Two nucleotides on the same strand form a Phosphodiester bond while two complimentary bases on opposite strands form Hydrogen bonds. An a-t base pairing forms 2 such bonds.
The constituent components that make up DNA's double-helix structure are known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a base in it. The four various colors you see here stand for the four different bases that might be used. Between nucleotides, a unique kind of covalent link known as a phosphodiester bond occurs. The two strands of DNA are formed by these phosphodiester linkages.
Hydrogen bonds are the bonds that develop between base pairs. Thymine and adenine make two hydrogen bonds, and guanine and cytosine form three hydrogen bonds. Therefore, we have concluded that hydrogen bonds are the type of binding that develops between base pairs in DNA to hold the two strands of a double helix together.
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hat is the purpose of the paper chromatography experiment? a.to separate photosynthetic pigments b.what is the independent variable in this experiment? c.what is the dependent variable in this experiment?
The correct answer is a. To separate photosynthetic pigments. Chromatography in general refers to the movement of certain analytes through a stationary phase, almost as carried by some mobile phase.
Chromatography is used to separate particles from one another. In a paper chromatography experiment, a little amount of a sample solution is put on a strip of chromatography paper. The chromatography paper is then suspended in a solvent. As the solvent proceeds up the paper, the individual components of the sample solution disparate into bands of individual colour.
Variables:-
Independent variable: different brands of black felt-tip pen ink.
Dependent variable: distance travelled by each pigment in the ink mixture.
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which stage of atherosclerosis is smooth muscle cell progression and proliferation involved in
In the early as well as late stages of atherosclerosis is smooth muscle cell progression and proliferation involved.
In both the early and late stages of atherosclerosis, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a significant role. The extracellular matrix-rich fibrous cap that VSMCs generate to protect the early atherosclerotic lesion's "necrotic" core covers the lesion when they invade it from the media. One significant step in the development of vascular lesions is smooth muscle cell proliferation (SMC).
Up until now, there hasn't been any concrete proof that mitogens play a part in the formation of arterial lesions, despite the widespread idea that growth factors play a role in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. In reaction to vascular damage, during atherogenesis, and during smooth muscle cell migration. It has been discovered that migration activates a large number of proximal signals and signal transduction pathways.
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explain how the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (sam) and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (hpa) axis are implicated in the physiological response to stress.
Sympathetic-adreno-medullar (SAM) axis, secretes noradrenaline and norepinephrine and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, secretes glucocorticoids during stress.
SAM (Sympathetic-adreno-medullar) axis activation occurs in just a seconds as a result of a stressor and generate a adaptive respond towards stressor. The HPA axis is a slower response system involving release of corticosteroids .
Corticosteroids are corticotropin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and cortisol, Which suppress the immune system . Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a major role in the stress response by regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
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this joint is the largest and most complex of the body, and consists of three joints contained within its snyocial cavity
The most extensive and intricate joint in the body is the knee.
How many different kinds of joint explain?The structural classification of joints divides them into three categories: fibrous, cartilaginous, & synovial joints. Fibrous joints are those in which collagen-rich, thick connective tissue connects the bones. Sutures is another name for these joints. Cranium joints between bones are made of fibrous tissue.
Which two main types of joints are there?Diarthrosis, in which liquid is present, & synarthrosis, in which liquid is absent, are the two fundamental structural forms of joint. The synovial joints, also known as diarthroses, are entirely permanent. While some synarthroses are temporary, others are enduring.
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g the increase in action potential conduction velocity due to myelination can best be explained by which of the following? a. a decrease in membrane capacitance. b. a decrease in membrane resistance. c. a decrease in longitudinal resistance.
The best can be explained as "the increase in action potential conduction velocity due to myelination" is a decrease in membrane capacitance.
What happened if the resistance of the membrane is increased?If the resistаnce of the membrаne is increаsed, more of the depolаrizing current pаsses down the аxon аnd dischаrges the cаpаcitor on the membrаne. Thus insulаting the membrаne with myelin increаses the pаssive spreаd of current аnd increаses conduction velocity. Decreаsing the membrаne cаpаcitаnce аlso increаses conduction velocity. Аdding myelin increаses the thickness of the membrаne cаpаcitor, which decreаses its cаpаcitаnce. Increаsing the diаmeter of the аxoplаsm decreаses the internаl resistаnce, which fаcilitаtes pаssive spreаd of current аnd increаses conduction velocity.
Thus, the correct answer is A.
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with a microscope, you examine some somatic cells from a woman and notice that each nucleus has two barr bodies. what can you infer about the sex chromosomes in this individual?
'with a microscope, you examine some somatic cells from a woman and notice that each nucleus has two barr bodies. She is XXX can you infer about the sex chromosomes in this individual.
Long segments of DNA are carried by chromosomes, which are organelles that can be found in the nucleus of cells. The substance that houses genes is called DNA. It serves as the foundation for the human body. Additionally, proteins found in chromosomes aid in the appropriate structure of DNA.
What about chromosomes?Long segments of DNA are carried by chromosomes, which are organelles that can be found in the nucleus of cells. The substance that houses genes is called DNA. It serves as the foundation for the human body. Additionally, proteins found in chromosomes aid in the appropriate structure of DNA. The term "autosomes" refers to the first 22 pairs of chromosomes. A person's gender at birth is determined by the sex chromosomes, which make up the 23rd pair of chromosomes. Chromosomes exhibit the highest level of DNA and protein organization. Carrying DNA and transmitting genetic material from one generation to the next is the main function of chromosomes.Cell division involves the critical function of chromosomes. They guard against tangles and damage to the DNA. Another type of aneuploidy is monosomy, which is the loss of one chromosome in cells. Greek is the language of number one, and monosomy refers to a condition in which cells contain only one copy of a certain chromosome rather than the usual two. Turner syndrome, also known as monosomy X, is a condition caused by monosomy.There are billions of cells in your body, but they are too small to observe without a powerful microscope. Chromosomes, which are strands that resemble threads and carry hundreds or even thousands of genes, are found inside the majority of those cells. Physical characteristics like the color of your eyes are determined by genes.Learn more about chromosomes here:
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birds are able to extract more oxygen than mammals from an equal volume of air. which of the statements reflects why birds are able to do so? birds have a greater surface area for diffusion because they have air sacs in addition to lungs. birds have air sacs that enable them to hold their breath for longer, thereby increasing the time for oxygen to diffuse. birds have capillaries that are in close contact with the lungs. birds do not have air mixing in their lungs; air flows in a unidirectional manner across the lung surface for increased diffusion.
Air does not mix in the lungs of birds; instead, it moves unidirectionally over the surface of the lungs to increase diffusion.
Similar to how a bird has air sacs throughout its body. Therefore, these sacs likewise swell when birds inhale air. Additionally, unlike avian lungs, which are static, air sacs are both anterior and posterior in nature. That is, they remain still. Thus, it takes two full cycles of inhaling and exhaling before the oxygenated air is fully utilized. In this instance, the air is held for a longer period of time because of air sacs. They also gain extra right-side space for air diffusion as a result.
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the terms dominant and recessive apply to alleles that are found in a population at a very high rate (dominant alleles), and a very low rate (recessive alleles) select one: true false
"The terms dominant and recessive apply to alleles that are found in a population at a very high rate (dominant alleles), and a very low rate (recessive alleles)" can be considered as a false statement.
In terms of alleles, dominant refers to the relationship between two gene versions. Organism individuals receive two versions of each gene (alleles), one from each parent. If the alleles are different, only one of them will be expressed. The expressed one is called the dominant gene. The masked one (the one that doesn't get expressed) is called the recessive allele. Recessive alleles only show if the organism has two copies of the allele (no dominant allele).
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what do cellular respiration and photosynthesis have in common? answer unselected both use glucose. unselected both take place in animal cells. unselected both require sunlight. unselected both produce (and use) atp.
The majority of life on Earth depends on two biological processes: photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Both of these processes utilise a number of similar chemicals, including oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), glucose (C6H12O6), and adenosine triphosphate, as well as other complex steps (ATP).
What three aspects of photosynthesis and respiration are similar?The trading of gases is a part of both procedures. The cell's organelle, which was once believed to be an endosymbiotic critter, is where both processes take place.
What are the parallels and differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?In the environment, photosynthesis and respiration are complementary reactions. Actually, they are the same reactions that happened in reverse.
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Spencer noticed that he eats 4-5 times a day but only poops about once a day. He wondered where all the food he eats ends up going. After all, he only gained 5 pounds last year.
The food you eat is decreased in a number of ways as it passes through your digestive tract, water is taken in, nutrition is absorbed, some waste materials return to the bladder or intestines.
What is the digestive system?The digestive system is made up of the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder as well as the gastrointestinal tract, commonly known as the GI tract or digestive tract. From the mouth to the anus, the GI tract is made up of several hollow organs connected by a protracted, twisted tube. The stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus are the hollow organs that make up the GI tract. The digestive system's solid organs are the liver, pancreas, and gallbladder.
Three sections make up the small intestine. The duodenum is the name of the first section. The ileum is at the end, while the jejunum is in the middle. The cecum, colon, rectum, and appendix are all parts of the large intestine. A finger-shaped pouch connected to the cecum is the appendix.
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evolutionary theory predicts that alleles causing dominant disorders will be found at lower frequency in a population than recessive disorders (assuming all else is equal). what evolutionary force explains this difference?
Evolution is governed by four forces: mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection. A gene pool undergoes mutation to produce new genetic variety. Allele frequencies in a gene pool are altered through gene flow and genetic drift.
Why does evolution force exist?THE EVOLUTIONARY FORCES. Today, we understand that evolution occurs as a result of a number of factors, including mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. The "forces of evolution" are these mechanisms, and they collectively can explain all of the genotypic variety currently seen in the globe.
What driving force in evolution is most significant?The most significant driving force behind evolution is natural selection, which involves nature choosing the organisms that can reproduce and live in a changing environment over the less capable ones.
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4. what structure allows bacteria to sense and respond to their external environment and how do they achieve this
Bacterial quorum sensing, a technique that controls bacterial gene expression, is dependent on the adaptable chemical signaling molecules known as autoinducers.
These signals (autoinducers) differ between animals, just like languages do between people. Some bacterial species can understand a wide variety of signals, whereas others only react to a small number. Individual bacteria in colonies can cooperate and carry out colony-wide processes such sporulation, bioluminescence, pathogenicity, conjugation, competence, and biofilm formation thanks to quorum sensing. During a cholera infection, the notorious gram-negative pathogenic bacteria Vibrio cholerae uses quorum sensing for virulence.
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which of the following individuals theorized that human characteristics and behaviors may be hereditary and serve evolutionary purposes? elimination tool select one answer a william james b wilhelm wundt c sigmund freud d b. f. skinner e charles darwin
According to Charles Darwin, human traits and actions may be inherited and used for evolutionary goals. The correct option for given question is e
Charles Darwin introduced the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection in his 1859 publication "On the Origin of Species." Darwin describes in his book how creatures change over generations through the inheritance of physical or behavioral features. As illustrated by one of the Galapagos finches Darwin studied and the form of its beak, the theory's central principle is that features can change within a population.
The theory holds that individuals who have traits that make it simpler for them to adapt to their environment will help them survive and have more offspring, who will inherit those traits. People that are less flexible are less likely to survive and pass those traits on.
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increased lumbar curvature, which compensates for the enlarging uterus in pregnant women, is called what?
Lordosis due to pregnancy is an increase in the lumbar curvature, which compensates for the enlargement of the uterus in pregnant women.
Pregnancy can cause a lot of discomfort. The increased burden due to the weight gain and size of the fetus can cause pain.
Not only that, pregnant women are also at risk of experiencing lordosis. This is a condition in which there is an excessive inward curvature of the lower back.
Lordosis Can Be Caused by Pregnancy
Pregnancy is clearly a risk factor for developing lordosis and other postural changes.
As the uterus grows larger, the body experiences a shift in its center of gravity. This puts a lot of strain on the lower back muscles as they have to compensate for the extra load.
In addition, the growing uterus causes the abdominal muscles to stretch and weaken. This further exacerbates the problem because the abdominal muscles help keep the pelvis in a neutral position.
Ultimately, the imbalance between the abdomen and lower back tilts the pelvis forward creating lordosis.
Lordosis can occur in the late second and early third trimesters of pregnancy. This is when the fetus grows the fastest and the uterus expands rather rapidly.
The larger the pregnancy, the more shifts in the center of gravity are experienced.
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finches that live in areas that only have large seeds and small seeds as a food source have adapted their beak sizes in response to this food availability. this is an example of selection. a. directional b. diversifying c. guided d. stabilizing e. uniform
Finches that live in areas that have large seeds and small seeds as a food source have adapted their beak sizes in response to this food availability and this is an example of selection a) directional.
What is the adaptation in the finches?Evolution in Darwin's finches is characterized by rapid adaptation to an unstable and challenging environment that caused ecological diversification and speciation. This resulted in striking diversity in their phenotypes like beak types, body size, plumage and feeding behavior.
The small finch evolved a small broad beak which it uses to feed on soft seeds and nuts although it is known to eat flowers, buds, young leaves, and the occasional insect. Unlike the large ground finch ,its beak would not be as strong to eat hard nuts and seeds.
Darwin's finches are an example of how natural selection has caused variation of beaks among the finches.
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if we developed a molecule that blocked the atp synthase protein, what would be the expected immediate effect?
the output of ATP via OXPHOS is compromised and the energy metabolism is rewired to favor greater glycolysis, as a result of blocking the ATP synthase protein.
Test your knowledge on what occurs if ATP synthase is inhibited?The inner mitochondrial membrane has an ATP synthase proton channel. If that channel were blocked, the pH would increase even though the ETC would continue pump protons out of the matrix. Instead, there would be no way for them to enter again.
To stop ATP synthase, what would you aim to stop?Both the synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP by ATP synthase are inhibited by the antibiotics efrapeptins and aurovertins. The particular -subunit catalytic site is where the efrapeptins bind to ATP synthase at a region stretching from the rotor, across the enzyme's central cavity, and into the cavity.
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why would the home-canned green beans rather than the tomato-beef stew be a possible source of c. botulinum?
Vegetative Clostridium botulinum cells would probably not thrive because of the tomato-beef stew's acidic pH.
Foods that are likely to contain Clostridium botulinum include which of the following?A number of foods have been linked to the botulinum toxin, including low-acid preserved vegetables like green beans, spinach, mushrooms, and beets, fish like canned tuna, fermented, salted, and smoked fish, and meat products like ham and sausage.
How may botulism be avoided by boiling home canned food right before serving?The toxin that the botulinum spores create, which is what kills you, may be destroyed by boiling water, which has a temperature of 100 C (212 F).
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Which sentence supports the statement that complex , multicellular organisms are made up of specialized cells that each perform different functions for the body
Answer:
the sentence is cell differentiation
If the antenna complex did not exist in a particular plant mesophyll cell, what effect would that have on photosynthesis?.
If the antenna complex did not exist in a particular plant mesophyll cell, the effect will be that no photosynthesis would occur.
The antenna complex is the main light capturing system in the plants. It captures the sunlight energy and excitation of electron takes place through it. The complex is actually a collection of the pigment chlorophyll and a few proteins.
Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing food by plants in which they use the inorganic raw materials like sunlight energy, water and carbon dioxide to produce food in the form of sugars and also the by-product oxygen. The process occurs in two phases: light-dependent and light-independent.
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HELPPPPPPPPP!!!!
why is it important for a fruit to ripen when its seeds are mature
Four 5-gram blocks of metal are sitting out in the sun and absorb the same amount of heat energy. Use the following specific heat capacity data to determine which block will increase its temperature the most.
Substance Specific Heat Capacity (cal/g°C)
iron 0. 11
copper 0. 09
silver 0. 06
lead 0. 03
A. Iron
B. Copper
C. Silver
D. Lead
The change in temperature will be highest for lead metal. So option (D) is the correct answer.
To calculate the heat absorbed or released
q=mC×ΔT
where,
q = heat absorbed = 200.0 J
m = mass of the substance
C = specific heat of substance
ΔT = change in temperature
Amount of heat is absorbed and the mass is all the same. Therefore, the temperature change depends only on the specific heat.
ΔT = q/ mC
From the above we can see that the temperature change is inversely proportional to the specific heat. The higher the specific heat, the smaller the temperature change.
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when a body is dehydrated, water in the urinary bladder can be returned to the circulation directly. can be returned to the circulation after moving back into the kidneys. will still be expelled from the body in the urine
It will still be expelled from the body in the urine.
Your kidneys filter around 150 quarts of blood per day. The tubules return the majority of the water and other chemicals that pass through your glomeruli to your blood.
What about kidneys?They are primarily responsible for removing toxins from the blood and turning waste into urine. Around 160 grams of weight and one to one and a half liters of urine are excreted daily by each kidney. Every 24 hours, the two kidneys work together to filter 200 liters of fluid. You get pain in the region around your kidneys: On either side of your spine, close to the centre of your back, right below your ribs. The urinary tract, which includes your kidneys, produces and excretes urine from your body. In addition, you can experience the following symptoms as kidney disease worsens. Muscle cramps, a lack of appetite, swelling in the feet and ankles, dry, itchy skin, shortness of breath, trouble sleeping, and over- or under-urinating are all signs of motion sickness and nausea.Urine generated from waste products in your blood is one way that water aids kidney function. Additionally, drinking water keeps your blood vessels wide open, allowing blood to freely reach your kidneys and carry vital nutrients to them. But this delivery system has a harder time functioning if you become dehydrated.Learn more about kidneys here:
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in a pcr reaction, which step allows the primer to form hydrogen bonds with the template dna strand? g
The Annealing stage is where the primer is allowed to create hydrogen bonds with template DNA strand. Primers are single stranded DNA or RNA sequences, 20-30 bases long.
What is PCR?
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a lab technique used to quickly amplify millions of copies of DNA segments, to be studied in detail. The Polymerase chain reaction is highly precise and is used for copying, amplifying specific DNA from a mixture containing different DNA molecules.
It has three simple steps:
Denaturation is where the double helix is denatured to single strands
Annealing is where primers are attached to the initial strands for synthesis of new strand.
And Extension is where the DNA strands are extended from primers.
PCR is now widely used for many things such as, cloning, mutation detection, microarrays, forensics, genotyping, etc.
Hence, annealing is the stage where primer forms hydrogen bonds with template DNA.
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which of the following are reasons for why many environmentalists do not see nuclear energy as a clean alternative energy source pols 2401
The production of radioactive wastes, such as spent (used) reactor fuel and other radioactive waste, is a significant environmental hazard associated with nuclear power. These substances may continue to be radioactive and hazardous to human health for tens of thousands of years.
The creation of electricity by nuclear reactions is known as nuclear power. Nuclear processes such as nuclear fission, nuclear decay, and nuclear fusion may all provide nuclear energy. Nuclear power plants currently generate the great majority of the world's electricity from nuclear energy through the fission of uranium and plutonium. Hazardous waste comes in the form of radioactive waste when radioactive material is present. Numerous operations, including nuclear research, nuclear energy production, rare-earth mining, and the reprocessing of nuclear weapons, produce radioactive waste.
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Marine Science Which of the following is essential to the nitrogen cycle?
a. rain
b. plants
c. plankton
d. hurricanes
true or false: organisms intentionally induce mutations to occur in order to help them to adapt to their environment. group of answer choices true false
False: organisms intentionally induce mutations to occur in order to help them to adapt to their environment.
Regarding whether or whether their consequences are advantageous, mutations happen at random. As a result, advantageous DNA modifications do not occur more frequently only because an organism might profit from them. This, therefore, tells us that mutations are not induced intentionally by organisms.
Mutations are haphazard changes to DNA that can change genes and give organisms new features. Some mutations can result in features that are advantageous to organisms, whereas others often have no effect or a harmful consequence. For the most part, mutations have no discernible impact on the organisms in which they occur. Natural selection may increase the frequency of advantageous mutations. Negative mutations may result in cancer or genetic disorders.
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In the above map, the Pacific plate (oceanic crust) collides with the South American plate (continental crust). Based on the data you mapped and the shape it made above, which plate is more dense and slides under the other? Continental crust this is actually for earth science
This is an example of convergent boundaries. The pacific plate subduces under the South American plate. The pacific plate is denser and older and slides under the continental plate.
What are convergent boundaries?
Convergent boundaries are one of the three boundaries involved in plate motion and interaction. These are convergent, divergent, and transforming.
Convergent boundaries refer to plates moving forward to each other, colliding, and causing the deformation of one or both plates.
There are three possible collisions,
Between two oceanic plates Between two continental platesBetween a continental and an oceanic plate.
When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the following sequence occurs,
The older, denser, and thicker plate subduces under the other one. The oceanic crust is the one that sinks under the continental plate.Due to this collision, the continental plate suffers deformation on its edge.Mountain chains, like The Himalayas and Los Andes, are created after these events.
In the exposed example, the pacific plate subduces under the South American plate.
The pacific plate is denser and older and slides under the continental plate.
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throughout the 1920s, otto meyerhof, a. v. hill, and colleagues investigated how cells use energy to power muscle contraction. they determined that during muscle contraction, glycogen is broken down into lactic acid, a product of fermentation. originally meyerhof thought that the conversion of glycogen into lactic acid directly powered muscle contraction. this idea was overturned by experiments performed by einar lundsgaard. what evidence did lundsgaard provide to suggest that glycogen breakdown and lactic acid production did not directly power muscle contraction?
After fermentation inhibition, muscle contraction could continue for a while.
What was his evidence?
It was shown by Lundsgaard that muscles still contract when in glycolysis, the formation of lactic acid is inhibited by the use of iodoacetate pharmacologically.
He also showed that during muscle contraction, pcr gets broken down and the breakdowns extent is proportional to tension created. On the idea of those experiments, Lundsgaard cautioned that the breakdown of PCr changed into the number one energy‐presenting response and this is what initiated the lactate‐forming reactions which regenerated PCr.
Therefore, for contraction, glycogen to lactate conversion is not necessary.
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atp synthases are found in the prokaryotic plasma membrane and in mitochondria and chloroplasts. what does this suggest about the evolutionary relationship of these eukaryotic organelles to prokaryotes? how might the amino acid sequences of the atp synthases from the different sources support or refute your hypothesis?
a) ATP synthase is a molecular machine. This enzyme (protein) is in fee of making ATP and is utilized by prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The truth that the equal enzyme seems in each organizations creates a dating due to the fact the perfect manner this will show up is via way of means of eukaryotes obtaining this mechanisms from prokaryotes. It is assumed that during truth this befell thru a manner referred to as endosymbiosis, wherein prokaryotic cells engulf different cells setting up a symbiotic dating. After hundreds of thousands of years it in the end have become 1 organism.
b) Since ATP synthase is a kind of protein one may want to assume that the amino acid series that creates this enzyme ought to be comparable among prokaryotes and eukaryotes and helping the concept that eukaryotes advanced from prokaryotes.
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In which direction does heat always flow
