked by glycosidic bonds. Glycosidic bonds are covalent bonds that link a sugar molecule to another molecule, such as another sugar molecule or a protein.

When these bonds are broken, the oligosaccharides are cleaved into smaller units, such as disaccharides or monosaccharides.

The cleavage of N-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharides can occur through various mechanisms, including enzymatic hydrolysis, which involves the use of enzymes to break the glycosidic bonds. This process is essential for the breakdown of complex carbohydrates in our bodies, allowing us to obtain energy from these molecules.

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The group that is ortho- and para-directing, but also deactivating in electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions is the nitro group (f). The nitro group is ortho- and para-directing because it is electron-withdrawing, which creates a positive charge on the carbon atoms adjacent to the nitro group.

The positive charge makes those positions more attractive to electrophiles. However, the nitro group is also deactivating because it withdraws electrons from the ring through its oxygen atoms, which makes the ring less attractive to electrophiles overall.

This combination of directing and deactivating effects means that the nitro group favors substitution at the ortho- and para-positions, but it also slows down the reaction and requires more reactive electrophiles to achieve the substitution reaction.

In general, groups that are electron-withdrawing (like nitro) tend to be deactivated, while groups that are electron-donating (like hydroxy or alkoxy) tend to be activating and make the ring more attractive to electrophiles.

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