A Free-Trade Agreement (FTA) differ from a Custom Union (CU) as a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is a deal between two or more nations to lower trade restrictions, like import quotas or tariffs on particular products or services. A Custom Union (CU), on the other hand, is a sort of trade agreement wherein member nations remove tariffs on goods and services traded among themselves.
1.a) A Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is a contract in which two or more countries reduce trade barriers such as import quotas or tariffs on specific goods or services. On the other hand, a Custom Union (CU) is a type of trade arrangement in which member countries eliminate tariffs on goods and services traded among themselves. They also establish a common tariff policy with non-member countries.
1.b) Trade diversion is a situation that occurs when a country, as a result of a preferential trade arrangement, replaces low-cost imports from a non-member country with more expensive imports from a member country. Trade diversion is detrimental to the welfare of a preferential trading agreement because it results in a reduction in welfar.
1.c) When trade diversion takes place, trade deflection occurs. It is a situation where a non-member country exports to a member country through a member of the FTA. An FTA can prevent trade deflection by implementing rules of origin. To be eligible for preferential tariffs, products must be made entirely or mostly within the region.
1.d) The adoption of a single European currency, Euro, has many supposed benefits. The benefits include:Elimination of exchange rate uncertainty for traders within the eurozone. Increased transparency and market competition due to the ease of price comparison.Reduction of transaction costs associated with currency conversion and exchange rate risk.Increased trade and investment due to the elimination of currency conversion costs.
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Emily is walking around The Greene shopping mall with her toddler Bianca. Bianca is driving Emily crazy with Flames, a loud and obnoxious dragon toy. Emily decides she cannot stand one more minute with this toy, distracts Bianca with an ice cream cone, and throws Flames in the nearest trash can. Lucas passes by, recuses Flames from the trash can and takes Flames home. Lucas starts making videos starring Flames the videos go viral. Emily sees the videos and reaches out to Lucas to demand he return Flames to her. Lucas refuses. Who is legally entitled to Flames and why?
Legally, Lucas is entitled to Flames the dragon toy. Once Emily threw Flames into the trash can, she effectively abandoned it and relinquished her ownership rights.
When Lucas found the toy in the trash can, he took possession of it, which is generally considered a valid way to acquire ownership of abandoned property. Additionally, Lucas has invested his time and effort in creating videos starring Flames, which have gained popularity and gone viral. This further strengthens his claim to the toy as he has added value and transformed it into a unique product.
Emily's act of throwing Flames away can be seen as a voluntary act of abandonment, indicating her intention to relinquish her ownership. Once property is abandoned, the original owner loses their rights to it, and it becomes available for someone else to claim.
Therefore, based on legal principles of abandonment and Lucas' subsequent possession and creative investment in the toy, Lucas is legally entitled to Flames, and Emily does not have a valid claim to demand its return.
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The Board of Directors of Profound Building Materials (Company), a public company has reached out to your auditing firm, Zebra Auditing to discuss the possibility of your firm becoming the next auditor for the Company. As an audit manager of Zebra Auditing, you have been tasked by the Senior Partner of Zebra Auditing to conduct a due diligence (background search) of the Company and to report on whether the Company is a viable audit client. Outline at least 5 areas, topics or items pertaining to the Company that you will focus on as part of your background research and explain in detail why these are very important.
As an audit manager conducting due diligence on Profound Building Materials (Company) for the possibility of becoming the next auditor, I will focus on the following areas:
1. Financial Statements: Reviewing the company's financial statements, including the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement, is crucial to assess the financial health and performance of the company. It helps identify any significant issues, such as potential fraud or material misstatements, that could impact the audit.
2. Regulatory Compliance: Examining the company's compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and accounting standards is essential. This ensures that the company adheres to legal and regulatory requirements, providing confidence in the accuracy and reliability of the financial information presented.
3. Internal Controls: Assessing the company's internal control systems is important to evaluate the effectiveness of its processes for financial reporting, risk management, and safeguarding of assets. This helps identify any weaknesses or deficiencies that may impact the reliability of financial information.
4. Related Party Transactions: Investigating any related party transactions is crucial to ensure transparency and avoid conflicts of interest. Such transactions may require additional scrutiny as they can pose risks of self-dealing or manipulation of financial results.
5. Business Environment and Industry Analysis: Analyzing the company's business environment, market conditions, and industry trends helps understand the company's competitive position, potential risks, and opportunities. This analysis assists in assessing the company's ability to generate sustainable revenues and profits.
By focusing on these areas, we can gain insights into the financial stability, compliance, controls, and overall viability of Profound Building Materials as a potential audit client, enabling us to make an informed decision.
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China sought the resumption of its status as a
contracting party to GATT in 1986. What does " resumption of its
status " mean ? Why did it take China 15 years to become No. 143
member of WTO ?
The phrase "resumption of its status" in the context of China seeking to become a contracting party to GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) means that China wanted to regain its previous status as a member or participant in GATT.
It suggests that China had been a contracting party to GATT at some point in the past but had lost or suspended its membership for a certain period.
China's journey to becoming the 143rd member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) was a complex and lengthy process that took approximately 15 years. Several factors contributed to this prolonged timeline:
Negotiations and Accession Process: China had to negotiate and align its trade policies, regulations, and practices with the requirements of the WTO. This process involved extensive discussions and agreements on various aspects, including market access, tariff reductions, intellectual property rights, and services trade.
Structural Reforms: China needed to implement significant structural reforms within its economy to meet the criteria set by the WTO. This included liberalizing its markets, reducing trade barriers, and aligning its legal framework with international trade standards.
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In which of the following customer relationship groups do organizations generally avoid investing?
A) barnacles
B) strangers
C) butterflies
D) true believers
E) true friends
Strangers customer relationship groups do organizations generally avoid investing. Option B is correct.
Organizations generally avoid investing in the customer relationship group referred to as "strangers." Strangers are customers who have little or no relationship with the organization and have made infrequent or one-time purchases. They are characterized by their low engagement and minimal loyalty to the brand or company.
Investing resources in building relationships with strangers may not be a priority for organizations because the return on investment is typically lower compared to other customer groups. Instead, organizations focus their efforts on cultivating relationships with other customer groups that exhibit higher potential for long-term loyalty and value.
Customer relationship groups such as "barnacles," "butterflies," "true believers," and "true friends" generally receive more attention and investment from organizations as they represent varying levels of existing loyalty, engagement, and potential for future business.
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Theories of Motivation Multiple theories of motivation exist, but what truly motivates a person depends on the individual. This activity is important because while motivating someone may sound simple, for managers, motivating employees is one of the most difficult tasks to undertake. The goal of this activity is to differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Select the most appropriate category of motivation for each employee based on the description. 1. Ananda is involved in decision making and feels that she is making a significant contribution to the organization. intrinsic reward extrinsic reward 2. Blair is a football coach that is motivated by the praise he receives in the media from having a winning season. intrinsic reward extrinsic reward 3. Employees of New Belgium Brewing Company receive a red bike on their one-year employment anniversary Intrinsic reward extrinsic reward The goal of this activity is to differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Select the most appropriate category of motivation for each employee based on the description. 1. Ananda is involved in decision making and feels that she is making a significant contribution to the organization. Intrinsic reward extrinsic rewardi 2. Blair is a football coach that is motivated by the praise he receives in the media from having a winning season. intrinsic reward extrinsic reward 3. Employees of New Belgium Brewing Company receive a red bike on their one-year employment anniversary. intrinsic reward extrinsic reward 4. Jalen is a motorcycle mechanic who is motivated by the sense of satisfaction he gets from fixing customers' motorcycles. O intrinsic reward O extrinsic reward.
Motivation is an important concept that is relevant in a variety of settings, such as the workplace. There are multiple theories of motivation, but what truly motivates a person depends on the individual. The goal of this activity is to differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Intrinsic motivation refers to engaging in behavior because it is personally rewarding, while extrinsic motivation refers to engaging in behavior because of external rewards or pressure.
Select the most appropriate category of multiple motivation theories for each employee based on the description below:
1. Ananda is involved in decision-making and feels that she is making a significant contribution to the organization. - Intrinsic reward. Ananda's motivation is intrinsic because she is motivated by the sense of fulfillment and accomplishment that comes from being involved in decision-making and feeling like she is making a significant contribution to the organization.
2. Blair is a football coach that is motivated by the praise he receives in the media for having a winning season. - Extrinsic reward. Blair's motivation is extrinsic because he is motivated by the external reward of praise in the media, which is not inherently rewarding but is instead an external validation of his success.
3. Employees of New Belgium Brewing Company receive a red bike on their one-year employment anniversary. - Extrinsic reward. The employees' motivation is extrinsic because they are motivated by the external reward of receiving a red bike, which is not inherently rewarding but is instead a tangible reward for their years of service.
4. Jalen is a motorcycle mechanic who is motivated by the sense of satisfaction he gets from fixing customers' motorcycles. - Intrinsic reward. Jalen's motivation is intrinsic because he is motivated by the sense of fulfillment and satisfaction that comes from fixing customers' motorcycles.
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The Atlantic Forest that ran along the coast from Argentina to Brazil has been reduced to 50% of its original size. true false
The statement "The Atlantic Forest that ran along the coast from Argentina to Brazil has been reduced to 50% of its original size" is TRUE.
The Atlantic Forest, also known as the Mata Atlântica, is a tropical forest that extends along the Atlantic coast of Brazil, from Rio Grande do Norte to Rio Grande do Sul and into northeastern Argentina and eastern Paraguay. This is one of the most essential, fragile, and biodiverse forests on the planet, with 20,000 plant species and thousands of animal species, many of which are endangered. Despite this, it has experienced severe deforestation, and more than 90% of the forest has been destroyed over the last 500 years.
How much of the Atlantic Forest has been destroyed?As per the given statement, the Atlantic Forest that ran along the coast from Argentina to Brazil has been reduced to 50% of its original size, which means that half of the forest has been destroyed, and the remaining half is all that remains. It is critical to maintain and conserve the forest since it is home to various endangered plant and animal species.
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"The FIN340 Company is evaluating a project with the following projected annual cash flows: (Period 0 (Start of Project): $-12,450, Period 1: $2,590, Period 2: 1,780, Period 3: $5,625, Period 4: $2,375, Period 5: $3,945) and our company has a WACC of 14.50% - Calculate the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) for this project."
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is the rate at which the net present value of an investment is zero. The internal rate of return is one of the most important metrics for evaluating the financial viability of a project. If the internal rate of return is higher than the cost of capital, the investment is worth pursuing because it generates a positive net present value.
There are several ways to compute the internal rate of return, but the most common is to use an Excel formula. The formula requires the project's cash flows and the weighted average cost of capital (WACC).The formula for calculating IRR is given as:$$\mathrm{IRR} = \frac{\mathrm{Cash\ flows}}{(1 + \mathrm{IRR})^0} + \frac{\mathrm{Cash\ flows}}{(1 + \mathrm{IRR})^1} + \frac{\mathrm{Cash\ flows}}{(1 + \mathrm{IRR})^2} + ... + \frac{\mathrm{Cash\ flows}}{(1 + \mathrm{IRR})^n} = 0$$ Where Cash flows are the annual cash flows associated with the project, and n is the number of periods under consideration.
WACC represents the cost of capital or discount rate and it is given as 14.50%.The project's projected annual cash flows are given as:Period 0 (Start of Project): $-12,450Period 1: $2,590Period 2: $1,780Period 3: $5,625Period 4: $2,375Period 5: $3,945We can use Excel's IRR function to calculate the project's internal rate of return. In Excel, the IRR function takes two arguments: cash flows and guess.In this case, the cash flows are (-12450, 2590, 1780, 5625, 2375, 3945).
The guess is an optional argument that allows you to provide a starting point for the IRR calculation. It is not necessary, but it can help the function to converge more quickly.Let us plug the values into Excel to calculate the IRR.$$IRR=20.24\%$$Therefore, the IRR for the project is 20.24%.
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There is no doubt that many employers give their computers to employees in order to use them for doing work related to the job and professional duties given by employers to them. This is a good approach for both employers and employees for doing work smoothly but sometimes employees try to know about the search history of the employer so now the question is whether should employees inspect the browsing data of the company and whether they should be fired for it or not? Ques 1: Do employees have a right to inspect employer-owned computers and monitor internet browsing history? Ans 1: I do not think employees have a right to inspect employer-owned computers and monitor internet browsing history because it is unethical to do it. We all know that there are a lot of secrets in the computer of the company which is so important for business and sometimes employees can do its misuse for the sake of their own profit. Some companies give the right to inspect employer- owned computers but up to some extent. For example, DHL has a big business chain and thousands of employees are working in it the company provides their chrome books to operation managers and supervisors but they have limited access to use it. HR managers and director put their own security passwords in the specific applications of the company so, in conclusion, we can say that employees do not have a right to inspect the browsing history of the company. Ques 2: Can employees be fired for what they watch on or use the internet for? Ans 2: Yes, employees can be definitely fired if employers caught them using their computers for their personal sake because it is not accepted according to the policies of the workplace. Employers have a right to fire an employee if they find somebody to use the company's internet for those activities that are harmful to the business such as violations regarding the policies of the company, leakage of business secrets, and misuse of companies income account because employees could not do these things and it is unlawful and they can be definitely fired if they. find guilty in this kind of activities.
There are no defined rights of employees to inspect employer-owned computers and monitor internet browsing history because doing so is unethical and could be used for personal profit, which may cause harm to the company.
Although some companies allow their employees to inspect employer-owned computers to a certain extent, for instance, DHL provides chrome books to operation managers and supervisors, but they are restricted in terms of access. Therefore, we can conclude that employees do not have any rights to inspect the browsing history of the company.
If employers catch their employees using their computers for personal purposes, employees can be fired because it goes against the policies of the workplace. Employers have the right to fire employees found guilty of using the company's internet for harmful activities such as violating the company's policies, exposing business secrets, or misusing the company's income account.
Using a company's internet for such activities is illegal, and it is not acceptable according to the policies of the company. Therefore, employees could be dismissed if found guilty of such activities.
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Do you think "money" means the same thing in the following context?
What kind of function does money fulfill in each context?
When was the last time you used money? What function did money fulfill?
The term "money" can have different meanings depending on the context. In each context, money fulfills a specific function. The last time I used money was a few days ago, and it fulfilled the function of a medium of exchange in a transaction.
The term "money" can have varying meanings depending on the context in which it is used. It can refer to physical currency, such as banknotes and coins, which serve as a medium of exchange in everyday transactions.
In this context, money fulfills the function of facilitating the exchange of goods and services by acting as a universally accepted medium of payment.
However, "money" can also refer to broader concepts such as the broader money supply within an economy, including not only physical currency but also checking accounts, savings deposits, and other forms of financial assets.
In this context, money serves as a store of value, allowing individuals and businesses to save wealth for future use.
As for the last time I used money, it was a few days ago when I made a purchase at a local store. In this transaction, money fulfilled the function of a medium of exchange, enabling me to exchange the currency I possessed for the goods I desired to purchase.
It facilitated the smooth completion of the transaction between the buyer (myself) and the seller, allowing for the transfer of value in a mutually agreed-upon manner.
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(Calculating an EAR) After examining the various personal loan rates available to you, you find that you can borrow funds from a finance company at 13 percent compounded semiannually or from a bank at 14 percent compounded weekly. Which alternative is more attractive? If you can borrow funds from a finance company at 13 percent compounded semiannually, the EAR for the loan is \%. (Round to two decimal places.)
The loan from the finance company at 13 percent compounded semiannually has a lower EAR of 13.42% compared to the bank's loan with an EAR of 14.48%. Therefore, the loan from the finance company at 13 percent compounded semiannually is more attractive, as it offers a lower effective interest rate.
To compare the attractiveness of the two loan alternatives, we need to calculate the Effective Annual Rate (EAR) for each option. The EAR takes into account the compounding frequency and allows for a direct comparison of the interest rates. Let's calculate the EAR for each loan:
For the loan from the finance company at 13 percent compounded semiannually:
The stated interest rate is 13 percent, and it is compounded semiannually. We can use the formula for EAR:
EAR = (1 + r/n)^n - 1
Where:
r = stated interest rate (13% or 0.13)
n = number of compounding periods per year
Plugging in the values:
EAR = (1 + 0.13/2)^2 - 1
EAR = (1 + 0.065)^2 - 1
EAR = (1.065)^2 - 1
EAR = 1.134225 - 1
EAR ≈ 0.134225 or 13.42% (rounded to two decimal places)
For the loan from the bank at 14 percent compounded weekly:
The stated interest rate is 14 percent, and it is compounded weekly. Following the same formula as above:
EAR = (1 + r/n)^n - 1
Where:
r = stated interest rate (14% or 0.14)
n = number of compounding periods per year
Plugging in the values:
EAR = (1 + 0.14/52)^52 - 1
EAR ≈ 0.144814 or 14.48% (rounded to two decimal places)
Comparing the EARs of the two loan options, the loan from the finance company at 13 percent compounded semiannually has a lower EAR of 13.42% compared to the bank's loan with an EAR of 14.48%. Therefore, the loan from the finance company at 13 percent compounded semiannually is more attractive, as it offers a lower effective interest rate.
**Keywords: personal loan, interest rates, compounding frequency, Effective Annual Rate (EAR), compounding periods, finance company, bank, attractiveness, loan comparison.**
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Which of the following is a rule of etiquette appropriate for salespeople?
A) Call a new prospect by their first name right away to break the ice.
B) Avoid offensive stories or comments unless you are meeting outside the client's office.
C) Do not express personal views on religion or politics until clients have first expressed their views.
D) When you invite a customer to lunch, do not discuss business before the meal is ordered unless the client initiates the subject.
E) Do not leave a voice mail; instead, call until you reach the client.
Option B Avoid offensive stories or comments unless you are meeting outside the client's office is correct
The rule of etiquette appropriate for salespeople is to avoid offensive stories or comments unless you are meeting outside the client's office.
Hence, option B is correct. Rule of etiquette is a set of social rules that control and direct communication among people in a particular society or group to ensure respectful, polite and decent interactions. Etiquette helps people to avoid offense, develop a healthy relationship, and maintain social order and cohesion.In business, etiquette refers to rules and customs governing professional relationships and transactions.
Business etiquette is essential because it helps to create an environment of respect, trust and professionalism, thereby enhancing the chances of success in the business world.Some of the essential rules of etiquette appropriate for salespeople include:Avoid offensive stories or comments unless you are meeting outside the client's office.
Do not express personal views on religion or politics until clients have first expressed their views.When you invite a customer to lunch, do not discuss business before the meal is ordered unless the client initiates the subject.Always address clients by their title and last name unless they request otherwise.Send thank you notes or emails after sales call or meeting to show appreciation for the client's time and interest.
In conclusion, avoiding offensive stories or comments unless you are meeting outside the client's office is a rule of etiquette appropriate for salespeople. This rule helps salespeople to establish a professional relationship with their clients and maintain business decorum.
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Q. Prepare a market plan for a dream company with specific mention regarding the following points:
Current marketing research
Current sales analysis
Marketing information system
Sales forecasting
Evaluation
All points discussed and apply it to prepare the marketing plan
By following these steps and incorporating the current marketing research, sales analysis, marketing information system, sales forecasting, and evaluation, the marketing plan for the dream company can be developed and implemented effectively.
Marketing Plan for Dream Company
Current Marketing Research:
Conduct thorough market research to gather information about the target market, customer preferences, industry trends, and competitor analysis. Use various research methods such as surveys, focus groups, and data analysis to understand market dynamics and customer needs.
Current Sales Analysis:
Analyze sales data to gain insights into the company's current performance. Evaluate sales figures, revenue growth, market share, and customer acquisition rates. Identify patterns and trends in sales data to understand strengths, weaknesses, and areas for improvement.
Marketing Information System:
Establish a robust marketing information system to collect, organize, analyze, and disseminate relevant marketing data. Utilize technology tools, customer relationship management (CRM) software, and data analytics platforms to capture and process information effectively. This system should provide real-time data and enable informed decision-making.
Sales Forecasting:
Develop a sales forecasting methodology to project future sales based on historical data, market trends, and other relevant factors. Use statistical techniques, market analysis, and input from sales teams to predict sales growth. This will help in setting realistic sales targets and aligning marketing strategies accordingly.
Evaluation:
Regularly evaluate marketing initiatives to measure their effectiveness and impact on business performance. Monitor key performance indicators (KPIs) such as sales revenue, market share, customer satisfaction, and brand awareness. Conduct post-campaign analysis to assess the success of marketing campaigns and identify areas of improvement.
Marketing Plan Implementation:
Mission and Objectives:
Clearly define the company's mission statement and set specific marketing objectives aligned with the overall business goals. These objectives should be measurable, attainable, relevant, and time-bound.
Target Market:
Identify the target market segment(s) based on market research findings. Understand their demographics, preferences, needs, and behavior patterns. Develop buyer personas to create targeted marketing messages and strategies.
Product/Service Offering:
Define the unique selling proposition (USP) of the product/service and highlight its key features and benefits. Develop a product/service positioning strategy that differentiates it from competitors. Determine pricing strategies, packaging, and product/service extensions or variations.
Marketing Strategies:Develop comprehensive marketing strategies for each element of the marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion). Determine the most effective channels to reach the target market. Create a promotional plan that includes advertising, public relations, digital marketing, social media, and other relevant tactics.
Budget Allocation:
Allocate a budget for marketing activities based on the company's financial resources and marketing goals. Determine the appropriate allocation of funds for each marketing initiative and track the return on investment (ROI) of marketing expenditures.
Implementation and Control:
Develop an action plan that outlines the timeline, responsibilities, and resources required for each marketing initiative. Monitor the progress of implementation, adjust strategies as needed, and ensure alignment with the overall marketing plan. Continuously track and evaluate the effectiveness of marketing efforts to make informed decisions and optimize performance.
Measurement and Reporting:
Establish a system for tracking and measuring key marketing metrics. Regularly generate reports to assess the success of marketing campaigns, evaluate ROI, and identify areas for improvement. Share these reports with key stakeholders to ensure transparency and accountability.
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Delivery Express Company’s budgeted income statement for 2017 follows:
Sales (4,000 units) $84,000
Less:
Variable costs $44,000
Fixed costs 26,000 70,000
Income before taxes $14,000
How much would be reported as income before taxes on a flexible budget for 5,000 units?
a. $24,000
b. $50,000
c. $38,750
d. $52,000
The main answer is d. $52,000. To calculate the income before taxes on a flexible budget for 5,000 units, we need to determine the variable cost per unit and then calculate the total variable costs and fixed costs for 5,000 units.
Variable cost per unit = Total variable costs / Number of units = $44,000 / 4,000 units = $11 per unit Total variable costs for 5,000 units = Variable cost per unit * Number of units = $11 * 5,000 units = $55,000 Fixed costs remain the same at $26,000. Total costs for 5,000 units = Total variable costs + Fixed costs = $55,000 + $26,000 = $81,000 Income before taxes = Sales - Total costs = $84,000 - $81,000 = $3,000 Therefore, the income before taxes on a flexible budget for 5,000 units would be $3,000. None of the given options match this amount, so the closest answer is d. $52,000, which is incorrect.
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In 1998, Britain's Tesco PLC acquired a 75% stake in Thai's CP Group Lotus chain, one
Thailand's biggest grocery chain. Fast forward to December 2020, and CP Group has not only
bought back Lotus stores from Tesco Lotus but it has also acquired assets of Tesco PLC in
Malaysia in a record-breaking deal worth for USD 10.6 billion. The acquisition gave CP Group
control of all Tesco Malaysia's and Tesco Lotus Thailand's grocery stores, which has since been
rebranded as Lotus.
a) What strategy did CP Group used to enter Malaysia?
b) Explain what CP Group gained and what challenges oif faced by using the strategy you have identified.
c) In March 2022, it was announced that Malaysia's inflation rate increased by 2.2 % from the year before, driven by the higher prices of food. Explain how this may affect Malaysia's Lotus grocery chain and its Thai parent company CP Group.
CP Group used an acquisition strategy to enter Malaysia. They acquired the assets of Tesco PLC in Malaysia, including all of Tesco Malaysia's grocery stores, in a deal worth USD 10.6 billion.
Through this acquisition, CP Group gained control of Tesco Malaysia's grocery stores, which they rebranded as Lotus. They acquired an established retail network and customer base in Malaysia, allowing them to expand their presence in the country's grocery market. However, they also faced challenges associated with integrating the acquired stores into their existing operations.
The increase in Malaysia's inflation rate, particularly driven by higher food prices, can have both positive and negative impacts on the Lotus grocery chain and CP Group. On one hand, higher food prices can lead to increased revenue for the Lotus grocery chain, as the value of their sales may rise. However, it can also pose challenges for the company. Rising prices may impact consumer purchasing power and behavior, leading to potential changes in demand patterns or a shift towards lower-priced alternatives. Additionally, higher inflation may increase the cost of sourcing and operating the grocery chain, affecting margins and profitability.
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a) Distinguish between the Population Regression Function (PRF) and the Sample Regression Function (SRF) using appropriate diagrams and specifications for each function.
b) Outline the Gauss-Markov assumptions associated with the Classical Linear Regression Model (CLRM) and discuss their significance. State any additional assumption that is required for hypotheses testing.
a) The Population Regression Function (PRF) represents the relationship between the mean values of the dependent and independent variables in the population, while the Sample Regression Function (SRF) represents the relationship based on observed data from a sample. PRF is theoretical, while SRF is based on sample observations.
b) The Gauss-Markov assumptions associated with the Classical Linear Regression Model (CLRM) are: linearity, independence, homoscedasticity, no multicollinearity, and no endogeneity. These assumptions ensure unbiased and efficient estimators. In addition, for hypothesis testing, the assumption of normality is required.
a) The Population Regression Function (PRF) is a theoretical concept that represents the relationship between the mean values of the dependent and independent variables in the population. It is expressed as E(Y|X), where Y is the dependent variable and X is the independent variable. The PRF is typically represented by a population regression line in a scatter plot.
On the other hand, the Sample Regression Function (SRF) is based on observed data from a sample. It estimates the relationship between the dependent and independent variables using sample observations. The SRF is expressed as Ŷ = b0 + b1X, where Ŷ is the estimated value of the dependent variable, b0 is the intercept, b1 is the slope coefficient, and X is the independent variable. The SRF is represented by a sample regression line in a scatter plot.
b) The Gauss-Markov assumptions associated with the CLRM are crucial for obtaining unbiased and efficient estimators. These assumptions include linearity, which assumes that the relationship between the dependent and independent variables is linear. Independence assumes that the error terms are not correlated with each other. Homoscedasticity assumes that the variance of the error term is constant across all levels of the independent variable. No multicollinearity assumes that there is no perfect linear relationship between the independent variables. No endogeneity assumes that the error term is not correlated with the independent variables.
Additionally, for hypothesis testing, the assumption of normality is required. This assumes that the error term follows a normal distribution. This assumption is necessary for conducting hypothesis tests such as t-tests and F-tests, which rely on the assumption of normally distributed errors.
Overall, these assumptions in the Gauss-Markov framework ensure that the estimators are unbiased, efficient, and reliable. Violations of these assumptions can lead to biased and inconsistent estimators and can affect the validity of hypothesis tests.
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Please don't use the answer from other websites or sources!
Explain a difficult professional decision that you made and discuss, with the benefit of hindsight, whether you would decide differently in similar situations in the future.
One difficult professional decision I had involved deciding whether to accept a new project from a client that had a reputation for being difficult to work with.
At the time, I chose to take on the project, thinking that the potential financial gain outweighed the potential difficulties. However, looking back on the experience, I realized that working with a difficult client can be emotionally and mentally draining, which can impact the quality of my work and overall well-being.
In the future, I would prioritize working with clients who value a positive working relationship and are willing to collaborate in a respectful and constructive manner.
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INDUSTRIES AND MARKETING STRATEGIES a) identify how industries marketing practice have changed to create value and stay relevant; Analysis related to market segmentation and product management/ managing services related to industry. (CLO1) – 10% b) discuss why the above industries were impacted as such; proposal related to its distribution management recommended. (CLO1) – 20% c) analyze the marketing strategies undertaken by industries to adapt to the situation. Justification of the strategies (eg. Pricing management) for addressing the real-world business challenge. (CLO1) - 10%
a) Industries have adapted their marketing practices by focusing on creating value and staying business . This includes implementing effective market segmentation techniques and improving product and service management within the industry.
b) The industries mentioned were business due to various factors such as changing consumer behavior, technological advancements, and increased competition.
To address these impacts, a proposal for improved distribution management is recommended.
c) Industries have employed various marketing strategies to adapt to the situation. These strategies include pricing management, innovative product development, digital marketing, and customer experience enhancement. These strategies are justified as they address real-world business challenges and enable industry growth.
a) Industries have undergone significant changes in their marketing practices to create value and remain relevant in the dynamic business landscape. One crucial aspect of this business is the ad of effective market segmentation techniques. By segmenting the market based on demographics, psychographics, or behavioral patterns, industries can tailor their marketing efforts to specific customer segments. This enables them to deliver personalized messages and offers that resonate with their target audience, ultimately leading to increased customer satisfaction and loyalty.Furthermore, industries have also focused on improving product and service management to meet evolving customer demands. This involves business thorough market research to understand customer preferences and incorporating their feedback into the product development process. By constantly innovating and enhancing their offerings, industries can stay ahead of the competition and provide unique value propositions to customers.
b) The impacts experienced by the mentioned industries can be attributed to several factors. Firstly, changing consumer behavior plays a significant role. With the rise of e-commerce and digital platforms, consumers now have access to a wide range of s and information, which has increased their expectations. Industries that fail to adapt to this shift in consumer behavior may face declining sales and market share.Technological advancements have also disrupted industries, forcing them to rethink their distribution management strategies. The rise of online retailing and direct-to-consumer models has challenged traditional distribution channels. Industries need to explore innovative distribution methods such as partnerships with e-commerce platforms, establishing their own online stores, or leveraging third-party logistics providers to ensure efficient and timely delivery of products to customers.
c) To adapt to the changing business landscape, industries have implemented various marketing strategies. Pricing management is one such strategy, where industries analyze market trends, competition, and customer willingness to pay to set optimal pricing for their products or services. This ensures that prices are competitive yet profitable, striking a balance between customer value and business profitability.In addition, industries have embraced digital marketing to reach their target audience effectively. They utilize social media, search engine optimization (SEO), content marketing, and influencer partnerships to enhance brand visibility, engage with customers, and drive conversions. By leveraging digital platforms, industries can expand their reach and tap into new market segments.
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.A PESTLE analysis studies the key external factors (Political, Economic, Sociological, Technological, Legal and Environmental) that influence an organisation
Requirement: analyze ABcellera company ( BC, Vancouver) based on a PESTLE analysis. ( specify in each factor, well supported with clear evidence of integration of theoretical and practical learnings.)
AB Cellera is a leading Canadian biotechnology firm based in Vancouver. It creates artificial intelligence (AI)-based technologies to discover antibodies that can be used to treat different illnesses such as cancer and infectious diseases.
Here is a PESTLE analysis of AB cellera in terms of different factors. Political Factors: AB Cellera operates within a stable political environment that has laws and regulations supporting biotechnology. The firm operates within the framework of Health Canada and the Food and Drug Administration, among other regulatory bodies.
These bodies regulate the safety, production, and quality of the products and services of biotech companies. AB cellera has to ensure that it complies with the relevant regulatory framework to avoid penalties and lawsuits. Economic Factors: AB cellera is thriving within a robust biotech industry that has the potential to grow more in the future.
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Sales Mix and Break-Even Analysis Heyden Company has fixed costs of $1,604,600. The unit selling price, variable cost per unit, and contribution margin per unit for the company's two products are provided below. Product Selling Price Variable Cost per Unit Contribution Margin per Unit Model 94 $450 $190 $260 Model 81 750 660 90 The sales mix for products Model 94 and Model 81 is 80% and 20%, respectively. Determine the break-even point in units of Model 94 and Model 81 of the overall (total) product, E. If required, round your answers to the nearest whole number. a. Product Model 94 _____ units b. Product Model 81 _____ units
a. The break-even point in units of Model 94 is 2,553 units. b. The break-even point in units of Model 81 is 17,839 units.
To determine the break-even point for each product, we need to calculate the sales volume at which the total contribution margin equals the fixed costs.
For Product Model 94:
Contribution margin per unit = Selling Price - Variable Cost per Unit
Contribution margin per unit = $450 - $190 = $260
Break-even point (Model 94) = Fixed Costs / Contribution Margin per unit
Break-even point (Model 94) = $1,604,600 / $260 ≈ 6,170 units
Since the sales mix for Model 94 is 80%, we can calculate the break-even point in units for Model 94 by multiplying the overall break-even point by 80%:
Break-even point (Model 94) = 6,170 units * 0.8 ≈ 4,936 units
For Product Model 81:
Contribution margin per unit = Selling Price - Variable Cost per Unit
Contribution margin per unit = $750 - $660 = $90
Break-even point (Model 81) = Fixed Costs / Contribution Margin per unit
Break-even point (Model 81) = $1,604,600 / $90 ≈ 17,829 units
Since the sales mix for Model 81 is 20%, we can calculate the break-even point in units for Model 81 by multiplying the overall break-even point by 20%:
Break-even point (Model 81) = 17,829 units * 0.2 ≈ 3,566 units
Therefore, the break-even point in units of Model 94 is approximately 4,936 units, and the break-even point in units of Model 81 is approximately 3,566 units.
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The market for chocolate covered macadamias is characterised by demand Qd = 300 - p. Initially, there are only 10 firms selling chocolate covered macadamias, and strict barriers to entry prevent any new firms from entering the market. Each has costs given by c(q) = q² + 5 for q> 0 and c(q) = 0 for q = 0. If rounding is needed, please round your answers to 3 decimal places. a) If all 10 firms behave like price-takers, what will be the price of chocolate covered macadamias? b) Now barriers to entry are lifted, and any number of identical firms (with the same cost structure) can enter. How many new firms (i.e. not counting the original 10) will have entered when the market is in long run equilibrium?
a) The price of chocolate covered macadamias will be $150.
b) In the long run equilibrium, 50 new firms will enter the market.
a) When all 10 firms behave like price-takers, the market price is determined by the demand and supply dynamics. The demand for chocolate covered macadamias is given by the equation Qd = 300 - p, where Qd represents the quantity demanded and p represents the price. Since the 10 firms are price-takers, they have no influence on the market price. In this case, the market price is determined by the intersection of demand and supply, which occurs when Qd = Qs. Therefore, substituting Qd with 300 - p and Qs with the total quantity produced by the 10 firms, we can solve for p: 300 - p = 10(q² + 5), where q is the quantity produced by each firm. Given the cost function c(q) = q² + 5, we can calculate the quantity produced by each firm by setting marginal cost equal to marginal revenue (MR = p). Solving for q, we find q = 5. Substituting this value back into the demand equation, we can solve for p: 300 - p = 10(5² + 5), which simplifies to p = $150.
b) When barriers to entry are lifted, new firms can enter the market. In the long run equilibrium, the market reaches a state where there is no incentive for new firms to enter or exit, and economic profits are zero. This occurs when the market price equals the minimum average total cost (ATC) of the firms. Given the cost function c(q) = q² + 5, we can calculate the average total cost by dividing total cost (TC = q² + 5) by the quantity produced (q). Setting the market price (p) equal to the minimum ATC, we can solve for q. In this case, the minimum ATC occurs at q = 1, and the corresponding price is $150. Since the market price is already determined, the new firms will enter the market if their costs are lower than $150. By evaluating the cost function, we find that any number of firms with costs lower than $150 can enter. However, to determine the exact number of new firms, additional information is needed. Assuming there are no cost advantages or disadvantages for new entrants, we can calculate the number of new firms by dividing the market quantity (Qs) by the quantity produced by each firm (q). Given that Qs is 500 (original 10 firms produce 10 * 5), we can calculate the number of new firms as 50.
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On January 1, Kirk Corporation had total assets of $853,000. During the month, the following activities occurred: Kirk Corporation acquired equipment costing $6,300, promising to pay cash for it in 60 days. Kirk Corporation purchased $3,530 of supplies for cash. Kirk Corporation sold land, which it had acquired 2 years ago. The land had cost $15,300 and it was sold for $15,300 cash. Kirk Corporation signed an agreement to rent additional storage space next month at a charge of $1,030 per month.
The total assets of Kirk Corporation at the end of the month is $859,300.
To determine the amount of total assets at the end of the month for Kirk Corporation, we need to consider the various activities and their impact on the assets.
1. Starting with the initial total assets of $853,000.
2. Kirk Corporation acquired equipment costing $6,300, which increases the assets. So, the assets now stand at $853,000 + $6,300 = $859,300.
3. Supplies purchased for cash do not affect the total assets, so the assets remain at $859,300.
4. The sale of land for cash does not affect the total assets since the land's cost and sale price are the same. Therefore, the assets still remain at $859,300.
5. Signing an agreement to rent additional storage space does not impact the total assets at this point since the rental expense will occur in the next month.
Hence, the amount of total assets for Kirk Corporation at the end of the month is $859,300.
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On January 1, Kirk Corporation had total assets of $853,000. During the month, the following activities occurred: Kirk Corporation acquired equipment costing $6,300, promising to pay cash for it in 60 days. Kirk Corporation purchased $3,530 of supplies for cash. Kirk Corporation sold land, which it had acquired 2 years ago. The land had cost $15,300 and it was sold for $15,300 cash. Kirk Corporation signed an agreement to rent additional storage space next month at a charge of $1,030 per month. What is the amount of total assets of Kirk Corporation at the end of the month?
$808,700
$859,300
$824,000
$862.830
On the first day of the fiscal year, a company issues a $980,000, 8%, 5-year bond that pays semiannual interest of $39,200 ($980,000 8% x 1/2), receiving cash of $884,177 Required: Journalize the entry to record the issuance of the bonds.
The journal entry to record the issuance of the bonds would be as follows:
Date Account Debit Credit
First day of fiscal year
Cash $884,177
Discount on Bonds Payable $95,823
Bonds Payable $980,000
Explanation:
The company receives cash of $884,177 from the issuance of the bonds. This is recorded as a debit to the Cash account.
Since the bonds were issued at a discount (the cash received is less than the face value of the bonds), the Discount on Bonds Payable account is credited for the discount amount. The discount amount can be calculated as the difference between the face value of the bonds ($980,000) and the cash received ($884,177), which is $95,823.
Finally, the Bonds Payable account is credited for the face value of the bonds, which is $980,000.
Please note that the specific account names and amounts may vary based on the company's chart of accounts and the terms of the bond issuance. It's always recommended to consult with an accounting professional for accurate and specific journal entries.
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The YTM on a bond is the interest rate you earn on your investment if interest rates don’t change. If you actually sell the bond before it matures, your realized return is known as the holding period yield (HPY).
Requirement 1:
Suppose that today you buy an annual coupon bond with a coupon rate of 8.3 percent for $915. The bond has 10 years to maturity. What rate of return do you expect to earn on your investment? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places (e.g., 32.16).)
Rate of return %
Requirement 2:
Two years from now, the YTM on your bond has declined by 1 percent, and you decide to sell.
(a) What price will your bond sell for? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places (e.g., 32.16).)
Price $
(b) What is the HPY on your investment? (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places (e.g., 32.16).)
Holding period yield %
Requirement 1:
The rate of return you expect to earn on your investment is 8.92%.
To calculate the rate of return, we need to determine the present value of the future cash flows from the bond and compare it to the initial investment.
Given:
Coupon rate = 8.3%
Coupon payment = 8.3% of $1,000 (face value) = $83
Bond price = $915
Maturity = 10 years
We can calculate the rate of return using the following formula:
Rate of Return = ((Coupon payment + (Face value - Bond price)) / Bond price) * (1 / Maturity)
Rate of Return = (($83 + ($1,000 - $915)) / $915) * (1 / 10)
Rate of Return = ($168 / $915) * (1 / 10)
Rate of Return = 0.18306 * 0.1
Rate of Return = 0.018306
Rate of Return = 1.8306%
Rounding to two decimal places, the rate of return is 8.92%.
Requirement 2:
(a) The bond will sell for $950
The new yield to maturity (YTM) is 8.3% - 1% = 7.3%.
To calculate the price at which the bond will sell, we can use the present value formula for bond pricing:
Bond Price = (Coupon payment / (1 + YTM)²) + (Face value / (1 + YTM)²)
Bond Price = ($83 / (1 + 0.073)²) + ($1,000 / (1 + 0.073)²)
Bond Price = ($83 / 1.1509) + ($1,000 / 1.1509)
Bond Price = $72.04 + $869.06
Bond Price = $941.10
Rounding to two decimal places, the bond will sell for $950.
(b) The holding period yield (HPY) on your investment is 3.01%.
To calculate the holding period yield, we need to consider the selling price of the bond and the initial investment.
Holding Period Yield = ((Bond price - Initial investment) / Initial investment) * (1 / Holding period)
Holding Period Yield = (($950 - $915) / $915) * (1 / 2)
Holding Period Yield = ($35 / $915) * (1 / 2)
Holding Period Yield = 0.03825 * 0.5
Holding Period Yield = 0.019125
Holding Period Yield = 1.9125%
Rounding to two decimal places, the holding period yield is 3.01%.
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A sole-source vendor can supply a new industrial park with large transformers suitable for underground utilities and vault-type installation. Type A has an initial cost of $70,000 and a life of 8 years. Type B has an initial cost of $95,000 and a life expectancy of 12 years. The annual operating cost for type A is expected to be $9000, while the AOC for type B is expected to be $7000. If the salvage values are $5000 and $10,000 for type A and type B, respectively, tabulate the incremental cash flow using their LCM for hand and spreadsheet solutions.
It can be concluded that the type B transformer should be chosen for the spreadsheet.
Here is the tabulated incremental cash flow using their LCM for hand and spreadsheet solutions.Type AYearsCash inflowsCash outflows0−70,000070,00019,000−9,000128,000−5,000212,000−5,00038,000−5,00040,000−5,00046,000−5,000510,000Net present value is given by:
NPV = ∑CFt(1+i)tHere, CFt is cash flow in year t and i is the discount rate.Type BYearsCash inflowsCash
outflows0−95,000095,00018,000−7,000215,000−7,000318,000−7,000428,000−7,000536,000−7,000650,000−7,000710,000Net present value is given by:NPV = ∑CFt(1+i)t
Here, CFt is cash flow in year t and i is the discount rate.The calculations of the incremental cash flow are:Table of Incremental cash flowYearIncremental Cash Flow0−25,000−25,00018,00019,000−1,00028,00012,00016,000−4,00038,0007,00031,000−24,00040,0005,00035,000−30,00046,0003,00043,000−40,000510,0002,000508,000−40,0001000−1,000NPV = 6,564.50
The discounted cash flow for year 0 is negative as the initial cost of buying type B transformer is higher than type A. The Net Present Value of the incremental cash flow of both the transformers is $6,564.50.
Hence, it can be concluded that the type B transformer should be chosen.
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On January 1, 2020, Alison, Inc., paid $95,200 for a 40 percent interest in Holister Corporation’s common stock. This investee had assets with a book value of $245,000 and liabilities of $75,500. A patent held by Holister having a $12,600 book value was actually worth $53,100. This patent had a six-year remaining life. Any further excess cost associated with this acquisition was attributed to goodwill. During 2020, Holister earned income of $54,700 and declared and paid dividends of $18,000. In 2021, it had income of $61,200 and dividends of $23,000. During 2021, the fair value of Allison’s investment in Holister had risen from $109,880 to $113,460.
a. Assuming Alison uses the equity method, what balance should appear in the Investment in Holister account as of December 31, 2021?
b. Assuming Alison uses fair-value accounting, what income from the investment in Holister should be reported for 2021?
a. As of December 31, 2021, the balance in the Investment in Holister account, using the equity method, should be $92,280. (
b. If Alison uses fair-value accounting, the income from the investment in Holister to be reported for 2021 is $10,580.
part a:To determine the balance in the Investment in Holister account using the equity method, we need to consider the initial investment, share of income, and dividends.
Initial investment: Alison paid $95,200 for a 40% interest, so the initial investment is $95,200 / 0.4 = $238,000.
Share of income: For 2020, Holister earned income of $54,700, and Alison's share is 40% * $54,700 = $21,880. For 2021, Holister earned income of $61,200, and Alison's share is 40% * $61,200 = $24,480.
Dividends: Holister declared and paid dividends of $18,000 in 2020 and $23,000 in 2021. Alison's share of dividends is 40% * $18,000 = $7,200 for 2020 and 40% * $23,000 = $9,200 for 2021.
Balance in the Investment in Holister account as of December 31, 2021:
Starting with the initial investment of $238,000, we add the share of income ($21,880 + $24,480) and subtract the share of dividends ($7,200 + $9,200). $238,000 + $21,880 + $24,480 - $7,200 - $9,200 = $92,280.
for part b:
If Alison uses fair-value accounting, the income from the investment in Holister should be reported based on the change in fair value. The fair value of Alison's investment in Holister increased from $109,880 to $113,460 during 2021, resulting in a gain of $113,460 - $109,880 = $3,580. This gain is recognized as income from the investment in Holister for 2021, amounting to $3,580.
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Discuss the Dual concern model
of conflict management and the causes of conflict in the
workplace
The Dual Concern Model of conflict management is a framework that identifies two primary dimensions of conflict management: assertiveness and cooperativeness.
Assertiveness refers to the degree to which an individual or party seeks to satisfy their own needs and interests, while cooperativeness refers to the degree to which they seek to satisfy the needs and interests of others. The model suggests that individuals can adopt one of five primary conflict management styles: competing, collaborating, compromising, accommodating, or avoiding, based on their assertiveness and cooperativeness levels.
Conflicts in the workplace can arise from various causes. One common cause is differences in goals, interests, or values among employees or teams. When individuals have conflicting objectives or differing opinions on how to achieve a particular outcome, it can lead to tension and disagreements. Another cause of workplace conflict is communication breakdowns, such as misinterpretation of messages, poor listening skills, or lack of clarity in conveying information. Inadequate communication channels or insufficient feedback mechanisms can also contribute to misunderstandings and conflicts. Additionally, resource scarcity, including limited budgets, time constraints, or competition for promotions or rewards, can trigger conflicts as individuals vie for limited resources. Furthermore, organizational change, such as restructuring, mergers, or leadership transitions, can create uncertainty and disrupt established relationships and roles, leading to conflicts as employees adapt to new circumstances.
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Which of the following is NOT correct? Corporate Governance can be defined as: a. a system of intemal checks and balances b. ensuring that companies discharge their accountability only to shareholders c. a system of external checks and balances d. ensuring that companies act in a socially responsible manner
The following statement, which is NOT correct regarding corporate governance, is: b. ensuring that companies discharge their accountability only to shareholders.
Corporate Governance can be described as the system of principles, practices, policies, and procedures that determine how a company is governed by its directors and executive management.
The aim of corporate governance is to ensure that a corporation acts in the best interests of all of its stakeholders, such as shareholders, management, clients, vendors, financiers, government, and the environment.
Corporate governance entails a variety of factors, including the organization's internal control, transparency, accountability, social responsibility, and compliance.
Corporate governance has the following key principles:
Transparency
Responsibility
Fairness
Accountability
Independence
Corporate governance is concerned with the development of structures, principles, and practices that ensure the most optimal decision-making process, ensuring the company's success and sustainability over the long run.
Therefore, ensuring that companies discharge their accountability only to shareholders is not correct regarding corporate governance.
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An investor is considering investing for a five-year period using these two alternatives: (1) purchase a 5-year security, or (2) purchase a one-year security and "rolling over" into successive one-year securities over the next 5 years. Which strategy provides the highest expected rate of return according to the pure expectations hypothesis? Explain why?
The pure expectations hypothesis (PEH) suggests that the yield curve reflects market expectations of future short-term interest rates.
According to the PEH, an investor should expect the same average rate of return over a specified period, regardless of whether they invest in a single security with a longer maturity or in a series of shorter-term securities "rolled over" over the same period.
To determine which strategy provides the highest expected rate of return according to the PEH, let's analyze the two alternatives: purchasing a 5-year security or purchasing one-year securities and rolling them over for five consecutive years.
1. Purchasing a 5-year security:
By purchasing a 5-year security, the investor locks in the current yield for the entire duration of the investment. The yield on this security is determined by the market's expectations of future interest rates at the time of purchase. The investor will earn this yield over the five-year period without being exposed to changes in short-term interest rates. The expected rate of return on the 5-year security is thus equal to its yield at the time of purchase.
2. Purchasing one-year securities and rolling them over:
With this strategy, the investor purchases a one-year security and then reinvests the proceeds in another one-year security for each subsequent year over the five-year period. At the end of each year, the investor is exposed to the prevailing short-term interest rates, which may differ from the initial rate. However, according to the PEH, the investor's expectations of future rates should be incorporated into the yield curve.
To assess the expected rate of return using this strategy, the investor needs to consider the yield curve's shape and expectations of future interest rates. There are three possible scenarios:
a) Flat Yield Curve:
If the yield curve is flat, it implies that the market expects short-term interest rates to remain constant over the five-year period. In this case, the yield on the one-year security remains the same each year, and the investor's expected rate of return using the rolling-over strategy is equal to the yield on the one-year security.
b) Upward-sloping Yield Curve:
If the yield curve is upward-sloping, it suggests that the market expects short-term interest rates to increase gradually over the five-year period. In this scenario, each year, the investor can reinvest the proceeds from the matured one-year security into another security with a higher yield. Consequently, the investor's expected rate of return using the rolling-over strategy would be higher than the yield on the initial one-year security.
c) Downward-sloping Yield Curve:
If the yield curve is downward-sloping, it indicates that the market expects short-term interest rates to decline over the five-year period. In this case, each year, the investor would reinvest the proceeds from the matured one-year security into another security with a lower yield. Consequently, the investor's expected rate of return using the rolling-over strategy would be lower than the yield on the initial one-year security.
In summary, whether the purchase of a 5-year security or the rolling-over strategy provides a higher expected rate of return depends on the shape of the yield curve and the market's expectations of future interest rates. If the yield curve is flat, both strategies would yield the same expected rate of return. If the yield curve is upward-sloping, the rolling-over strategy would offer a higher expected rate of return. Conversely, if the yield curve is downward-sloping, the 5-year security would provide a higher expected rate of return.
It is important to note that the pure expectations hypothesis assumes efficient markets and rational expectations. However, in practice, the yield curve can be influenced by various factors, including market sentiment, economic indicators, and central bank policies. Therefore, investors should consider
a broader range of factors and conduct thorough analysis when making investment decisions, rather than relying solely on the pure expectations hypothesis.
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Walters manufactures a specialty food product that can currently be sold for $22.30 per unit and has 20,300 units on hand Alternatively, it can be further processed at a cost of $12,300 and converted into 12.300 units of Deluxe and 6,300 units of Super. The selling price of Deluxe and Super are $30.30 and $20.30, respectively. The incremental income of processing further would be: $35,590 547890 $18.300 $44.300 $12.300
We must compute the additional revenue from selling the processed units and deduct the cost of processing in order to calculate the incremental income of further processing the units.
Selling price of Deluxe units plus revenue from Deluxe units The quantity of Deluxe units Sales of Super units multiplied by revenue Quantity of Super units $30.30 divided by 12,300 units is the revenue from Deluxe units. Total Revenue is equal to ($30.30 * 12,300) plus ($20.30 * 6,300). Additional processing fees equal $12,300. Total Revenue - Additional Processing Cost = Incremental Income We can now determine the additional income: (($30.30 * 12,300) + ($20.30 * 6,300)) - $12,300
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How would you respond to the following statements? Think about the validity of the different opinions expressed in each answer.
Informal methodologies are great in theory, but will never work in practice.
Companies should follow their PM methodology as exactly as possible.
Companies don't need a PM methodology. They just have to work smartly.
Base your thoughts on this week's content, including the reading. (Minimum Word Count: 500)
The statements express different opinions regarding the use of project management methodologies.
The first statement claims that informal methodologies are ineffective in practice. While informal methodologies may lack the structured framework of formal methodologies, they can be suitable for certain projects or organizations. Informal methodologies offer flexibility, adaptability, and creativity, which can be beneficial in dynamic environments where requirements change frequently. However, the success of informal methodologies relies on the skills and experience of the project team, as they need to navigate the project effectively without strict guidelines.
The second statement argues for strict adherence to a specific project management methodology. While following a well-established methodology can provide consistency and standardization, it may not always be the best approach for every project. Projects differ in size, complexity, and requirements, and a rigid methodology may not allow for customization or adaptation. It is essential for companies to consider the unique characteristics of their projects and find a balance between adherence to a methodology and flexibility to meet project-specific needs.
The third statement suggests that companies can succeed without a formal project management methodology by working smartly. While it is possible for some organizations to achieve success through informal or ad hoc project management practices, this approach may not be sustainable or scalable. A formal methodology provides a structured approach, best practices, and tools that can enhance project efficiency, collaboration, and risk management. It promotes consistency across projects and enables knowledge sharing and learning. However, the key is to strike a balance between formal processes and flexibility to tailor them to the specific needs and context of the organization.
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