The voltage produced by the colorimeter is __________ to the absorbance of the sample and ____________ to the light intensity.A) Directly proportional, indirectly proportionalB) Directly proportional, directly proportionalC) Indirectly proportional, indirectly proportionalD) Indirectly proportional, directly proportionalE) None of the above

The concentration of the acid is  0.016 M

A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react to form a salt and water. The reaction occurs when the hydrogen ions (H+) from the acid react with the hydroxide ions (OH-) from the base to form water (H2O). The salt that forms depends on the specific acid and base that are reacted.

Using;

CAVA/CBVB = NA/NB

CA = concentration of acid

CB = concentration of base

VA = volume of acid

VB = Volume of base

Then;

CAVANB = CBVBNA

CA =  CBVBNA/VANB

CA = 0.0193 M  *  25.6 mL * 1/15 mL  * 2

CA = 0.016 M

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The crystallization step of recrystallization removes soluble impurities from a solid mixture. When a solid is dissolved in a solvent and then allowed to cool, the solubility of the solid in the solvent decreases and the solid crystallizes out of the solution.

Soluble impurities, which are typically more soluble in the solvent than the desired compound, will remain in solution or be incorporated into the crystal lattice of the impure crystals. As a result, the crystals that form during the crystallization step will have a higher purity than the initial solid mixture. Further purification can be achieved through multiple rounds of recrystallization using different solvents or by additional purification methods such as chromatography.

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In a 60g sample of tetraethyl-lead, a gasoline is addictive, is found to contain 38.43g lead, 17.83g carbon and 3.74g hydrogen, its empirical formula is PbC₆H₂₀.

The term Empirical formula is defined as the chemical formula of a compound that gives the ratios of the elements present in the compound but not the actual numbers or arrangement of atoms.

The percentage mass of Pb = 38.43/60 × 100

= 64.05 %

The percentage mass of C = 17.83/60 × 100

= 29.71%

The percentage mass of H = 3.74/60 × 100

= 6.23%

Now,

Pb → 64.05/207

= 0.3094

C ⇾ 29.71/12

= 2.475

H ⇾ 6.23/1

= 6.23

Therefore, the ratio is as follows:

Pb : C : H = 1 : 8 : 20

Thus, empirical formula is PbC₆H₂₀.

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For each hydrocarbon, the formula based on the name or the name based on the formula. a) Propane C3H8. b) Propane CH3CH2CH3. c) Octane C8H18. d) Pentane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons are examples of group 14 hydrides. Hydrocarbons are generally colourless and hydrophobic; their odor is usually faint, and may be similar to that of gasoline or lighter fluid. They occur in a diverse range of molecular structures and phases: they can be gases (such as methane and propane), liquids (such as hexane and benzene), low melting solids (such as paraffin wax and naphthalene) or polymers (such as polyethylene and polystyrene).

In the fossil fuel industries, hydrocarbon refers to naturally occurring petroleum, natural gas and coal, or their hydrocarbon derivatives and purified forms. Combustion of hydrocarbons is the main source of the world's energy. Petroleum is the dominant raw-material source for organic commodity chemicals such as solvents and polymers. Most anthropogenic (human-generated) emissions of greenhouse gases are either carbon dioxide released by the burning of fossil fuels, or methane released from the handling of natural gas or from agriculture.

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The mineral Calcite has a pale yellow color with a dull luster. It has no visible cleavage.

It appears to have a conchoidal fracture, where the pieces break apart with curved edges.Calcite is a very common mineral composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). It is the primary mineral in many metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, and is a major component of limestone and marble. Calcite has a hardness of 3 on the Mohs scale, which makes it suitable for use in jewelry and ornaments. Calcite occurs in a variety of colors, including white, yellow, orange, pink, blue, and green. It is also the main component of many chalk deposits. Calcite is used in many industrial processes and products, including as a filler in cement, as a neutralizing agent in soil, and as a flux in steelmaking. It is also used as a source of calcium in animal feed and as a food additive.

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complete question:Observe the minerals Calcite. Describe the mineral's colour, luster (shiny or dull) and the way they break apart (cleavage or fracture) in the student guide

The theoretical yield of CO2 in moles when there is 63.2 moles of O2 present is 63.2 moles.

A chemical reaction is a process in which one or more substances, called reactants, are converted into one or more different substances, called products. This process involves the breaking and forming of chemical bonds between atoms and/or molecules, resulting in a change in the chemical composition of the substances involved.

Chemical reactions can be classified into several different types based on the changes that occur during the reaction, including:

Synthesis or combination reactions: where two or more reactants combine to form a single product.

Decomposition reactions: where a single reactant breaks down into two or more products.

Single replacement or displacement reactions: where one element replaces another element in a compound, resulting in the formation of a new compound.

Double replacement or displacement reactions: where two compounds exchange ions or atoms to form two new compounds.

Acid-base reactions: where an acid and a base react to form a salt and water.

Assuming that the balanced chemical equation is:

C + O2 → CO2

We can see that the stoichiometric ratio between O2 and CO2 is 1:1. This means that for every 1 mole of O2 consumed, 1 mole of CO2 is produced. Therefore, if there are 63.2 moles of O2 present, the theoretical yield of CO2 would also be 63.2 moles.

So, the theoretical yield of CO2 in moles when there is 63.2 moles of O2 present is 63.2 moles.

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Answer:

Make Recycle Bins Easily Accessible

Ditch Single-Use Waste

Minimise Paper Waste

Designate a Drawer for Scrap Paper

Eco-Friendly Lunches

Soil can be conserved by removing trees. This statement is false.

Soil conservation is a set of practices used to keep soil from deteriorating. To begin with, soil conservation entails treating the soil as a living ecosystem. This entails continuously returning organic matter to the soil. Preventive maintenance on a car is analogous to soil conservation.

Organic or ecological farming entails reducing or eliminating the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, as well as cultivating rich, long-term balanced soil fertility through techniques such as crop rotation, conservation tillage, and soil amendments such as compost and manure.

Thus,  Soil can be conserved by removing trees. This statement is false.

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Answer:

The concentration of N2(g) in parts per billion (ppb) in a solution can be calculated as follows:

(mass of N2(g) in solution / total mass of solution) * 10^9 ppb

Plugging in the given values, we have:

(1.5 * 10^-6 g / (7.5 g + 1.5 * 10^-6 g)) * 10^9 ppb = (1.5 * 10^-6 g / 7.5 g) * 10^9 ppb = 200 ppb

So, the concentration of N2(g) in the solution is 200 ppb.

A 0.0907 g sample of a weak acid requires 15.0 ml of 0.1008 m sodium hydroxide to be neutralized by titration. the molar mass of the monoprotic weak acid is 60.13 g/mol.

We can use the balanced chemical equation of the neutralization reaction to calculate the number of moles of the weak acid that reacted with the sodium hydroxide:

Weak acid + NaOH → NaA + H2O

where NaA is the sodium salt of the weak acid.

The number of moles of sodium hydroxide used can be calculated from its concentration and the volume used in the titration:

n(NaOH) = C(NaOH) x V(NaOH)

n(NaOH) = 0.1008 mol/L x 0.0150 L

n(NaOH) = 0.00151 mol

Since 1 mole of weak acid reacts with 1 mole of sodium hydroxide, the number of moles of the weak acid is also 0.00151 mol.

The molar mass of the weak acid can be calculated using its mass and the number of moles:

Molar mass = mass / moles

Molar mass = 0.0907 g / 0.00151 mol

Molar mass = 60.13 g/mol

Therefore, the molar mass of the monoprotic weak acid is 60.13 g/mol.

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Water (and everything else) stays on Earth due to the combination of gravity and atmospheric pressure.

What is Atmosphericc Pressure?

Atmospheric pressure is the force exerted by the weight of the Earth's atmosphere on the surface below it. The Earth's atmosphere is composed of a mixture of gases, primarily nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), along with other trace gases. These gases have mass and are attracted towards the center of the Earth by the force of gravity.

The pressure of the atmosphere decreases with increasing altitude because there is less atmosphere above, meaning that there is less weight and therefore less force pressing down. At sea level, the average atmospheric pressure is around 101.3 kilopascals (kPa) or 14.7 pounds per square inch (psi). This pressure can be measured with devices such as barometers.

Water on Earth does not fall off into space due to the force of gravity. Gravity is the force that attracts objects towards each other. The Earth's gravity is what keeps everything on the planet, including water, from floating away into space. As long as an object is within the Earth's gravitational field, it will be attracted towards the center of the planet.

Furthermore, the Earth's atmosphere also helps to keep water from falling off the planet. The atmosphere creates a layer of air around the Earth, which creates pressure that holds water molecules in place. This pressure is also caused by gravity, as the weight of the atmosphere presses down on everything below it, including water.

In summary, water (and everything else) stays on Earth due to the combination of gravity and atmospheric pressure.

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We require the number of moles of solute and the volume of the solution in liters to determine the molarity of a solution. Initially, we must calculate the amount of moles of NaCl in 5.85 g. NaCl .

has a molar mass of 58.44 g/mol: NaCl moles = mass of NaCl / molar mass of NaCl moles = 5.85 g / 58.44 g/mol NaCl moles = 0.1 mol The volume of the solution must then be converted from milliliters to liters: 500 mL / 1000 mL/L solution volume 0.5 L solution volume We can compute the molarity of the solution now that we know the number of moles of NaCl and the volume of the solution in liters: molarity = solute moles / volume of solutio molarity = 0.1 mol / 0.5 L molarity = 0.2 mol/L Therefore, the molarity of the solution is 0.2 mol/L, which corresponds to option C.

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The electron gain enthalpy of Na+ is 5.65 eV.

The amount of energy released when an electron is added to a single gaseous atom is known as the electron gain enthalpy. Energy can either be released or absorbed when an electron is added.

The electron gain enthalpy of Na+ can be calculated using the formula below:

Electron gain enthalpy of Na+ = Ionization enthalpy of Na - Electron affinity of Na

The ionization enthalpy of Na is 5.1 eV.

The electron affinity of Na is -0.55 eV.

Therefore, the electron gain enthalpy of Na+ can be calculated as:

Electron gain enthalpy of Na+ = Ionization enthalpy of Na - Electron affinity of Na

Electron gain enthalpy of Na+ = 5.1 eV - (-0.55 eV)

Electron gain enthalpy of Na+ = 5.65 eV

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224.7 grams of water can be produced by the combustion of 200 grams of CH3OH.

What is combustion?

Combustion is a chemical reaction that occurs between a fuel and an oxidizing agent, usually oxygen, which results in the release of energy in the form of heat and light. During combustion, the fuel is oxidized (i.e., loses electrons) and the oxidizing agent is reduced (i.e., gains electrons). This reaction is often accompanied by the production of other products, such as water and carbon dioxide.

The balanced chemical equation for the combustion of CH3OH is:

2 CH3OH + 3 O2 → 2 CO2 + 4 H2O

From the balanced equation, we can see that 2 moles of CH3OH react with 4 moles of H2O. Therefore, we can use the molar mass of CH3OH to calculate the number of moles of CH3OH, and then use the stoichiometric ratio to calculate the number of moles of H2O produced. Finally, we can convert the moles of H2O to grams using the molar mass of water.

Step 1: Calculate the number of moles of CH3OH.

molar mass of CH3OH = 12.01 g/mol (C) + 4(1.01 g/mol) (H) + 16.00 g/mol (O) = 32.04 g/mol

moles of CH3OH = mass / molar mass = 200 g / 32.04 g/mol = 6.237 mol

Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of H2O produced.

From the balanced equation, we need 4 moles of H2O for every 2 moles of CH3OH.

moles of H2O = 4 x moles of CH3OH / 2 = 4 x 6.237 mol / 2 = 12.474 mol

Step 3: Calculate the mass of H2O produced.

molar mass of H2O = 2(1.01 g/mol) + 16.00 g/mol = 18.02 g/mol

mass of H2O = moles of H2O x molar mass of H2O = 12.474 mol x 18.02 g/mol = 224.7 g

Therefore, 224.7 grams of water can be produced by the combustion of 200 grams of CH3OH.

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The product of the addition reaction between butanal, CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO, and water is an alcohol, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH(OH)-H, known as butan-1-ol.

This reaction takes place when the slightly positive oxygen atom of the water molecule interacts with the slightly negative carbonyl carbon of the butanal molecule, forming a new covalent bond. This is known as a nucleophilic addition reaction, and the overall equation is shown below:

CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO + H2O → CH3-CH2-CH2-CH(OH)-H + H3O+

This reaction is called a hydration reaction and is a type of nucleophilic addition reaction. The hydroxide ion acts as a nucleophile, donating its electrons to the partially positive carbon of the aldehyde, and displacing the proton. This forms an oxonium ion, which then undergoes a proton transfer with another water molecule, forming the alcohol product.

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comlete question:water is a polar compound that will commonly add to aldehydes. what is the product of an addition reaction between butanal,CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO and water

When hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water,they form  d)stable compound.So,correct option is d.

At the point when hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water, they structure water an incredibly steady compound. We can say water is a steady compound on the grounds that huge energy is delivered is a sign that breaking water particles into the first components is extremely hard.

2H₂ + O₂=2H₂O

Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical equation H₂O  It is a straightforward, bland, unscented, and almost drab synthetic substance, which is the fundamental constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the liquids of all known living life forms (in which it goes about as a solvent).

It is essential for all known types of life, regardless of not giving food, energy or natural micronutrients. Its compound equation, H₂O, shows that every one of its particles contains one oxygen and two hydrogen molecules, associated by covalent bonds. The hydrogen particles are connected to the oxygen iota at a point of 104.45°. "Water" is additionally the name of the fluid province of H₂O at standard temperature and strain.

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(Complete question) is:

When hydrogen and oxygen combine to form water, they form:

a)an unstable compound

b)a stable mixture

c)an unstable mixture

d)an extremely stable compound

D. The lines connect points of equal air pressure.

Asparagine is an amino acid that is most likely to participate in hydrogen bonding with water due to the presence of a polar, hydrophilic side chain  ( -CONH2). The other amino acids listed are nonpolar and hydrophobic.

Asparagine is an amino acid that contains a polar, hydrophilic amide side chain (-CONH2), making it the most likely amino acid to participate in hydrogen bonding with water. Hydrogen bonding occurs between the partially positive hydrogen atoms of water and the partially negative oxygen or nitrogen atoms of asparagine. The polar nature of the asparagine side chain allows it to interact with the polar water molecules, forming hydrogen bonds that help to stabilize the protein structure. This is particularly important in proteins that are located on the surface of cells or in extracellular spaces, as these regions are often exposed to water and require stable structures to maintain their function. In contrast, amino acids such as leucine, valine, alanine, and phenylalanine have nonpolar, hydrophobic side chains that do not participate in hydrogen bonding with water. These hydrophobic amino acids are more likely to be found in the interior of proteins, where they can interact with other nonpolar amino acids and help to stabilize the protein structure through hydrophobic interactions.

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Number of protons number of electrons neutral atom cation anion neutral atom cation anion neutral atom cation anion number of proton is 7 So, atomic number is 7 atomic number is 7 for N charge.

Number of proton is 7 So, atomic number is 7 atomic number is 7 for N charge = number of proton - number of electron  = 7 - 10  = -3 So, this is anion A .

Protons are the positively charged particles that are inside the nucleus of an atom. The protons are pushed apart by the electromagnetic force but pulled together by the strong force, which is stronger over short distances .

Cations are positively-charged ions (atoms or groups of atoms that have more protons than electrons due to having lost one or more electrons). Anions are negatively-charged ions (meaning they have more electrons than protons due to having gained one or more electrons).

The number of neutrons is equal to the difference between the mass number of the atom (M) and the atomic number (Z).

Electron, proton, neutron are subatomic particles which build the atom. The atom consists of a central nucleus containing neutron and proton. Electrons revolve around the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged, proton is positively charged and neutron is neutral.

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The Ka for the weak acid is 9.14 x 10^(-6).

A weak acid is an acid that only partially dissociates in water, and its strength is described by its acid dissociation constant (Ka).

To determine the Ka for the weak acid, we can use the relationship between the Ka and the pH of the solution:

Ka = 10^(-pH) * [HA]/[A-]

where [HA] is the concentration of the undissociated weak acid and [A-] is the concentration of the conjugate base.

From the given information, we know that the pH of the solution is 2.535. This means that:

[H+] = 10^(-pH) = 10^(-2.535) = 3.62 x 10^(-3) M

Since the acid is weak, we can assume that the concentration of the undissociated weak acid ([HA]) is approximately equal to the initial concentration of the acid (0.150 M).

Next, we can use the equation for the dissociation of the weak acid:

HA + H2O ⇌ H3O+ + A-

to write an expression for the equilibrium constant (Ka):

Ka = [H3O+][A-]/[HA]

We can use the fact that the solution is electrically neutral to write:

[H3O+] = [A-] + [OH-]

where [OH-] is the concentration of hydroxide ions.

Since the acid is weak, we can assume that the concentration of hydroxide ions is much smaller than the concentration of hydronium ions, so we can approximate:

[H3O+] ≈ [A-]

Substituting these expressions into the equation for Ka, we get:

Ka = [H3O+]^2 / [HA]

Plugging in the values we have calculated, we get:

Ka = (3.62 x 10^(-3))^2 / 0.150

Ka = 9.14 x 10^(-6)

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Metallic bonding is a common characteristic of a material that may conduct electricity when it is solid. The movement of electrical power or charge is known as electricity.

Metallic bonding is the kind of bonding that results in a material with the capacity to conduct electricity when it is solid. The valence electrons of metal atoms become delocalized and free to roam about the crystal lattice during metallic bonding, forming a "sea" of electrons. As they are able to transfer electricity through solid materials, these delocalized electrons are what give solid materials their electrical conductivity. Copper, aluminium, and gold are a few examples of metals that display metallic bonding and electrical conductivity in the solid form. A fundamental component of the natural world, electricity is also one of the most extensively utilised energy sources.

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Answer:

[tex]\huge\boxed{\sf P = 800.8\ Ns}[/tex]

Explanation:

Speed = v = 10.4 m/s

Mass = m = 77 kg

Momentum = P = ?

P = mv

Put the given data in the above formula.

P = (77)(10.4)

[tex]\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]

It is typical to measure liquid volume using both a graduated cylinder and a buret. As the name implies, a graded cylinder is a cylindrical glass or plastic tube that is sealed at one end and has a calibrated scale inscribed on the outside.

A measuring cylinder, often referred to as a graded cylinder, a measuring cylinder, or a mixing cylinder, is a piece of lab apparatus used to gauge the quantity of fluids, chemicals, or solutions used during a typical lab session. Graduated cylinders are more precise and accurate than traditional laboratory flasks and beakers. The scale on a 50-mL buret is in increments of 0.1 mL. A buret's liquid level is measured and recorded to the nearest 0.01 mL in order to prevent any inaccuracies. The volume of the liquid can be calculated using a measuring flask, pipette, and measuring cylinder.

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Set of quantum numbers (n,l,m,s) for the outer most shell of aluminum atom is (3,1,-1,+1/2)

Given outermost electron of aluminium,

The electronic configuration of aluminium is 1s², 2s², 2p⁶,3s², 3p¹

The outermost electron will have the configuration 3p¹;

3p¹ ⇒ n = 3, l = 1 (p), ml = -1 (px orbital), s = +1/2;

Therefore we know that the,

⇒ Set of quantum numbers = (3, 1, -1, +1/2)

and as we know the value of m lies between -l and +l

As we know, therefore we get the values of,

n = 3,

l = 1,

m = -1 and

s = +1/2

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20 billion tons of carbon (as carbon dioxide) are released into the air each year. So option c. is the correct answer.

Each year, human actions release more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than natural cycles can deduct, resulting in the quantity of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere inflating. The global average carbon dioxide forms a new record high in 2021: 414.72 parts per million. Carbon dioxide concentrations are rising primarily because of the fossil fuel that people are burning for energy.

Fossil fuels like coal and oil contain carbon that plants removed out of the atmosphere through photosynthesis over multiple millions of years; we are reciprocating that carbon to the atmosphere in merely a few hundred.

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The water droplet on wax paper is round and flat on a glass surface, this is because of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties of water.

The water drop on wax paper is very round in comparison to the one on a glass which is flatter, this indicates the property of cohesion of water molecules, this is due to gravity.

On the other hand, when the water droplet is on wax paper it is way rounder in shape and attracted to the wax paper called as adhesion.

Hydrophobic literally means "fear of water."

In chemistry, it could be said it's the physical property of molecules that are repelled from a mass of water. This is the case with wax paper where its can't get absorbed or fail to mix and rather tend to repel.

Hydrophile is basically opposite of hydrophobic which is the molecules attracted to water. A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.

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The correct answer is the correct formula for Magnesium Chloride is MgCl2

An inorganic compound with the chemical formula MgCl2 is magnesium chloride. It generates MgCl2nH2O hydrates, where n can range in value from 1 to 12. These salts are white or colorless solids that are very soluble in water. These chemicals can be found in nature in both their compounds and solutions, and they have a wide range of practical uses. Anhydrous magnesium chloride serves as the primary precursor for the widely produced magnesium metal. Magnesium chloride that has been hydrated is the form that is most readily available. Magnesium chloride may be extracted using brine or saltwater. The Great Salt Lake in North America provides the bulk of the brine used to make it. It is utilized in the Jordan Valley and is from the Dead Sea. The mineral bischofite (MgCl26H2O) is extracted by solution mining from ancient seabeds like the Zechstein seabed in northwest Europe. Some deposits are a result of the high magnesium chloride content of the primordial ocean. Saltwater evaporation causes a little quantity of magnesium chloride to be created.

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Between 0 and 1500, the average reaction rate is 0.000112 M/s, or 7.14*[tex]10^{-5}[/tex]Instantaneous rate is thus 7.25*[tex]10^{-5}[/tex] M/s..

Resistance or antagonism to a force, action, or movement is a reactionary act, process, or occurrence. especially: a reaction to a particular treatment, circumstance, or stimulus; leaning toward a past and typically antiquated political or social system or policy. She was shocked by the information.

The paper ought to include a synopsis of the source material, but the major emphasis should be on your opinions and justifications regarding the topics included in the actual text. This necessitates your consideration of the provided work, followed by a targeted, well-thought-out response supported by outside sources, when appropriate.

Part A:

At t = 0 s , [A] = 0.184 M

At t = 1500 s , [A] = 0.016 M

Average rate = \Delta[A] / \Deltat

= (0.016 - 0.184) / (1500 - 0)

= - 0.168 / 1500

= - 0.000112 M/s

Hence average rate = 1.12*[tex]10^{-4}[/tex] M/s

Part B:

At t = 500 s , [A] = 0.069 M

At t = 1200 s , [A] = 0.019 M

Average rate = (0.019 - 0.069) / (1200 - 500)

= - 0.05 / 700

= - 7.14*[tex]10^{-5}[/tex] M/s

Hence average rate = 7.14*[tex]10^{-5}[/tex] M/s

Part C:

0.20 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 Z 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Time (s)

Now, we have:

At t = 600s ; [A] = 0.043 M

At t = 1000s ; [A] = 0.014 M

Instantaneous rate = slope of tangent at t = 800s

= d[A] / dt

= (0.014 - 0.043) / (1000 - 600)

= - 0.029 / 400

= - 0.0000725 M/s

Hence instantaneous rate =  7.25*[tex]10^{-5}[/tex] M/s

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The retention factor is 0.9 if the solvent front travels a distance of 2.0 cm and the distance between the particle and the solvent front is 0.20 cm.

In a chromatography experiment, the retention factor, also referred to as the Rf value, is a measurement of how far a component moves in relation to the solvent front. It is computed as the ratio of the compound's (also known as the "spot") travel distance to the solvent front's travel distance:

Distance travelled by the spot divided by the distance travelled by the solvent front is the retention factor (Rf).

In your situation, the solvent front moved 2.0 cm, and the ion and solvent front were separated by 0.20 cm. because of this, the distance covered by the

Spot's the ion's distance travelled is calculated as follows: Spot's (the ion's) distance travelled = Spot's (the solvent front's) distance travelled - Spot's (the ion's and the solvent front's) distance apart from each other Spot's (the ion's) distance travelled = 1.8 cm

Now that we know how to compute retention factor:

Rf is the product of the spot's travel distance and the solvent front's travel distance.

Rf = 1.8/2.0 cm.

Rf = 0.9

As a result, this experiment's retention factor is 0.9.

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