The evolution can be measured by: observing long term morphological changes in the fossil record reflecting underlying genetic change.
Evolution is the gradual and visible change that occurs over a long course of time. Evolution is a population phenomenon and cannot be observed in a single individual. The evolution can be due to genetic changes or it can be morphological due to environmental factors.
Fossils are the traces, remains or expressions of the ancient dead plants or animals. Fossils are the best objects to study the evolution as they display the form of living of organism of that time and enable to establish their connection with the current organisms.
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What do you notice about the empirical formulas of monosaccharides glucose fructose galactose and disaccharides sucrose
The empirical formula of disaccharides: The general chemical formula of disaccharides is C12H22O11.
What is the empirical formula?
The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a chemical molecule is its empirical formula. Sulfur monoxide's empirical formula, SO, and disulfur dioxide's empirical formula, S2O2, are two straightforward examples of this idea. The empirical formula is typically applied to simply display the components of a molecule. When one wants to quickly identify the elements they are working with, this is helpful. When you want to know how many atoms of each element are present in the compound, the molecular formula is the most helpful.
The empirical formula of glucose: Cx(H2O)n, where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 9.
The empirical formula of disaccharides: The general chemical formula of disaccharides is C12H22O11.
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a triplet of bases in a template strand of dna is gat. what would be the corresponding codon for mrna?
The corresponding codon for mRNA is CTU.
The template strand is the strand of DNA from which mRNA is synthesized. The coding or non-template strand is the DNA strand that is complementary to the template strand. It has the same sequence as mRNA. The DNA strand that serves as the template for RNA has the base sequence AGCTTCGA. Although DNA is double-stranded, only one strand at a time serves as the template for transcription.
This template strand is called the non-coding strand. The non-template strand is called the coding strand because its sequence is the same as that of the new RNA molecule. mRNA is normally translated by a series of ribosomes about 100 to 200 nucleotides apart. A group of ribosomes attached to an mRNA molecule is called polyribosomes or polysomes. Each ribosome within a group functions independently to synthesize a separate polypeptide chain.
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what is the first piece of evidence that the mitochondria and chloroplast were once their own organism?
It was the endosymbiont theory which suggested that mitochondria and chloroplast were once their own organism. Researchers discovered that the DNA in the mitochondria and plastids of plant cells was unique.
The fact that mitochondria contain their own DNA, cell-independent division, and morphological similarities to alpha-proteobacteria are only a few of the facts that indicate they were once autonomous organisms. Chloroplasts, which resemble small green factories inside plant cells and aid in converting solar energy into sugars, share many characteristics with mitochondria. These chloroplast organelles may have formerly been free-living bacteria, according to the research.
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Blood flows from the renal artery into the interlobar arteries then into the ______ arteries, which then branch into the afferent arterioles.
The interlobar arteries are the first places where blood enters after leaving the renal artery.
How do interlobular arteries and veins exchange blood?Afferent arterioles flow into the interlobular arteries that feed into the glomeruli through each arcuate artery. The blood passes through a tiny network of venules that converge into interlobular veins once filtering has taken place.
How do the interlobar veins send blood to the inferior vena cava?Interlobar vessels allow arcuate veins to exit the renal parenchyma and converge into four to six trunks close to the kidney's hilum (Fig. 64.2). The primary renal veins discharge into the inferior vena cava; the left renal vein is three times longer than the right (7.5 cm versus 2.5 cm).
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the effect on ocean acidification on marine life such as such as phytoplankton algae, invertebrates, and vertebrates -
The overall effect of ocean acidification on marine life is habitats are in danger of extinction. Due to increase CO2 concentration and decrease O2 in ocean water.
The general rise in Earth's temperature, especially as a result of global warming and other factors, is what causes the oceans' temperature to rise.
The solubility of oxygen decreases as water temperature, in this example ocean temperature, rises. This is due to the higher kinetic energy of oxygen molecules, which allows them to move out of the solution or body of water. In general, this implies that the diversity of marine life would decrease as the oxygen level would decrease and carbon dioxide levels increased. Due to ore CO2 dissolving in water, it makes the water acidic.
Acidification has the following consequences on the marine environment:
1. Species' shells and skeletons are dissolving as the acidity of the environment rises.
2. The increased acid content in the ocean reduces the organisms' capacity to calcify.
3. Not able to stay healthy in acidic water.
4. For some fish species are not able to find food.
Therefore, the increase in acidity will result in dangers and the extinction of species.
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Which bond or bonds in α‑d‑glucose must be broken to change its configuration to β‑d‑glucose?.
To convert α-D-glucose to the β-D-glucose, the bond among the C-1 and the hydroxyl on the C-5 should be damaged and the reformed withinside the contrary of the configuration.
To convert the D-glucose to the D-mannose, both the —H or the —OH on C-2 that should be damaged and reformed withinside the contrary of the configuration. Conversion among chair and the conformations does now no longer require a bond the breakage; that is the essential and difference among the configuration and the conformation.
α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose is the instance of an anomers. An Anomer is a saccharide most effective the differs in its shape on the anomeric of the carbon. Anomeric carbon is being the purposeful organization of the carbohydrate, wherein is commonly the carboxyl organization which is connected to it. Epimeres, is fluctuate at most effective the only chiral center, now no longer the anomeric carbon.
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g human blood flows from the aorta to the capillaries. the radius of an aorta is 12 mm, and a capillary average 4 micrometer. blood speed is 400 mm/s in the aorta, and 0.5 mm/s in a capillary. estimate how many billions of capillaries are in the body.
The body's estimated total number of billions of capillaries is seven, based on the equation of continuity is 7×[tex]10^{9}[/tex].
The blood's density is relatively constant from the aorta to the capillaries. The volume flow rate across all capillaries must be equal to the volume flow rate in the aorta according to the continuity equation.
The area of a sample capillary is multiplied by the overall number of capillaries N to get the total area of all of the capillaries.
Assume that A1 represents the aorta and that A2 represents all of the blood vessels.
Then A1 = N× π×r²
where r = 4 x [tex]10^{4}[/tex] cm is thought to be the capillary's average radius. We can infer from the continuity equation that
v2×A2 = v1×A1
v2×π×N×r²cap = v1×π×r²arota
When we substitute and solve for N in the equation, we obtain the value of N as 7×[tex]10^{9}[/tex].
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) a tiger is known to chase its target at a speed of 50mph . a tiger found its prey amongst a herd of wild cattle. the tiger was a quarter of a mile behind the cow that it wanted to catch which was running in 25 mph. how long will it take the tiger to catch its prey?
Considering their distance apart, the time it will take the tiger to catch its prey is 36 seconds.
What time will it take the tiger to catch its prey?The time will it take the tiger to catch its prey can be determined below as follows:
The two times are equal, hence, let the time it will take the tiger t.
the distance traveled by the cow = d
distance traveled by the tiger = d + 0.25 miles
Time = distance / speedTime taken by the cow = d / 25
Time taken by the tiger = d + 0.25 / 50
equating the two times:
d / 25 = d + 0.25 / 50
25d + 6.25 = 50d
25d = 6.25
d = 0.25 miles
Distance traveled by tiger = 0.25 + 0.25
Distance traveled by tiger = 0.5 miles
Time taken by the tiger = 0.5/50
Time taken by the tiger = 0.01 hours or 36 seconds
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the layer of adipose tissue that insulates and cushions the human body is located directly between the:
Layer of adipose tissue that insulates and cushions the human body is located directly between the: dermis and the underlying fascia.
What is the function of adipose tissue?A layer of subcutaneous fat is present between the dermis and the underlying fascia that helps to insulate the body from cold, protects deep tissues from blunt trauma and also serves as a reserve source of energy for the body.
White adipose tissue is the predominant type in adult humans, but the greatest portion of this tissue is located in the hypodermis of the skin.
Adipose tissue is found below the skin and around the heart and other organs, which is used for insulation, energy, and organ protection.
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The first step in the proton-proton chain produces an antielectron, or positron. What happens to the positron?.
An antielectron, or positron, is created in the proton-proton chain's first phase. When it collides with an ordinary electron, it quickly transforms into energy, causing matter-antimatter annihilation.
The opposite of an electron is a proton. The primary distinction between them and electrons is their positive charge. Positrons are created during the decay of nuclides that have more protons than neutrons in their nucleus. These radionuclides release a neutrino and a positron when they decay.
With the exception of having the opposite charge and spin, antimatter particles are almost similar to their counterparts in matter. When antimatter and matter collide, they instantly disintegrate into energy.
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Used within animal cells to help the cell divide?
Answer:
Every animal-like cell has two small organelles called centrioles. They are there to help the cell when it comes time to divide. They are put to work in both the process of mitosis and the process of meiosis.
Explanation:
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agarose is a polysaccharide polymer that is used for electrophoresis. polyacrylamide is a more porous or highly cross-linked gel that provides a higher resolution of smaller fragments and single-stranded molecules. what is the health concern with its powder form?
The powder form of polyacrylamide is neurotoxic in nature.
Polyacrylamide is a polymer of Acrylamide (ACR).
At room temperature, acrylamide (ACR) is a crystalline solid with the chemical formula C3H5NO and a molecular weight of 71.08. ACR is used in a variety of chemical and industrial processes in its monomeric form, which is a water-soluble powder.
Acrylamide (ACR) monomer is neurotoxic in humans and laboratory animals. This chemical's subchronic exposure results in neuropathies, numbness in the hands and feet, aberrant gait patterns, muscular weakness, ataxia, skin changes, and, in rare cases, cerebellar changes. Because of damage to the nerve terminal caused by membrane fusion processes and tubulovesicular changes, Acrylamide (ACR) neurotoxicity primarily affects the peripheral but also the central nervous system.
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Which choice best describes the main purpose of light-dependent reactions?
Explanation:
generate electron carriers and some ATP.
the ability to carry an electrical charge along the cell is called . also known as responsiveness, is a characteristic of all cells but more highly developed in muscle and nerve cells. muscles can pull bones closer to one another and increase the motility of some organs. this is due to the property of . skeletal muscles can stretch up to three times their contracted length. this is called . muscles can stretch and, when released, return to their original, shorter length. this property is referred to as .
Conductivity is the capacity of a cell to carry a electrical charge. sometimes referred to as responsiveness
What parts of the body are skeletal?The main structural component of your body is the skeletal system. It is made up of bones & connective tissue, such as ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. Other name for it is skeletal system.
What does "skeleton" mean?A typically rigid framework that serves as an organism's support system or layer of protection. Particularly: something stripped to its most basic form or constituent elements, such as the bony or just about cartilaginous framework that supports the soft tissues and safeguards the internal organs of the a vertebrate.
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As stated in the previous sentence, conductivity is the capacity of a cell to transfer an electrical current.
What do all the bones represent?
In the human body, there are five different kinds of bones: bone length: The majority of the bone fragments in the limbs are among them, which are primarily compacted calcium with little marrow. These bones typically aid in movement and weight bearing. Short bones, including the ankle and wrist bones, have only a thin covering of dense bone.
What are the bones' structures?
Bone Gross Anatomy. A long bone's diaphysis and epiphysis are its two primary halves. The flat, tubular shaft which it connects the proximal and the distal corners of the bone is known as the diaphysis. The medullary resides inside the diaphysis.
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What type of hormones use second messengers in a cascade of reactions that trigger a cell response?.
G-protein use second messengers in a cascade of reactions that trigger a cell response
Understanding G-protein
G protein plays a role in managing the initial (extracellular) signal received by the receptor and then forwarding it into the cell (intracellular) which triggers the activation of cellular responses, namely effector proteins that play a role in various cell responses such as development, growth, hormone regulation, et al. The scalar here refers to the role of the on/off G protein in managing signal transduction.
This protein is a push button located next to a specific protein receptor on the cell, this protein can trigger the activation of a protein (effector protein) such as an enzyme. The G protein is able to bind to the guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP) molecule, the message it carries is a specific signal transduction. The first activation is able to produce effector proteins that will later form the second messenger (second message), the second message can forward the first message to carry out an intracellular response, for example a common effector protein such as adenylyl cylase can produce cAMP as a second message. Other second messages include inositol phosphate and calcium ions.
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what type of mutation in this non-autonomous te (ds) would allow it to move in the presence of an autonomous te (ac)?
Transposase gene mutation in this non-autonomous te (ds) would allow it to move in the presence of an autonomous te (ac).
An alternate inside the ordinary DNA series at a specific gene locus. although the time period often has a bad connotation, mutations (which includes polymorphisms) may be harmful, useful, or neutral in their effect on cell feature.
There are 3 sorts of DNA Mutations: base substitutions, deletions, and insertions. 1. Base Substitutions. single base substitutions are known as factor mutations, taking into account the factor mutation Glu -----> Val which causes the sickle-cell disorder. factor mutations are the maximum common form of mutation and there are sorts.
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the pedigrees of the european royal families show that queen victoria's daughters carried hemophilia, which had important consequences in european history. what are the consequences of hemophilia?
Joint bleeding that can cause discomfort and persistent joint disease Head and occasionally brain bleeding, which can lead to long-term issues like seizures and paralysis.
What outcome of untreated haemophilia is most likely?Frequent internal bleeding, if left untreated, can lead to arthritis or joint degeneration. Infection. Human blood-derived clotting factors used to treat haemophilia increase the risk of viral infections like hepatitis C.
What is the most typical haemophilia complication?Joint Injury. Joint arthritis is the most frequent haemophilia consequence. A joint is where two bones come together. Hemophiliacs occasionally bleed into the joint space for no obvious reason or after an accident.
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which one of the following nucleotide bases is not found in rna? a)adenine b)thymine c) guanine d) cytosine
The following are the chemical elements of thymine. In RNA, nucleotide bases are absent.
The ideal response is B.
In what type of nucleotide does RNA exist?A molecule made composed of a nitrogen-containing base (such as adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA or adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA), a phosphate group, and a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA; ribose in RNA).
How many RNA bases are there?The nitrogenous bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil make up RNA. Similar to thymine, another pyrimidine found in DNA, uracil is a pyrimidine that has a similar structural makeup. Uracil can base-pair with adenine similarly to how thymine can.
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What technique was most helpful to watson and crick in developing their model for the structure of dna?.
X-Ray crystallography was the technique that helped Watson and crick in developing their model for the structure of DNA.
A crystal's crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into a variety of distinct directions, which is how X-ray crystallography, an experimental science, determines a crystal's atomic and molecular structure.
Famous researchers Watson and Crick made history by figuring out the structure of DNA. They discovered that DNA is composed of two strands wound around one another to form a double-helical structure using X-ray crystallography. It was developed by Rosalind Franklin using an approach called X-ray crystallography and showed the DNA molecule's helical structure. The genetic code for all living things is encoded in two chains of nucleotide pairs that make up DNA, as Watson and Crick discovered.
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the folowing statements are true about fermentation: a. all of the above are true b. net two molecules of atp are produced c. takes place in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. d. does not require o2.
All of the above statements are true about fermentation. In fermentation, net two molecules of ATP are produced. This process takes place in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, fermentation does not require oxygen.It is an anaerobic process.
Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces ATP through the breakdown of glucose. This process does not require oxygen and takes place in the absence of oxygen. In fermentation, glucose is converted into pyruvate, and then pyruvate is converted into ATP. The net production of two ATP molecules per glucose molecule is lower than that of aerobic respiration, but fermentation does not require oxygen, making it an important process in anaerobic conditions.
Fermentation is used by many organisms, including bacteria, yeast, and some plants. In bacteria, fermentation is used to produce lactic acid, which is then converted into ATP. In yeast, fermentation is used to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide. In plants, fermentation is used to produce lactic acid, ethanol, and carbon dioxide.
Fermentation is an important process in the food industry. It is used to produce bread, wine, beer, and cheese. It is also used to produce yogurt, sauerkraut, and other fermented foods.
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portion of an rna molecule that dose not contain information for making a protein and is removed prior to the rna molecule leaving the nucleus
Explanation:
exons.
exons are the uncoding part of RNA which is removed to form mature RNA.
B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that.
T cells have antigen receptors that: bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatibility complexes by host cells.
T cells are a type of lymphocytes. They are an essential component of immune cells and are of two types: Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells. The helper cells help in the activation of other immune cells like B cells to fight against infection, while the cytotoxic cells directly kill the foreign invaders.
Major Histocompatibility Complexes are the genes that encode for proteins that help in the presentation of foreign antigens onto the surface of infected cells so that they can be recognized by immune cells. They are present in all of the higher vertebrate animals.
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The Opossum, which eats small snakes and berries alike, can fall under which categories within the food web feeding levels? Check all that apply.
A. Producer
B. Primary Consumer
C. Secondary Consumer
D. Tertiary Consumer
17.plants containing only chlorophyll b are exposed to radiation with the following wavelengths: 10nm(x-rays), 450nm (blue light), 670nm (red light), 670nm (red light), and 800nm (infrared light). which plants harness (use) the most energy for photosynthesis? blue light irradiated plants.
The greatest energy is captured (used) for photosynthesis by plants exposed to blue light.
Platids, which can be rounded, oval, or disk-shaped bodies and are used in the synthesis and storage of food, include chloroplasts. The presence of the two pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b gives chloroplasts their distinctive green colour, which sets them apart from other plastid types. The pigments' ability to absorb light energy for photosynthesis is one of their functions. The chloroplasts include other pigments, such as carotenoids, which act as accessory pigments by absorbing sun energy and transferring it to the chlorophyll. All green tissues in plants have chloroplasts, although they are notably dense in the parenchyma cells of the leaf mesophyll.
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which recombination frequency corresponds to perfect linkage and violates the law of independent assortment?
Zero frequency is corresponds to recombination of perfect linkage and violates the law of independent assortment.
What does a frequency of 0 recombination mean?nicely matched A gene's recombination frequency is zero when it is perfectly connected to another gene. Recombination occurs with a frequency of 0.5 when genes are unlinked, meaning that half of the children are recombinants and the other half are parental types.
What is the process by which genetic recombinants are created?In genetics, recombination is the main process for introducing variation into populations. When maternal and paternal genes are reorganized to generate gametes during meiosis, recombination occurs (sex cells).
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Which allele will be expressed when both
a dominant and recessive allele are
present in an organism?
A. dominant only
B. recessive only
C. the two alleles will mix
Answer:
A. Dominant only
Explanation:
A dominant allele needs to be present in only one gene (so in the gene Qq, only Q would be present)
However, in order for a recessive allele to be present, it needs to have two genes (so in the gene qq, the recessive gene would be present)
Which organ is primarily responsible
for eliminating food wastes?
Answer:
Large Intestine
Explanation:
The large intestine is primarily responsible for eliminating food wastes that remain after digestion. This organs collects waste from around the body as well.
Answer:
Liver
Explanation:
It has many associated organs like the salivary glands and liver which expels the waste into the digestive tract. Besides the undigested and unwanted matter in the food is also removed. The liver is a crucial excretory organ of the digestive system.
the parts of the tongue that perform the same function as rods and cones of the eye are the group of answer choices taste buds. papillae. basilar membranes. pacinian corpuscles.
Taste buds is the parts of the tongue that perform the same function as rods and cones of the eye .
Human retina has two types of photoreceptors rods are responsible for vision at low light levels, cones are responsible for vision at higher light levels. Like wise Taste buds contain the taste receptor cells, which are also known as gustatory cells.
Taste buds are sensory organs that are found on your tongue and allow you to experience tastes that are sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. The taste receptors are located around the small structures known as papillae found on the upper surface of the tongue.
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describe some of the plants with which you are fimilar
Answer:
I like banbanana tree
Explanation:
Answer:
Paddy.
Explanation:
Paddy is a common crop in our country, and I am familiar with it since my early childhood. Rice, which we get from paddy, is the staple food in our country and our food demand is mainly supported by this crop. I would like to thank you for this great topic which expects me to talk about a crop I am familiar with.
Paddy is grown in almost all parts of our country by the farmers. But the north part of the country is particularly suitable to produce the finest quality of paddy due to its arable lands and higher rainfalls. The paddy plant grows well in fertile lands where plenty of water supplies is available. But it can't grow in water.
Rice is the main source for our daily carbohydrate requirements. No doubt, this is the most important crop in our country. If we can't grow plenty of paddy plants, we won't have enough rice. And as a consequence, we won't have enough food supply for our people. This epitomises how important this single crop is for us!
Every nation has its own main crop and its economy is much influenced by it. In our country, paddy has similar influences on our economy. I like this paddy plant as it looks beautiful in the green field and whenever I visit a rural area, lush paddy fields take my heart away. They are such a beautiful sight to look at. The golden paddy, when they ripe, and the green plants, when they are yet to ripe, look amazing when it dances with the rhythm of the wind, it's heavenly. I also like this crop because it is our main food source.
The importance of this crop is monumental, especially for our country. If we do not have this crop in our country even for a single year, we would have a huge problem fulfilling our daily food needs.
48 POINTS!!!
Which statement best describes a physical change?
A) Changes can occur to certain chemical properties of the substance, but the overall shape of the substance will remain the same.
B) Changes can occur to certain physical properties of the substance, but the overall shape of the substance will remain the same.
C)Changes can occur to physical properties of a substance, but the chemical composition of the substance remains the same.
D)Changes can occur to chemical properties of a substance, but the chemical composition of the substance remains the same.
Answer:
Answer choice C. is correct.
Explanation:
Physical change is a change in which there is no change in the chemical arrangement and thus there is no redistribution of atoms. No new substances are formed.
