At the equivalence point, an equal number of moles of acid and base have reacted, resulting in a neutralization. TRUE
A neutralization reaction is when an acid and a base react to form water and salt and includes the combination of H+ ions and OH- ions to generate water. The neutralization of a robust acid and strong base has a pH equal to 7.
Neutralization or neutralization is a chemical response wherein an acid and a base react quantitatively with each other. In a reaction in water, neutralization results in there being no extra hydrogen or hydroxide ions present inside the solution.
Neutralization is the response of an acid with a base that affects the pH transferring towards 7. it's miles a useful manner that takes place in regular lifestyles which include the treatment of acid indigestion and the treating of acidic soil by using lime. Neutralization additionally actions the pH of an alkali down in the direction of seven.
Learn more about neutralization here:-https://brainly.com/question/23008798
#SPJ1
What are the 3 conflict theories?.
Self-interest drives people. Resources are scarce forever, which affects how societies function. Within and between social groups, conflict is common and inescapable.
What is a story's conflict?Conflict is the name given to these issues in fiction. Conflict is more specifically defined as a thwarted, jeopardized, or competing desire. It generally occurs when a character tries to do something, but something else interferes. Perhaps the character aspires for something but falls short.
What produces conflict in stories?When something inhibits your fictional character from achieving their goals, conflict develops. By turning their desire into an obsession, you may increase the stakes. Your story will lack suspense if you consistently give your characters what they desire. A good story can only progress through conflict.
To know more about Conflict visit:
https://brainly.com/question/17085630
#SPJ4
Rubidium and cesium have similar chemical properties because, in the ground state, the atoms of both elements each have.
Rubidium and cesium have similar chemical properties because in the ground state the atoms of both elements each have one electron in the outermost shell.
A German chemist, organized the elements by atomic mass and grouped them according to their chemical properties. Later , Dmitri Mendeleev, organized all the known elements according to similar properties. He left gaps in his table for what he thought were undiscovered elements, and he also made some bold predictions regarding the properties of those undiscovered elements. When elements were later discovered whose properties closely matched with the Mendeleev’s predictions, his version of the table gained favor in the scientific community. This he predicted because certain properties of the elements repeat on a regular basis throughout the table that is, basically they are periodic, therefore it became known as the periodic table.
Elements that have similar chemical properties are grouped in columns called groups or families) As well as being numbered, some of these groups have names—for example, alkali metals (the first column of elements), alkaline earth metals (the second column of elements), halogens (the next-to-last column of elements), and noble gases (the last column of elements).
Hence Rubidium and cesium have similar chemical properties because in the ground state the atoms of both elements each have one electron in the outermost shell.
To know more about chemical properties
https://brainly.com/question/1935242
#SPJ4
50 points + brainliest
If you had a solution containing a mixture of magnesuun, strontium, and banum, how could you separate the three
elements?
Answer:
by using chelatin eluent solution
in order to prepare a 1:5,000 (w/v) solution from 20 ml of a 1:200 (w/v) solution, the pharmacist should add how many ml of diluent?
Add 0.1 liters of the stock solution to 19.9 liters of diluent (20 liters - 0.1 liters).(C1) (V1) is (C2) (V2) where C1 is the concentration of the beginning solution is the formula for determining a dilution.
How do you determine how much water you need to diluted a solution?(C1) (V1) = (C2) (V2) where C1 is the concentration of the beginning solution is the formula for determining a dilution.
The initial solution's volume is designated as V1.
The final solution's concentration is C2.
The final solution's volume is V2.
Implementing Dilution Factors
Example: Prepare a 1:200 dilution in 20 L.
Final Volume/Solute Volume = DF, according to the formula.
Enter these numbers: (20 L) / Solute Volume = 200.
Justify: Solute Volume = 20 / 200 = 0.1 l.
Add 0.1 liters of the stock solution to 19.9 liters of diluent (20 liters - 0.1 liters).
To learn more about Dilution refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/27097060
#SPJ4
Explain why each molecule has a higher vapor pressure at a given temperature than the other in the pair.
Vapour pressure is larger of the molecule which has weaker intermolecular forces.
In chemistry, we define the temperature of a substance as the average kinetic power of all of the atoms or molecules of that substance. No longer do all of the debris of a substance have identical kinetic strength. At any given time, the kinetic energy of the debris may be represented by means of a distribution.
Temperature performs a vital function in-hospital treatment (both humans and animals), food, beverages, and agriculture. Our average fitness is regularly reliant upon the temperature in lots of methods as nicely.
The SI unit of temperature as consistent with the global system of devices is Kelvin.
Learn more about Temperature here:-brainly.com/question/2339046
#SPJ4
What is the valence shell of hydrogen?.
Calculate the pH of the following two buffer solutions: (a) 2.0M CH3CooNa/2.0M CH3COOH and (b) 0.20M CH3COONa/0.20M CH3COOH. Which is the more effective buffer? why?
pH of the following two buffer solutions: 4.74, 4.74
pH is given as :
pH = pka + log [salt] / [acid]
a) pH = pka + log [salt] / [acid]
pH = 4.74 log [2] / [2]
pH = 4.74
b) pH = pka + log [salt] / [acid]
pH = 4.74 + log [0.20] / [0.20]
pH = 4.74
Thus, the pH of the following two buffer solutions: (a) 2.0M CH3COONa/2.0M CH3COOH is 4.74 and (b) 0.20M CH3COONa/0.20M CH3COOH is 4.74. both have same values. The b) is more are effective because because it have lesser amount of concentration.
To learn more about pH here
https://brainly.com/question/13030871
#SPJ4
In another trial the student mixed 0. 10 m na2s2o3 with hydrochloric acid. Calculate the amount of time
The amount of time is 4. 0 s
What is meant by hydrochloric acid ?Acid hydrochloride is an inorganic substance. With the chemical formula HCl, it is a very corrosive acid. Muriatic acid and hydrogen chloride are other names for it. HCl is created when hydrogen chloride is dissolved in water. It's a straightforward diatomic molecule.
An aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride is what is known as hydrochloric acid, commonly referred to as muriatic acid. It has an unmistakably strong odour and is colourless. It is categorised as a powerful acid. In the digestive systems of the majority of animal species, including humans, it is a part of the gastric acid.
[tex]\ln [\mathrm{A}]_t-\ln [\mathrm{A}]_0=-k t \Rightarrow \ln \frac{[\mathrm{A}]_t}{[\mathrm{~A}]_0}=-k t[/tex]
[tex]\begin{aligned}&\ln \frac{\left[\mathrm{S}_2 \mathrm{O}_3{ }^{2-}\right]_t}{\left[\mathrm{~S}_2 \mathrm{O}_3{ }^{2-}\right]_0}=-k t \\&\ln \frac{0.020}{0.10}=\left(-0.40 \mathrm{~s}^{-1}\right)(t) \Rightarrow t=\frac{-1.61}{-0.40 \mathrm{~s}^{-1}}=\mathbf{4 . 0} \mathrm{s}\end{aligned}[/tex]
Therefore the amount of time is 4.0 s
The complete question is : In another trial the student mixed 0. 10 m na2s2o3 with hydrochloric acid. Calculate the amount of time would take concentration of [tex]\mathrm{S}_2 \mathrm{O}_3{ }^{2-}[/tex] to drop to .020 m
To learn more about hydrochloric acid refer to:
https://brainly.com/question/27576431
#SPJ4
(b) once the ionic solid has dissolved, the anion that is formed is able to react as a base, with water as the acid. write the net acid-base reaction that occurs when dissolved na2co3 reacts with water. (use the lowest possible coefficients. omit states-of-matter in your answer.)
CO3-2(aq) + 2H2O(l) ⇔ H2CO3(aq) + 2OH-(aq)
Acid-base reactions usually proceed in the direction of weaker acids. Strong acids react with water to form strong acids and weak bases. Acid-base pairs on opposite sides of the formula are called conjugate acid-base pairs.
Neutralization reactions can be defined as chemical reactions in which acids and bases react quantitatively to form salts and water as products. In a neutralization reaction, H+ and OH– ions combine to form water. When mixed, acids and bases neutralize each other to form salts, substances with a salty taste that do not have the characteristics of acids or bases.
Learn more about Acid-base reactions here:-https://brainly.com/question/15334816
#SPJ4
What is the relationship between dipole moment and the distance between the charges?.
The relationship between dipole moment and the distance between the charges is that they both are directly proportional to each other.
Define dipole moment?
A dipole moment occurs in all systems where charge separation occurs. Therefore, they can occur both ionic and covalently. The dipole moment is caused by the difference in electronegativity between two atoms of her that are chemically bonded.
Dipole Moment (µ) = Charge (Q) * distance of separation (r)
Why is it called a dipole moment?
Dipole moment is a measure of the separation of two opposite charges. The dipole moment is a vector quantity. The magnitude is equal to the charge multiplied by the distance between charges, and the direction is from negative charge to positive charge:
μ = q · r
where μ is the dipole moment, q is the magnitude of the separated charge, and r is the distance between the charges.
The relationship between dipole moment and the distance between the charges is that they both are directly proportional to each other.
To know more about dipole moment, check out:
https://brainly.com/question/11626115
#SPJ4
What are the impacts of oxygen revolution?.
Thus, changes in the composition of the earth's atmosphere, the emergence of aerobic metabolism, and finally the development of multicellularity were all brought about by cyanobacteria's release of oxygen.
Where is the oxygen?Oxygen is a chemical element, a type of substance, due to its unique atom composition. The atomic number 8 of an oxygen atom, which is represented by the symbol O in its formal chemical formula, indicates that the oxygen atom contains eight protons in its nucleus.
Which is oxygen—air or a gas?All living things require oxygen, which is a clear, flavorless cloud of gas. Animals swallow it, which they subsequently transform into carbon dioxide, which plants utilize to produce new carbon and release oxygen.
To know more about Oxygen visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1963168
#SPJ4
which of the following items of information are necessary to calculate the mass percentage of an element in a given compound?
To obtain the percent by mass, we need the molar mass of the compound. Option A
What is the percentage by mass?We know that a compound is composed of so many elements. The amounts of each of the elements that makes up the compound would always vary. We may need to find the mass of the element that is in a compound as it is expressed as a percentage.
If we want to make this kind of calculation, we would need to find out the molar mass of the compound and then we would also have to know the relative atomic mass of the element that is in question.
Thus, the most important things that we need to get the percentage of the element in the compound is the molar mass and the mass of the element.
The formula that we need to use is;
Mass of the element/ Molar mass * 100/1
Learn more about percent by mass:https://brainly.com/question/5394922
#SPJ1
Calcium is involved in all of the following functions except:
a. Calcium provides energy for cells.
b. Calcium deposits into bones and teeth to provide a rigid structure.
c. Calcium is necessary for blood clotting.
d. Calcium is necessary for muscle contraction and relaxation.
e. Calcium is necessary for nerve functioning.
Calcium is an essential metal for the living to provide strength to the bones and teeth and it is necessary for blood clotting. Calcium does not has a role on providing energy to the cells. Hence option a is correct.
What is calcium?Calcium is 20the element in periodic table. It is an alkaline earth metal of second group. Calcium is an abundant mineral present in both living and non-living matters.
Calcium have significant functions in our body. The major function of calcium is that, it is a structural component in teeth and bones. Calcium thus, provides strength to teeth and bones.
Similarly calcium is essential for blood clotting, where calcium acts as a catalyst to convert a protein from its inactive state to active state. Calcium ions are the initiators of responses of nervous tissues to injury . They release free radicals and activate phospholipases.
Calcium ions does not have a known role in making energy. Hence, option a is correct.
To find more on calcium, refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/27126295
#SPJ1
What happens when an atom gains 3 electrons?.
Why is the election important to the society?.
Due to democracy, election important to the society. In India, the main duty of the Election Commission is to supervise free and impartial elections across the whole country.
The Indian Election Commission is the Direct Supervisor. It is in charge of planning the elections for the President and Vice President of India, as well as for the legislatures and parliaments of each State. Vote counting is the Election Commission's most significant responsibility. The Indian Election Commission does not control the State Election Commissioners, and each one is in charge of a specific area of duty. The State Government shall appoint a State Election Commissioner to supervise the conduct of elections for Panchayati Raj institutions.
Democracy, which means "rule by the people," is a form of government that, in order to work effectively, not only permits but also necessitates public participation in the political process called as democracy.
Learn more about democracy here
https://brainly.com/question/21256069
#SPJ4
write the electron configurations for the following ions using spectroscopic ( spdf) and orbital box notation. (a) k full electron configuration
Knowing the number of electrons in the K atom is necessary before we can write the potassium octet (there are 19 electrons).
What is an electron example?The electron, the smallest constituent part of an atom, has a negative electrical charge .Protons and electrons each occurs in similar numbers in neutral atoms. One atom and one proton are all that the hydrogen atom has. On the other hand, the uranium atom possesses 92 protons, which means 92 electrons.
Why are there electrons in atoms?The electrons are an atom's negatively charged building blocks. The total negative charge of an atom's electrons counteracts the charge of its protons in the elementary particle.
To know more about electrons visit :
https://brainly.com/question/1255220
#SPJ4
Number the elements sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, and chlorine in the predicted order ionization energies from the highest to the smallest.
Chlorine has been the ion with the highest ionization energy, followed by phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium, in that order (smallest).
What is magnesium powder used for?Magnesium powder is still a nutritional supplement with significant magnesium content. Magnesium is crucial for a variety of biological processes. It supports healthy neuron and muscle function, contributes to blood pressure control, and is critical for maintaining strong bones.
Where do magnesium come from?Magnesium was found in large quantities in both plant and animal diets as well as drinks. Legumes, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and green leafy vegetables like spinach are all excellent sources [1,3]. Magnesium is generally present in meals that contain dietary fiber.
To know more about magnesium visit:
brainly.com/question/1533548
#SPJ4
Answer:
Sodium - 4
Magnesium - 3
Phosphorus - 2
Chlorine - 1
Explanation:
Edge 2023
write out the reaction scheme for 1-propanol propionic acid to n-propyl propionate (an ester). then, write out a detailed step-wise mechanism for this esterification. include all steps, correct arrows, and correct lone pair.
To form an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, the Fischer esterification reaction requires an acid.
C6H13COO = C4H8OH + C2H40
Mechanism of action:
CH3COOH + H2SO4 C2H(OH)2 + SO3OH C5H9(OH)3 + SO3OH C5H9(OH)3 + SO3OH (OH)
H2SO4 + C6H13COO + H20
Because the Fischer Esterification Mechanism is reversible, it also necessitates a significant excess of alcohol or the constant removal of water from the system. Fischer An ester is the end product of the organic reaction esterification, which is used to change carboxylic acids in the presence of abundant alcohol and a strong acid catalyst. Water is a constituent of ester formation. Azeotropic distillation and molecular sieve adsorption are two methods for removing water from the system during esterification. A nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction, for example
To learn more about Fischer Esterificatio please click on below link
https://brainly.com/question/9742640
#SPJ4
the rate of this reaction is markedly increased if a small amount of sodium iodide is added to the reaction mixture
If a tiny quantity of sodium iodide is given to the reaction mixture, then rate of this reaction between NaCN, DMSO, and CN is noticeably boosted.
What is sodium iodide used for?Iodine shortage is prevented or treated using sodium iodide. Iodine is necessary for the body's optimal growth and wellness. Sodium iodide may well be required for people who cannot acquire enough iodine from their typical diet or who require extra iodine. Your thyroid gland need iodine to operate correctly.
Where is sodium iodide found?Seafood, tiny quantities diet iodine, and vegetables cultivated in iodine-rich soils are just a few of the foods that contain iodine. Another significant source of iodine is ocean mist that contains iodine.
To know more about sodium iodide visit:
brainly.com/question/19952754
#SPJ4
show the balanced reaction, ionic reaction, and net ionic reaction for a mixture of aqueous barium nitrate and aqueous potassium chromate
The reaction of barium nitrate and potassium chromate results in the formation of barium chromate precipitate. The balanced reaction is given below:
[tex]\rm Ba( NO_{3})_{2} (aq) + K_{2}CrO_{4} (aq)\rightarrow 2K ( NO_{3}) (aq)+ BaCrO_{4} (s)[/tex]
What is balanced reaction?A balanced reactions contains all the reactants in the prefect stoichiometric ratios. Each elements have to be equal in number in both the reactant and product side.
In an ionic equation all the ions participating in the reaction is given with their state . The complete ionic equation for the given reaction is written below:
[tex]\rm Ba ^{2+}(aq) + 2 NO_{3}^{-} (aq) + 2K ^{+} + CrO_{4}^{2-} (aq)\rightarrow 2K^{+} + 2NO_{3} ^{-} (aq)+ BaCrO_{4} (s)[/tex]
From this the potassium and nitrate ions goes to the solution and the precipitate of barium chromate forms beneath the solution. Thus, the net ionic equation is :
[tex]\rm Ba ^{2+} (aq)+ + CrO_{4}^{2-} (aq)\rightarrow BaCrO_{4} (s)[/tex]
To find more on ionic equations, refer here:
https://brainly.com/question/15467502
#SPJ1
Why is a wet blanket in a clothesline dries on a sunny day?.
Wet clothes placed on a clothesline get dry after some time because the water gets dried up from the heat of the sun. The water is converted into water vapour, the phenomenon is known as evaporation.
What is evaporation ?When a liquid evaporates, it turns into a gaseous phase that is not saturated with the evaporating substance. This process is known as vaporisation of a liquid. As water vapour leaves the cloth's surface, clothes begin to dry.
The process of drying involves individual water molecules releasing their interactions with the thing and each other, and then launching themselves into the air. Therefore, the rate of net evaporation of the liquid water on an object determines how quickly it dries.Learn more about Evaporation here:
https://brainly.com/question/24258
#SPJ4
Write the formulas of the conjugate base of the following acids: a) HNO2 b) H2SO4 c) H2S d) HCN e) HCOOH
The formulas of the conjugate base of the following acids [tex]NO_{2} -NO_{2}, -,HSO_{4} - ,HS-,CN,HCOO[/tex].
What are acids, and what varieties are there?They usually fall under the categories of acetic molecule and mineral acid. Inorganic Acid This is acid that is derived from living things like plants and animals. Citric acid (found in fresh fruits), acetic acid (in vinegar), oleic acid (in olive oil), etc. are a few examples. Mineral Acid: Minerals are the source of mineral acid.
Is salt acidic?A neutral salt is chloride, which is produced by neutralizing sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. Any strong acid that is neutralized by such a good base always produces a neutral salt. However, salts can generally be classified as acidic, basic, or neutral.
To know more about acids visit:
https://brainly.com/question/14072179
#SPJ4
What is radical and its types?.
A chemical compound with an unpaired electron is known as a radical. A radical can have either a positive or negative charge, or it might be electrically neutral.
What makes up an electron?A opposite charges subatomic particle called an electron can either be free or attached to an atom (not bound). One of the three main types of particles in an atom is an electron that is attached to it; the other two include protons and neutrons. The nucleus of an atom is made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Where Are Electrons Found?Electrons are found from outside atom's nucleus, as opposed to neutrons and protons, which are contained within the nucleus at its center. Negative electrons are drawn to the positive nucleus because the electric charges of opposite polarities attract one another.
To know more about Electrons visit:
https://brainly.com/question/1255220
#SPJ4
compared to an atom as a whole, an atomic nucleus is compared to an atom as a whole, an atomic nucleus is very tiny and has very little mass. very tiny but has most of the mass. quite large and has most of the mass.
Compared to an atom as a whole, an atomic nucleus Is very tiny but has most of the mass. Correct answer: letter A.
Because atoms are composed of protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus, which is very small compared to the atom as a whole. However, the protons and neutrons have much more mass than the electrons, so the nucleus has most of the mass of the atom.
What is the atom?An atom is the smallest unit of matter that can exist. Atoms are made up of three particles:
Protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom.While electrons orbit around the nucleus.Atoms are the building blocks of all matter in the universe.
Learn more about the atom:
https://brainly.com/question/6258301
#SPJ4
A planet travels in an elliptical path around a star, as shown in the figure. As the planet gets closer to the star, the gravitational force that the star exerts on the planet increases. Which statement of reasoning best supports and correctly identifies what happens to the magnitude of the force that the planet exerts on the star as the planet gets closer to the star?
The force remains constant because the mass of the planet remains constant.
A
The force increases because it is part of a Newton’s third law pair of forces with the force that the star exerts on the planet.
B
The force decreases because the planet increases its speed as it gets closer to the star.
C
The force fluctuates such that it increases and decreases because the planet does not travel in a perfectly circular path.
The correct answer is option B.
The force increases because it is part of a Newton’s third law pair of forces with the force that the star exerts on the planet.
Newton's third law states that when two bodies interact, they apply forces to one another that are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. The third law is also known as the law of action and reaction.
Force between two objects can be expressed by an equation:
F = G (m₁m₂/r²)
where m₁ and m₂ are objects masses, r is the distance between them, and G is a gravitational constant.
From this we can infer that:
That means that greater the masses or lesser the distance, the force will be greater, and vice versa.
This force exists between any two objects, but is generally extremely weak, so it's best observed with big and large objects with great mass, such as planets and stars.
Therefore, option B is correct as magnitude of force that the planet exerts on the star as the planet gets closer to the star will increases.
To learn more about force, refer: brainly.com/question/19218753
#SPJ4
draw lewis structures for the ethylene molecule ( c2h4 ), the chloromethane molecule ( c2hcl ), and the acetaldehyde molecule ( ch3cho ), and then answer the questions that follow.
The lewis structures of ethylene, chloromethane, and acetaldehyde are shown in the attached diagram below.
What is the lewis electron dot structure?Lewis structures can be described as diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule. A Lewis structure can possibly draw for any covalently bonded molecule and coordination compounds.
A lewis electron dot structure can be used to represent the total number of bonds, the different bonding atoms, and the lone pairs left in the atoms in the molecule.
Solid lines are used to show the bond between atoms that are bonded directly to one another and lone pairs of electrons are represented as dot pairs and are placed next to the atoms.
Learn more about the lewis dot diagram, here:
brainly.com/question/14091821
#SPJ1
a certain amount of chlorine gas was placed inside a cylinder with a movable piston at one end. the initial volume was 3.00 l and the initial pressure of chlorine was 1.45 atm . the piston was pushed down to change the volume to 1.00 l . calculate the final pressure of the gas if the temperature and number of moles of chlorine remain constant.. (figure 1)
4.95 atm is the final pressure of the gas if the temperature and number of moles of chlorine remain constant.
Temperature and Number of Moles are constant
=> PV=k
P1*V1 = P2*V2
V1=3.00 L and P1 = 1.45 atm
V2=1.00 L P2 = ?
so P2 = P1*V1 / V2
= 4.35 atm
a gas or gaseous mixture for fuel or illumination; a fluid (such as air) that neither has independent form nor volume but has a tendency to expand endlessly. in particular: natural gas, a gaseous byproduct of digestion. the discomfort this has caused. A gas is a type of material that has neither a definite volume nor form. Air, water vapor, and helium are a few examples of gases. A material that has neither a definite volume nor form is called a gas. A gas therefore assumes the form and volume of its container. The force perpendicularly applied to an object's surface divided by the area over which it is dispersed is known as pressure. The pressure as compared to the surrounding air pressure is known as gauge pressure. To express pressure, a variety of units are employed.
Learn more about pressure here:
https://brainly.com/question/29341536
#SPJ4
use standard enthalpies of formation to calculate the standard enthalpy chan gge for this reaction
Using Hess's law, the standard enthalpies of reactant and product production can be used to determine the standard enthalpy change of any reaction.
A specific reaction is defined as the breakdown of all reactants into their standard state constituents followed by the production of all products. The sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the products less the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants is the standard enthalpy change for any chemical process. produced by Jay. This is the item that is currently chosen.
According to Hess's Law, no matter how many stages or steps there are in a reaction, the overall enthalpy change is the sum of all changes. Law provides evidence for enthalpy's status as a state function. Is known as Hess's Law.
Learn more about standard enthalpy here
https://brainly.com/question/29556033
#SPJ4
when comparing the molecular geometries tetrahedral, pyramidal, and bent, all have the same number of electron domains, but the bond angles are all different (109.5, 107.5, and 105 respectively). explain why this is the case. question 3 options: different atoms exhibit different angles. all types of tetrahedral bonds have four bonded electron pairs around them; the angle changes based on the electronegativity of the central atom. trigonal pyramidal represents three electron groups around the central atom and tetrahedral represents four electron groups around the central atom which accounts for the slight difference in bond angles. since each case represents four groups around the central atom, the bond angles differ depending on what type of electrons (bonded or non-bonded) exist within the compound. when four groups of bonded electrons exist the angle is slightly different than when three groups of bonded electrons and one group of non-bonded electrons exists. two groups of bonded electrons and two groups of non-bonded electrons also differ slightly in bond angle from either of the previous examples. this has to do with vsper theory and enhanced repulsion.
Molecular geometries tetrahedral, pyramidal, and bent, all have the same number of electron domains, but the bond angles are all different because of the extreme repulsion between Lonepairs, the bond angle is the smallest.
The most fundamental explanation for this is that the bond angle depends on the quantity of bond pairs, the quantity of lone pairs, and the repellencies between them.
The pattern is as follows:
(In order of growing repulsion between the two.)
Lonepair-Lonepair >Lonepair-Bondpair >Bondpair-Bondpair
In other words, because of the extreme repulsion between Lonepairs, the bonding angle is the smallest.
The bond angle for bent molecular geometry is slightly less than 120 degrees, or roughly 118 degrees, when the electron-pair geometry is trigonal planar. The bond angle for trigonal pyramidal geometry is just about 109.5 degrees, or roughly 107 degrees. The bond angle is approximately 105 degrees for bent molecular geometry when the electron-pair geometry is tetrahedral.
Thus, bond angles are different for different molecular geometry.
To learn more about molecular geometry refer- https://brainly.com/question/29650255
#SPJ4
1. Consider the following gas phase reactions in a Packed Bed reactor. (1) A+B→X
(2) A+B→Y
(3) X+B→Z
r ′ 1A =−800∗exp(−8000/T) ∗ (P A ∧0.75 PB )
r ′ 2B =−10∗exp(−300/T) ∗ (PA∗ PB 2 )
r ′3A =−10000∗exp(−8000/T) ∗ (P X ∗ ∗ P B )
a) Write an expression for the instantaneous selectivity of species
X with respect to species Y and Z
. b) Specify the type of reactor and the conditions to maximize the selectivity to X
An expression for the instantaneous selectivity of species X with respect to species Y and Z Specify the type of reactor and the conditions to maximize the selectivity to X are CFSTR.
1) A +B - X,-r1.4=800*exp(- 8000 T )PA^ 0.75 x PB2) A+B - Y,-r2A=10^ * exp(- 300/T) * P A^ x PBthree) X +B - Z,-r3A=10000*exp(- 8000 T )PX*PB(three)X is fashioned from 1 ^ pi response and decomposed from three response. Selectivity is moles of price of response with admire to favored product to price of response with admire to undesired producttheta(x/(y + z)) =phi( X T+Z )= -r1.d+r3.A -r2.4-r3.A = 800exp(- 8000 T )PA^ e.33 *PB-a thousand erp(- 8000 T )PAPB 10exp(- 300/T) x PAPB + 1000exp(- 8000/T) x pAPB . The equation may be written after putting off PB from numerator and denominator theta(X/(T + Z)) = (800exp(- 8000/T) x P x A ^ (4/three) - 10000exp(- 8000/T) * p, X)/(10exp(- 300/T) * p_ + 10000exp(- 8000/T) * pX).The equation may be written after putting off PB from numerator and denominatorphi(X/(T + Z)) = (800exp(- 8000/T) x p, A ^ (4 + three) - 10000exp(- 8000/T) * p_)/(10exp(- 300/T) x p_ + 1000exp(- 8000/T) * p_)The equation may be written after putting off PB from numerator and denominatorO(X/(T + Z)) = (800exp(- 8000/T) * p_ * A ^ (1/three) - 10000exp(- 8000/T) * pX)/(10erp(- 300/T) * p_ + 10000erp(- 8000/T) * p_)The equation may be written after putting off PB from numerator and denominatorO(X/(T + Z)) = (800exp(- 8000/T) * p_ * A ^ (plus/minus 33) - 10000exp(- 8000/T) * p, X)/(10erp(- 300/T) * p_ + 10000exp(- 8000/T) * p_)O( X T+Z )= 800 exp(- 8000 T )P. A ^ 8.three - 1000erp(- 8000/T) * pX 10*exp(- -8000+7700 T )*p.d+a thousand*exp(- 8000 T )*p.A .O( X T+Z )= 800exp(- 8000/T) * p * A ^ 6.three - 1000erp(- 8000/T) * pX 10*erp( -8000 T )exp( 7700 T )*p A +a thousand^ * exp(- 8000 T )*pX .theta(X/(T + Z)) = (800P x A ^ 0.73 - 10000PX)/(10exp(7700/T) * PA + 10000PX) From the above equation, denominator ought to be as small as possible. The partial strain of B does now no longer have an effect on the selectivity.Hence PX must be smaller. The response is to be executed at excessive temperature in order that the 1 ^ pi.time period withinside the denominator of above equation is less. So CFSTR makes partial strain of A as little as possible.At low Px, the above equation turns into after neglecting the second one time period of numerator and 2 ^ (pi*d) time period of denominator.Read more about reactor :
https://brainly.com/question/3665055
#SPJ4
