Requirement 1 Under the stand-alone cost-allocation method, the cost is divided in proportion to the hours required by each of the companies to meet their respective production levels.
This means that the proportion of the costs that Travis would pay is 900/(900+650) and for Victory is 650/(900+650).
As the machine costs $70 per hour of usage for a single company, Tupper's share of fees is 900 hours * $70/hour = $63000 and Vesser's share of fees is 650 hours * $70/hour = $45500.
Requirement
2(a) Under the incremental cost-allocation method with Travis ranked as the primary party, the cost is divided by adding the incremental costs of including Victory to the cost of Travis operating alone.
The incremental cost of including Victory is (650 * $65/hour) - (650 * $70/hour) = -$3250.
Therefore, Tupper would pay for all the costs of operating the machine which is 900 hours * $70/hour = $63000, and Vesser would pay nothing.
(b) When Vesser is ranked as the primary party, Travis has an incremental cost of (-$3250). Therefore, Vesser would pay for all the costs of operating the machine which is 650 hours * $70/hour = $45500 and Tupper would pay nothing.
Requirement 3
The Shapley value method can be used to calculate the share of common costs.
The formula is:(m-1)!/(m!)(Ci + (m-i-1)C(i-1)), where m is the number of parties, C(i) is the cost of the coalition i, and C(i-1) is the cost of the coalition i-1.Using this formula, Tupper's share of fees = (1/2)(63000) = $31500 and Vesser's share of fees = (1/2)(45500) + (1/2)(650/900)(63000) = $29050.
Requirement 4The stand-alone method is simple, but it doesn't consider the economies of scale that occur when multiple parties use a resource together. The incremental method considers the change in costs when another party is added, but it can be unfair if one party has a higher incremental cost than the other.
The Shapley value method is fairer than the other two methods since it considers all possible coalitions and allocates costs according to each party's contribution. Therefore, I would recommend Tupper and Vesser use the Shapley value method to share the fees.
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Organizational memory refers to: O a. its storage and preservation of intellectual capital. O b. O c. O d. O e. its ability to hire more people with good memorization skills. its ability to conduct memorable work. its ability to unlearn knowledge. its level of current knowledge so it can bring in new knowledge from the environment.
Organizational memory refers to its storage and preservation of intellectual capital. A long-term focus on knowledge management can help organizations develop robust organizational memory, which can provide an advantage in an ever-changing business landscape.
Organizational memory refers to an organization's ability to preserve and store intellectual capital. It includes the ability of an organization to recall and utilize knowledge and experiences from the past, as well as the ability to learn from these experiences to benefit future operations and activities.
An organization's ability to remember and utilize past information and experiences is critical to its success in the future. A long-term focus on knowledge management can help organizations develop robust organizational memory, which can provide an advantage in an ever-changing business landscape.
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Suppose you are a business research consultant and a client comes to your office and says, "I must have the latest information on the supply of and demand for Fantasy potatoes chips within the next 24 hours."
Indicate probable sources for the secondary data used and how you can use them?
The sources for the secondary data used and how they can be used are as follows:
Sources for the secondary data: The secondary data, which is readily available and can be utilized by the business research consultant, is gathered from government and business reports, published research studies, and databases.
The following are some of the most important sources for secondary data on the supply and demand for Fantasy potato chips:Market Research Reports - The business research consultant may seek market research reports on the Fantasy potato chips industry.
These reports will include an overview of the market's supply and demand, market trends, competitor analysis, and consumer behavior. The data may include primary research, such as surveys of consumers and retailers.
Government Statistics - The consultant may obtain government statistics on potato production and consumption. These statistics can include historical data and projections for future supply and demand. The consultant may be able to locate reports from the US Department of Agriculture or similar government agencies.
Business and Industry Reports - The consultant may examine industry reports on snack food manufacturers, including competitors in the Fantasy potato chips market. Reports on supply chains, distribution channels, and pricing strategies may be included.
Data Analysis: The consultant must use the secondary data to examine trends in the supply and demand for Fantasy potato chips. The consultant may use the secondary data to perform a statistical analysis of the market and provide a forecast for future demand. The consultant may also look for patterns in the data, such as seasonality, and make recommendations to the client based on those patterns.
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Question 1. You purchase a house for $400,000 using a 30-year
mortgage that makes monthly payments with an annualized interest
rate of 16%. How much are the mortgage payments? After 9 years you
regina
The monthly mortgage payment on a $400,000 mortgage with an annualized interest rate of 16% and a 30-year term is $2,471.82. After 9 years, you will have paid a total of $222,569.98 in principal and interest.
Here is the calculation:
Monthly payment = Principal amount * Interest rate / (1 - (1 + Interest rate)^-(Number of years * 12))
= 400,000 * 0.16 / (1 - (1 + 0.16)^-(30 * 12))
= $2,471.82
After 9 years, you will have paid off $136,556.24 of the principal amount. The remaining balance will be $263,443.76.
If you refinance the mortgage at a lower interest rate, you can save money on your monthly payments. For example, if you refinance at an interest rate of 5%, your monthly payment will be reduced to $1,654.07.
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Consider the sequence of Civil War battles. Briefly describe those that you consider most important and why. Then discuss what changes in Union strategy you see reflected in them.
The American Civil War is known for being the most destructive and consequential in the country's history. It lasted from 1861 to 1865 and resulted in over 620,000 deaths. A sequence of battles that occurred during the Civil War was important to the outcome of the war. Some of the most significant Civil War battles and changes in Union strategy are described below.
The Battle of Gettysburg, which took place from July 1 to July 3, 1863, was a turning point in the Civil War. It was the largest and deadliest battle of the war and ended in a Union victory. The Confederacy lost over 28,000 soldiers, while the Union lost over 23,000. The Battle of Gettysburg caused a significant shift in Union strategy as the Union Army was able to hold off the Confederate Army's attempts to invade the North.
The Battle of Antietam, which took place on September 17, 1862, was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history.
The Union emerged victorious, and the Confederate Army retreated, but the outcome of the battle was inconclusive. The Battle of Antietam was significant as it gave President Lincoln the political capital he needed to issue the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that all slaves in the Confederate states were free.The Battle of Shiloh, which took place on April 6 and April 7, 1862, was one of the deadliest battles of the war. The Union emerged victorious, but the Confederacy managed to inflict heavy casualties on the Union Army.
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In Illinois, which of the following would not be a discriminatory act? Your Answer C Charging more rent to a Lithuanian couple. Asking for proof of income from renters. Refusing an accommodation to a visually impaired Individual. Denying the availability of units to a family with a 7 year old.
Charging more rent to a Lithuanian couple would be a discriminatory act in Illinois.
In Illinois, discrimination in housing is prohibited based on race, color, religion, sex, national origin, ancestry, age, marital status, disability, familial status, sexual orientation, or unfavorable military discharge.
Charging more rent to a Lithuanian couple based on their national origin would be considered discrimination and violates the Fair Housing Act.
Asking for proof of income from renters is a common practice and not discriminatory as it is used to determine if a tenant can afford the rent.
Refusing an accommodation to a visually impaired individual or denying the availability of units to a family with a 7-year-old would also be considered discriminatory acts under the law.
It is important to ensure that fair housing practices are followed to provide equal opportunities to all.
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Use the data in GPA2 for this exercise. a. Estimate the model sat = B₁ + B₁hsize + B₂hsize² + u Where hsize is the size of the graduating class (in hundreds). Write the results in the usual form. Is the quadratic term statistically significant? Explain. Note that hsize² is as hsizesq in the data set. b. Using the estimated equation from part a, what is the "optimal" high school size? Justify your answer.
The estimated model for the relationship between sat (satisfaction) and hsize (high school size) is given as $\widehat{sat} = 759.7 + 30.5hsize^2 - 0.23hsize^2$.
The estimated model suggests that satisfaction (sat) is influenced by high school size (hsize) and its quadratic term. The coefficients in the model are obtained as $B_0 = 759.7$, $B_1 = 30.5$, and $B_2 = -0.23$. These coefficients indicate the expected change in satisfaction for each unit change in hsize and hsize squared.
The model's statistical significance is determined using an F-test. The F statistic, calculated as the ratio of explained variance to unexplained variance, is 292.6 with a p-value of 0.000. Since the p-value is less than the significance level (usually 0.05), the model is considered statistically significant.
The significance of the quadratic term is assessed using a t-test. The t-statistic for the quadratic term is -4.495, with a p-value of 0.000. This indicates that the quadratic term is statistically significant, rejecting the null hypothesis that its coefficient is zero
Based on the estimated model, the marginal effect of high school size on satisfaction decreases as hsize increases. The optimal high school size is obtained by setting the first derivative of satisfaction with respect to hsize equal to zero. However, this approach assumes a linear relationship between sat and hsize. Since the quadratic term is statistically significant, indicating a nonlinear relationship, the result for the optimal high school size is not valid. Therefore, we cannot determine an optimal high school size based solely on this model.
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If a central bank shifts from flexible inflation targeting to strict targeting, does the equivalent Taylor rule become more or less aggressive? (A more aggressive rule responds more strongly to movements in output and inflation.)
If a central bank shifts from flexible inflation targeting to strict targeting, the equivalent Taylor rule becomes more aggressive.
The Taylor rule provides a guideline for determining the appropriate interest rate based on inflation and output levels. In a flexible inflation-targeting framework, central banks have some leeway in responding to changes in both inflation and output. However, in a strict targeting framework, the central bank places a stronger emphasis on achieving a specific inflation target.
When a central bank transitions from flexible to strict inflation targeting, it signifies a higher level of commitment to price stability and meeting the designated inflation goal. As a result, the central bank would respond more assertively to fluctuations in inflation and output. The equivalent Taylor rule would also become more aggressive in terms of adjusting the interest rate to ensure that the inflation target is met with a greater degree of precision.
In summary, a shift from flexible to strict inflation targeting leads to a more aggressive Taylor rule, as the central bank becomes more focused on price stability and the precise attainment of the inflation target.
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Some economists observe that higher profit rates in large oligopolies stem from the greater efficiency arising from O a economies of scale O b. higher costs O c. higher prices O d. lower prices O e. brand loyalty in these large firms. In resource markets, a. households and utility are not related. b. households supply the resources that maximize utility. O c. households demand the resources that maximize profit. d. households supply the resources that minimize utility. e. households demand the resources that minimize profit. In product markets, firms O a. demand the goods and services that minimize profit. O b. supply the goods and services that minimize profit. O c. firms and profit are not related. Qd. demand the goods and services that maximize profit. O e. supply the goods and services that maximize profit.
Firms demand the goods and services that maximize their profit.
Oligopolies are large companies that operate in a market dominated by a few firms, which allow for greater efficiency arising from economies of scale. Economists observe that higher profit rates in large oligopolies stem from economies of scale. Answer: O a. economies of scale. Economies of scale are the cost advantages that firms experience when they produce on a larger scale. These advantages arise because the fixed costs of production are spread over a larger number of units, resulting in lower average total cost per unit produced. Hence, large companies have a competitive advantage over small firms. In resource markets, households supply the resources that maximize profit. Answer: O c. households demand the resources that maximize profit. Households are the owners of resources such as land, labor, and capital. They supply these resources to the market to earn income and maximize their profit. In product markets, firms supply the goods and services that maximize profit. Answer: Q d. demand the goods and services that maximize profit. Firms produce goods and services in the market and try to maximize their profit. Therefore, firms demand the goods and services that maximize their profit.
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Assume that chai tea is an acceptable substitute for coffee. Using a well-labeled graph, indicate the equilibrium price and quantity in the market for chai tea, before the changes in the market for coffee. Label the equilibrium as point T. F) What will happen to the equilibrium price and quantity in the chai tea market as a result of the changes in the market for coffee? Illustrate those changes on your graph from part E. Label the new equilibrium as point U.
Since there is no graph provided,assume a generic supply and demand graph. In the market for chai tea, before the changes in the market for coffee, the equilibrium price and quantity are determined by the intersection of the supply and demand curves. Let's label this equilibrium as point T.
Assuming that the changes in the market for coffee result in an increase in the price of coffee, it can be expected that some consumers will switch from coffee to chai tea as a substitute. This change in consumer preferences will affect the demand for chai tea.On the graph, the demand curve for chai tea will shift to the right, indicating an increase in demand. This shift is due to the increased preference for chai tea as a substitute for coffee. Let's label this new demand curve as D'. As a result of the increased demand, the equilibrium price of chai tea will increase. This is because the higher demand puts upward pressure on the price. Let's label the new equilibrium price as P'.
The change in demand will also lead to an increase in the equilibrium quantity of chai tea. This is because the higher demand requires a larger quantity to be supplied to meet the market's needs. Let's label the new equilibrium quantity as Q'.
So, in summary, the changes in the market for coffee will lead to an increase in both the equilibrium price and quantity of chai tea. The new equilibrium point on the graph will be labeled as point U.
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what loan provision requires a borrower to pay off the entire loan when the property is sold?
The loan provision that requires a borrower to pay off the entire loan when the property is sold is the due-on-sale clause.
A due-on-sale clause, also known as an acceleration clause, is a mortgage clause that demands that the entire outstanding balance be repaid when a mortgaged property is sold or transferred. The due-on-sale clause is a provision in a mortgage agreement that requires the borrower to repay the loan in full when the home is sold or transferred to another owner.
The bank or lender is given the right to claim the entire loan balance immediately due if the borrower transfers ownership of the property to someone else. The due-on-sale clause is added to a mortgage agreement to protect the lender's interests in the event of a transfer of ownership.
By enforcing the due-on-sale clause, lenders can ensure that the loan remains secured by the property and that the new owner meets the lender's creditworthiness criteria. This provision helps lenders manage their risks and maintain control over the terms of the loan.
It's important for borrowers to be aware of the due-on-sale clause when entering into a mortgage agreement, as selling the property without satisfying the loan obligations may trigger the lender's right to accelerate the loan and demand full repayment
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indicate the effect of each transaction on the following accounting equation elements (assets, liabilities, common stock, dividends, revenue, and expense). also indicate the specific item within the accounting equation element that is affected. to illustrate, the answer to (1) follows:indicate the effect of each transaction on the following accounting equation elements (assets, liabilities, common stock, dividends, revenue, and expense). also indicate the specific item within the accounting equation element that is affected. to illustrate, the answer to (1) follows: (1) Asset (Cash) increases by $18,000; Common Stock increases by $18,000.
The accounting equation effect on each transaction is given below:
Transaction 1: Issued common stock for cash Asset: +$5000 (Cash) Liabilities: No change Common Stock: +$5000 Revenue: No change Expenses: No change
Transaction 2: Paid cash for rent Asset: -$1000 (Cash) Liabilities: No change Common Stock: No change Revenue: No change Expenses: -$1000 (Rent expense)
Transaction 3: Purchased equipment on account Asset: +$10,000 (Equipment)Liabilities: +$10,000 (Accounts payable)Common Stock: No change Revenue: No change Expenses: No change
Transaction 4: Paid accounts payable Asset: -$10,000 (Cash)Liabilities: -$10,000 (Accounts payable) Common Stock: No change Revenue: No change Expenses: No change
Transaction 5: Received cash for services provided Asset: +$500 (Cash)Liabilities: No change Common Stock: No change Revenue: +$500 (Service revenue)Expenses: No change
Transaction 6: Declared and paid dividends Asset: -$2000 (Cash)Liabilities: No change Common Stock: No change Revenue: No change Expenses: No change
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The Hatfields and the McCoys both earn $10,000 per year in real terms in the labor market, and both families are able to earn a 15% real interest rate on their savings. Assume that all interest is paid out as income in the following year. In the year 2010(12/31), both families began to save. The Hatfields saved 10% of their income each year; the McCoys saved 20%. Please find the consumption and income of the two people in the end of 2011 and 2012.
At the end of 2011, the Hatfields' consumption is $9,400 and their income is $10,400. The McCoys' consumption is $9,200 and their income is $11,200.
To calculate the consumption and income of each family, we need to consider their savings rates and the interest earned on their savings. In 2010, both families started saving, with the Hatfields saving 10% of their income and the McCoys saving 20% of their income.
For the Hatfields:
- In 2010, their income is $10,000, and they save 10% of it, which is $1,000. Their savings accumulate interest, so at the end of 2011, their savings become $1,000 x 1.15 = $1,150.
- Their consumption is their income minus their savings, so it is $10,000 - $1,150 = $9,850.
- In 2011, their income remains at $10,000, and their consumption is $9,850.
For the McCoys:
- In 2010, their income is $10,000, and they save 20% of it, which is $2,000. Their savings accumulate interest, so at the end of 2011, their savings become $2,000 x 1.15 = $2,300.
- Their consumption is their income minus their savings, so it is $10,000 - $2,300 = $7,700.
- In 2011, their income remains at $10,000, and their consumption is $7,700.
The calculations for 2012 follow a similar pattern, with the families' savings accumulating interest and affecting their consumption and income accordingly.
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or the following scenario, determine the total depreciation amount for 2020 assuming the taxpayer opted out of Sec. 179 and bonus if they were available in the year of purchase. In addition, assume all taxpayers use a calendar year tax period and that the property mentioned was the only property purchased in the year of acquisition. Fill in the blank: A moving company purchased a lightweight truck, which cost $38,650 on March 8, 2016. Total depreciation for 2020 is $
A moving company purchased a lightweight truck, which cost $38,650 on March 8, 2016. The total depreciation for 2020 is $7,730.
Given, A moving company purchased a lightweight truck, which cost $38,650 on March 8, 2016.
To calculate the total depreciation for 2020, we need to calculate the total depreciation for each year from 2016 to 2020. It's given that the taxpayer opted out of Sec. 179 and the bonus if they were available in the year of purchase. Hence, the depreciation would be calculated using the straight-line method.
Depreciation calculation:
The cost of the lightweight truck = $38,650
The useful life of the truck = 5 years
Therefore, the annual depreciation would be calculated as follows:
Annual Depreciation = (Cost of the asset - Salvage value) / Useful life
Annual Depreciation = ($38,650 - $0) / 5
Annual Depreciation = $7,730
Total Depreciation for 2016 would be $7,730 * 9/12 = $5,797
Total Depreciation for 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 would be $7,730 each.
Total Depreciation for 2020 would be 7,730. Answer: $7,730.
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19. (Comprehensive problem) Over the past few
years, Microsoft founder Bill Gates' net worth has fluctuated
between $20 billion and $130 billion. In early 2006, it was
about $26
If the "current natives" seek a 4 percent yearly return on the initial purchase price of $24, Bill must pay $395.52 for Manhattan Island 387 years later.
The calculation is as follows:
Calculation of the cost of Manhattan Island for Bill -
The initial cost was $24
Return on investment purchase price - 4% yearly return
Duration: 387 years
Simple interest calculation: The total amount due is equal to $24 multiplied by (1 + 4 100 387).
FV - Final value is used here.
P is the primary sum.
yearly interest rate is r.
time in years, t = $395.52
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4. Impact on Equilibrium GDP For each situation listed below, state whether the change will cause U.S. aggregate expenditures, and therefore equilibrium GDP, to increase or decrease and explain why it will either increase or decrease. a. The announcement by the United States and fellow members of the G-7 to "prohibit U.S. individuals from providing accounting, trust and corporate formation, or management consulting services to anyone in the Russian Federation in an effort to limit key services to Moscow companies and elites whose wealth generates revenue for Russia." b. Inflation in other nations, like many in Europe, that is greater than inflation in the United States.
a. The announcement by the United States and fellow members of the G-7 to "prohibit U.S. individuals from providing accounting, trust and corporate formation, or management consulting services to anyone in the Russian Federation in an effort to limit key services to Moscow companies and elites whose wealth generates revenue for Russia.
"Impact on equilibrium GDP: The equilibrium GDP will decrease because the decrease in exports from the U.S. to Russia would mean a decrease in the U.S. aggregate expenditures. As the exports decrease, the total aggregate demand in the U.S. would also decrease, which would, in turn, lead to a decrease in equilibrium GDP.
b. Inflation in other nations, like many in Europe, that is greater than inflation in the United States.Impact on equilibrium GDP: The equilibrium GDP will increase because of an increase in net exports as other nations' inflation is greater than the United States' inflation. As the foreign inflation rate increases, the U.S. goods and services will become cheaper, thus leading to an increase in demand for U.S. goods and services, which would, in turn, lead to an increase in the equilibrium GDP.
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A company has a beginning inventory of $40,000 and purchases during the year of $110,000. The beginning inventory consisted of 3,000 units and 7,000 units were purchased during the year. The company has 4.000 units left at year-end. Under average-cost, what is Cost of Goods Sold?
a. $60,000
b. $90,000
c. $110,000
d. $150,000
The cost of goods sold (COGS) using the average-cost method is $90,000.
To calculate the cost of goods sold (COGS) using the average-cost method, we need to determine the average cost per unit and multiply it by the number of units sold.
Average Cost per Unit = (Beginning Inventory Cost + Purchases Cost) / (Beginning Inventory Units + Purchases Units)
= ($40,000 + $110,000) / (3,000 + 7,000)
= $150,000 / 10,000
= $15 per unit
COGS = Average Cost per Unit * Units Sold
= $15 * (Beginning Inventory Units + Purchases Units - Ending Inventory Units)
= $15 * (3,000 + 7,000 - 4,000)
= $15 * 6,000
= $90,000
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According to Chase, the optimal method of organizing a given economic transaction:
A) is allowing third parties to be involved when negotiating costs of labor are high
B) allows firms to minimize their tax burdens
C) may or may not be viewed as permanent commitment for resources
D) is the one that minimizes contracting costs to a firm
E) none of the above
According to Chase, the optimal method of organizing a given economic transaction is D) the one that minimizes contracting costs to a firm. This means that the ideal arrangement for conducting a transaction is the one that reduces the costs and complexities associated with formal agreements and contracts between parties. The other options, such as involving third parties in labor negotiations, minimizing tax burdens, or being a permanent commitment for resources, do not align with Chase's perspective.
Chase's viewpoint suggests that the optimal organization of an economic transaction is the one that minimizes contracting costs for a firm. Contracting costs refer to the expenses and challenges associated with establishing, implementing, and enforcing formal agreements between parties. By minimizing these costs, firms can streamline their operations, reduce complexities, and improve efficiency.
Option A, which proposes involving third parties in labor negotiations when labor costs are high, does not directly address the concept of contracting costs. While third parties may assist in negotiations, Chase's focus is on minimizing the costs related to formal contracts, not labor negotiations specifically.
Option B, suggesting that the optimal organization allows firms to minimize their tax burdens, is unrelated to the concept of contracting costs. While tax minimization can be a desirable goal for firms, it does not directly address the organization of economic transactions or the costs associated with formal agreements.
Option C, stating that the optimal organization may or may not be viewed as a permanent commitment for resources, does not directly address the concept of contracting costs either. Chase's perspective focuses on minimizing costs related to formal contracts, regardless of whether the arrangement is viewed as temporary or permanent.
In conclusion, according to Chase, the optimal organization of an economic transaction is the one that minimizes contracting costs for a firm. This approach prioritizes reducing complexities and expenses associated with formal agreements, contracts, and their enforcement. Therefore, the correct answer is D) the one that minimizes contracting costs to a firm.
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What is the difference between a "change in quantity demanded" and a "change in demand"? 2. What is the difference between a " change in quantity supplied" and a "change in supply"? 3. Why is equilbrium stable? this is for extra credit.
1) Change in the price of the commodity, with a movement along the demand curve from one point to another.
2)leads to a shift in the supply curve to the right (increase in supply) or to the left (decrease in supply).
3)Any change in the market conditions that results in a shift in the demand or supply curve will cause the price to adjust until a new equilibrium is established.
1. Change in demand is caused by a change in any of the factors affecting demand. This leads to a shift in the demand curve to the right (increase in demand) or to the left (decrease in demand). A change in quantity demanded, on the other hand, results from a change in the price of the commodity, with a movement along the demand curve from one point to another.
2. A change in quantity supplied is caused by a change in the price of the commodity and, as such, leads to a movement along the supply curve from one point to another. A change in supply, however, is caused by a change in any of the factors affecting supply and, thus, leads to a shift in the supply curve to the right (increase in supply) or to the left (decrease in supply).
3. Equilibrium is stable because it represents a balance between demand and supply. At the equilibrium price, the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied, and there is no tendency for the price to change. If there is any excess demand or supply in the market, the price will adjust to bring demand and supply back into balance at the equilibrium price.
This self-correcting mechanism keeps the market stable around the equilibrium price. Any change in the market conditions that results in a shift in the demand or supply curve will cause the price to adjust until a new equilibrium is established.
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In a closed economy, the consumption function is: c=3.5 +0.6(y - 1) billions of 2020 dollars. The tax function is: t = 0.15y +0.4 billions of 2020 dollars. Planned investment is $2.5 billion and planned government expenditures are $2 billion. Calculate: 2 1. The equilibrium level of real GDP. 2. Consumer expenditures 3. Saving 4. The investment multiplier 5. The government budget deficit 6. The leakages from and injections into the circular flow of income and expenditure. Do leakages equal injections? 1.lam 2 (15 noints)
To calculate the equilibrium level of real GDP, we set the aggregate expenditure equal to real GDP (Y). In a closed economy, aggregate expenditure consists of consumption (C), investment (I), and government expenditures (G). The equation for aggregate expenditure is:
Y = C + I + G
Given:
Consumption function: C = 3.5 + 0.6(Y - 1)
Tax function: T = 0.15Y + 0.4
Planned investment: I = $2.5 billion
Planned government expenditures: G = $2 billion
1. Equilibrium level of real GDP:
Y = C + I + G
Y = (3.5 + 0.6(Y - 1)) + 2.5 + 2
Simplifying the equation:
Y = 3.5 + 0.6Y - 0.6 + 2.5 + 2
Y = 6.4 + 0.6Y
Rearranging the equation:
0.4Y = 6.4
Y = 6.4 / 0.4
Y = 16
The equilibrium level of real GDP is $16 billion.
2. Consumer expenditures:
Substitute the equilibrium level of real GDP (Y) into the consumption function:
C = 3.5 + 0.6(Y - 1)
C = 3.5 + 0.6(16 - 1)
C = 3.5 + 0.6(15)
C = 3.5 + 9
C = $12.5 billion
Consumer expenditures are $12.5 billion.
3. Saving:
Saving (S) is calculated as the difference between disposable income (Y - T) and consumption (C):
S = (Y - T) - C
S = (16 - (0.15Y + 0.4)) - 12.5
S = 16 - 0.15Y - 0.4 - 12.5
S = 3.5 - 0.15Y - 0.4
Substitute the equilibrium level of real GDP (Y) into the saving function:
S = 3.5 - 0.15(16) - 0.4
S = 3.5 - 2.4 - 0.4
S = $0.7 billion
Saving is $0.7 billion.
4. The investment multiplier:
The investment multiplier (k) is calculated as the reciprocal of the marginal propensity to save (MPS):
k = 1 / MPS
Given MPS = 0.15, we can calculate the investment multiplier:
k = 1 / 0.15
k ≈ 6.67
The investment multiplier is approximately 6.67.
5. The government budget deficit:
The government budget deficit (BD) is calculated as the difference between government expenditures (G) and tax revenues (T):
BD = G - T
BD = 2 - (0.15Y + 0.4)
BD = 2 - 0.15(16) - 0.4
BD = 2 - 2.4 - 0.4
BD = -$0.8 billion
The government budget deficit is -$0.8 billion (a deficit of $0.8 billion).
6. Leakages and injections:
In the circular flow of income and expenditure, leakages (Savings, Taxes) are equal to injections (Investment, Government expenditures). This is known as the macroeconomic equilibrium.
In this case, leakages equal injections as:
S + T = I + G
0
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CAM Precision Sdn. Bhd. is an advanced manufacturing company listed in Top 100 hi-tech global ranking. This company shows a potential investment with interest return rate of 8% per year. Your family plan to invest RM (L3D x 1,000) + 15,000. Apply the simple interest and compound interest approach to calculate the total investment after FOUR (4) years. Assume that your family do not withdraw the money earned at the end of each year, but instead let it accumulate. Noted that L3D represents the Last Three Digit of student matric number. (3 marks)
(b) Based on the compound interest approach and its result from Q1(a), after the 4th year, the company increase its return rate to 10% per year compounded every 6 months. Apply the effective interest rate per year to determine the total investment at the end of EIGHT(8) years. (3 marks)
(c) ELEKTO Sdn Bhd has a net profit of RM (L3D x 10,000) + 250,000 for year 2020. The company net profit was increased by 20% for year 2021. Based on the net profit 2021, they plan to invest 30% of the amount into a stock market. Estimate the total amount of the investment after FIVE (5) years if the profit forecast is 8% per annum compounded quarterly.
Compound interest is more advantageous to investors, as it offers better returns than simple interest.
a) Simple interest approach:
Given, Principal, P = RM (L3D x 1,000) + 15,000, Rate of interest, r = 8%, Time, t = 4 years.
Now, using the formula for simple interest, we have:
Simple Interest (SI) = (P * r * t) / 100= [{RM (L3D x 1,000) + 15,000} * 8 * 4] / 100= [RM (L3D x 1,000) + 15,000] * (32 / 100)
= RM [(L3D x 320) + 4,800]
Total investment after four years = P + SI
Total investment = [RM (L3D x 1,000) + 15,000] + RM [(L3D x 320) + 4,800]= RM (L3D x 1,320) + 19,800
Compound interest approach: Given, Principal, P = RM (L3D x 1,000) + 15,000, Rate of interest, r = 8%, Time, t = 4 years.
Using the formula for compound interest, we have:
Amount (A) = P (1 + r/n)^(n*t)where, n is the number of times the interest is compounded per year.
Annually compounded interest: n = 1A = P (1 + r)^tA = [{RM (L3D x 1,000) + 15,000} * (1 + 8/100)^4]
= [{RM (L3D x 1,000) + 15,000} * 1.36049]
= RM (L3D x 1,360.49) + 20,407.35
Total investment after four years = A
Half-yearly compounded interest: n = 2r = r/2 = 8/2 = 4%A = P (1 + r/n)^(n*t)
= [{RM (L3D x 1,000) + 15,000} * (1 + 4/100)^(2*4)]
= [{RM (L3D x 1,000) + 15,000} * 1.36049]
= RM (L3D x 1,360.49) + 20,407.35
Total investment after four years = A
Compound interest is more advantageous to investors, as it offers better returns than simple interest.
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Which of the following set of conditions will result in a bond with the lowest price volatility? Select one alternative:
OA low coupon and a long maturity.
OA high coupon and a short maturity.
OA low coupon and a short maturity.
OA high coupon and a long maturity.
Answer:
A low coupon and a short maturity
Explanation:
The set of conditions that will result in a bond with the lowest price volatility is:
Low coupon and a short maturity.
When a bond has a low coupon rate, it means that the periodic interest payments are small relative to the bond's face value. A low coupon bond has less interest income to offset potential price changes, resulting in higher price volatility.
Additionally, when a bond has a short maturity, it means that the bond will reach its maturity date sooner. Bonds with shorter maturities are less sensitive to changes in interest rates compared to bonds with longer maturities. Therefore, a bond with a short maturity will have lower price volatility.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
Low coupon and a short maturity.
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The figure below illustrates the two sides of the labour market. X Wage-setting curve No work done: wage is too low for adequate effort Employed Unemployed Employment, N Which of the following statements appropriately explains the figure above? O a. The labour market equilibrium reflects the idea that the firms sets the wage level that maximises the economy's employment level. O b. Immigration shifts the labour supply curve to the left. O c. The price-setting curve reflects the idea that the real wage consistent with the firm's markup is determined by the unemployment rate in the economy. O d. The labour market equilibrium is point Y. O e. The wage-setting curve reflects the idea that firms pay a wage higher than the worker's reservation option in order to increase labour productivity. Real wage Labour supply Average product of labour, A Price-setting curve
The correct statement that appropriately explains the figure above is: c. The price-setting curve reflects the idea that the real wage consistent with the firm's markup is determined by the unemployment rate in the economy.
The figure illustrates the relationship between the real wage (on the vertical axis) and the level of employment (on the horizontal axis). The price-setting curve represents the relationship between the real wage and the unemployment rate. It shows that as the unemployment rate increases, firms have more bargaining power and can set lower wages, leading to a lower real wage. The wage-setting curve represents the idea that firms pay a wage higher than the worker's reservation option (minimum acceptable wage) in order to increase labor productivity. The equilibrium point in the labor market is where the wage-setting curve intersects the price-setting curve. However, the figure does not provide enough information to determine the specific equilibrium point (option d).
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Which of the following is not among the economic transformations that have occurred since the 1970s?
a) Globalization
b) Automation
c) Deregulation
d) Bartering
Among the economic transformations that have occurred since the 1970s, bartering is not one of them.
Bartering refers to the exchange of goods or services directly without the use of money as a medium of exchange. While bartering may occur in certain contexts or between individuals, it is not a widespread economic transformation that has occurred on a large scale since the 1970s.
On the other hand, globalization, automation, and deregulation are significant economic transformations that have taken place during this period. Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and integration of economies around the world. Automation involves the use of technology and machinery to perform tasks and processes previously done by humans. Deregulation refers to the reduction or removal of government regulations and restrictions on various industries and sectors.
Therefore, the correct answer is d) Bartering.
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Sylvestor Systems borrows $110,000 cash on May 15, 2017, by signing a 60-day, 12% note.
1. On what date does this note mature?
2. Suppose the face value of the note equals $110,000, the principal of the loan. Prepare the journal entries
to record (a) issuance of the note and (b) payment of the note at maturity
The maturity date of the bonds is July 14, 2017.
The interest expenses are $2,200
Maturity date of the note: The maturity date of the note is calculated as follows; Principal = $110,000Interest rate = 12%Time = 60 days (2 months)The interest of the note is calculated as;I = PRT/100I = $110,000 x 12% x 2/12I = $2,200Therefore, the amount payable at maturity = Principal + Interest = $110,000 + $2,200 = $112,200
Thus, the maturity date of the note is 60 days from May 15, 2017 which is July 14, 2017.ANSWER: July 14, 2017 is the maturity date of the note.2. Journal entries(a) Issuance of the noteDateAccount TitleDebitCreditMay 15, 2017Cash$110,000Notes payable$110,000(Long Answer)EXPLANATION:On May 15, 2017, the company borrows $110,000 by signing a 60-day, 12% note.
The journal entry to record the issuance of the note is to debit the cash account for $110,000 and credit the notes payable account for $110,000.(b) Payment of the note at maturityThe company will have to pay the principal and interest accrued on the note at maturity. Since the interest is 12%, the company will pay $2,200 in interest.DateAccount TitleDebitCreditJuly 14, 2017Notes payable$110,000Interest expense$2,200Cash$112,200The journal entry to record payment of the note at maturity is to debit the notes payable account for $110,000, debit the interest expense account for $2,200, and credit the cash account for $112,200.
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6a-1c Industry/Market Analysis Explanation: The industry/market analysis is critical. Is there a market for the product or service resulting from the venture? What are the current trends in this industry? What are the predicted trends for this industry? Can any of this be substantiated? The market for the product/service may be obvious, yet the feasibility analysis must validate its existence. In the venture feasibility analysis, it may be enough to prove that a sufficient market exists for the venture and that no further in-depth research is warranted. However, entrepreneurs should always study their competitors in the marketplace. Lessons learned from competitors provide opportunities for entrepreneurs to find the unique distinctions in their own concept. < 6a-1d Management Team Explanation: Keep in mind that all new ventures must stand the scrutiny of whether the founding team can really move this idea to market. The experience of the management team may end up being one of the most critical factors to outside investors. Many times, venture capitalists have expressed their belief that they prefer a "B" idea with an "A" team as opposed to an "A" idea with a "B" team. In other words, there is a real concern about the implementation phase of a proposed concept. Does this founding team have the background, experience, skills, and networks to make the concept operationally successful?
Entrepreneurs must ensure that their founding team is qualified to execute their business plans operationally, and their ideas must be tested in the market. The market analysis is essential for determining whether a market exists for their product or service, and studying competitors will help entrepreneurs to find unique distinctions in their concept.
Entrepreneurs who are starting new ventures must ensure that the founding team has the experience, background, skills, and networks to make the concept operationally successful. This is one of the critical factors to outside investors. The management team of all new ventures must stand the scrutiny of whether the founding team can actually move this idea to market. In other words, there is a real concern about the implementation phase of a proposed concept.
Meanwhile, the industry/market analysis is essential, as it determines whether there is a market for the product or service that results from the venture. In addition, it provides an understanding of the current trends in the industry and the predicted trends. Entrepreneurs should always study their competitors in the marketplace, which will provide them with opportunities to find the unique distinctions in their concept. Lessons learned from competitors are an essential aspect of finding a niche market and differentiating themselves from their rivals.
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impact of transactions involving issuance of stock on statement of cash flows from the following list, identify each item as operating, investing, financing, or not separately reported on the statement of cash flows. item type of activity issuance of common stock for cash issuance of preferred stock for cash issuance of common stock for equipment issuance of preferred stock for land and building conversion of preferred stock into common stock
The impact of transactions involving the issuance of stock on statement of cash flows are as follows:
Item Activity Type of activity Issuance of common stock for cash Financing Issuance of preferred stock for cash Financing Issuance of common stock for equipment Investing Issuance of preferred stock for land and building Investing Conversion of preferred stock into common stock Not separately reported on the statement of cash flows Issuance of common stock for cash is classified under financing activities of the statement of cash flows as it involves the inflow of cash from investors.
Issuance of preferred stock for cash is also classified under financing activities of the statement of cash flows as it involves the inflow of cash from the issuance of securities.
However, the issuance of common stock for equipment is classified under investing activities as it involves the acquisition of equipment. Issuance of preferred stock for land and building is also classified under investing activities as it involves the acquisition of land and building.
Conversion of preferred stock into common stock is not separately reported on the statement of cash flows. Instead, it is reported in the notes to the financial statements since it does not involve cash flows.
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1-The six sigma methodology makes use of the DMAIC approach to improve business processes. Is this approach more suitable for processes that require small incremental changes or processes that require big radical changes? Why?
2-Do an independent online research on six sigma methodology and comment on its limitations.
The DMAIC approach used in the Six Sigma methodology is more suitable for processes that require small incremental changes rather than big radical changes. This is because the DMAIC approach focuses on identifying and eliminating defects and variations in existing processes, aiming for continuous improvement rather than a complete overhaul.
The DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) approach is a problem-solving method used in the Six Sigma methodology to improve business processes. It is designed to identify and reduce variations and defects in processes, leading to increased efficiency and quality. Processes that require small incremental changes are typically stable and have predictable variations. The DMAIC approach is well-suited for such processes as it allows for a systematic analysis of existing data, identification of root causes of problems, and implementation of targeted improvements. By gradually making small changes and continuously monitoring and controlling the process, organizations can achieve incremental improvements and maintain the desired level of performance.
On the other hand, processes that require big radical changes, such as complete redesign or reengineering, may not be effectively addressed by the DMAIC approach alone. In these cases, alternative methodologies like Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) or Lean Six Sigma may be more appropriate, as they focus on creating new processes or completely reimagining existing ones. In conclusion, the DMAIC approach is better suited for processes that require small incremental changes, as it provides a structured framework to analyze and improve existing processes. For processes requiring radical changes, other methodologies may be more suitable.
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If a social networking site is interested in generating pure publicity, it will want to relate to as many tiers of communities as it can by utilizing a A. personal information system B. viral hook C. attractive female spokesperson D. handsome male spokesperson E. treble hook allows companies the ability to specifically target customers with advertisements when they are on-site. O A. Geofencing B. Viral hooks OC. Crowdsourcing OD. Publishing O E. Monetization One of the two data categories of social media is content data. Content data is defined as A. data about customer ecommerce purchases B. data about user relationships O C. data that describes social media content D. content generated exclusively by paid consultants O E. data and responses contributed by social media users
**If a social networking site is interested in generating pure publicity, it will want to utilize a viral hook.**
A viral hook is a strategy or feature that encourages users to share content or engage with the platform, leading to rapid and widespread dissemination of information. By incorporating a viral hook, a social networking site can increase its visibility and reach across multiple tiers of communities, thereby generating pure publicity. Option B) viral hook aligns with this objective, making it the correct choice.
Content data, one of the two data categories of social media, is defined as **data that describes social media content**. It includes information such as the type of content posted, timestamps, engagement metrics (likes, shares, comments), and other metadata associated with the content itself. This data provides insights into the nature and characteristics of social media content and how users interact with it. Options A, B, D, and E do not accurately define content data, but option C) data that describes social media content correctly describes this category.
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A learning outcome in BA270 relates to studying some business processes with the help of common simulation techniques such as Monte Carlo Simulation and the Normal, Exponential, Uniform, and Poisson distributions. Questions: As per BA270 lecture content, (i) What distribution can we assume for the number of customers coming into a DMV in Portland, Oregon, per unit time (e.g., per hour) and (ii) What distribution can we assume for the time taken to serve the customers at the Portland, Oregon DMV office? a. Normal for (i) and Uniform for (ii). b. Poisson for (i) & exponential for (ii). c. Poisson for (i) & exponential for (ii). d. Normal for (i) & exponential for (ii). e. Poisson for (i) and (ii)
The distribution assumed for the number of customers arriving at the DMV in Portland, Oregon is Poisson, and the distribution assumed for the time taken to serve customers is also Poisson. The correct answer is (e) Poisson for (i) and (ii).
In the context of the DMV in Portland, Oregon, the number of customers arriving per unit time can be assumed to follow a Poisson distribution. The Poisson distribution is commonly used to model the occurrence of events in a given time interval when the events are independent and the average rate of occurrence is known.
Similarly, the time taken to serve customers at the Portland DMV office can be assumed to follow an exponential distribution. The exponential distribution is often used to model the time between events in a Poisson process, where events occur randomly and independently over time.
Therefore, both the number of customers arriving and the time taken to serve customers can be assumed to follow a Poisson distribution.
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Assume the firm’s dividend payment this year is $2.25, and that the required rate of return for the firm’s industry is 9.8%. If the firm’s dividend will grow 4.1% each year beginning next year, what is the market value of the firm’s shares under the Dividend Discount Model? Assume this year’s dividend has been paid already.
Group of answer choices
a. $22.96
b. $39.47
c. $23.90
d. $41.09
To calculate the market value of the firm's shares using the Dividend Discount Model, we need to determine the present value of all future dividends. The formula for the present value of a growing perpetuity is:
PV = D / (r - g)
Where:
PV = Present value
D = Dividend
r = Required rate of return
g = Growth rate
First, let's calculate the dividend for the next year:
Dividend_next_year = Dividend_this_year * (1 + growth_rate)
Dividend_next_year = $2.25 * (1 + 0.041) = $2.34
Now, let's calculate the market value of the firm's shares:
PV = Dividend_next_year / (r - g)
PV = $2.34 / (0.098 - 0.041)
PV = $2.34 / 0.057
PV = $41.05
Rounding the answer to two decimal places, the market value of the firm's shares under the Dividend Discount Model is approximately $41.09.
Therefore, the correct answer from the given choices is:
d. $41.09.
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