The subatomic particles that play the greatest role in cellular chemical reactions are a. Protons b. Neutrons c. Electrons d. Isotopes.

Oxidation and reduction are important concepts in chemistry, and they often go hand in hand with redox reactions. Metals that can be oxidized are referred to as reducing agents, whereas those that can be reduced are referred to as oxidizing agents.

The metal that has the greatest tendency to be oxidized is the strongest reducing agent, while the one with the least tendency to be oxidized is the weakest reducing agent. Copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) are three metals that will be considered. The oxidations and their equilibrium constants are given below:

Cu → Cu2+ + 2 e− [Cu2+] / [Cu]2Cd

→ Cd2+ + 2 e− [Cd2+] / [Cd]2Ni

→ Ni2+ + 2 e− [Ni2+] / [Ni]2

Using the above given equations, equilibrium constants can be determined for these metals:

Cu:  Kc = [Cu2+] / [Cu]2

Cd: Kc = [Cd2+] / [Cd]2

Ni: Kc = [Ni2+] / [Ni]2

The smaller the value of Kc, the more spontaneous the reaction. Hence, the metal with the smallest Kc would be the strongest reducing agent, and the metal with the largest Kc would be the weakest reducing agent. According to the above equations, the metals in order of strength from the strongest to the weakest reducing agent are as follows: Cu, Cd, Ni. Therefore, copper is the strongest reducing agent, cadmium is the second strongest reducing agent, and nickel is the weakest reducing agent.

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The appropriate symbols for each of the following isotopes are:

(a) K-41; (b) Pd-106; (c)Te-125; (d)Sr-88.

All elements with the same atomic number have the same number of protons in the nucleus, while isotopes of an element have a different number of neutrons, thus a different mass number. The symbol of a chemical element is written in the following way: X is the chemical symbol, and A is the mass number for a particular isotope.

A neutron is a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. The atomic mass of an element is determined by the sum of the number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus.  Thus, the isotopes of the same element have the same atomic number but a different number of neutrons, so they have different mass numbers.

Thus, the appropriate symbols for each of the isotopes mentioned above are K-41, Pd-106, Te-125, Sr-88.

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A one-tail test should be used to determine if hybrid electric cars get more miles compared to non-hybrid cars.

In a one-tail test, we have a specific directional hypothesis that the hybrid electric cars will get more miles compared to non-hybrid cars. By using a one-tail test, we focus on the upper tail of the distribution and test if the sample mean of the hybrid cars is significantly greater than the population mean of the non-hybrid cars. This allows us to assess if there is evidence to support the claim that hybrid cars have a higher average mileage.

Using a one-tail test is appropriate when we have a specific direction in mind and want to determine if the observed data supports that direction. In this case, the aim is to determine if hybrid electric cars perform better than non-hybrid cars in terms of mileage.

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Amino acids are linked together by covalent bonds to make the polymer called as proteins.

What is a protein?

Proteins are organic compounds composed of amino acids arranged in a linear sequence and held together by peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids, which are commonly referred to as polypeptide chains.

Some proteins are composed of a single polypeptide chain, while others are composed of numerous polypeptide chains that have been combined.

A protein is a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

There are 20 different amino acids that can be combined to form a protein chain, each with its unique side chain or "R" group.

The "R" group's chemistry determines the amino acid's chemical characteristics, including whether it is hydrophobic or hydrophilic.

The chain of amino acids that forms the protein can fold up on itself in various ways, resulting in a

three-dimensional structure that determines the protein's function.

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When solid sodium chloride is mixed with water, it dissolves and forms a solution. Sodium chloride, also known as table salt, is an ionic compound that consists of positively charged sodium ions and negatively charged chloride ions.

When it is added to water, the water molecules surround each ion, separating them from each other and dissolving them. The ions become hydrated as they are surrounded by water molecules. The dissolution of sodium chloride in water is an exothermic process, meaning it releases heat. This is because when the ions are separated from each other, they release energy that was previously holding them together. The resulting solution is a clear, colorless liquid that conducts electricity due to the presence of ions.

Overall, the solid sodium chloride is transformed into a solution when mixed with water.

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A 30 volume hydrogen peroxide solution is commonly used in hair bleaching and it can lift the hair.

Hair can be lifted up to 150 levels using this solution.

The bleach used in hair bleaching consists of an alkalizing agent such as ammonia or sodium hydroxide and an oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide.

The alkalizing agent increases the hair's pH, causing it to swell and soften.

The oxidizing agent, hydrogen peroxide, is used to break down the hair's natural color pigment.

Hydrogen peroxide is also used in hair dyeing where it opens the hair cuticle and allows the dye to penetrate the cortex.

Hair is colored by the oxidation of the dye molecules.

Peroxide reacts with hair to alter its melanin pigment, resulting in a new hair color.

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Option B, CO2

The compound that is most likely to exhibit covalent bonding among NaF, CO2, CaCl2, and NaCl is CO2.

Covalent bonding refers to a chemical bond that occurs between two non-metals when electrons are shared between them.

The atoms can share one or more pairs of valence electrons so that both atoms attain a stable electron configuration.

In covalent bonding, the atoms do not transfer electrons, and the bond is formed through the sharing of valence electrons.

The compound CO2, or carbon dioxide, consists of two oxygen atoms that share two pairs of valence electrons with one carbon atom.

Oxygen and carbon are both non-metals, making the compound covalent rather than ionic.

Hence, the compound CO2 is the most likely to exhibit covalent bonding among NaF, CO2, CaCl2, and NaCl.

Option B, CO2 is the correct answer.

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After considering the given data we conclude different enzymes that beget the same  response are known as isozymes.  

Isozymes are enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but beget the same chemical  response. They  generally have different kinetic parameters or are regulated else, which permits the fine- tuning of metabolism to meet the particular  requirements of a given towel or experimental stage.
Isozymes are decoded by homologous genes that have diverged over time.  Enzymes with different amino acid sequences that beget the same  response are isozymes if decoded by different genes, or allozymes if decoded by different alleles of the same gene.
Enzymes are proteins that have the capability to bind substrate in their active  point and  also chemically modify the  set substrate, converting it to a different  patch, the product of the  response.
 Enzymes are catalysts, meaning that they make a  response go  briskly, but the enzymes themselves aren't altered by the overall  response.  
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The complete question is
1) Different enzymes that catalyze the same reaction are known as _____.
A) transferases
B) isomerases
C) allosteric enzymes
D) holoenzymes
E) isozymes

The volume of 6.9 mol of oxygen at 233 K and a pressure of 4.0 atm is approximately 12.0L.

To calculate volume of a gas, we can make use of Ideal Gas Law equation. It is a fundamental equation in thermodynamics that describes the behaviour of an ideal gas under certain circumstances. It relates pressure(P), volume(V), number of moles (n), and temperature(T) of an ideal gas using the equation:

PV = nRT

Where P = Pressure of the gas,

           V = Volume of the gas,

           n = Number of moles of the gas,

           R = Ideal gas constant commonly expressed as 0.0821  L·atm/(mol·K) or 8.314 J/(mol·K),

          T = Temperature of the gas.

In the question, we are given with:

n = 6.9 mol

T = 233 k

P = 4.0 atm

Substituting the above values in the equation to find the volume, we get:

4.0 * V = 6.9 * 0.0821 * 233

V = (6.9 * 0.0821 * 233) / 4.0

V = 11.9997 (approximately 12.0)

Therefore, The volume of 6.9 mol of oxygen at 233 K and a pressure of 4.0 atm is approximately 12.0L.

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The potassium ion will form an insoluble salt with option C: Carbonate.

The potassium ion will form an insoluble salt with option C: Carbonate. This option best matches the description of insoluble salt.

Moreover, the combination of potassium ion and carbonate will lead to the formation of an insoluble salt called potassium carbonate, a white crystalline substance. In aqueous solutions, potassium carbonate can be obtained by reacting potassium hydroxide with carbon dioxide:

2 KOH + CO₂ → K₂CO₃ + H₂O

However, the other options in the question won't lead to the formation of an insoluble salt. A soluble salt dissolves in water, whereas an insoluble salt does not. When an insoluble salt dissolves in water, it forms a precipitate that can settle at the bottom of the container when left undisturbed.

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It would take approximately 354,237 years for the activity of 250 kg of 239Pu to drop to the background radiation level of 0.73 Bq.

To determine the time required for the activity of 250 kg of Plutonium-239 (239Pu) to drop to the background radiation level of 0.73 Bq, we need to consider the half-life of 239Pu.

The half-life of 239Pu is approximately 24,110 years. This means that in every 24,110 years, the activity of 239Pu is reduced by half.

Since we want to determine the time required for the activity to drop to the background radiation level, we need to calculate the number of half-lives required to reach that level.

To do that, we can use the formula:

Number of half-lives = (ln(initial activity/final activity))/ln(2)

The initial activity of 239Pu is proportional to its mass, so we can assume that the initial activity is directly proportional to 250 kg. Therefore, the initial activity of 250 kg of 239Pu can be denoted as A.

Number of half-lives = (ln(A/0.73))/ln(2)

Now we can substitute the value for the half-life of 239Pu, which is 24,110 years:

Number of half-lives = (ln(A/0.73))/ln(2) = (ln(250/A))/ln(2)

Solving for A, we have:

0.73 = 250/e^(ln(2) * Number of half-lives)

Rearranging the equation and solving for the number of half-lives:

Number of half-lives = ln(250/0.73) / ln(2) ≈ 14.7

Therefore, approximately 14.7 half-lives are needed for the activity of 239Pu to drop to the background radiation level.

To calculate the time required, we multiply the number of half-lives by the half-life of 239Pu:

Time required = 14.7 * 24,110 years ≈ 354,237 years

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Electronegativity is a measure of an atom's ability to pull bonded electrons to itself.

The correct answer is d.

It is a relative scale that quantifies the attraction an atom has for electrons in a chemical bond. A highly electronegative atom has a stronger pull on the shared electrons, resulting in an uneven distribution of electron density within the bond.

This can lead to the formation of polar covalent bonds, where there is a partial positive charge on one atom and a partial negative charge on the other. Electronegativity is an important concept in understanding chemical bonding, as it helps predict the nature of bonds, such as whether they are nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, or ionic.

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To raise the temperature of 5 kg of water from 20 degrees Celsius to 100 degrees Celsius,   1,672,000 joules  amount of heat energy is required.

Given:

The specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J/g°C

Mass of water = 5 *1000 = 5000 g.

Change in temperature (ΔT) is (100°C - 20°C) = 80°C.

Using the formula Q = mcΔT

Q = (5000 g) × (4.18 J/g°C) × (80°C) = 1672000 J.

Therefore, it takes  1,672,000 joules of heat energy to raise the temperature .

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The mass percent of calcium in calcium sulfate, CaSO₄, is 29.44%.

Calcium sulfate is a compound in chemistry with molecular formula as CaSO₄. Calcium is the most important element that is found in calcium sulfate, which makes it an important compound because of the various properties and wide usage. The mass % composition of calcium in calcium sulfate, CaSO₄, is given below.

Calcium sulfate which is called CaSO₄ has a molecular weight of 136.14 g/mol.

Calcium has molar mass of 40.08 g/mol.

Mass percent composition-

The mass percent composition is the % by mass of each element in a compound in chemistry. The mass % of an element in a compound is calculated by dividing the mass of that element by the total mass of the compound and multiplying the complete term by 100%.

Therefore, the mass percent of calcium element in calcium sulfate compund is:

(40.08 g/mol / 136.14 g/mol) × 100% = 29.44%

Therefore, the mass percentage of the calcium element in the calcium sulfate compound, CaSO₄, is 29.44%.

This means about 29.44% of the total mass of calcium sulfate compound is made up of calcium element only.

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a. The volume of 0.100 M HCl required to neutralize 0.0007995 mol of HCl is 7.995 mL

b. We need 219.4 mL of milk of magnesia to neutralize 40.0 mL of 0.500 M HCl.

c. The concentration of the nitric acid is 0.153 M.

a) The antacid component of Tums® is calcium carbonate. It is given that Tums® is 40.0 percent CaCO3 by mass and we have 400. mg of Tums®.

Hence, the mass of calcium carbonate in 400 mg of Tums® is 0.4 × 400 = 160 mg (since Tums® is 40% calcium carbonate by mass).

We know that 1 mole of CaCO3 neutralizes 2 moles of HCl. The molar mass of CaCO3 is 40.08 + 12.01 + 3(16.00) = 100.09 g/mol.

Hence, the number of moles of CaCO3 present in 160 mg of calcium carbonate is:

moles of CaCO3 = (mass of calcium carbonate) / (molar mass of CaCO3) = 160 / 100.09 × 10⁻³ g/mol = 0.001599 mol

Since 1 mole of CaCO3 neutralizes 2 moles of HCl, the number of moles of HCl that can be neutralized by 0.001599 mol of CaCO3 is:

moles of HCl = (0.001599 mol CaCO3) / 2 = 0.0007995 mol HCl

The volume of 0.100 M HCl required to neutralize 0.0007995 mol of HCl is given by:

volume of HCl = (moles of HCl) / (molarity of HCl) = 0.0007995 mol / 0.100 M = 0.007995 L = 7.995 mL

b) We are given that for every 5.00 mL of milk of magnesia there are 400. mg of magnesium hydroxide.

Hence, the mass of magnesium hydroxide present in 40.0 mL of milk of magnesia is:

mass of Mg(OH)₂ = (40.0 mL / 5.00 mL) × 400.0 mg = 3200.0 mg = 3.2 g

The molar mass of Mg(OH)₂ is 24.31 + 2(16.00 + 1.01) = 58.33 g/mol. Hence, the number of moles of Mg(OH)₂ present in 3.2 g of magnesium hydroxide is:

moles of Mg(OH)₂ = (mass of Mg(OH)₂) / (molar mass of Mg(OH)₂) = 3.2 / 58.33 g/mol = 0.05483 mol

Since 2 moles of HCl are neutralized by 1 mole of Mg(OH)₂, the number of moles of HCl that can be neutralized by 0.05483 mol of Mg(OH)₂ is:

moles of HCl = 2 × 0.05483 mol = 0.1097 mol

The volume of 0.500 M HCl required to neutralize 0.1097 mol of HCl is given by:

volume of HCl = (moles of HCl) / (molarity of HCl) = 0.1097 mol / 0.500 M = 0.2194 L = 219.4 mL

c) We are given that 13.00 mL of 0.100 M barium hydroxide is required to neutralize 17.00 mL of nitric acid with an unknown concentration.

Let the concentration of the nitric acid be x M. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between barium hydroxide and nitric acid is:

Ba(OH)₂ + 2HNO₃ ⟶ Ba(NO₃)₂ + 2H₂O

From the equation, we can see that 1 mole of Ba(OH)₂ reacts with 2 moles of HNO₃. Hence, the number of moles of HNO₃ present in 17.00 mL of nitric acid with concentration x M is:

moles of HNO₃ = (molarity of HNO₃) × (volume of HNO₃) = x × 0.01700 L = 0.017x mo

lSince 2 moles of HNO₃ are neutralized by 1 mole of Ba(OH)₂, the number of moles of Ba(OH)₂ required to neutralize 0.017x mol of HNO₃ is:

moles of Ba(OH)₂ = 0.5 × 0.017x mol = 0.0085x mol

The volume of 0.100 M Ba(OH)₂ required to neutralize 0.0085x mol of Ba(OH)₂ is given by:

volume of Ba(OH)₂ = (moles of Ba(OH)₂) / (molarity of Ba(OH)₂) = 0.0085x mol / 0.100 M = 0.085x L = 85x mL

We know that the volume of 0.100 M Ba(OH)₂ required to neutralize 17.00 mL of nitric acid is 13.00 mL.

Hence,85x = 13.00 mL ⇒ x = 0.153 M

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In chemistry, determining whether work is done on or by the system can be determined by considering the sign convention used for work in thermodynamics.

2. Work Done by the System:

To determine the sign of work, you need to consider the perspective of the system. If the system is being compressed by external forces or pressure, work is done on the system and is considered positive.

Conversely, if the system is expanding and doing work on the surroundings, work is done by the system and is considered negative. It's essential to understand the context of the system and its interactions to determine the correct sign convention for work.

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The correct option is D) Water and dichloromethane

A good extraction system is a process that is used to separate compounds. When you have a mixture of compounds and you want to separate them, you need a good extraction system. When you are using an extraction system, you use a pair of solvents that will separate the compounds in your mixture.

There are many different pairs of solvents that you can use for extraction, and each one has its own advantages and disadvantages. Water and dichloromethane are the best pair of solvents for an extraction system. This is because water and dichloromethane are immiscible. They do not mix together. This makes them perfect for extracting compounds that are soluble in one solvent and not the other.

When you use water and dichloromethane as a pair of solvents, you can easily separate your compounds.

First, you add your mixture to the solvents.

Then, you shake the mixture to allow the compounds to dissolve into the appropriate solvent.

Finally, you separate the two solvents and collect your compounds.

This is the best extraction system because it gives you a high yield and high purity of your compounds. It is also a very quick and easy process.

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When substances are dissolved in water, they create a solution. Substances such as ionic compounds, polar and non-polar molecules, and acids/bases have different properties when they dissolve in water. These differences in behavior are due to the chemical and physical properties of the substances being dissolved.

Ionic Compounds: When an ionic compound dissolves in water, it dissociates into its constituent ions. The cations and anions separate and move apart from each other in solution. The dissociation is facilitated by water's polar nature. Because water molecules have a positive and negative end, they surround the ions in solution and pull them apart. For example, when NaCl (sodium chloride) dissolves in water, it dissociates into Na+ and Cl- ions, which are then surrounded by water molecules.

Polar Molecules: Polar molecules are those that have an uneven distribution of electron density across the molecule. Because water is also a polar molecule, polar substances dissolve well in water. Water molecules surround the polar molecules, pulling them apart and solvating them. For example, sugar (a polar molecule) dissolves in water because the water molecules surround it, break its bonds, and dissolve it.

Non-Polar Molecules: Non-polar molecules are those that do not have an uneven distribution of electron density across the molecule. Because water is a polar molecule, non-polar substances do not dissolve well in water. When non-polar substances are placed in water, the water molecules do not surround them or pull them apart. Instead, the non-polar molecules clump together and are expelled from the water. For example, oil is a non-polar substance that does not dissolve in water because the water molecules do not interact with the oil.

Acid/Bases: Acids and bases behave differently when dissolved in water. Acids donate protons (H+) to water molecules, creating H3O+ ions, while bases accept protons from water molecules, creating OH- ions. The concentration of H3O+ and OH- ions in a solution determines the acidity or basicity of the solution. For example, when HCl (hydrochloric acid) is dissolved in water, it donates a proton to a water molecule, creating H3O+ and Cl- ions. The H3O+ ions give the solution an acidic pH.

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The student's claim of 4.64 × 10^24 molecules is incorrect, and the correct number of molecules of ammonium acetate used in the reaction is 6.022 × 10^22 molecules.

The mistake the student made is assuming that the molar mass of ammonium acetate directly corresponds to the number of molecules. However, the molar mass of a substance represents the mass of one mole of that substance, not the number of molecules.

To determine the correct number of molecules of ammonium acetate used in the reaction, we need to use Avogadro's number, which relates the number of particles (atoms, molecules, etc.) in one mole of a substance.

Avogadro's number is approximately 6.022 × 10^23 particles/mol. Given that the student used 0.100 mol of ammonium acetate, we can calculate the correct number of molecules by multiplying the number of moles by Avogadro's number:

Number of molecules = (0.100 mol) × (6.022 × 10^23 molecules/mol)

Performing the calculation, we find that the correct number of molecules of ammonium acetate used in the reaction is 6.022 × 10^22 molecules.

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When an electric current passes through water, the process is known as electrolysis.

In this process, the water molecule is decomposed into its constituent parts. Electrolysis is a chemical process in which an electric current is passed through a solution or a molten salt. This results in the decomposition of the compound, which in turn results in the formation of positive and negative ions that migrate to the anode and cathode respectively. Electrolysis of water produces oxygen at the anode and hydrogen at the cathode.

                                       The electrolysis of water can be represented by the following equation:2H2O + electrical energy → 2H2 + O2In detail, the electrolysis of water involves the following steps:

                              At the anode, the oxygen ions in the water molecule combine to form oxygen gas.OH–(aq) → ½O2(g) + H+(aq) + e–At the cathode, the hydrogen ions in the water molecule combine to form hydrogen gas.H+(aq) + e– → ½H2(g)

The overall reaction for the electrolysis of water can be represented as:2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + O2(g)

In summary, when an electric current passes through water, electrolysis takes place and the water molecule is decomposed into its constituent parts: hydrogen and oxygen gas.

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The mole fraction of solute in a 3.79 m aqueous solution is 0.0203. The solution is aqueous, the solvent is water, and the moles of solute will be equal to the molality

The mole fraction of solute in a 3.79 m aqueous solution can be calculated using the formula:

mole fraction of solute = moles of solute / moles of solute + moles of solvent

m = molality of solution

M = molar mass of solute

Since the solution is aqueous, the solvent is water, and the moles of solute will be equal to the molality (m). However, we need to know the mass of water to calculate the moles of solvent.

Hence, the answer to the given question is mole fraction of solute =

                   3.79 / (3.79 + 1000/18)

                  = 0.0203.

Therefore, the mole fraction of solute in a 3.79 m aqueous solution is 0.0203.

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The oxidation number of nitrogen (N) in N₂H₄ (dinitrogen tetrahydride or hydrazine) is -2.

To determine the oxidation number of nitrogen in N₂H₄, we assign oxidation numbers to other elements in the molecule and use the known rules and guidelines for assigning oxidation numbers.

In N₂H₄, hydrogen (H) is generally assigned an oxidation number of +1, as it tends to lose one electron to form H⁺ ions. Since N₂H₄ is a neutral molecule, the sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms must equal zero.

Let's assume the oxidation number of nitrogen (N) in N₂H₄ is x. Since there are two nitrogen atoms in N₂H₄, the total contribution from nitrogen would be 2x.

The oxidation number of hydrogen is +1, and there are four hydrogen atoms in N₂H₄. Thus, the total contribution from hydrogen would be
4(+1) = +4.

Setting up the equation based on the sum of oxidation numbers equaling zero, we have,

2x + 4(+1) = 0

Simplifying the equation:

⇒ 2x + 4 = 0

⇒ 2x = -4

⇒ x = -2

Therefore, the oxidation number of nitrogen (N) in N₂H₄ is -2.

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The substance that is NOT in its standard state among the options provided is e. H (hydrogen).

Among the given options, hydrogen (H) is the substance that is not in its standard state, as it typically exists as a diatomic molecule (H₂) rather than as individual hydrogen atoms.

In its standard state, hydrogen exists as a diatomic molecule, H₂. However, the option e. H suggests that hydrogen is not in its standard state and likely refers to atomic hydrogen (H), which exists as a highly reactive and unstable species. In its standard state, hydrogen is found as H₂, not as individual hydrogen atoms.

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Complete Question:

Identify a substance that is NOT in its standard state

a. Ca

b. H₂

c. Li

d. Ne

e. H

HClO₂ is named as Chlorous acid.

A chemical formula is a representation that indicates the types and numbers of atoms present in a molecule or compound. It provides information about the composition of a substance by using chemical symbols and subscripts.

For example, the chemical formula for water is H₂O, where H represents hydrogen and O represents oxygen. The subscript 2 indicates that there are two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom in each water molecule.

Similarly, the chemical formula for carbon dioxide is CO₂, where C represents carbon and O represents oxygen. The subscript 2 indicates that there are two oxygen atoms bonded to one carbon atom in each carbon dioxide molecule.

Chemical formulas allow scientists and chemists to communicate the precise composition of substances and are essential in understanding chemical reactions and interactions.

While naming oxyacids of non metals, they are named with stem + ous acid.

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A solution of ethanol in water is a homogeneous mixture of ethanol and water.

A solution is a homogenous mixture of two or more substances. In the case of a solution of ethanol in water, the two substances are ethanol and water. The process of dissolving one substance in another is called dissolution. When ethanol is dissolved in water, it forms a homogenous mixture because the molecules of ethanol mix evenly with the molecules of water. There are different ways to express the concentration of a solution. One common way is by using the term "percent by volume."

A 10% solution of ethanol in water means that 10% of the volume of the solution is ethanol, while the remaining 90% is water. The solubility of ethanol in water depends on various factors such as temperature, pressure, and the concentration of other solutes in the solution. As the temperature increases, the solubility of ethanol in water also increases. At room temperature, the solubility of ethanol in water is approximately 12% by volume.

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d. A change in appearance only.

The answer to the question "Which of the following is not usually evidence of a chemical change?" is

d. A change in appearance only.

What is a chemical change?

A chemical change, also known as a chemical reaction, is a process that results in the formation of new substances.

This means that the original substances have undergone a chemical transformation and become something else.

What are the evidences of a chemical change?

The following are examples of chemical changes:

Color change, temperature change, and production of a new odor.

A change in the pH of the substance.

The formation of a solid that was previously dissolved in a solution.

Bubbles are formed in the solution.

bb c daxws

A substance that was once able to burn is no longer flammable.

The formation of light is a phenomenon that is observed.

A sound is emitted from the substance that is being transformed.

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Explanation:

cooked rice

nutrient

carbohydrate.

Boiler eggs

nutrient

Protein.

To plate out 7.10 g of chromium, this current will have to be applied for 2.21 hours.

Electroplating is a process in which a metal ion present in a solution is deposited on an electrode by the use of an electric current. The metal ion's positive charge is neutralized as it accepts electrons from the negatively charged cathode (the electrode to be plated). The anode (the electrode with the metal to be deposited) oxidizes and dissolves into the electrolyte solution, providing metal ions to replenish those deposited on the cathode.

The formula to calculate the time is given as;

Time = (Weight of metal)/(Current × 96500 × electrochemical equivalent weight).

Weight of chromium, w = 6.50 g

Current, I = 5.85 A

Electrochemical equivalent weight, E = 0.52

The formula to calculate the time is given as;

Time = (Weight of metal)/(Current × 96500 × electrochemical equivalent weight)Substituting the values;

Time = 6.50/(5.85 × 96500 × 0.52)Time = 2.21 hours.

Therefore, to plate out 6.50 g of chromium, this current will have to be applied for 2.21 hours.

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The pH of the solution containing an amphetamine concentration of 219 mg/L is approximately 11.21.

To calculate the pH of a solution containing amphetamine, we first need to determine the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) in the solution. We can do this by using the p_Kb value and the concentration of amphetamine.

Given:

Amphetamine concentration = 219 mg/L

To convert the concentration from milligrams per liter (mg/L) to moles per liter (M), we need to know the molar mass of amphetamine. The molar mass of amphetamine (C9H13N) is calculated as follows:

C (carbon) = 12.01 g/mol x 9 = 108.09 g/mol

H (hydrogen) = 1.01 g/mol x 13 = 13.13 g/mol

N (nitrogen) = 14.01 g/mol x 1 = 14.01 g/mol

Total molar mass of amphetamine = 108.09 g/mol + 13.13 g/mol + 14.01 g/mol = 135.23 g/mol

Now, let's calculate the concentration of amphetamine in moles per liter (M):

Concentration (M) = (219 mg/L) / (135.23 g/mol)

= 1.62 mmol/L

= 1.62 x 10^-3 mol/L

Since amphetamine is a weak base, we can assume that most of it will react with water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-). This means that the concentration of hydroxide ions is equal to the concentration of amphetamine.

Concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-) = 1.62 x 10^-3 mol/L

Now we can calculate the pOH using the formula:

pOH = -log10 [OH-]

pOH = -log10 (1.62 x 10^-3)

= 2.79

To calculate the pH, we use the equation:

pH + pOH = 14

pH = 14 - pOH

= 14 - 2.79

= 11.21

Therefore, the pH of the solution containing an amphetamine concentration of 219 mg/L is approximately 11.21.

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Asbestos, a fire-resistant material, is no longer used due to its carcinogenicity.

Asbestos, a fire-resistant material that was widely used in building insulation and fireproofing, has been linked to various types of cancer and respiratory diseases. Due to its carcinogenicity and health hazards, it is no longer used in construction. Asbestos fibers are easily inhaled and can cause lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis, a lung disease that causes shortness of breath and other symptoms.

These health hazards associated with asbestos exposure led to its prohibition in many countries. The United States banned the production and use of asbestos in 1989, while the European Union banned it in 2005. Despite the ban, asbestos is still found in some older buildings and products, which requires safe handling and removal protocols to prevent asbestos exposure and ensure public health and safety.

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