The terms "color-blind" and "nontraditional" are problematic terms for addressing diversity in culture.
Color blindness is a racial ideology that argues that the best way to end discrimination is to treat individuals equally, regardless of race, culture, or ethnicity.
The word "blind" means unable to see. That is, in terms of racial color blindness, one also chooses to see not only race or color, but also racial differences, inequalities, histories of violence, and recent traumas perpetuated in racist societies.
Colorblind racial ideology is the belief that a person's race or ethnicity should not influence how that person is treated in society. Color avoidance is the belief that people should not be treated differently because of the color of their skin.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. the transfer of information from dna to rna occurs during ___ , while the transfer of information from rna to protein occurs during ___ . 1. translation; transcription 2. translation; elongation 3. translation; transfection 4. transcription; translation 5. transcription; transfection
The transfer of information from dna to RNA occurs during translation
How does information go between DNA, RNA, and proteins?Pre-mRNA transcripts are created during transcription by the enzyme RNA polymerase (green), which uses DNA as a template (pink). To create a mature mRNA molecule that can be translated, the pre-mRNA is processed.
What steps are involved in the information transfer from DNA genes to mRNA?Gene expression begins with transcription. The DNA sequence of a gene needs to be copied in order to produce an RNA molecule. RNA polymerases are enzymes that carry out transcription, which create an RNA strand by joining nucleotides.
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How does Orwell use the character of Squealer to explore ideas about truth and lies in Animal Farm?.
Squealer symbolizes the propaganda newspaper, the Pravda (Russian for "the fact"), and has been connected to one of all Stalin's staunchest allies, Vyacheslav Molotov.
The allegories permit the reader to remember that a few politicians in energy use the same gear to cover their misleading movements. Squealer represents the mass media, that enabled the upward push to the electricity of Stalin, hiding his moves with communist beliefs that first of all brought the running elegance together and rebellion.
He gives you propaganda to the opposite animals. it's also hinted that he reports again to Napoleon about what the opposite animals say. Orwell suggests that Squealer is persuasive thru the outline of his look and movements. The others stated of Squealer that he could flip black into white.
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during the production of rna, what rna sequence would the dna template sequence 3'-tagctg-5' be transcribed to produce?
This template DNA sequence 3'-tagctg-5' would be transcribed to create the 5'-AUCGAC-3' rna sequence during rna creation.
With the exception of uracil's substitution for thymine, this RNA nucleotide sequence was complementary to the one on the DNA template strand. The bases adenine and thymine couple with guanine and cytosine, respectively; the RNA sequence for the corresponding Stranded dna would be UACGGAUCCUG. The nucleotide sequence of the DNA strand that serves as an RNA template is AGCTTCGA. However, as codons are often written from 3' end to 5' end, this mRNA codon is really ACU. The mRNA sequence created by the 5' TAGCCAATTG 3' sequence the DNA in the coding strand and the template strand's 3' ATCGGTTAAC 5' will also be 3' GUUAACCGAU 5'. That 5' to 3' axis is where the process is recommended is pointed.
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why is fossil evidence usually not enough to give a complete record of evolution? (click on all that apply.)
An organism's remnants must be covered by sediment before the drawn-out process of fossilization may start. The majority of living things decay before this can happen.
Some justifications for why fossils aren't regarded as completely accurate include Some fossils are destroyed by the Earth's crust moving, After death, consumed organisms are unlikely to become fossilized, Soft-bodied species do not readily fossilize, and some fossils are buried too deeply for scientists to access. The fossil was created by the rapid subsurface burial of an organism. An organism would be partially degraded if it had already passed away before being buried. The fossil must then be discovered after spending millions of years underground, which can be extremely unlikely.
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in pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to green seeds, and the yellow and green alleles are represented with Y and y, respectively. match each genotype with the correct description of alleles
heterozygous for the yellow and green alleles
homozygous for the yellow allele
homozygous for the green allele
-YY
-Yy
-yy
-YY
-Yy
-yy
-YY
-Yy
-yy
In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to green seeds, and the yellow and green alleles are represented with Y and y, respectively. A. Genotype 1/2 Yy; 1/2 yy. Phenotype: 1/2 Yellow; 1/2 Green.
What is punnett square?Punnett´s Square has been considered as visual representation of Mendelian inheritance. Dominant genes always express when an organism presents them. Recessive genes express when both alleles contain the recessive gene.
A heterozygote contains different alleles for the same gene (Yy). A homozygote contains the same alleles for the same gene (YY/yy), which can be a Dominant (YY) or Recessive (yy) Homozygote.
Therefore, In pea plants, yellow seeds are dominant to green seeds, and the yellow and green alleles are represented with Y and y, respectively. A. Genotype 1/2 Yy; 1/2 yy. Phenotype: 1/2 Yellow; 1/2 Green.
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true or false: after diffusing across the synaptic cleft, ach binds to receptors on the synaptic knob.
The answer is False.
After diffusing across the sympathetic cleft, each binds to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) on the sarcolemma.
The neuromuscular junction is the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle. Motor neurons send signals to muscle fibers, which cause muscle contraction. Synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction begins when an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal of the motor neuron, allowing calcium ions to enter the neuron.
In vertebrates, motor neurons release ACh, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to nAChRs receptors on the sarcolemma. The binding of acetylcholine to the receptor can depolarize the muscle fiber, which will eventually result in muscle contraction.
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Do germline mutations occur in somatic cells?.
No, germline mutations do not occur in somatic cells. Somatic cells are the cells that make up the body, and they do not have the ability to pass on DNA to future generations.
Germline cells, on the other hand, are the cells that give rise to sperm and eggs. These cells have the ability to pass on DNA to future generations, and therefore, any mutations that occur in these cells will be passed down to future generations.
There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is the process that somatic cells use to divide and produce two identical daughter cells. Meiosis is the process that germline cells use to divide and produce four gametes, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. During meiosis, the DNA of the parent cell is randomly divided between the four gametes. This random division of DNA can lead to mutations.
Germline mutations are thought to be responsible for a variety of hereditary diseases. Some of these diseases include cancer, heart disease, and mental illness. Germline mutations can also cause changes in physical appearance, such as hair color and eye color. These mutations are passed down from generation to generation and can have a significant impact on the health and appearance of an individual.
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a major enzyme involved in protein digestion is . a major enzyme involved in protein digestion is . pepsin pancreatic lipase lingual lipase amylase
An enzyme Pepsin is a protein-digesting enzyme that converts intact proteins into peptides, which are short strings of four to nine amino acids.
Which enzyme helps break down proteins?Out of these five elements, pepsin is the primary enzyme in charge of dissolving proteins. It breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids so that they can be absorbed in the small intestine effectively.
What number of important digestive enzymes are there?The body naturally produces three primary categories of digestive enzymes, including: The enzyme protease converts proteins into amino acids. Triglycerides, or fats, are broken down into glycerol and free fatty acids by the enzyme lipase. Amylase is a digestive enzyme that turns starches and carbs into sugars.
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the 3' end of dna multiple choice refers to the end that has a hydroxyl group. attaches to the 5' phosphate group of the incoming nucleotide. always has thymine attached to it. usually has guanine attached to it.
The 3' end of DNA: refers to the end that has a hydroxyl group.
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is the most prevalent form of genetic material. It is a double stranded structure with complementary strands. If one strand is 3' then the other would be 5'. The two strands are joined together by hydrogen bonds between nucleotide bases.
The 3'-end of the DNA always possess a hydroxyl group. This OH group is necessary during the replication reaction where the group attacks a phosphate on the next base to be added. The reaction of replication cannot be accomplished without this hydroxyl group.
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What is the promotional objective of the introduction stage of the product life cycle?.
Answer: The promotional objective is to inform consumers in an effort to increase their level of awareness.
Explanation: I hope this helps!!!!!
During the Long-Term Evolution Experiment (LTEE), investigators found a Cit+strain ofEscherichiacolithat allowed fast growth on citrate buffer after 33,000 generations. The ability to catabolize citrateevolved at this time througha.acquiring the ability to exploit new ecological niches.b.becoming pathogens.c.becoming dependant on a symbiotic partner’s resources.d.becoming pathogens and becoming dependent on a symbiotic partner’s resources.
At this time, viruses developed that had the capacity to take advantage of new ecological niches and began to catabolize citrate.
What two categories do prokaryotes fall under?Early in the history of life, the two prokaryote kingdoms, Bacteria and Archaea, separated from one another. There are many different types of bacteria, including pathogens that cause disease as well as beneficial photosynthesizers and symbionts. Although archaea are diverse and many of them exist in harsh settings, none of them are pathogenic.
The prokaryotic system is which?A cell type without a genuine nucleus or membrane-bound organelles is referred to as prokaryotic. All other forms of life are eukaryotic, whereas organisms in the domains Bacteria and Archaea are based on the prokaryotic cell.
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What minimum frequency of light is needed to eject a photoelectron from atoms of platinum.
The minimum energy required to eject an electron from the surface is called the photoelectric work function. The threshold of this element corresponds to a wavelength of 683 nm.
This gives us F equal to 1.26 in 10 to the power of 15 hertz. This is a minimum required frequency of the photo or the frequency of light. The minimum frequency of light needed to eject electrons from a metal is called the threshold frequency, 0 .
Threshold frequency, ν0 is the minimum frequency that a photon must have to eject an electron from a metal. It is different for different metals. When a photon of frequency 1.0 × 1015 s 1 was allowed to strike a metal surface, an electron with 1.988 × 10 19 J of kinetic energy was emitted.
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true/false. herrnstein and others trained pigeons to respond to images of people. the researchers did this by pinpointing a single defining feature (such as hair) on which the birds could discriminate humans from other objects.
The given statement is false. Pigeons learned to discriminate the pictures of trees, bodies of water, or a particular person in three separate experiments.
Herrnstein and others trained pigeons to respond to images of people. The researchers did this by pinpointing a single defining feature (such as hair) on which the birds could discriminate humans from other objects. This statement is false.
Pigeons had learnt to discriminate the pictures of trees, bodies of water, or a particular person in three separate experiments.
Pictures being seen for the first time were discriminated almost as well as pictures seen in training.
The pigeons in each of the experiment showed similar patterns of errors and correct discrimination.
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What processes during the cell cycle ensures appropriate cell growth and rates of division? malfunction of these processes can lead to uncontrolled growth and cancer.
Interphase and the mitotic phase are the two primary phases of the cell cycle . DNA replication and cell growth occur during interphase. The cell divides and the replicated DNA and cytoplasm are separated during the mitotic phase.
What processes during the cell cycle ensures appropriate cell growth and rates of division?Both mitosis and cytokinesis are a part of the mitotic phase (M). The nucleus divides at this point, followed by the cytoplasm. The remaining three phases (G1, S, and G2) are together referred to as the interphase. The cell develops, goes through its regular life functions, and gets ready to divide during interphase.
The number of chromosomes is altered in many cancer cells, resulting in either an excess or a deficiency of chromosomes in the cells. The term "aneuploid" refers to these cells. DNA replication mistakes could lead to mutations and the potential emergence of cancer.
However, at the molecular level, interphase is the period of time when DNA replication and cell growth take place in a controlled manner prior to cell division. During interphase, the cell continues to grow at a constant rate, with the majority of dividing cells doubling in size between each mitosis.
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what useful purpose is served by cell division in a multicellular organism? select all the correct answers.
The cell division occurs to prevent cells from growing to an excessive size, to create new cells as an organism grows, and to replace tissues and cells that have been injured.
Cell division is the process by which unicellular creatures reproduce, whereas in multicellular organisms, it is the process by which tissues grow and are maintained. The reproduction of a complete unicellular organism, the development of gametes (eggs and sperm) for sexual reproduction in multicellular animals, and the growth and repair of tissues are the three primary roles of cellular division.
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FILL IN THE BLANK. even though plant cells photosynthesize, they still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate and cellular respiration. this will occur in ___ . cells that are storing glucose only all cells all the time non-photosynthesizing cells only all cells all the time photosynthesizing cells in the light and in other tissues in the dark
Even though plant cells photosynthesize, they still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate and cellular respiration this will occur in all cells all the time .
What is cellular respiration in plants?The process by which sugar is broken down in the presence of oxygen in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and plants) to release energy in the form of ATP is known as cellular respiration. Water and carbon dioxide are waste products of this process. Plants can carry out cellular respiration because they have mitochondria.Oxidation of pyruvate in plants:Eukaryotic cells' mitochondrial matrix is the site of pyruvate oxidation.Pyruvate becomes an acetyl group connected to a carrier molecule of coenzyme A when oxygen is present. The resultant acetyl CoA can enter a number of pathways, although the citric acid cycle is usually where the acetyl group is given for further catabolism.For more information on cellular respiration in plants kindly visit to
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What are the 4 food defenses?.
The four food defense provide a methodology for building a proactive and comprehensive food defense program.
Assess : analyze the risks along the entire supply chain, including the source of the raw materials. To find potential entry points for product adulteration, conduct a vulnerability assessment of weak points and crucial control points.
Access: Who has access to the risk zones for food materials and critical control points? Keep a close eye on the following four primary activity categories that the FDA( Food and Drug Administration) has identified as being especially susceptible to adulteration: Activities such as mixing and grinding that use a lot of food and have a good chance of uniformly combining contaminants.
Alerts : According to the established food safety and defence programme, notifications of both purposeful and inadvertent food adulteration must be made to the proper parties.
Audit: The best food safety standards are ensured and maintained with the aid of operational and regulatory compliance audits, which also give regulators proof of conformity. The FSMA protects the safety of the American food supply by emphasizing prevention over reaction.
Hence, food defense provide a methodology for building advance food defense program.
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Without genetic variation, the mechanisms of evolutionary change will not occur. There are several sources of genetic variation within a breeding population: sexual reproduction, mutation, and gene flow. Specifically, sexual reproduction contributes to genetic variation and as a result, evolution, through recombination. Describe recombination and analyze how it contributes to genetic variability. Choose all that apply.
When two gametes fuse during fertilization to produce a zygote with distinct DNA combinations, this variety is amplified even more, hence a, b, d is the correct option.
What is genetic variation?Genetic variation is the difference in DNA between individuals or between populations. Multiple sources of genetic variation include mutations and genetic recombination. Mutation is the ultimate cause of genetic variation, but so are other mechanisms such as: B. Gene drift, contributing to this.
Genetic variation results in different forms or alleles of a gene. For example, looking at eye color, a blue-eyed person has one allele of the eye color gene, while a brown-eyed person has a different allele of the gene.
Therefore, meiosis brings about changes in organisms, which lead to changes during evolution. So a, b, and d are the correct choices.
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Significant agricultural monetary losses are due to the destruction of ________ through pesticide spray drift and residues on flowers.
Significant agricultural monetary losses are due to destruction of Honeybees through pesticide spray drift and residues on flowers.
A robust, healthy honey production has always required vibrant, diverse floral environment.
Agrochemical pesticides, which are dispersed over vast areas of crops, fruit orchards, woods, and other ecosystems for control of insect pests, weeds, and plant diseases, have become a new hazard to beekeepers in recent decades.Since bees are insects and are vulnerable to any toxin intended to eliminate insect pests, there was little question that chemical insecticides may pose major threat to them.So, in industrialised nations, rigorous toxicity testing was and still is needed before such pesticides can be approved for use in crop protection.learn more about honeybees at - Brainly ... https://brainly.com/question/3668237
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Which statement is correct regarding the semiconservative nature of DNA replication?
In the daughter molecule, each strand consists of segments of the original template and newly constructed segments.
Each daughter molecule has one strand from the original template molecule and one new strand.
The daughter molecule has half as many nucleotides as the parent molecule.
The original DNA molecule remains intact, and a completely new daughter molecule is built from the original template.
The correct statement regarding DNA replication is: "Each daughter molecule has one strand from the original template molecule and one new strand." The second one is the correct answer regarding DNA replication.
What is the semi-conservative model of DNA replication?The DNA replicates using the semi-conservative model; in this model, during the replication, the two DNA strands are separated, and each one acts as a template. The template strand from the parents is used to create new DNA, which is done by multiple enzymes. As a result of this, new DNA is formed, and half of it comes from the parent.
Hence, the correct statement regarding DNA replication is: "Each daughter molecule has one strand from the original template molecule and one new strand."
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What influences cell proliferation?.
The intracellular gene regulatory network and external growth factors exert strict control over this process influences cell proliferation
Cell division and division into two daughter cells is a process known as cell proliferation. Cell proliferation is a quick method of tissue growth because it causes an exponential rise in the number of cells. Cell growth and cell division must happen simultaneously for there to be cell proliferation and for the population's average cell size to remain constant. Cell growth can occur without cell division to form a single bigger cell, whereas cell division can occur without cell growth to produce many increasingly smaller cells (as in zygote cleavage) (as in growth of neurons). Thus, despite the fact that the terms cell growth and cell division are commonly used synonymously, cell proliferation is not the same as either one.
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what will be the phenotypic ratio for the f1 generation? if two f1 individuals are crossed, what is expected to be the f2 phenotypic ratio?
In dihybrid cross the phenotypic ratio for the f1 generation is 1:1:1:1 and the the f2 phenotypic ratio is 9:3:3:1.
Phenotypic ratio refers to observable characteristics of an individual, such as height, eye color, and blood type. A person's phenotype is determined by both genomic organization (genotype) and environmental factors.
A dihybrid represents a mating experiment between two organisms in which the two traits are the exact same hybrid. Hybrid organisms are heterozygous, meaning they have two different alleles at a particular genetic position or locus.
The main difference between the F1 and F2 generations is that the F1 generation is the first daughter generation of the parent's descendants. However, the F2 generation is the second daughter generation of the inbred progeny of the F1 individuals.
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All of the following events occur during prophase in mitosis except responses pairing of chromosomes. Pairing of chromosomes. Spindle formation. Spindle formation. Crossing over. Crossing over. Condensation of dna.
All of the following activities occur in the course of prophase in mitosis except crossing over.
Mitosis may be divided into 4 stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Throughout prophase, the chromatids condense into chromosomes, thereby making them seen. The mitotic spindle is a structure composed of microtubule proteins that segregate the chromosomes in mitosis. This shape is formed in prophase.
In Prophase homologous pairs of chromosomes are paired together. In metaphase, these chromosomes are lined up at the equator of the mobile, and sister chromatids are connected to the spindle fiber.
Crossing over (or recombination) is the alternate of genetic cloth between non-sister chromatids that occurs in the course of prophase I of meiosis.
In end, condensation of DNA, the pairing of chromosomes, and, spindle formation arise for the duration of prophase, while crossing over occurs in prophase I of the meiotic cellular department (choice B).
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sometimes mutations affect gene regulation without altering the protein sequence. describe one hypothesized situation that meets this criterion.
Sometimes mutations affect gene regulation without altering the protein sequence. The hypothesized situation where this phenomenon could happen is: when there is a change in the DNA sequence of the gene but it has no effect on the amino acid sequence.
What is silent mutation?The silent mutation is a type of mutation that affects gene regulation without altering the protein sequence. One example of silent mutation is when a code for lysine is mutated from AAA to AAG. Although there is a change in gene regulation, the protein sequence is still categorized as lysine.
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where is norepinephrine and epinephrine released? group of answer choices postganglionic synapse ganglionic synapse preganglionic neuron
Norepinephrine and epinephrine is released Pre-ganglionic neuron.
There are vast arrays of neurons located in the spinal cord and brain stem that project their axons outside the central nervous system (CNS) and are a part of the efferent (motor) pathways leading from brain centres to periphery within the autonomic nervous system, which is the set of central and peripheral nerve structures that control the activity of viscera (such as the bladder, heart, intestines, trachea, and glands) and of blood vessels. They are referred to as preganglionic neurons because their axons condense into tiny nerves that attach to ganglion neurons in the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia of the autonomic nervous system.
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a marine biologist dredges up a small animal from the bottom of the ocean. it is uniformly segmented, with short, stiff appendages and soft, flexible skin. it has a complete digestive system and a closed circulatory system, plus multiple true coeloms. based on this, you determine that the animal must be a(n) . see concept 33.3
Given the characteristics mentioned in the question, the animal must be an annelid.
What is an annelid?Annelids, (Phylum name annelida) segmented worms, characterized by having body cavities (or body coelom), mobile bristles (or setae), and bodies segmented by transverse rings. The body cavity is reduced in leeches, and the bristles are devoid of some specialized morphology, including leeches. An important phylum of invertebrates in the animal kingdom, Annelida, consists of more than 9,000 species divided into three classes: Sea worms (polychaetes) are divided into motile and sedentary or tube-dwelling forms. earthworms (Oligochaeta); and leeches (Hildinea). Annelids are coelomic and tridermal.
General characteristics of annelids are:
They show organization at the organ system level.Your body is segmented.They breathe through their body surfaces.The kidney is an excretory organ. They have well-developed circulatory and digestive systems.Common names for more familiar annelids include earthworms, sandworms, annelids, bristleworms, and leeches.To know more about annelid, visit:
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botulism and myasthenia gravis are conditions that cause muscle weakness. which of these statements is not true? a) In myasthenia gravis, acetylcholine is released, but the receptors on the junctional folds of the sarcolemma cannot receive the acetylcholine.b) Both conditions affect normal activity at the neuromuscular junction. c) Botulium toxin impairs the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic neuron. d) Both conditions are caused by an inability of the body to produce adequate acetylcholine.
Botulism and myasthenia gravis are conditions that cause muscle weakness but Both conditions are caused by an inability of the body to produce adequate acetylcholine statement is not true. Correct option to this question is D.
What is myasthenia gravis?Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) that is brought on by antibodies that attack postsynaptic membrane components, disrupt neuromuscular transmission, and cause skeletal muscle weakening and exhaustion.What is botulism? Due to a neurotoxin generated by Clostridium botulinum, botulism is an acute neurologic condition that can result in neuroparalysis that is potentially life-threatening. The presynaptic membranes of peripheral neuromuscular and autonomic nerve junctions are permanently bound by the toxin.For more information on botulism and myasthenia gravis kindly visit to
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a particular triplet of bases in the template strand of dna is 5'-agt-3'. the corresponding codon for the mrna transcribed is question 10 options: 3'-uca-5'. 5'-tca-3'. 3'-uga-5'. 3'-acu-5'.
The triplet in question is:- 3 UCA 5
What does a specific triplet of nucleotides in the DNA template strand represent?Transcription is the method by which mRNA is produced from the template strand of DNA. Another name for the template strand is the antisense strand. The opposing base pair is added to the mRNA chain by RNA polymerase after reading the coding sequence on the template DNA strand.
If there is an adenine nucleotide in the template strand, Uracil will be added in place of it in the mRNA since Thymine is replaced by Uracil. The remaining nucleotide addition is identical to that in DNA; T will be added in place of A and C will be added in place of G.
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In which example are the proximate cause and the ultimate cause of morphological evolution correctly matched? Proximate: cis-regulatory elements are found upstream of a gene; ultimate: cis-regulation is required to activate a gene Proximate: changes in gene regulation lead to changes in morphology; ultimate: natural selection favors morphologies that work best in their environment Proximate: point mutations in protein coding genes affect protein function and structure; ultimate: chemical and physical configuration of a protein affect its function Proximate: natural selection favors gene combinations that have high fitness in their environment; ultimate: genetic changes alter morphology and fitness Proximate: natural selection causes morphology to differ among species; ultimate: natural selection prevents morphological variation within a species
The example of proximate cause and the ultimate cause of morphological evolution correctly matched are Proximate: changes in gene regulation lead to changes in morphology Ultimate: natural selection favors morphologies that work best in their environment.
What is proximate cause? The conduct of the person (or entity) that owes you a duty must be closely related to your injuries for the person to be deemed legally responsible for your injuries. Someone's acts are not proximate if they only contribute to a small portion of your injury.What is ultimate cause? Ultimate causes are the historical circumstances that gave rise to the DNA coded information. These various levels of causation involve phenomena that happen on various time scales.For more information on proximate and ultimate cause kindly visit to
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4. why does it take a much shorter time for adaptive immunity to be induced on subsequent encounters with the antigen?
T-helper cells are more numerous against the antigen. Therefore it take a much shorter time for adaptive immunity to be induced on subsequent encounters with the antigen.
Since they are necessary for practically all adaptive immunity,
T-helper cells are perhaps the most significant cells in adaptive immunity. They aid in the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which kill infected target cells, as well as B cells that generate antibodies and macrophages that kill ingested microorganisms.
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